Fatigue Life of Type 316 Stainless Steel under Wide ...

Download PDF
2 downloads 0 Views 2MB Size Report
Comment
Fatigue Life of Type 316 Stainless Steel under Wide Ranged ..... where σz, σθ and τzθ are the axial, the hoop and the shear stresses, respectively as shown in ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3UHVVXUH9HVVHO7HFKQRORJ\

)DWLJXH/LIHRI7\SH6WDLQOHVV6WHHOXQGHU:LGH5DQJHG 0XOWLD[LDO/RDGLQJ 70RULVKLWDD 7,WRKE=/%DRF a

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu-shi, Shiga 525-8577, Japan b Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu-shi, Shiga 525-8577, Japan c Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan

$EVWUDFW (DFKW\SHRIWHVWLQJPDFKLQHKDVLWVRZQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVEXWPRVWRIPXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHVWXGLHVKDYHEHHQSHUIRUPHGE\DSXVK SXOODQGUHYHUVHGWRUVLRQORDGLQJWHVWLQJPDFKLQH7KLVW\SHRIWHVWLQJPDFKLQHFDQSHUIRUPPXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWVXQGHUQRQ SURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJLQZKLFKSULQFLSDOGLUHFWLRQVRIVWUHVVDQGVWUDLQDUHFKDQJHGLQDF\FOH+RZHYHUDSULQFLSDOVWUDLQUDWLR UDQJHSHUIRUPDEOHLQWKLVWHVWLQJPHWKRGLVdIdȞZKHUHIDQGȞDUHWKHSULQFLSDOVWUDLQUDWLRDQGWKH3RLVVRQ¶VUDWLR7KLV VWXG\GLVFXVVHVDERXWVWUHVVDQGVWUDLQVWDWHVDQGPXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWLQJPHWKRG,QRUGHUWRSHUIRUPIDWLJXHWHVWLQdId XQGHUQRQSURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJDPXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWLQJPDFKLQHRIFRPELQLQJWKHSXVKSXOODQGUHYHUVHGWRUVLRQORDGLQJDQG F\FOLF LQQHU DQG RXWHU SUHVVXUHV LV DOVR GHYHORSHG 7KHQ WKLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV XQGHU VHYHUDO PXOWLD[LDO ORDGLQJVFDUULHGE\WKHWHVWLQJPDFKLQHWRR ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,&397 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14 Keywords:ORZF\FOHIDWLJXHPXOWLD[LDOORDGLQJQRQSURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJOLIHHYDOXDWLRQ

,QWURGXFWLRQ &RPSRQHQWVDQGVWUXFWXUHVOLNHSUHVVXUHYHVVHOVDQGKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHH[FKDQJHUVXQGHUJRPXOWLD[LDOORZF\FOH IDWLJXH /&)  GDPDJH ,Q PXOWLD[LDO /&) XQGHU VWUDLQ FRQWUROOHG QRQSURSRUWLRQDO ORDGLQJ LQ ZKLFK GLUHFWLRQV RI SULQFLSDOVWUHVVDQGVWUDLQDUHFKDQJHGLQDF\FOHLWKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGWKDWIDWLJXHOLYHVDUHUHGXFHGDFFRPSDQ\LQJ 



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO  ID[   E-mail address:LWRKWDND#IFULWVXPHLDFMS

1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.198

T. Morishita et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741

1731

ZLWK DQ DGGLWLRQDO KDUGHQLQJ ZKLFK GHSHQGV RQ ERWK VWUDLQ SDWK DQG PDWHULDO >@ 0XOWLD[LDO /&) XVXDOO\ KDV EHHQVWXGLHGXVLQJDKROORZF\OLQGHUVSHFLPHQVE\DSSO\LQJDWHQVLRQWRUVLRQORDGDQGDQDSSOLFDELOLW\RIPXOWLD[LDO VWUHVVDQGVWUDLQSDUDPHWHUVKDVEHHQGLVFXVVHG+RZHYHUWKHSULQFLSDOVWUDLQUDWLRUDQJHSHUIRUPDEOHE\WKHWHVWLQJ PHWKRGLVdIdȞZKHUHȞLVWKH3RLVVRQ¶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niaxial and multiaxial stress and strain states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

$SSOLHGORDG

3ULQFLSDOVWUHVV 3ULQFLSDOVWUDLQ



)LJ3ULQFLSDOVWUHVVDQGSULQFLSDOVWUDLQLQWHQVLRQORDGLQJ

2.2. Proportional loading )LJ  VXPPDUL]HV WKH DSSOLHG VWUDLQV DQG WKH VWUDLQ PXOWLD[LDOLW\ LQ YDULRXV SURSRUWLRQDO PXOWLD[LDO WHVWLQJ PHWKRGV 7KH GLVFXVVLRQ LQ WKLV VHFWLRQ LV FRQILQHG WR WKH SODQH VWUHVV FRQGLWLRQ EHFDXVH PRVW RI WKH IDLOXUH RI VWUXFWXUHVLQLWLDWHGIURPWKHIUHHVXUIDFHLQ/&) ,QWKHWHQVLRQFRPSUHVVLRQWKHSXVKSXOOWHVWLQWKHILJXUHDXQLD[LDOVWUDLQ H LVDSSOLHGWRWKHVSHFLPHQEXWWKH PXOWLSOHSULQFLSDOVWUDLQVDULVHLQWKHVSHFLPHQ7KHODWHUDOVWUDLQLVQHZKHUHQLVWKH3RLVVRQ¶VUDWLR İİIRU _İ_•_İ_DQGİİIRU_İ_”_İ_LQWKHXQLD[LDOORDGLQJWHVWDWLQHODVWLFGHIRUPDWLRQUHJLPHZKHUHİDQGİDUHWKH PD[LPXPDQGWKHPLQLPXPSULQFLSDOVWUDLQUHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KHYDOXHRIQLVXVXDOO\DURXQGLQHODVWLFUHJLPHV

1732

T. Morishita et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741

EXWLWLVLQDIXOO\SODVWLFUHJLPH,Q/&)UHJLPHVQWDNHVWKHYDOXHEHWZHHQDQG,QWKHUHYHUVHGWRUVLRQ WHVWLQWKHILJXUHWKHDSSOLHGVWUDLQLVRQO\WKHVKHDUVWUDLQ J EXWWKHWZRSULQFLSDOVWUDLQVZLWKWKHRSSRVLWHVLJQDUH FDXVHG LQ WKLV FDVH 6R WKH UHYHUVHG WRUVLRQ WHVW DOVR EHFRPHV D PXOWLD[LDO WHVW 7KH WHQVLRQFRPSUHVVLRQ DQG UHYHUVHGWRUVLRQ DQG WKH ELD[LDO WHQVLRQFRPSUHVVLRQ ORDGLQJV DOVR HQDEOH WKH /&) WHVW LQ PXOWLD[LDO VWUDLQ VWDWHV 7KHIRUPHUWHVWRQO\FRYHUVWKHVWUDLQELD[LDOLW\IRUdIdQEXWWKHODWWHUWHVWGRHVdId 7KH VLPLODU ILJXUH IRU WKH DSSOLHG VWUHVV DQG WKH VWUHVV PXOWLD[LDOLW\ FDQ EH LOOXVWUDWHG EXW D JUDSKLFDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHILJXUHLVQRWPDGHKHUHWRDYRLGWKHUHSHWLWLRQRIWKHVLPLODUILJXUH,QWKHVWUHVVEDVHGWHVWV RQO\WKHWHQVLRQFRPSUHVVLRQORDGLQJLVDXQLD[LDOWHVWEXWDOOWKHRWKHUFDVHVEHFRPHWKHPXOWLD[LDOWHVWV 2.3. Non-proportional loading )LJXUHVKRZVWKHWHQVLRQWRUVLRQDQGWKHELD[LDOWHQVLRQFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWVZLWKSKDVHVKLIWLQDSSOLHGVWUDLQV,Q WKHWHQVLRQWRUVLRQWHVWZLWKWKHSKDVHVKLIWWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHSULQFLSDOVWUDLQVURWDWHVZLWKWLPHDQGWKLVORDGLQJLV QRQSURSRUWLRQDO ORDGLQJ 7KH SKDVH VKLIW LQ DSSOLHG VWUDLQ LQ WKH ELD[LDO WHQVLRQFRPSUHVVLRQ WHVW XVLQJ WKH FUXFLIRUP VSHFLPHQ FDXVHV QR URWDWLRQ RI WKH SULQFLSDO VWUDLQV EXW LW FDXVHV WKH VZLWFK RI WKH SULQFLSDO VWUDLQ GLUHFWLRQV7KHDXWKRUVFRQVLGHUWKDWWKLVORDGLQJVKRXOGEHFODVVLILHGLQWRDSURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJEHFDXVHQRODUJH DGGLWLRQDO KDUGHQLQJ DQG OLWWOH UHGXFWLRQ RI /&) OLIH ZDV FRQILUPHG LQ WKLV W\SH RI WHVW XVLQJ W\SH  VWHHO FUXFLIRUPVSHFLPHQVDW.>@$QRWKHUUHVHDUFK>@KRZHYHUVWDWHGWKDWWKLVORDGLQJVKRXOGEHDW\SHRIQRQ SURSRUWLRQDOWHVWVVKRZLQJDIDLUUHGXFWLRQRIIDWLJXHOLYHVLQH[SHULPHQWV0RUHGHWDLOHGH[SHULPHQWDOVWXGLHVDQG HYLGHQFHVDUHQHHGHGWRKDYHDGHILQLWHFRQFOXVLRQRQWKHFODVVLILFDWLRQRIWKLVW\SHRIORDGLQJ 

$SSOLHGVWUDLQ

H

J

H

%LD[LDO0XOWLD[LDOORDGLQJ

0XOWLD[LDOORDGLQJ 7HQVLRQ %LD[LDOWHQVLRQ FRPSUHVVLRQDQG FRPSUHVVLRQ UHYHUVHGWRUVLRQ

7\SH

J

H[ H

J

W

W

H J

W

H[ H\

H

H

H 6WUDLQVWDWH

 

I

H



H

I 

H

a  Q

I

H\

H

H[ H J

5RWDWHG

H

I

I

%LD[LDOWHQVLRQ FRPSUHVVLRQ

H[ H\

W

W

W

QH I

7HQVLRQ FRPSUHVVLRQDQG F\FOLFWRUVLRQ

H\

J

6WUDLQVWDWH

7\SH

5HYHUVHG WRUVLRQ

7HQVLRQ FRPSUHVVLRQ

$SSOLHGVWDLQ

8QLD[LDOORDGLQJ

a 

3ULQFLSDOVWUDLQGLUHFWLRQVDUHIL[HG

 )LJ$SSOLHGVWUDLQVDQGVWUDLQPXOWLD[LDOLW\LQSURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJWHVW

H

&KDQJHG

H

H

I 

)L[HG

H

I 

I

a  Q

3ULQFLSDOVWUDLQGLUHFWLRQVURWDWH FRQWLQXRXVO\

I

a 

3ULQFLSDOVWUDLQGLUHFWLRQVDUHIL[HG EXWWKH\LQWHUFKDQJH



)LJ'HILQLWLRQRIQRQSURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJ

,WRKet al.>@SUHVHQWHGWKHTXDQWLWDWLYHO\GHILQLWLRQRIWKHGHJUHHRIQRQSURSRUWLRQDOLW\ f13QRQSURSRUWLRQDO IDFWRU HTXDWHGDV f 13

S ³ _ e u e 5 _ S , W ds   S , PD[ LSDWK &

LSDWK

³& ds 

 

ZKHUHS, W LVDPD[LPXPYDOXHRISULQFLSDOVWUHVVRUSULQFLSDOVWUDLQVe5LVDXQLWYHFWRUGLUHFWLQJWRS, t GsWKH LQILQLWHVLPDO WUDMHFWRU\ RI WKH ORDGLQJ SDWK LSDWK LV WKH ZKROH ORDGLQJ SDWK OHQJWK GXULQJ D F\FOH DQG ³u´ GHQRWHV YHFWRU SURGXFW 7KH VFDODUV S,PD[ DQG LSDWK EHIRUH WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ LQ (T   LV VHW WR PDNH f13 XQLW\ LQ WKH FLUFOHU ORDGLQJLQGLPHQVLRQDOSRODUILJXUH,QWHJUDWLQJWKHSURGXFWRIDPSOLWXGHDQGSULQFLSDOGLUHFWLRQFKDQJHRIVWUHVV

1733

T. Morishita et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741

DQG VWUDLQ E\ SDWK OHQJWK LQ (T   LV VXLWDEOH SDUDPHWHU IRU HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH DGGLWLRQDO GDPDJH GXH WR QRQ SURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJ'HWDLOGHVFULSWLRQVRIf13DQGOLIHHYDOXDWLRQVDUHPHQWLRQHGLQUHIHUHQFHV>@DQG>@ 2.4. Definition of multiaxial stress and strain state 0XOWLD[LDOVWUHVVDQGVWUDLQVWDWHFDQEHH[SUHVVHGE\XVLQJWKHSDUDPHWHUVijDQGțDVVKRZQLQ(TV  DQG  

N

W  V



 

M

J  H



 

ZKHUHijLVDQGțDUHVWUDLQUDWLRDQGVWUHVVUDWLRUHVSHFWLYHO\ %HVLGHVWKHPHWKRGDERYHWKLVSDSHUDOVRHPSOR\VWKHSULQFLSDOVWUDLQUDWLRIDQGWKHSULQFLSDOVWUHVVUDWLRȜWR GHILQHGPXOWLD[LDOVWUHVVDQGVWUDLQVWDWHZKLFKLVVKRZQLQ(TV  DQG  

O

V ,,  V,



 

I

H ,,  H,



 

ZKHUHV,DQGV,,DUHSXWDVVVRUVRIZKLFKDEVROXWHYDOXHVWDNHVWKHODUJHVWDQGPLGGOHRQHVe.gLIV  03V 03DQGV 03V, 03DDQGV,, 03DVLQFH_V_t_V_t_V_2QWKHRWKHUKDQGH,DQGH,, DUHSULQFLSDOVWUDLQVRIZKLFKSULQFLSDOGLUHFWLRQFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKRVHRIV,DQGV,,UHVSHFWLYHO\,QSURSRUWLRQDO IDWLJXHWHVWȜDQGIKDYHFRQVWDQWYDOXHVLQDF\FOH 2.5. Fatigue testing method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dȞ7\SHV,%DQG,,FDQSHUIRUPWKHPXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWXQGHUIXOOUDQJHGSULQFLSDOVWUDLQUDWLR UDQJHRIId7\SH,,,GRHVWKHWHVWXQGHUWKHVDPHPXOWLD[LDOVWUDLQVWDWHDQGWULD[LDOWHQVLRQFRPSUHVVLRQ ORDGLQJ WRR +RZHYHU 7\SHV ,, DQG ,,, KDYH QR FKDQJH LQ SULQFLSDO GLUHFWLRQV RI VWUHVV DQG VWUDLQ VLQFH WKH GLUHFWLRQVDOZD\VIL[HGLQWRWKHGLUHFWLRQRIDSSOLHGORDGLQJ2QO\7\SH,%FDQSHUIRUPWKHPXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWLQ WKHIXOOUDQJHGSULQFLSDOVWUDLQUDWLRUDQJHZLWKQRQSURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJ 

1734

T. Morishita et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741

 

)LJ&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIPXOWLD[LDO/&)WHVWPHWKRGV

)LJ6FKHPDWLFVKRZLQJPXOWLD[LDOVWUHVVDQGVWUDLQVWDWHV

'HYHORSHGWHVWLQJPDFKLQH 3.1. Testing machine of push-pull and reversed torsion with inner pressure )LJXUHVKRZVDVFKHPDWLFYLHZRIWKHLQQHUSUHVVXUHPXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWLQJPDFKLQHGHYHORSHG7KLVWHVWLQJ PDFKLQH LV UHPRGHOHG IURP WKH SXVKSXOO DQG UHYHUVHG WRUVLRQ IDWLJXH WHVWLQJ PDFKLQH ,Q RUGHU WR JHQHUDWH LQQHU SUHVVXUH IRU WKH KROORZ F\OLQGHU VSHFLPHQ D QHZ K\GUDXOLF DFWXDWRU LV DGGHG WR XSSHU SRVLWLRQ RI WKH WHVWLQJ PDFKLQH )XUWKHUPRUH DQ LQQHU SUHVVXUH JDXJH LV LQVWDOOHG LQ WKH WHVWLQJ PDFKLQH WR FRQWURO DQG PHDVXUH WKH SUHVVXUH7KHPD[LPXPD[LDOORDGDQGWRUTXHDUHrN1IRUSXVKSXOOr1˜PIRUWRUVLRQDQGWKH PD[LPXP LQQHU SUHVVXUH LV H[SHFWHG DV  03D %\ WKHVH DSSO\LQJ ORDGV WKLV WHVWLQJ PDFKLQH FDQ SHUIRUP WKH PXOWLD[LDO IDWLJXH WHVWV XQGHU SURSRUWLRQDO DQG QRQSURSRUWLRQDO ]HURWRWHQVLRQ ORDGLQJV LQ ZKLFK WKH SULQFLSDO VWUDLQ UDWLR YDULHGLQWKHUDQJHRIdId 

 

 D 

 E 

)LJ7HVWLQJPDFKLQHDQGWHVWVSHFLPHQRISXVKSXOODQGUHYHUVHGWRUVLRQZLWKLQQHUSUHVVXUH D 6FKHPDWLF VKRZLQJRIGHYHORSHGPXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWLQJPDFKLQH E 6KDSHDQGGLPHQVLRQVRIWHVWVSHFLPHQ PP 

1735

T. Morishita et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741

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esting machine of push-pull and reversed torsion with inner and outer pressures )LJXUHVKRZVDVFKHPDWLFYLHZRIWKHLQQHUDQGRXWHUSUHVVXUHPXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWLQJPDFKLQH7KLVWHVWLQJ PDFKLQHLVUHPRGHOHGIURPWKHLQQHUSUHVVXUHPXOLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWLQJPDFKLQH7KHK\GUDXOLFDFWXDWRUVHTXLSSHG LQ XSSHU SRVLWLRQ DV VKRZQ LQ WKH ILJXUH ZHUH GHVLJQHG IRU WKLV WHVWLQJ PDFKLQH 7KH\ DUH WZLQ W\SH K\GUDXOLF F\OLQGHUVIRUJHQHUDWLRQVRILQQHUSUHVVXUHDQGD[LDOORDGLQJUHVSHFWLYHO\ 

 

 D 

 E 

)LJ7HVWLQJPDFKLQHDQGWHVWVSHFLPHQRISXVKSXOODQGUHYHUVHGWRUVLRQZLWKLQQHUDQGRXWHUSUHVVXUHV D  6FKHPDWLFVKRZLQJRIGHYHORSHGPXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWLQJPDFKLQH E 6KDSHDQGGLPHQVLRQVRIWHVWVSHFLPHQ PP 

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rN1IRUSXVKSXOOr1˜PIRUWRUVLRQDQGWKHPD[LPXPSUHVVXUHV IRULQQHUDQGRXWHUSUHVVXUHDUHH[SHFWHGDV03D%\WKHVHDSSO\LQJORDGVWKLVWHVWLQJPDFKLQHFDQSHUIRUPWKH PXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWVXQGHUSURSRUWLRQDODQGQRQSURSRUWLRQDOIXOO\UHYHUVHGORDGLQJVLQZKLFKWKHSULQFLSDOVWUDLQ UDWLRYDULHGLQWKHUDQJHRIdId 7HVW FRQWURO V\VWHP RI WKLV WHVWLQJ PDFKLQH EHFRPHV PXFK PRUH FRPSOLFDWH WKDQ WKRVH RI WKH LQQHU SUHVVXUH WHVWLQJPDFKLQHVLQFHIRXUK\GUDXOLFDFWXDWRUVPXVWEHFRQWUROOHGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DQGLQGHSHQGHQWO\E\HPSOR\LQJD WHVW FRQWUROOHU SURJUDP DQG D V\VWHP ,Q RUGHU WR UDLVH WKH SUHFLVLRQ RI FRQWURO IRXU W\SHV RI IHHGEDFN ORRS DUH DSSOLHGLQWKLVWHVWLQJPDFKLQHDVVKRZQLQ)LJ

1736

T. Morishita et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741

 )LJ0HWKRGRIJHQHUDWLQJWKHLQQHUDQGWKHRXWHUSUHVVXUHV

([SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVWHVWHGE\WKHGHYHORSHGWHVWLQJPDFKLQH ,QWKLVVWXG\HTXLYDOHQWVWUHVVDPSOLWXGHǻıHTLVGHILQHGDFFRUGLQJWRQRQSURSRUWLRQDOVWUHVVDPSOLWXGHIRU OLIHHYDOXDWLRQXQGHUQRQSURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJSURSRVHGE\,WRKet al.>@$QHTXLYDOHQWVWUHVVEDVHGRQYRQ 0LVHVıHTLVHTXDWHGDV V HT

  V ]  V T  V ]  V T    W ]T  

^

`



 

ZKHUH ı] ıș DQG IJ]ș DUH WKH D[LDO WKH KRRS DQG WKH VKHDU VWUHVVHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  ı] DQG ıș DUH HTXDWHGE\WKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQVLQWKHLQQHUSUHVVXUHWHVW V]

PL D L  F     S D R  D L D R  D L 



 

VT

PL DL  DR  DL



 

ZKHUHFDQGPLDUHD[LDOORDGDQGLQQHUSUHVVXUHVUHVSHFWLYHO\DLDQGDRDUHWKHLQQHUDQGWKHRXWHUGLDPHWHUVDW JDXJHSDUWLQWHVWWKHVSHFLPHQ DL PPDQGDR PP  2QWKHRWKHUKDQGı]DQGıșDUHHTXDWHGE\WKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQVLQWKHLQQHUDQGRXWHUSUHVVXUHWHVW V]

PR D' R -D R PL D L   F    S D R  D L  D R  D L  D R  D L 

VT

P D PL DL  R R  DR  DL DR  DL



 

 

ZKHUHFPLDQGPRDUHWKHD[LDOORDGWKHLQQHUDQGRXWHUSUHVVXUHVUHVSHFWLYHO\DLDRDQGD¶RDUHLQQHUGLDPHWHU RXWHUGLDPHWHUDWJDXJHSDUWDQGRXWHUGLDPHWHUDWXSSHUSDUWRIUDGLXVLQWHVWWKHVSHFLPHQ DL PPDR PP DQGD¶R PP 

1737

T. Morishita et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741

 )LJ7KHGHILQLWLRQRIWKHı]ıșDQGIJ]ș

4.1. Push-pull and reversed torsion test with inner pressure 4.1.1. Experimental procedure 7HVW PDWHULDO HPSOR\HG ZDV W\SH  VWDLQOHVV VWHHO 686  ZKLFK UHFHLYHG D KHDW WUHDWPHQW RI TXHQFKLQJ q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qVLQXVRLGDORXWRISKDVH ORDGLQJWHVWFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHQRQSURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJWHVW7RWDOD[LDOVWUDLQDQGWRWDOVKHDUVWUDLQUDQJHVZHUH WKHVDPHUDQJHVEDVHGRQYRQ0LVHV¨İ ¨Jξ͵6WUDLQUDWHZDVVHWDVVEDVHGRQYRQ0LVHVEDVLV 

 )LJ/RDGDQGSUHVVXUHZDYHIRUPVRILQQHUSUHVVXUHWHVW

1738

T. Morishita et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741

,Q WKH SXVKSXOO WKH UHYHUVHG WRUVLRQ DQG WKH FLUFOH WHVWV FRQVWDQW LQQHU SUHVVXUH PL   DQG  03D  RU VLQXVRLGDOZDYHIRUPHGLQQHUSUHVVXUH PL 03D DUHDGGHG+HUHPLLVWKHLQQHUSUHVVXUHHPSOR\HGDQGPL  PL  DQG PL  VKRZ WKH FRQVWDQW LQQHU SUHVVXUHV   DQG 03D UHVSHFWLYHO\ µPL a¶ VKRZV WKDW WKH PLQLPXPDQGPD[LPXPSUHVVXUHVDUH03DDQG03DLQVLQXVRLGDOZDYHIRUP 7KHQXPEHURIF\FOHVWRIDLOXUHNIZDVGHILQHGDVWKHF\FOHDWZKLFKWKHVSHFLPHQLVIDLOXUHRUD[LDOVWUDLQRU VKHDUVWUDLQEHFRPHWRKDOIRIWKHPD[LPXPYDOXHGXULQJWKHWHVW 4.1.2. Test result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¨ıRUξ͵¨IJLVQRUPDOL]HGE\WKHVWUHVVDPSOLWXGHLQWKHSXVKSXOOWHVWDWWKH VDPHVWUDLQOHYHODQGWKHVDPHLQQHUSUHVVXUH7KHQRQSURSRUWLRQDOIDFWRUf13LQFUHDVHVLQWKHUHYHUVHGWRUVLRQWHVW DQG FRQYHUVHO\ GHFUHDVHV LQ WKH FLUFOH WHVW ZLWK LQFUHDVH LQ WKH LQQHU SUHVVXUH ZKLFK GHSHQGV RQ WKH VWUDLQ OHYHO $OWKRXJKDVFDWWHURIWKHGDWDSORWFDQEHVHHQWKHDGGLWLRQDOKDUGHQLQJLVUHODWHGUHODWLYHO\ZHOOZLWKf13 )LJXUH  LV D FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH HTXLYDOHQW VWUHVV DPSOLWXGH DQG WKH IDLOXUH OLIH 7KH ILJXUH VKRZV D JRRG FRUUHODWLRQZKLFKPD\FRPHIURPWKDWWKHLQFUHDVHLQVWUHVVDPSOLWXGHGXHWRWKHQRQSURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJDQGWKH LQQHU SUHVVXUH KDV FORVHO\ UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK WKH IDLOXUH OLIH 7KH ILJXUH DOVR VXJJHVWV WKDW VWUHVVHV ZLOO EHFRPH D VXLWDEOHSDUDPHWHUIRUIDLOXUHOLIHHYDOXDWLRQLQGHSHQGHQWRQWKHORDGLQJSDWKDQGWKHLQQHUSUHVVXUH  3L  3XVKSXOO 3L   3L  3L a 3  5HYHUVHG L WRUVLRQ 3L   3L  3L a 3  5HYHUVHG L WRUVLRQ 3L   3L  3L a 3L  &LUFOH 3L   3L  3L a 







1XPEHURIF\FOHVWRIDLOXUHNIF\FOH



)LJ)DLOXUHOLIHLQLQQHUSUHVVXUHWHVW

3L  3XVKSXOO 3L   3L  3L a 3L  5HYHUVHG WRUVLRQ 3L   3L  3L a 3  5HYHUVHG L WRUVLRQ 3L   3L  3L a 3L  &LUFOH 3L   3L  3L a 





 ' V HT (TXLYDOHQWVWUHVVDPSOLWXGH03D 

)LJ(TXLYDOHQWVWUHVVDPSOLWXGHLQLQQHUSUHVVXUHWHVW



1739

'VHT (TXLYDOHQWVWUHVVDPSOLWXGHVࠉ03D (TXLYDOHQWVWUHVVDPSOLWXGH 

T. Morishita et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741







IDFWRURI



 

 )LJ&RUUHODWLRQRIQRQSURSRUWLRQDOIDFWRUIURPVWUHVVUDQJHUDWLR

3XVKSXOO  5HYHUVHGWRUVLRQ  5HYHUVHGWRUVLRQ  &LUFOH 







1XPEHURIF\FOHVWRIDLOXUH NIF\FOH





)LJ&RPSDULVRQRIHTXLYDOHQWVWUHVVDPSOLWXGHDQGIDLOXUHOLIH

4.2. Push-pull and reversed torsion test with Inner and outer pressures 4.2.1. Experimental procedure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¨ıDQG¨IJDUHVHWLQWKHVDPHEDVHGRQ YRQ0LVHVEDVLV¨ıHT ¨ı ξ͵¨IJZKHUH¨ıHTLVWKHYRQ0LVHV¶HTXLYDOHQWVWUHVVUDQJHDQG¨ıDQG¨IJDUHWKHD[LDO DQGVKHDUVWUHVVUDQJHV6WUHVVUDWHLQWKHWHVWZDVVHWWR+]7KHGHILQLWLRQRIWKHQXPEHURIF\FOHVWRIDLOXUHLVWKH VDPHDVLQQHUSUHVVXUHWHVW 

 )LJ/RDGDQGSUHVVXUHZDYHIRUPVRILQQHUDQGRXWHUSUHVVXUHWHVW

1740

T. Morishita et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741

4.2.2. Test result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

 

)LJ)DLOXUHOLIHRILQQHUDQGRXWHUSUHVVXUHWHVW

 )LJ(TXLYDOHQWVWUHVVDPSOLWXGHRILQQHUDQGRXWHUSUHVVXUHWHVW

&RQFOXVLRQV   $WHVWLQJPDFKLQHFRPELQLQJORDGRIWKHSXVKSXOOWKHUHYHUVHGWRUVLRQDQGWKHLQQHUDQGRXWHUSUHVVXUHZDV GHYHORSHG,WFDQSHUIRUPWKHPXOWLD[LDOIDWLJXHWHVWVXQGHUSURSRUWLRQDODQGQRQSURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJLQZKLFK WKHSULQFLSDOVWUDLQUDWLRYDULHGLQWKHUDQJHRIdId   ,QWKHVWUDLQFRQWUROWHVWWKHIDLOXUHOLIHLVDIIHFWHGODUJHO\E\WKHLQQHUSUHVVXUHDQGLVUHGXFHGLQDFFRUGDQFH ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ WKH LQQHU SUHVVXUH DW HDFK WKH SXVKSXOO WKH UHYHUVHG WRUVLRQ DQG WKH FLUFOH WHVW 7KH IDLOXUH OLYHVFDQEHFRUUHODWHGE\WKHHTXLYDOHQWVWUHVVDPSOLWXGHUHODWLYHO\ZHOOLQGHSHQGHQWRIQRWRQO\WKHORDGLQJ SDWKEXWDOVRWKHLQQHUSUHVVXUH   7KHIDLOXUHOLYHVDUHVOLJKWO\VPDOODIIHFWHGE\WKHLQQHUDQGWKHRXWHUSUHVVXUHVEXWVOLJKWO\ODUJHDIIHFWHGE\ QRQSURSRUWLRQDOORDGLQJ

T. Morishita et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1730 – 1741

1741

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV :H H[SUHVV RXU JUDWLWXGH WR D SURIHVVRU 'DUUHOO ) 6RFLH DW 8QLYHUVLW\ RI ,OOLQRLV DQG DQ DVVRFLDWH SURIHVVRU 1RULWDNH +L\RVKL DW 8QLYHUVLW\ RI )XNXL IRU KHOSIXO DGYLFH RQ GHVLJQ IRU WKH LQQHU DQG RXWHU SUHVVXUH PXOWLD[LDO IDWLJXHWHVWLQJPDFKLQH 5HIHUHQFHV >@

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