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HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Air and Water Pollution Control

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HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT Air and Water Pollution Control edited by

Yung-Tse Hung

Cleveland State University, USA

Lawrence K Wang

Lenox Institute of Water Technology, USA

Nazih K Shammas

Lenox Institute of Water Technology, USA

World Scientific NEW JERSEY

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DEDICATION

Professor William Wesley Eckenfelder, Jr., D.Sc., P.E., DEE (November 15, 1926–March 28, 2010)

The Editors of the Handbook of Environment and Waste Management dedicate this volume to the loving memory of Professor William Wesley Eckenfelder, Jr. D.Sc., P.E., DEE, Distinguished Professor of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Prof. Eckenfelder passed away on March 28, 2010, in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. He was 83. Prof. Eckenfelder was born in New York City on November 15, 1926, and graduated from high school at age 16. He received bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Manhattan College in 1946. He earned a master’s degree in sanitary engineering from Pennsylvania State University in 1948, and a master’s degree in civil engineering from New York University in 1954. He also pursued post-graduate studies at North Carolina State University and Pennsylvania State University. Prof. Eckenfelder was deemed the godfather of industrial wastewater management by his colleagues, former students, and peers. Prof. Eckenfelder was an Environmental Engineering Professor at Manhattan College, New York, USA, the University of Texas at Austin (1965–1969), Texas, USA, and Vanderbilt University (1969–1989), Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Prof. Eckenfelder was the best professor and mentor to his students. His office door is always open for his students. He was very caring and

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helpful to his students. He has touched and changed the lives of his students. He will be missed by all of his students. Prof. Eckenfelder was the Ph.D. dissertation supervisor of Prof. Yung-Tse Hung, Editor of Handbook of Environment and Waste Management. Prof. Hung received excellent preparation for his university teaching career from Prof. Eckenfelder. Prof. Hung was Prof. Eckenfelder’s last Ph.D. student at the University of Texas at Austin in 1970 and has the same birthday of November 15 as Prof. Eckenfelder.

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PREFACE

The environmental system has existed from the earliest time that life in its primitive forms appeared on this planet of Earth. Before the civilization, many animal and plant species emerged, evolved, or became extinct as environmental system changed. The earth generally purified itself by its unique self-purification process and the availability of natural resources remained unchanged. Civilization has created environmental pollution, especially after the industrial revolution. Air, water, and land in some industrial and developing countries have been heavily polluted to an unacceptable level that Mother Nature can no longer be able to purify itself. As a result, the renewable resources, such as farm lands, rain forests, surface water supplies, groundwater supplies, ocean/lake fisheries, and watersheds, are contaminated by the human activities rapidly. The nonrenewable resources, such as coal, oil, natural gases, metallic ores, and rare nonmetallic ores, are consumed or wasted at an ever-increasing rate, and will be exhausted in a few decades, if proper conservation actions are not taken in a timely manner. Radioactive pollution is extremely serious because the normally renewable resources, such as land and groundwater, could become nonrenewable and be almost forever gone, if contaminated by highlevel radioactive wastes. Oil and hazardous substances and spills on land or in ocean may endanger the ecosystem for a very long time. Destruction of ozone layer by the chlorinated hydrocarbons will increase the dangerous UV exposure. Burning fossil fuels at the current rate will cause global warming and climate changes, in turn, causes the chain reactions of ice melting, land flooding, desert formation, hurricanes, tornadoes, species extinction, ocean current diversion, and perhaps even arrival of another ice age. Once upon a time, fresh air, palatable water, and beautiful clean land were taken by people for granted worldwide. In many heavily polluted regions now, drinking bottle water instead of tap water has become routine. It would be horrible if one day human beings would face the situations that (a) the air is contaminated by toxic substances, so we must breath air from the pressurized cylinders; (b) the ozone layer in the sky is destroyed, so we must all wear sun glasses and special clothing for vii

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protection of our eye sight and skin, respectively, from the excessive UV lights; (c) the surface water and groundwater resources are contaminated by acid rain, toxic organics, and heavy metals, so we lose potable water supplies, fisheries, irrigation values, or recreation values; (d) the ocean is polluted by oil spills and ocean waste disposal, so we lose ocean fisheries, aquatic species, beautiful coastal areas, etc.; (e) the land and groundwater are polluted by hazardous substances and solid wastes, so the contaminated sites are no longer inhabitable; and (f) the continuous release of greenhouse gases to the air to cause global warming and climate changes, so we lose lands, many animal and plant species, and may even lose human species if the ice age arrives. The two volumes of the Handbook of Environment and Waste Management series have been developed to deal with the aforementioned environmental pollution problems and to provide proper treatment and waste management solutions. Specifically, the entire handbook series is a comprehensive compilation of topics that are at the forefront of many of the technical advances and practice in controlling pollution in air, surface water, groundwater, and land. The text covers biological, physical, chemical, agricultural, meteorological, medical, radioactive, and legal aspects of environmental engineering. Each volume covers basic and advanced principles and applications, and includes figures, tables, examples, and case histories. Internationally recognized authorities in the field of environment and waste management contribute chapters in their own areas of expertise. The authors who were invited to contribute to this handbook series include the environmental experts from the USA, China, Malaysia, Jordan, Iran, Nigeria, Turkey, Brazil, India, Spain, Cuba, Singapore, Ukraine, France, Australia, Taiwan, Canada, Egypt, Russia, and Poland. The editors believe that the unified interdisciplinary approach presented in the handbook is a logical step in the evolution of environmental pollution control, and hope that the handbook series becomes a one-stop reference source for readers to get all necessary technical information on air, water, and land resource management. This particular book, Volume 1, Air and Water Pollution Control, deals mainly with control technologies and methods for management of air and surface water resources and is a sister book to Volume 2, Land and Groundwater Pollution Control. This book, Volume 1, introduces the subjects of: air pollution and its control, air quality modeling and prediction, air biofiltration for odor treatment, drinking water associated pathology, wastewater disinfection, chemical and photochemical advanced oxidation processes, membrane separation for water and wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater treatment and reuse, agricultural irrigation, combined sewer overflow treatment, storm water management, biological wastewater treatment, aerobic granulation process, sequencing batch reactors, environmental impact assessment on aquatic pollution, decentralized wastewater treatment technologies, wetland waste treatment technologies, land waste treatment technologies,

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landfill leachate treatment and management, river and lake pollution control, dye wastewater treatment, olive oil manufacturing waste treatment, medical waste management, environmental enzyme technology, various microorganisms available for environmental biotechnology processes, and flotation technologies for waste treatment. The sister book, Volume 2, Land and Groundwater Pollution Control, deals mainly with control technologies and methods for management of land and groundwater resources. It covers the subjects of: biosolids management, sludge management, solid waste disposal, landfill liners, beneficial reuse of waste products, recycling of foundry sand as construction materials, stabilization of brown coal fly ash using geopolymers, municipal solid waste recovery, reuse of solid wastes as construction materials, biological methods for toxicity evaluation of wastes and waste-amended soils, groundwater contamination at landfill site, remediation of contaminated groundwater, radioactive pollution and control, plastics waste management, and water utility sludge management. The editors are pleased to acknowledge the encouragement and support received from their colleagues and the publisher during the conceptual stages of this endeavor. We wish to thank the contributing authors for their time and effort, and for having patiently borne our reviews and numerous queries and comments. We are very grateful to our respective families for their patience and understanding during some rather trying times. The editors are especially indebted to Mrs. Kathleen Hung Li, who is the daughter of Chief EditorYung-Tse Hung, and a Manager of Texas Hospital Association, Austin, Texas, for her services as Consulting Editor of this handbook series. Yung-Tse Hung, Ohio, USA Lawrence K. Wang, New York, USA Nazih K. Shammas, California, USA


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CONTENTS

Preface

vii

About the Editors

xxi

Contributors

xxiii

1. Air Pollution and Its Control

1

B. C. Meikap, Akhila Kumar Swar, Chittaranjan Mohanty, J. N. Sahu, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air Pollution Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Universal Air Pollution Control Measures for Industries . . . .

2. Air Quality Modeling and Prediction

2 8 36 41

Taisa S. Lira, Marcos A. S. Barrozo, Adilson J. Assis, José R. Coury, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Introduction to Air Quality Modeling and Prediction Air Quality Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meteorological Factors that Affects Air Quality . . . Statistical Analysis of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modeling and Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Study of Time Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air Pollution and Public Health . . . . . . . . . . . Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xi

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42 44 45 50 51 58 59 60 61

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3. Air Pollution Problems and Control Measures in Steel Making through DRI Route

93


B. C. Meikap, Akhila Kumar Swar, Chittaranjan Mohanty, J. N. Sahu, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rotary Kiln DRI Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trend of Growth of Sponge Iron Plants . . . . . . . . . . Air Pollution Potential and its Control in Sponge Iron Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Best Environmental Management Practice Recommended for Controlling Air Pollution in the Integrated DRI Steel Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operational Bottlenecks Causing Air Pollution . . . . . . Pollution Control in Sponge Iron Plants of Orissa — A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clean Technology Options for Integrated DRI Steel Plants

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94 102 110

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123 129

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131 138

4. Air Biofiltration Applied to Odor Treatment

149

Raquel Lebrero, Raúl Muñoz, Santiago Villaverde, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physicochemical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . Biological Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparative Analysis of Treatment Technologies . Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Drinking Water Associated Pathology

150 152 154 166 168 175

Sabu Thomas, Sankar Jagadeeshan, Praveen Kumar, Sathish Mundayoor, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Introduction . . . . . . . Bacterial Pathogens . . . Viral Pathogens . . . . . . Protozoan Pathogen . . . Fungal Pathogens . . . . Helminth Parasites . . . . Other Pathogens . . . . . Water Quality Assessment

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176 182 195 199 204 207 209 210

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9. Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

211 217

Disinfection in Wastewater Treatment

237


Yung-Tse Hung, O. Sarafadeen Amuda, A. Olanrewaju Alade, and Abass A. Olajire 1. 2. 3. 4.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disinfection Segment in Wastewater Treatment Plant Disinfection Treatment Processes . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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7. Treatment of Commercial Surfactants with Chemical and Photochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes

238 240 250 267

271

Idil Arslan-Alaton, Tugba Olmez-Hanci, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 8.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types and Uses of Surface Active Agents . . . . . Fate and Biodegradability of Surfactants in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of Chemical and Photochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes . . . . . . . . . . Advanced Oxidation of Surfactants with Chemical and Photochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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272 273

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291 303

Membrane Separation for Water and Wastewater Treatment

315

Sirshendu De, Chandan Das, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 9.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drinking Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Municipal Wastewater Treatment for Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation

316 321 321

347

Eliet Veliz Lorenzo, Mayra Bataller Venta, Lidia Asela Fernández Garc´ıa, Irán Fernández Tórrez, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wastewater Reuse — State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

348 350

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Wastewater Treatment Technology Recommended for Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical Terminologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Combined Sewer Overflow Treatment

359 375 376 383


Yung-Tse Hung, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, and Muhd Harris Ramli 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.

Combined Sewer Overflow . . . . Conventional Disinfection Method Alternation Disinfection Methods . Operation and Maintenance . . . .

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Stormwater Management Planning and Design

384 386 393 399 405

Yung-Tse Hung, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, and Mohamad Fared Murshed 1. 2. 3. 12.

Introduction to Stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Importance of Stormwater Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stormwater Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Biological Wastewater Treatment

406 408 409 431

Manoj N. Hedaoo, Anand G. Bhole, Nitin W. Ingole, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biological Treatment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13. Aerobic Granulation Process for Waste Treatment

432 434 465 475

Mónica Figueroa, José Luis Campos, Anuska Mosquera-Corral, Ramón Méndez, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characteristics of the Granular Biomass . . . . . . . Factors Affecting the Formation of Aerobic Granules Biological Processes in Aerobic Granules . . . . . . Microbial Populations Inside the Granules . . . . . Applications of Aerobic Granular Biomass . . . . .

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476 477 480 484 493 497

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Sequencing Batch Reactors

511


Sudhir Kumar Gupta, Anushuya Ramakrishnan, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 15.

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SBR Process Configuration . . . . . . Advantages of SBR Technology . . . . Disadvantages of SBR Technology . . SBR Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . Budget Estimate for SBR Operation . . Biological Nitrogen Removal . . . . . SBR Nitrogen Removal . . . . . . . . Biological Phosphorus Removal . . . . Effect of Operational Parameters on the Performance of SBR . . . . . . . . . . SBR Pilot-Scale Studies . . . . . . . . Challenges of SBR Operation . . . . . Granulation in SBR . . . . . . . . . . Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . .

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512 516 524 524 524 527 528 530 533

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537 543 548 548 553 555

Impact Assessment on Aquatic Pollution

563

C. H. Sujatha, V. B. Pratheesh, P. R. Anupama Nair, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 16.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . Aquatic Pollution and Its Impacts . Environmental Impact Assessment Scope of EIA . . . . . . . . . . . . EIA Methodologies . . . . . . . . Legislatures for EIA . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Decentralized Sewage Treatment Technologies

564 566 578 580 587 594 597 603

Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li 1. 2. 3. 4.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Septic Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Process Design Requirements for Aerobic Process

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603 607 615 622

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Intermittent Sand Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternative Types of Media for ISF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drain Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17. Wetland for Waste Treatment

630 641 643 647


Neelam Verma, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 18.

Wetland: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wetland Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Threats to Wetland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waste: A Major Problem of the Present Scenario . . . . . Constructed Wetland: A System for Wastewater Treatment A Case Study of Bhoj Wetland, Bhopal, India . . . . . . . Benefits of Wetland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Land Treatment of Wastewater

647 652 658 662 669 674 679 687

Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Abu Ahmed Mokammel Haque, Molla Mohammad Ali, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 19.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wastewater Constitutes and Removal Mechnisms . Preapplication and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . Process Design for Slow Rate Systems . . . . . . Process Design for Overland Flow Systems . . . . Process Design — Soil Aquifer Treatment Systems

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Physicochemical Treatment Processes of Landfill Leachate

688 697 731 752 778 795 819

Hamidi A. Aziz, Mohd. Shahrir Mohd. Zahari, Mohd. N. Adlan, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coagulation and Flocculation . . . . . Chemical Precipitation . . . . . . . . . Chemical Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . Air Stripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Membrane Processes . . . . . . . . . . Evaporation and Vaporation . . . . . . Combined Physicochemical Treatment Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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820 827 835 838 853 854 865 872 873 878

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River and Lake Pollution

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C. H. Sujatha, V. B. Pratheesh, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 21.

Water . . . . . . . . . . . Sources of Fresh Water . . Rivers and Lakes . . . . . Pollution . . . . . . . . . Water Quality Assessment Summary . . . . . . . . .

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Removal of Dyes from Wastewaters by Low-Cost Adsorbents

890 893 895 901 914 921 929

Siew-Teng Ong, Sie-Tiong Ha, Pei-Sin Keng, Chnoong-Kheng Lee, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Dyes: General Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dye Removal: Conventional and Emerging Methods . Application of Low-Cost Adsorbents for Dye Removal Experimental Methods and Modeling of Adsorption Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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930 933 940

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954 970

22. Treatment of Olive Oil Production Wastewaters

979

Taner Yonar, Berna Kiril Mert, Kadir Kestioglu, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

23.

Industry Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production of Olive Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production Processes of Olive Oil . . . . . . . . . . . Wastewater Characterization of Olive Oil Wastewater . Olive Oil Mill Wastewaters Treatment Methods . . . . Pilot-Scale Treatability Studies on OOMW . . . . . . Costs for Treatment of OOMW . . . . . . . . . . . . OOMW Point Source Discharge Effluent Limitations, Performance Standards, and Pretreatment Standards .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

980 980 981 984 985 1002 1004

. . . . .

1007

Medical Waste Management

1015

Luay A. Fraiwan, Khaldon Y. Lweesy, Rami J. Oweis, Osama Al-Bataineh, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medical Waste Characteristics and Production . . . . . . . . . Handling of Medical Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1016 1018 1035

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4. 5. 6. 24.

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Treatment, Distruction, and Disposal of Medical Waste . . . . . Health and Environmental Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Enzyme Technology for Environmental Engineering

1048 1068 1080 1089


Iran Alemzadeh, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 25.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enzyme in Food Industries . . . . . . Textile Industries . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal Wastewater . . . . . . . . Petrochemical Industrial Wastewater Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .

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. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

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. . . . . .

Screening and Selection of Microorganisms for the Environmental Biotechnology Process

1090 1097 1105 1122 1125 1127

1137

Volodymyr Ivanov, Viktor Stabnikov, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

26.

Major Physiological Groups of Microorganisms . . . . . . . Periodic Table of Prokaryotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use of Periodic Table for Theoretical Selection of Prokaryotes in Environmental Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connection between Cell Shape and Physical Properties of Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rRNA-Based Phylogenetic Classification Cannot Be Used for Theoretical Selection in Environmental Engineering . . . Methods of Selection and Isolation of Microorganisms . . . . Selection of Microbial Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Growth-Related and Survival-Related Selection of Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

1137 1138

.

1140

.

1141

. . .

1142 1143 1146

.

1147

Innovative and Cost-Effective Flotation Technologies for Municipal and Industrial Wastes Treatment

1151

Lawrence K. Wang, Mu-Hao S. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, and Milos Krofta 1. 2. 3.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conventional Physicochemical Wastewater Treatment Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Innovative Physicochemical Wastewater Treatment Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1151 1153 1155

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4. 5. 27.

xix

Innovative Physicochemical Sludge Treatment System . . . . . Case History of Hoboken Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Municipal Wastewater Treatment

1165 1169 1177


Kamel Al-Zboon, Jamal Radaideh, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. 2. 3. 4. Index

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal Wastewater Flow Rate Characteristics of Wastewater . . Municipal Sewage Treatment . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

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. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

1178 1178 1183 1189 1223


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ABOUT THE EDITORS

YUNG-TSE HUNG, Ph.D., P.E., DEE, F-ASCE, has been professor of civil engineering at Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, since 1981. He is a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He has taught at 16 universities in 8 countries. His primary research interests and publications have been involved with biological wastewater treatment, industrial water pollution control and industrial waste treatment, and municipal wastewater treatment. Prof. Hung has over 400 publications and presentations on water and wastewater treatments. He received his BSCE and MSCE degrees from Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan, and his PhD degree from the University of Texas at Austin. He is Editor of International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, Editor of International Journal of Environmental Engineering, and Editor-in-Chief of International Journal of Environmental Engineering Science. LAWRENCE K. WANG, Ph.D., P.E., DEE, is a retired dean/director of the Lenox Institute of Water Technology and Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, Massachusetts, and a retired VP of Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, New York. He has over 25 years of experience in facility design, plant construction, operation, and management. He has expertise in water supply, air pollution control, solid waste disposal, water resources, waste treatment, hazardous waste management, and site remediation. Prof. Wang is the author of over 700 scientific papers and 31 books, and the inventor of 24 U.S. patents and 5 China/Taiwan patents. He received his BSCE degree from National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan, ROC, his MS degrees from both the University of Missouri at Rolla and the University of Rhode Island at Kingston, and his PhD degree from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Dr. Wang was a recipient of the NYS Water Environment Association’s Kenneth Research Award and the Pollution Engineering’s Best Engineering Award. NAZIH K. SHAMMAS, Ph.D., is an ex-dean and director of the Lenox Institute of Water Technology, and advisor to Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, Massachusetts. He is an environmental expert, professor, and consultant for over xxi

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About the Editors

40 years. He has experience in environmental planning, curriculum development, and teaching and scholarly research and expertise in water quality control, wastewater reclamation and reuse, physicochemical and biological treatment processes, and water and wastewater systems. Prof. Shammas is the author of over 250 publications and 12 books in the field of environmental engineering. He received his BE degree from the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, MS from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and PhD from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. He was the recipient of Block Grant from the University of Michigan, First Award of the year from the Sigma Xi Society, Commendation from ABET, and the winner of the GCC Prize for Best Environmental Work.

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CONTRIBUTORS

MOHD. NORDIN ADLAN, Ph.D., P.Eng. Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. OSAMA AL-BATAINEH, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Hashemite University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zarqa, Jordan. IRAN ALEMZADEH, Ph.D. Professor, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. A. OLANREWAJU ALADE, M.Sc., NSE Department of Chemical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. MOLLA MOHAMMAD ALI, Ph.D., P.E., M-ASCE Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. O. SARAFADEEN AMUDA, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. IDIL ARSLAN-ALATON, Ph.D. Professor, Environmental Department, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Engineering

ADILSON J. ASSIS, Ph.D. Professor, School of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil. HAMIDI ABDUL AZIZ, Ph.D. Professor and Dean of School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. MARCOS A. S. BARROZO, Ph.D. Professor, School of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil. ANAND G. BHOLE, Ph.D. Ex. Professor and Head of Civil Engineering Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India, Ex. xxiii

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Contributors

Emeritus Professor , Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. JOSE´ LUIS CAMPOS, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.


´ R. COURY, Ph.D. Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal JOSE University of São Carlos, São Carlos-SP, Brazil. CHANDAN DAS, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India. SIRSHENDU DE, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. ´ ´ LIDIA ASELA FERNANDEZ GARCIA, Ph.D. Director, Ozone Research Centre, National Centre for Scientific Research of Cuba, Havana, Cuba. ´ MONICA FIGUEROA, M.S. PhD Student, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. LUAY A. FRAIWAN, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irbid, Jordan. SUDHIR KUMAR GUPTA, Ph.D. Professor, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. SIE-TIONG HA, Ph.D., AMIC Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Barat, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. TUGBA OLMEZ-HANCI, Ph.D. Professor, Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. ABU AHMED MOKAMMEL HAQUE, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. MANOJ N. HEDAOO, M.E. Sr. Lecturer in Civil Engineering, Govt. College of Engineering, Amravati, Maharashtra, India. YUNG-TSE HUNG, Ph.D., P.E., DEE Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. NITIN W. INGOLE, Ph.D. Principal, IBSS College of Engineering, Ghatkhed, Amravati, Maharashtra, India.

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xxv

VOLODYMYR IVANOV, Ph.D. Associate Professor, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. SANKAR JAGADEESHAN, M.Sc. Department of Molecular Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.


PEI-SIN KENG, Ph.D. Lecturer, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. KADIR KESTIOGLU, Ph.D. Professor, Environmental Department, Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey. CHNOONG-KHENG LEE, Ph.D., FMIC, FASc Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Engineering

Fellow, Academy of Sciences

PRAVEEN KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil. Department of Molecular Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. MILOS KROFTA, Ph.D., P.E. Ex-President, Lenox Institute of Water Technology, and Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA. RAQUEL LEBRERO, M.S. Ph.D. Student, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain. KATHLEEN HUNG LI, M.S. Manager, Electronic Communication, Texas Hospital Association, Austin Texas, USA. TAISA S. LIRA, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Engineering and Computation, Federal University of Esp´ırito Santo, São Mateus-ES, Brazil. ELIET VELIZ LORENZO, Ph.D. Head of the Water Treatment Laboratory at the Ozone Research Centre, National Centre for Scientific Research of Cuba, Havana, Cuba. KHALDON Y. LWEESY, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan. B.C. MEIKAP, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. ´ MENDEZ, ´ RAMON Ph.D. Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. BERNA KIRIL MERT, Ph.D. Research Assistant, Environmental Engineering Department, Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey. CHITTARANJAN MOHANTY, Ph.D. Reader, Civil Engineering Department, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Orissa, India.

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ANUSKA MOSQUERA-CORRAL, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.


SATHISH MUNDAYOOR, Ph.D. Scientist G, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. ˜ ´ MUNOZ, RAUL Ph.D. Senior Researcher, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain. MOHAMAD FARED MURSHED, M.Sc. Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. ANUPAMA NAIR, P.R, Ph.D. Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kerala, India. ABASS A. OLAJIRE, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. SIEW-TENG ONG, Ph.D., AMIC Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Barat, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. RAMI J. OWEIS, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan. V.B. PRATHEESH, M.Sc., PGDCA Ph.D. Student, Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kerala, India. ANUSHUYA RAMAKRISHNAN, Ph.D.

Fremont, California, USA.

MUHD HARRIS RAMLI, M.Sc. Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. J. N. SAHU Senior Research Fellow, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. NAZIH K. SHAMMAS, Ph.D. Professor and Environmental Engineering Consultant, Ex-Dean and Director, Lenox Institute of Water Technology, and Krofta Engineering Corporation, Pasadena, California, USA. VIKTOR STABNIKOV, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Institute of Municipal Activities, National Aviation University, Kiev, Ukraine.

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C. H. SUJATHA, Ph.D., MBA Sr. Lecturer, Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kerala, India. AKHILA KUMAR SWAR, Ph.D. Senior Environmental Engineer, State Pollution Control Board, Orissa Unit-VIII, Bhubaneswar, India.


JERRY R. TARICSKA, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Environmental Engineering Manager/Associate, Hole Montes, Inc., Naples, Florida, USA. SABU THOMAS, Ph.D. Scientist, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. ´ FERNANDEZ ´ ´ IRAN TORREZ, M.Sc. Head, Microbiology Laboratory, Ozone Research Centre, National Centre for Scientific Research of Cuba, Havana, Cuba. NEELAM VERMA, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow, Hydrosciences, UMR 5569. University Montpellier II, CC MSE, Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 05, France. MAYRA BATALLER VENTA, Ph.D. Head, Ozone Treatment Technologies Department, Ozone Research Centre, National Centre for Scientific Research of Cuba, Havana, Cuba. SANTIAGO VILLAVERDE, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain. TANER YONAR, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Environmental Engineering Department, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey. LAWRENCE K. WANG, Ph.D., P.E., D.E.E. Ex-Dean and Director (retired), Lenox Institute of Water Technology, and Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA; Vice President (retired), Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, New York, USA. MU-HAO S. WANG, Ph.D., P.E., D.E.E. Professor (retired), Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA. MOHD. SHAHRIR MOHD. ZAHARI, M.Sc. Research Officer, School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.