Fossil Fuel Energy Scenario in Malaysia-Prospect of ... - IEEE Xplore

2013 IEEE Conference on Clean Energy and Technology (CEAT)

Fossil Fuel Energy Scenario in Malaysia-Prospect of Indigenous Renewable Biomass and Coal Resources Faisal Mushtaqa,d, Wajahat Maqboolb,d, Ramli Mata, Farid Nasir Anic a

Faculty of Chemical Engineering, b Faculty of Electrical Engineering, c Department of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor Darul T’azim, Malaysia. d Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Airport Road, Baleli, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] the gas importing countries [3].Moreover, according to International Energy Agency (IEA), the world oil production from currently producing fields reached to maximum and oil production rate is expected to decline steadily years after years, if the new crude oil fields were limited and NG liquids or unconventional oil production continues insufficiently [4]. The biggest concern is how long these fossil fuel reserves last? The world established oil reserves reached 1652.6 thousand million barrels by the end-2011. These global oil reserves will be sufficient for 54 years of production and NG reserves will be adequate to meet 64 years of production with proven reserves of 208.4 trillion cubic meters by the end-2011. On the contrary, global coal reserves will be sufficient to meet 112 years of global production based on proven reserves of 861 billion tonnes by end-2011, which have by far the largest Reserves to Production ratio (R/P) among the fossil fuels [5, 6]. The new and continuing discoveries of oil in South and Central America regions increased the global oil R/P ratio. Similarly, large increase in Turkmen NG reserves increased the NG R/P ratio of the world [5]. This paper aims to present the fossil fuel energy scenario of Malaysia with emphasis on oil and NG resources. Moreover, life expectancy of the indigenous oil and NG resources is discussed. The overwhelming production from the country fossil fuel reserves to power energy sectors is showing great concerns over fossil fuel depletion which demands alternative and sustainable fuel energy supply. The country coal and biomass resources and its potential is discussed which can serve a potential source for valuable fuels and chemical feedstock. Finally, the routes to produce energy products from coal and biomass are argued.

Abstract—The fossil fuel resources, oil and Natural Gas (NG) have been playing a vital role in reshaping the socioeconomic status of many countries. The socioeconomic stability of the country is connected to sustainable fuel energy supply. The conventional fuel resources are valuable supply of finite natural energy. However, their increasingly supply and exploited production have shown great concern over fuel source depletion. Malaysia’s economic growth is also connected to fossil energy resources, which is continued to effects by the growing energy demand. The two power sectors, industrial and transportation remained heavily dependent on oil and NG. Among these energy sectors, the energy demand is increasing in industrial sector due to rapid growth. The life expectancy of Malaysia fossil fuel reserves is also alarming. The concern over the energy insecurity is driving the region to look for sustainable energy supply. Presently, the most critical challenge faced by energy sectors is to provide continuous energy supply and diversification of various energy resources. This paper highlights the fossil fuel energy scenario in Malaysia and life expectancy of fossil fuels. The role of indigenous biomass and coal resources is discussed which can serve as a potential source for valuable chemicals and chemical feedstock. The issues highlighted in this study is expected to garner the role of indigenous renewable biomass and coal resources by exploring energy products which can partially decrease dependence on non-renewable oil and NG resources. Keywords—oil, natural gas, life expectancy, coal and waste biomass potential, coal to liquid, biomass to liquid.

INTRODUCTION The world primary energy comes from non-renewable fossil fuel crude oil and Natural Gas (NG) finite natural resources. The new discoveries and technological advancements have also ensured increasingly production from crude oil and NG resources. Presently, the biggest challenge faced by the oil and gas sector is how to increase production when existing fields are experiencing depletion [1]. In 2010, the world oil production from major oil producing regions reached to maximum and is projected to decline steadily [2]. On the contrary, the future energy consumption from NG requires a change in energy sources that is currently satisfied by the liquid fuels and demands more infrastructures in the form of pipeline facilities. However, the increased demand of NG in gas exporting countries can contribute to NG shortage in

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FOSSIL ENERGY SCENARIO IN MALAYSIA Malaysia socioeconomic growth is connected with the availability and supply of fossil energy resources. Industrial and transportation sectors of the country remained heavily dependent on oil and NG. Moreover, the energy demand is increasing in the industrial sector due to its rapid growth. Presently, the most critical challenge faced by energy sectors is the continuous supply of energy and diversification of energy resources. Malaysia Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) reached to 68 Metric tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe)

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as bio-fuels and waste [11, 14, 15]. In this aspect, the most considerable option may be to utilize the indigenous fuel resources other than oil and NG and explore their potential as an alternative and sustainable energy supply.

in end-2009, an increase of more than 196% over 1990 [7]. Oil shared 36%, NG 43%, coal 16%, bio-fuels and waste 5% and hydro about 1% to the TPES in 2009 [8, 9]. The Total Primary Energy Consumption (TPEC) of the country also rose at an annual growth rate of 7.2% from 1990 to 2008 and reached to 45 Mtoe in 2008. Industrial sector remained the dominant energy consumer to oil and NG with a record consumption of 19 Mtoe followed by transportation sector in 2008. Furthermore, the future energy demand is expected to grow at the rate of 5-7.9% per year for the next 20 years [10, 11]. Figure 1 shows the TPES and total energy production of Malaysia by various fuel sources.

TABLE I. RESERVES TO PRODUCTION RATIO OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS OF MALAYSIA (data extracted from [12]) Oil Reserves (R) (Thousand million barrels)

end-1981 end-1991 end-2001 end-2011 end-2012

2.3 3.7 4.5 3.7 3.7 Reserves (R) (Trillion cubic meters)

end-1981 end-1991 end-2001 end-2011 end-2012

1.4 1.7 2.5 1.2 1.3

Production (P) (Thousand barrels/day)

259 648 702 640 657 Natural gas Production (P) (Billion cubic meters/year)

Na 20.4 46.9 65.3 65.2

R/P (Years)

24.3 15.6 17.6 15.8 15.4 R/P (Years)

83.3 53.3 18.4 19.9 Na- Not available

COAL AND BIOMASS RESOURCES OF MALAYSIA Malaysia is blessed with coal and biomass resources. Its coal mining history accounts back to 1851 when the first mine was opened at Labuan located at Sabah state. The total indigenous coal reserves are estimated at 1938.4 million tonnes. However, the country coal demands are mostly met by imported coal due to the limited production from its coal fields. Moreover, great amount of imported coal is used in Coal Fired Power Generation Plants (CFPGPs) for electricity production. However, with the development and exploitation of indigenous coal resources may not only decrease the coal imports but also may be use to produce synthetic fuels. Besides coal, Malaysia is gifted by a green and fertile land. Various feed crops are produced and generates huge quantity of waste biomass residue especially from palm oil manufacturing, such as Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB), mesocarp fiber, Oil Palm Shell (OPS) and palm oil mill effluent. OPS can be used to recover valuable fuels and chemical feedstock by converting to fuels.

Fig. 1. TPES and total energy production of Malaysia from 1971 to 2009 in kilo tonnes of oil equivalent [7]

More importantly, the life expectancy of Malaysia fossil fuel reserves is also alarming. Oil is the fastest depleting fuel and it will last only for next 15.4 years, whereas NG reserves will be sufficient for 19.9 years of production based on end2012 [12]. The R/P ratio of Malaysia oil and NG over the past four decades is shown in Table I. In 1981, Malaysia initiated and implemented Four Fuels Diversification Strategy (FFDS) with an effort to lifespan the country reserves for security of energy and sustainable oil supply, and to pursue balanced utilization of oil, NG, hydro and coal. In 1991, Five Fuels Diversification Strategy and Renewable Energy (FFDSRE) incorporated biomass as the fifth fuel in the nation energy mix [13]. FFDS and FFDSRE resulted in a better energy mix to Malaysia TPES and TPEC. However, implementation of FFDSRE decreased oil dependence but resulted in increased supply from indigenous NG resources and increased demand of coal imports. Malaysia energy insecurity is growing due to its limited and quickly depleting oil and NG reserves. Energy security is a challenging issue and its insecurity may be reduced; by decreasing dependence on oil and NG through utilization of indigenous energy resource and their mix, substituting oil and NG with coal and renewable sources such

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A. Coal Resources of Malaysia and its Potential Malaysian coal fields are located in various states i.e. Selangor, Sarawak and Sabah states. However, the identified coal fields are Merit Pila, Bintulu, Mukah, Balingian in Sarawak and Malibau located in Sabah. The location and distribution of coal resources are shown in Fig. 2. The total coal reserves are estimated at 1938.4 million tonnes of coal quality ranging from lignite rank to anthracite; sub-bituminous coal, however, predominates. The details of indigenous coal reserves and production from various coal fields are listed in Table II. The country coal reserve can be subdivided into; measured coal reserves of 280.8 million tonnes, indicated coal reserves of 378.2 million

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tonnes and the balance of 1279.3 million tonnes is inferred coal reserves. More than 80% of the coal reeserves are located in Sarawak, 18% in Sabah and only 2% in Peninsular P state of Malaysia. Moreover, major coal fields are Kapit, K Mukah and Maliau [11, 16]. The country coal demandd has been on the rise, with 15 million tons in 2008 and exxpected to rise in future. The main consumers to imported coaal are CFPGPs and industrial sector, such as cement and steeel manufacturing plants. However, with the development of industrialization and new CFPGPs, coal imports will increasse substantially [8, 14]. Despite the increased dependence on o imported coal, efforts are going on to enhance the security of coal supply by exploring the potential of local coal sourcces particularly in Sarawak, as well as from other coal fields [11].

The increasingly dependence on imported coal to produce electricity may not be the onlyy option in the proper utilization of coal. However, CFPGPs are also linked with various atmospheric pollution particularly particulate matters, CO2, SOx, NOx emissions and ash a disposal problems. Most importantly, the indigenous coal c resources have not been accessed for the recovery of o synthetic liquid fuels and chemical feedstock. Moreover,, the imported coal may also be utilized to recover synthetic fueels which may serve as a partial replacement for indigenous oil and NG. B. Biomass Resources of Malaysia M and its Potential Malaysia is also blessed witth 20 million hectares of natural forest which is 61% of the totaal land area. The agriculture area is 15% covering a land of 33 million m hectares [17]. The main agricultural crops grown in thhe country are rubber, oil palm, rice, cocoa and coconut. Malayysia produces 18 million tonnes of palm oil which accountted 41% of world palm oil production and remained the largest l palm oil exporter of the world [18]. Being the largest palm oill producer and exporter, it has more than 400 palm oil mills which w processed up to 89 metric tons of Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB B) and generated approximately 87 metric tonnes per year of oil o palm waste residue in 2010. This enormous quantity of wasste biomass is discarded as EFB, mesocarp fiber, OPS and palm m oil mill effluent [19, 20]. The amount of biomass residue avvailable from FFB is shown in Table III. The production of large quaantities of waste biomass which have potentially no economicc value, can be used to extract energy either by direct combuustion or converting it to more valuable forms, such as liquidd fuels or bio-oils [11]. In this concern, OPS may appear too be promising and potential renewable feedstock for the reccovery of various fuels.

Fig. 2. Location and occurrence of coal reeserves in Malaysia

Table II. MALAYSIA COAL RESERVES AND D PRODUCTION AS OF 2010 [11] Reserves (Million tonnes) Locations

Sarawak Abok, Sri Aman Kapit & Mukah Bintulu Sabah Silimpopon Labuan Maliau Meliabau South west Malibau Pinangan west middle block Selangor Batu Arang Total Grand total

Measured

Indicated

Inferreed

Table III. THE OIL PALM RESIDUE R IN METRIC TONNES PER

Production (kilo tonnes)

7.3

10.6

322.4

168

262.7

312.4

9116.7

999

6

Na

144

Na

4.8 Na Na Na

14.1 Na Na 17.9

7.7 8.9 2115 255

Na Na Na Na

Na

23.2

Naa

Na

Na

Na

422.6

Na

Na 280.8 1938.4

Na 378.2

177 12279.3

Na

YEAR AS OF O 2010 [20] Types of oil palm waste biomass Empty Fruit Bunch Mesocarp fiber Palm kernel shell Palm oil mill effluent Total

COAL TO LIQUID L FUELS Peak oil concern, quickly depleting d conventional fuels and increased CO2 pollution from conventional fuels combustion has renewed interest in alternattive fuels. Coal still remains the largest and cheapest source of o producing energy across the globe. It is primarily used as a fuel source for power generation. However, CFPGPs are also linked with various atmospheric pollution particularly particulate matters, CO2, SOx, NOx emissions and ash disposal problems. Moreover, with the development of industtrial sector and increased energy demand in the developing couuntries, more coal will be used. The increasingly dependence on coal to produce electricity may not be the only option inn the proper utilization of coal.

1167 Na- Not available

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Quantity metric tonne/year 21.27 10.80 4.89 49.85 86.81

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organic waste, energy crops etc. The bio-fuels can be categorized into five types: (i) bio-alcohol and biodiesel (produced by biological or chemical conversion of biomass) (ii) vegetable oil (recovered from vegetative biomass) (iii) biocrude oil or bio-oil or biosynthetic oils (derived from thermochemical conversion of waste biomass sources) (iv) bio-gas (bio-hydrogen or bio-synthetic gas or bio-syn gas) is derived from microbial degradation of biomass or waste biomass (v) Fischer-Tropsch bio-liquids refers to conversion of bio-gas to liquefied form [26, 27]. Waste biomass is generated in ample quantity from processing of various biomasses. This biomass residue can be used to recover liquid fuels and chemical feedstock by variety of methods. Waste biomass can be converted to liquids by two fundamental BTL methods: thermo-chemical and biological conversion processes. Thermo-chemical conversion of waste biomass can be achieved by: pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion. The two main products obtained from thermo-chemical conversion of waste biomass are the volatile fractions (i.e. vapour, gas, and tar components) and solid rich carbon [28]. Pyrolysis of waste biomass takes place at relatively high temperature in the absence of air or when sufficiently small amount of air is present and is a promising route for the production of bio-oils, and fuel gas products. However, the main objective of pyrolysis is to optimize the fuel products from biomass by thermal means [26]. Waste biomass pyrolysis process provides several benefits: produces energy fuel products with high fuel to feed ratio, produces broad range of fuels and chemicals [29, 30]. Similar to coal pyrolysis processes, the waste biomass pyrolysis methods can also be sub-classified into: conventional, flash and fast pyrolysis based on process variables. Besides pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis of waste biomass has attracted great deal of attention for optimizing liquid yields. The bio-oil is a complex mixture of water, phenols, guaiacols, catechols, syringols, vanillins, furans, carboxaldehydes, isoeugenols, pyrone, acetic acid, formic acid etc. It also contains other major group of compounds, including hydroxyaldehyde, hydroxyketone, sugars and carboxylic acid [31]. The main benefit of producing bio-oils using fast pyrolysis is it can be stored and transported to recover valuable chemicals [32]. In spite of the various developments and improvements in pyrolysis and fast pyrolysis processes, it still faces some technical challenges in improving liquid yield, quality of bio-oil, and energy efficiency. In this concern, Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis is a promising attempt to resolve these challenges, because of rapid, controlled and efficient heating of materials.

The sustainable utilization of coal presents a prospect to global research and development with a strong demand of an inexpensive energy supply, which is compounded with CO2 reduction. The coal resources can be used to recover synthetic liquid fuels and chemical feedstock which may serve as a partial replacement to oil and NG. More importantly, liquid synthetic fuels from coal would not require comprehensive renewal of present energy infrastructures, e.g. they could flow through existing pipeline networks and can be processed in existing refineries, and petrochemical plants [21]. Coal To Liquid (CTL) is one of the more reasonable approaches to convert solid coal to liquid fuels and chemical feedstock. Coal can be converted to liquid fuels by various methods. CTL technologies are based on coal liquefaction by three fundamental methods: coal pyrolysis, Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL) and Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL) [22]. Coal pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical conversion of coal in oxygen deficient environment at elevated temperature, DCL involves direct hydrogenation of coal at relatively high temperature and high pressure whereas ICL begins with gasifying the coal in the presence of oxygen and steam environment, then converting the gases (i.e. CO and H2) to liquids by the process such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis [23]. Pyrolysis of coal produces liquid (coal-tar), gas and solid (coal-char). The main components present in the coal liquid are benzene, toluene, xylene, phenol, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, biphenyl and their derivatives. These compounds can serve as valuable feedstock for petrochemicals industry [24]. Fast pyrolysis technology has been considered as a viable solution to convert materials to liquid fuel at shorter durations and high heating rate. The use of microwave technology when applied to fast pyrolysis is also suitable for producing liquid and gas fuels from coal. A perceived advantage of microwave technology is it utilizes microwave energy to simultaneously heat all coal particles in the presence of suitable microwave receptors provided the microwave radiations penetrate to the centre of the material, thereby reducing heat transfer problems which may frequently occur in conventional fast pyrolysis systems [25]. BIOMASS TO LQIUID FUELS The increasing oil demand, finite oil and NG reserves, and increasing contribution of green house gases from fossil fuel combustion, motivated the interest in renewable energy sources. In this concern, waste biomass has been identified as potential and sustainable feedstock to recover energy products. Moreover, waste biomass is available in abundant quantity across many parts of the world. Energy can be recovered from waste biomass by; direct combustion to produce heat and power or converting it to more valuable forms, such as liquid and gas fuels. In addition, waste biomass is also considered environmentally friendlier compared to fossil fuels when used for energy recovery due to its CO2 neutrality. Biomass To Liquid (BTL) or Bio-fuels are referred to liquids, gases fuels produced by diverse methods via biomass/waste biomass sources such as, woody plants, municipal green waste, agricultural and forestry residues,

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CONCLUSIONS Malaysia coal reserves are estimated at 1938.4 million tonnes. However, due to the limited production from local coal resources, the coal demands are met through imports. The country coal demand has increased substantially since majority of the imported coal is used in CFPGPs. Despite the increased dependence on imported coal, efforts are going on to enhance the security of coal supply by exploring the potential

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of local coal resources particularly in Sarawak, as well as from other coal fields. However, indigenous coal resources may provide an opportunity to recover synthetic fuels which is connected to the development and exploitation of coal resources. Nonetheless, the imported coal can be utilized to recover liquid and gas fuels. Besides coal, Malaysia agroindustrial sector produces considerable quantity of waste biomass especially from palm oil processing, such as EFB, mesocarp fiber, palm kernel shells or OPS. However, only fewer amount of this waste biomass is utilized as a boiler fuel and much is left over. For this reason, the proper utilization of oil palm waste biomass provides a great challenge and excellent opportunity to develop processes that can recover energy products. The use of microwave technology coupled to fast pyrolysis can recover improved energy products from coal and waste biomass by using specific microwave receptors which can attract considerable attention given their possible use in commercial applications.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for the award of UTM-Research University Grant (Q.J.130000.2524.01H03 and Q.J.130000.2544.04H68). REFERENCES [1] IEA, "World Energy Outlook 2010," International Energy Agency, Paris 2010. [2] L. Hughes and J. Rudolph, "Future world oil production: growth, plateau, or peak?," Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, vol. 3, pp. 225-234, 2011. [3] M. Bilgin, "Geopolitics of European natural gas demand: Supplies from Russia, Caspian and the Middle East," Energy Policy, vol. 37, pp. 4482-4492, 2009. [4] IEA, "World Energy Outlook 2011," International Energy Agency, Peris, France 2011. [5] BP, "BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2012," London,UK 2012. [6] BP. (30th Oct. 2012). Statistical Review of World Energy 2012 Available: http://www.bp.com/subsection.do?categoryId=9037151&conten tId=7068607 [7] IEA. (7th Sept. 2012). All graphs relating to Malaysia. Available: http://www.iea.org/stats/graphresults.asp?COUNTRY_CODE= MY [8] T. H. Oh, S. Y. Pang, and S. C. Chua, "Energy Policy and Alternative Energy in Malaysia: Issues and Challenges for Sustainable Growth," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, pp. 1241-1252, 2010. [9] IEA. (10th Oct. 2012). Share of total primary energy supply in 2009 of Malaysia. Available: http://www.iea.org/stats/graphresults.asp?COUNTRY_CODE= MY [10] NEB, "National Energy Balance 2008," Malaysia Energy Centre, Selangor, Malaysia 2009.

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