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World Journal of Pharmaceutical ReseaRch Dosseh et al.

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Volume 3, Issue 3, 3585-3598.

Research Article

ISSN 2277 – 7105

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF BYRSOCARPUS COCCINEUS SCHUM. AND THONN. (CONNARACEAE) ROOT *Kossivi Dosseh1, Tchazou Kpatcha1, Yao Adjrah2, Kokou Idoh1, Amegnona Agbonon1, Messanvi Gbéassor1 1

Laboratoire de Physiologie / Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, BP 1515 Lomé, Togo. 2

Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires – Université de Lomé.

Article Received on 15 February 2014, Revised on 09 March 2014, Accepted on 27 March 2014,

ABSTRACT Byrsocarpus coccineus newly known as Rourea coccineus is used in Traditional African Medicine for the treatment of sore, stomatitis, swellings, tumour and wounds. The objective of this study is to explore the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of ethanolic

*Correspondence for

extract B. coccineus root bark (EEBc). B. coccineus root bark was

Author

extracted in ethanol 95°. The anti-inflammatory activity of EEBc was

Kossivi Dosseh

studied using carrageenan, formaldehyde and histamine induced rat

Laboratoire de Physiologie / Pharmacologie de la

paw edema test at different doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body

Faculté des Sciences.

weight). Analgesic activity was assessed by heat induced pains (tail

Université de Lomé,

immersion model) and antipyretic activity was assessed using brewer’s

BP 1515 Lomé, Togo.

yeast-induced pyrexia model. DPPH free radical scavenging is used for determining antioxidant activities. Oral administration of EEBc at 200,

400 and 800 mg/kg significantly reduced carrageenan, formaldehyde induced paw edema and 800 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) reduced histamine induced paw edema. In brewer’s yeastinduced pyrexia and tail immersion method also EEBc showed significant antipyretic and analgesic activities. In DPPH free radical scavenging test, IC50 value for EEBc (9,33 ± 0,05 µg/mL) was comparable to that of quercetin (8,57 ± 0,15 µg/mL). The total phenolic content was 424,70 ± 0,29 µg EAG/ mg extract. These findings suggest that B coccineus root bark ethanolic extract possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic potentials, which support its use in traditional medicine and that the plant would be useful for the sportsmen.

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Keywords: Byrsocarpus coccineus, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, DPPH radical. INTRODUCTION Inflammation is a normal protective response to tissue injury caused by physical trauma, noxious chemical or microbial agents. It is typically characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and heat. It is a highly regulated biological process that enables the immune system to efficiently remove the injurious stimuli and initiate the healing process [1, 2]. However, uncontrolled and persistent inflammation contributes to the progression of many chronic pathological conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, retinitis, multiple sclerosis [1, 3]. Moreover, inflammatory process impairs physical performance of the professional sportsmen during competition at high level. Anti-inflammatory agents, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely prescribed therapeutics, primarily for the treatment of pain, inflammation and fever as well as cardiovascular protection [4, 5]. However, long-term clinical application of NSAIDs is associated with significant side effects, such as gastric ulceration and renal damage [6, 7]. Therefore, many researches have focused in recent years on medicinal plants considered as safe produce with fewer side-effects for patients, thus, these plants become sources of news anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic drugs discovery. One of the traditionally used plants believed to have anti-inflammatory component(s) is Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum. and Thonn. (Connaraceae) commonly found across west and tropical Africa. It is a scandent shrub of savanna thickets and secondary jungle with delicate pink-tinged foliage and sweet-scented flowers [8]. Local names in Togo include “tomegavigbe” (Mina), “awalia, totodué, todotodoè” (Ewe), and “amoyedjè” (Fè) [9]. Various preparations of the plant using leaves, roots (scraped bark and sap) and whole plant have been used to treat diverse ailments. The decoction or infusion of the leaf has been used for dysmenorrhea, hypertension, primary and secondary sterility, tachycardia, jaundice [9]. The root of the plant has been used for abscess, primary and secondary sterility, aphrodisiac, anemia [9]. The plant has also been used for swellings and tumors, muscular and rheumatic pains, sore, wounds, hemorrhage, and as an emetic [8, 9, 10]. In previous studies, the analgesic

[11],

antidiarrhea

[10],

anti-inflammatory

[12],

antipyretic

[13]

and

anxiolytic/sedative [14] activities of the leaf aqueous extract have been investigated and reported. In our community, the main parts of the plant used are the roots. Although much www.wjpr.net

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work has been done on leaf of B. coccineus, information on anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of its root are lacking. Therefore the present study was designed to explore the analgesic, anti-inflammatory antipyretic and antioxidant effects of the B. coccineus root bark ethanolic extract (EEBc), and to validate its traditional use in Togo. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plant materials The matured roots of B. coccineus were collected around the campus of “Université de Lomé” in February 2013 and authenticated by the botanist at the Department of Botany (“Université de Lomé”). A voucher specimen is deposited in the Herbarium of the department under reference Number TG12604. The root bark was dried at room temperature and powdered. The powder (10 g) was extracted with continuous agitation in ethanol 95° (100 mL) for 72 h. The extraction yield of dried extract was approximately 13.84 %. Animals Wistar rats of either sex (140-160 g) were used. These animals, produced by the Department of Physiology/Pharmacology of “Université de Lomé”, were kept under natural environmental conditions with a 12 h light and dark cycle and had free access to food and water. Anti-inflammatory studies Carrageenan, histamine, and formaldehyde used to induce inflammation were purchased from Sigma- Aldrich (France). For each model, rats were divided in 5 groups (n = 5). Normal saline (0.9 % NaCl), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (300mg/kg) and extracts at dose of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg were administered orally 30 min before the induction of inflammation. The paw volume was measured by immersion as described by [15]. The reduction in the volume displacement of the paw as compare to the control was considered as the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts. Percentage inhibition of edema was calculated as previously described [16, 17]. Carrageenan induced paw edema In this method, acute inflammation was produced by injection of 0.1mL of 1% Carrageenan in sub-plantar region of the rat left hind paw to produce edema [18]. The paw volume was measured before and at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th hours after administration of carrageenan.

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Formaldehyde induced paw edema Edema was induced according to the method described previously by [15, 19] with a slight modification. A quantity (0.1 mL) of formaldehyde (2%) was injected into the sub-plantar left paw of the rats. The paw volume was measured before and at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th hours after administration of formaldehyde. Histamine-induced rat paw edema Using the method of Perianayagam et al. [20], paw edema was induced by the sub-plantar administration of 0.1 mL of a 0.1% freshly prepared solution of histamine into the left paw of rats. The paw volume was recorded before the histamine injection (time 0) and 1, 2 and 3 h after the injection. The percentage inhibition of the inflammation was calculated using the formula given above. Analgesic activity In this study, analgesic activity was assessed by employing tail immersion method [21]. Prior to the experiment, animals were screened for the sensitivity test by immersing the tail of the rats gently in hot water maintained at 55°C [22]. The animals flicking their tail from hot water in 5 seconds were selected for the study. After each determination, tail was carefully dried. The selected rats were then divided into five groups of five rats each. The control group (group I) was administered orally with 0.9% of 10 mL/kg of saline solution only. The animals of Group II, III and IV were treated with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of root bark ethanolic extract of B. coccineus respectively. The standard drug, acetylsalicylic acid (300 mg/kg body weight) was given orally to Group V. After administration of the drugs, the reaction time was measured at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min. A cut off period of 10 seconds is observed to avoid damage to the tail. The basal reaction time was calculated as the reaction time prior to the drug administration. Antipyretic Activity Antipyretic activity of the extract was measured by slightly modifying the method described by [23]. Hyperpyrexia was induced by intra-peritoneal injection (IP) of 5 mL/kg body weight 20% brewer’s yeast in normal saline in the abdomen of the rats. Before the experiments, animals were fasted for 18 h with water ad libitum. Initial rectal temperature of the rats was recorded. After 12 h, animals that showed an increase of 0.5°C in rectal temperature were selected for the antipyretic activity. Subsequently, vehicle (10 mL/kg), acetylsalicylic acid (300 mg/kg) and B. coccineus root bark ethanolic extract (200, 400, 800 mg/kg) were orally www.wjpr.net

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given to the animals and their rectal temperature was measured using a digital thermometer (Dostmann electronic, Germany) at 1 h intervals for 5 h. Determination of DPPH radical scavenging activity Antioxidant scavenging activity of the test materials (quercetin or EEBc) was studied using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) as described by [24, 25] : 0.25 mL of a methanol solution of the test materials at concentrations (0-100 µg/ml ) was mixed with 1.5 mL of DPPH at 100 µmol/L. After 10 min, the change in the absorbance was determined at 517 nm. Quercetin was used to generate a standard curve for 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) determination. All analyses were carried out in triplicate. Determination of total phenolic content The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method according to AlFarsi et al. [26]. The extract (100 µL) was mixed with 750 µL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (previously diluted 10-fold with distilled water) for 5 min at room temperature. 750 µL of aqueous sodium bicarbonate (Na2C03) (60 g/l) was added, and the mixture was vortexed and allowed to stand at room temperature. After 90 min, the absorbance was measured at 725 nm. Gallic acid (0 to 450 µg/mL) was used as the standard for the calibration curve. The total phenol concentration was expressed as the mean ± SEM as µg of gallic acid equivalent (µg GAE) per mg of ethanolic extract of B. coccineus. Statistical analysis All values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Results were analysed statistically by One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison using Statistica 5.5 (StatSoft-France, Maisons-Alfort, France). The difference was considered significant if p < 0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Anti-inflammatory activity The anti-inflammatory effect of EEBc was evaluated in carrageenan, formaldehyde and histamine induced paw edema, which are widely used for screening of anti-inflammatory compounds and frequently been used to assess the anti-oedematogenic effect of medicinal plants. The ethanol extract of B. coccineus root bark at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in all the animal models.

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There was a difference in the inhibition of inflammation caused by carrageenan on paws of rats (Table 1) for all the tested time levels. The percent inhibition in rat paw volume was dose dependent. B. coccineus at 800 mg/kg had the highest (p < 0.01) percentage inhibition of 27.44 % followed closely by the 400 mg/kg with 24.10% (p < 0.05). The 200 mg/kg dose had the least inhibition percentage (22.56%) (p < 0.05). The percentage inhibition produced by acetylsalicylic acid (300 mg/kg; p.o.) was however higher than one’s caused by the extract at 800 mg/kg. ASA (300 mg/kg; p.o.) significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited the rat paw volume by 31.86% from 1h after injection of carrageenan but 800 mg/kg began its action from 2 h after the injection from the carrageenan. Ethanolic extract of B coccineus root bark was less active than Acetylsalicylic acid. The ethanolic extract of B. coccineus root bark administered 30 min before the injection of formaldehyde caused a significant (p < 0.01 – 0.05) and dose dependent inhibition of increase in paw edema from 1 h to 5 h. The peak inhibitory effect of the extract was recorded with a dose of 800 mg/kg (34.76%) at 3 h and 300 mg/kg of ASA (30.63%) at 2 h. The inhibition elicited by the extract at 2 h (31.34%) was comparable to that of acetylsalicylic acid at the same time (Table 2). For histamine-induced rat paw edema, there was significant difference in the paw edema between the treated groups and the control. The inflammation percentage inhibition was lowest; (23.40%) for the 200 mg/kg dose and highest (51.06%, P < 0.05) for the 800 mg/kg dose rate (Table 3). The carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model is a biphasic event: the first phase starts immediately after carrageenan injection and lasts for about 2.5 h, while the second phase starts after the first phase and ends at 6 h after carrageenan injection. Serotonin, histamine and kinins have been strongly linked to the inflammatory process in the early phase and prostaglandin as well as leucotrienes released in the later phase [27]. Although not fully understood, several action mechanisms are proposed to explain in vivo anti-inflammatory action. One of the important mechanisms is an inhibition of eicosanoid-generating enzymes, including phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases, thereby reducing the concentrations of prostanoids and leukotrienes [28]. In this study, the ethanolic extract of B. coccineus significantly inhibited the edema formation induced by carrageenan and formaldehyde at 2 h to 5 h of the experiment. This suggests that

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B. coccineus extract possesses anti-inflammatory activity probably by inhibiting the release or synthesis of various inflammatory mediators such as histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, prostaglandins and leucotrienes. In addition, the extract also reduced the edema produced by histamine. This result confirms the activity of the extract at the first phase of carrageenaninduced paw edema in rats and suggests that the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract is possibly backed by its anti-histamine activity. Several studies showed that some polyphenolic compounds could have a potential inhibitory effect on inflammation by decreasing the ROS production and degranulation [29] of stimulated neutrophils, but also by decreasing the activities of NADPH oxidase [30] and MPO [31]. It is therefore probable that the presence of phenolic compounds may contribute, in part, for the observed anti-inflammatory activity. In previous studies, the anti-inflammation properties of the aqueous leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus was reported [12]. Our results supported these properties of Byrsocarpus coccineus. Table 1: Effect of EEBc on inhibition of left hind paw edema on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Treatement/dose (mg/kg) Control

1h

Change of paw edema volume in mL 2h 3h 4h

5h

0.43 ±0.02

0.59 ±0.02

0.64 ±0.03

0.70 ±0.02

0.78 ±0.04

EEBc-200

0.42 ±0.03 (1.88)

0.54 ±0.02 (8.47)

0.51 ± 0.03 (19.69)

0.55 ±0.04* (21.26)

0.60 ±0.02* (22.56)

EEBc-400

0.40 ±0.02 (6.10) 0.36 ±0.03 (15.02)

0.51 ±0.03 (13.56) 0.45 ±0.05* (23.05)

0.50 ±0.02 (21.25) 0.49 ±0.04* (23.75)

0.55 ±0.03* (20.98) 0.52 ±0.04* (25.29)

0.59 ±0.04* (24.10) 0.57 ±0.04** (27.44)

0.40 ± 0.03** 0.44 ± 0.04** 0.54 ±0.04* (31.86) (30.94) (22.13)

0.55 ± 0.04** (28.97)

EEBc-800

ASA-300

0.31 ±0.03* (26.76)

Values are expressed as mean±S.E.M. (n = 5). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 when compared EEBc groups with control Each value in parenthesis indicates the percentage inhibition.

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Table 2: Effect of EEBc on inhibition of left hind paw edema on formaldehyde-induced inflammation in rats. Treatement/ dose (mg/kg) Control EEBc-200

EEBc-400 EEBc-800 ASA-300

1h 0.46 ± 0.03

Change of paw edema volume in mL 2h 3h 4h 0.57 ± 0.03 0.66 ± 0.05 0.68 ± 0.04

5h 0.70 ± 0.04

0.38 ± 0.04 (16.59) 0.37 ± 0.02 (19.21)

0.50 ± 0.05 (12.32) 0.42 ± 0.01* (26.06)

0.57 ± 0.04 (18.68) 0.57 ± 0.04 (18.39)

0.34 ± 0.02* (26.64) 0.32 ± 0.02 * (30.57)

0.50 ± 0.05* (23.17) 0.48 ± 0.03* (27.44)

0.57 ± 0.05 (15.38) 0.54 ± 0.03* (20.71)

0.39±0.01** 0.43 ± 0.02** 0.48 ± 0.02** (31.34) (34.76) (28.70) 0.39 ± 0.03** 0.48 ± 0.02* 0.53 ± 0.02* (30.63) (26.52) (21.01)

0.51 ±0.02** (26.72) 0.54 ± 0.02* (21.84)

Values are expressed as mean±S.E.M. (n = 5). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 when compared EEBc groups with control Each value in parenthesis indicates the percentage inhibition. Table 3: Effect of EEBc on inhibition of left hind paw edema on histamine-induced inflammation in rats. Treatement/dose (mg/kg) Control EEBc-200 EEBc-400 EEBc-800 ASA-300

Change of paw edema volume in mL 1h

2h

3h

0.29 ±0.02 0.28 ± 0.03 (4.17)

0.30 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.03 (16.11)

0.19 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.04 (23.40)

0.25 ± 0.05 (13.19) 0.19 ± 0.04 (35.42)

0.24 ± 0.04 (20.13) 0.15 ± 0.04 * (51.01)

0.11 ± 0.02 (43.62) 0.09 ± 0.02 (51.06)

0.22 ± 0.02 (22.22)

0.16 ± 0.02 * (47.65)

0.10 ± 0.02 (4574)

Values are expressed as mean±S.E.M. (n = 5). *P < 0.05 when compared EEBc groups with control. Each value in parenthesis indicates the percentage inhibition.

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Analgesic activity The results of antinociceptive activity are shown in Table 4. The extract showed significant analgesic activity at all tested dose levels. The significant inhibition of painful reaction was observed 60 min after drug administration. B. coccineus at 200 mg/kg b.w. showed significant (p < 0.05) analgesic activity at 60 min latency period. B. coccineus at 400 mg/kg b.w. showed significant (P< 0.001) increase in tail withdrawal time from 60–120 min. Moreover 800 mg/kg b.w. induced significant (p < 0.001) protection in rat at 60–180 min. Higher dose of extract had similar activity to that of acetylsalicylic acid between 60-180 min. Standard drug acetylsalicylic acid produced significant activity from 30 min to 180 min after drug administration. The tail-flick test is useful in elucidating centrally mediated antinociceptive responses, which focuses mainly on changes above the spinal cord level [32]. The significant increase in pain threshold produced by extract of B. coccineus root bark in tail immersion model suggests involvement of central pain pathways. The drugs acting against tail immersion induced pain attributed their actions through mu (µ) opioid receptors [33]. Table 4: Effect of EEBc on tail immersion method in rats. Treatement/ Doses (mg/kg)

0 min

30 min

60 min

90 min

120 min

180 min

Contrôle

2.54 ± 0.12

2.64 ± 0.18

2.41 ± 0.07

2.47 ± 0.15

2.38 ± 0.10

2.46 ± 0.33

EEBc-200

2.81 ± 0.15

3.95 ± 0.42

3.54 ± 0.40*

3.38 ± 0.42

3.34 ± 0.09*

3.29 ± 0.31

EEBc-400

2.87 ± 0.45

4.50 ± 0.23

3.98±0.23***

3.92±0.27**

3.68 ± 0.30**

3.79 ± 0.58

EEBc-800

2.87 ± 0.27

4.55± 0.66

4.08±0.28***

4.10±0.30**

4.02 ± 0.21***

4.33 ± 0.29*

ASA-300

2.99 ± 0.38

4.57± 0.57*

4.00±0.12***

3.99±0.26**

3.97 ± 0.25***

4.23 ± 0.34*

Average tail withdrawing time in second

Values are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. n = 5. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 when compared EEBc groups with control. Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia Effect of root bark ethanolic extract of B. coccineus on experimental rats using yeast induced pyrexia model is given in Table 5. Intra-peritoneal injection of yeast suspension markedly elevated the rectal temperature after 12 h of administration. During the 1st hour of the study, only acetylsalicylic acid administered group (group V) showed significant temperature decrease (P < 0.01). It was observed that significant antipyretic effect started as early as 2nd h (p < 0.01) and maintained for 5th h (p < 0.001) by 800 mg/kg b.w., whereas 400 mg/kg b.w.

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started at 4th h (P < 0.05) and maintained for 5th h (p < 0.01). B. coccineus at 200 mg/kg b.w. showed significant (p < 0.01) reduction in rectal temperature at 5th h only. The significant antipyretic effect of 800 mg/kg was comparable with that of ASA (300 mg/kg b.w.) between 2 h - 5 h after treatment. Pyrexia is a secondary effect of infection, tissue damage, inflammation, malignancy, graft rejection and other inflammatory disease conditions [34]. Yeast-induced pyrexia is called pathogenic fever. Subcutaneous injection of yeast induces pyrexia by increasing synthesis of prostaglandin which ultimately increases body temperature [35]. In general, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. acetylsalicylic acid) produce their antipyretic action through the inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase within the hypothalamus [36]. Therefore, the antipyretic activity of extract of B. coccineus root bark is probably by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in hypothalamus. This antipyretic effect of the extract may contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects. Table 5: Antipyretic activity of oral administration of EEBc in yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Treatement/ Doses (mg/kg)

Temperature (°C) -12 h

0h

1h

2h

3h

4h

5h

Control

36.6± 0.19

38.06 ± 0.17

37.94 ± 0.13

38.02 ± 0.11

37.86 ± 0.27

37.74 ± 0.18

37.7 ± 0.19

EEBc-200

36.5± 0.19

37.86 ± 0.08

37.44 ± 0.22

37.22 ± 0.15

36.98 ± 0.18

36.98 ± 0.12

36.68 ± 0.15**

36.9± 0.05 36.4± 0.26

38.04 ± 0.13 37.96 ± 0.08

37.6 ± 0.16 37.68 ± 0.09

37.44 ± 0.28 36.88 ± 0.22**

37.1 ± 0.17 36.8 ± 0.31*

36.88 ± 0.24* 36.74 ± 0.26*

36.82 ± 0.14** 36.62 ± 0.12***

36.4± 0.15

37.86 ± 0.09

36.9 ± 0.28**

36.64 ± 0.15**

36.16 ± 0.04***

36.22 ± 0.13***

36.4 ± 0.13***

EEBc-400 EEBc-800 ASA-300

Values are expressed as mean±S.E.M. n = 5. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 when compared EEBc groups with control. Antioxidant activity DPPH is a relatively stable free radical scavenger which converts the electrons to paired ones by hydrogen proton donation. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract is shown in Table 6. The results showed that the EEBc possessed significant free radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 of 9,33 ± 0,05 µg/mL comparable with that of quercetin (8,57 ± 0,15 µg/mL). Scavenging of DPPH radical in this study indicates the potency of the plant extracts

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in donating hydrogen proton to the lone pair electron of the radicals. This may be due to the high concentration of phenolic compounds obtained through extraction with ethanol 90°. These results corroborate those obtained by [37] who showed that extracts which contain the high amounts of total phenolics have good antioxidant capacity. Total phenolic content Phenols are very important plant constituents because of their scavenging ability due to their hydroxyl groups [38]. The total phenolic content of EEBc was 424,70 ± 0,29 µg EAG/ mg extract (Table 6). According to [39] high phenolic content of plant extracts could be responsible for their antioxidant activity. Table 6: Free radical-scavenging activity (IC50) and total phenolic content of EEBc. Material

IC50 (µg/mL)

Phenolic content (µg/mg of extract)

EEBc

9,33 ± 0,05

424,70 ± 0,29

Quercetin

8,57 ± 0,15

-

CONCLUSION The results obtained have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of B. coccineus root bark and thus confirming its traditional use as a therapeutic agent in inflammatory conditions in Togo. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of action and components responsible for these pharmacological activities. The increasing number of sports injuries which has followed a general increase in sporting activity has lead to demands for more effective and well tolerated treatment procedures. When sportsmen are victims of physical traumas, they twist pain which is an integral part of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of B. coccineus root may be useful for the treatment of athletic injuries. Instead of using anti-inflammatory drugs which are expensive with many side effects, sportsmen can use root extract of B. coccineus to limit inflammation and pain after the toxicity tests. REFERENCES 1. Kular L., Pakradouni J, Kitabgi P, Laurent M, Martinerie C. The CCN family: a new class of inflammation modulators? Biochimie, 2011; 93: 377-88. 2. Stables MJ, Gilroy DW. Old and new generation lipid mediators in acute inflammation and resolution. Progress in Lipid Research, 2011; 50: 35-51. 3. Talwara S, Nandakumara K, Nayaka PG, Bansala P, Mudgala J, Mora V, Rao CM, Lobo www.wjpr.net

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