... section being formed. Prepared by Raymond Wong .... 2 Invert drainage with gravel. 3 Sika FlexoDrain for preliminary waterproofing. 4 Geotextile or drainage ...
Images for Tunnel Engineering collected by Ing. Jaafar Mohammed VŠB-TUO 2015
Permanent Works - Bored Tunnel The total tunnel length, including the cut-and-cover sections is 19,576 m for the road and 21,230 m for the railway. The vertical height difference is about 72 m with the lowest level of the road alignment at – 57.480 m.
Cross-section of one of the two road tubes
Cross-section of railway tunnel with two separate tubes in one tunnel cross section
‘Brunel’s Shield’ used for the first Thames Tunnel, a) one of the twelve frames making up the shield, and b) a cross section through this tunnel during construction (after Beamish 1862).
Thames Tunnel 1825 - 1843 “SOFT GROUND ” tunnel under Thames River in London
Double box tunnel with two traffic lanes and one safety walk in each box. Depending on location and loading conditions, the center wall may be solid or composed of consecutive columns.
Typical cross section of Twin Tunnels
Horseshoe tunnel with two traffic lanes and one safety walk.
Oval / egg tunnel with three traffic lanes and two safety walks. Also shown is an alternative ceiling slab.
Circular tunnel with a single track and one safety walk. Invert slab is placed on top of liner.
Double box tunnel with a single track and one safety walk in each box.
Single box tunnel with a single track and one safety walk. Tunnel is usually constructed beside another single box tunnel for opposite direction travel.
Horseshoe tunnel with a single track and one safety walk. This shape typically exists in rock conditions and may be unlined within stable rock formations.
Oval tunnel with a single track and one safety walk.
The Tunnel Cycle
Dr Zhou Yingxin
First tunnel boring machine by C. Wilson, Hoosac tunnel, 1853 [127]
Tunnel boring machine by Beaumont/English,2.13 m, Channel Tunnel, 1882 [159]
Gallery driving machine “Eiserner Bergmann” 1916/17 from Schmidt, Kranz et al. [145]
Gallery cutting machine from Schmidt, Kranz et al.,3 m, 1931 [114, 145]
Tunnel boring machine by Whitaker, 3.6 m, 1922 [72]
First European developments of tunnelling machines [170] a) Wohlmeyer gallery cutting machine SBM 720 (Österreichisch Alpine Montan-Gesellschaft),3 m, 1958 b) Tunnel boring machine SVM 40 (Bade), operating in coal mining industry, 4 m, 1961
There are three typical types of TBMs: Rock tunneling machines (which can be categorized as unshielded, single shielded and double shielded TBM) for rock formation. Earth pressure balance (EPB) TBM, and . Slurry TBM for looser ground.
Typical Diagram of Single Shield TBM (Herrenknecht) Notes: (1) Shield; (2) thrust cylinders; (3) segmental lining; (4) cutterhead; (5) muck bucket; and (6) conveyers
MACHINES ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
EPB-SHIELD. FOAM INJECTION POINTS
Typical Diagram of a Double Shield TBM (Robbins)
Overview of Earth Pressure Balance Machine (EPB) Notes: (1) Cutterhead; (2) excavation chamber; (3) bulkhead; (4) thrust cylinders; (5) screw conveyor; (6) segment erector; and (7) Segmental Lining
TBM machine
Breakthrough Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM )
Mk 4 Roadheader
Charging Explosives
Hazards accidental detonation by drilling into explosives being knocked over or crushed by drilling boom Falling.
Protection Only charge after the whole face has been drilled work can only be carried out under supervision of authorized blasting specialist . use working platforms Bulk emulsion
Conventional Drill & Blast / Full Face Drilling: The conventional drill and blast method is, together with full face drilling by Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM), the most widely used excavation method in hard rock. During excavation by conventional drill and blast method, the work face is perforated by up to 5 m long drill holes. These holes are then filled with explosives and blasted.
Figure Show Geometry of cut-scheme 145
Figure Show Blasting scheme with 131 blasting holes
Figure show Blasting scheme-first phase of excavation-scheme 92
Drilling Jumbo in the tunnel
Examples of shock tubes connection to the Riocord 6 line
Jet-grout construction technique The vault was formed with the installation of 39 jet-grout columns. The columns had a specified diameter of 600mm with a spacing of 450mm between the boreholes at the tunnel face to ensure overlapping columns.
Figure Tunnel heading excavation showing jet-grout column numbering
Ceiling Collapse in the Connector Tunnel
Post accident scene with the crushed passenger car barely visible under the wreckage. The open area in the ceiling is the original location of the concrete panels. (Photograph courtesy Massachusetts State Police)
The accident occurred in the eastbound travel lanes of the I-90 connector tunnel1 at mile marker 135.25, just west of the entrance to the Ted Williams Tunnel. Boston, Massachusetts Plan view (top) and aerial view (bottom, looking west) of the D Street portal.
Cross section of the eastbound portal tunnel at the accident location.
Overview of the support structure for the accident ceiling module. Panels and support beams show alphanumeric designations that were assigned during postaccident reconstruction.
Looking north at the collapsed concrete panels before removal from the tunnel. Components shown as labeled for postaccident reconstruction. (Photograph courtesy Massachusetts State Police)
Illustrates some of the features found on the failed anchors. Three of the 20 failed anchors from the accident site illustrating epoxy features found on some of the anchors.
A trial tunnel section being formed Prepared by Raymond Wong
Prepared by Raymond Wong
Prepared by Raymond Wong
SEM Mined Tunnels Using Multiple Drifts
WIRTH heavy duty Roadheader T3.20Q By S.D. Jeur & Nitin Krishnaji Pathak
WIRTH heavy duty Roadheader T3.20Q By S.D. Jeur & Nitin Krishnaji Pathak
Primary Lining Application
Typical Spile Installation
Typical Canopy Tube Installation
Tunnel Breakthrough, February 2009
Ventilation systems
Ventilatio n system in tunnel
Principle of filter type dust collector
Principle of electric dust collector
Principle of dust collector
Fixed dust collector applied to top heading and bench method
Dust collector loaded on track applied to fullface excavation method
shows an example of application of dust collector in tunnel.
Semi-Transverse Ventilation
The axial fan or the centrifugal fan is used for the ventilation system in tunnel
Ventilation-Smoke Test
Open emergency exit in the smoke zone. The escape route is entirely being kept free of smoke.
Non-toxic smoke extracted through the extraction damper in tunnel .
Normal traffic behavior
Traffic in wrong direction Fire and smoke
Presence of persons
The aerodynamic phenomena associated with the passage of trains through tunnels are complex since rapid pressure changes and airflows induced by the train movement can affect the rolling stock, passengers, fixtures, equipment and environmental conditions in the underground network.
Fire and Life Safety
Operations Control Center
Backfilling of the trench and protection of the immersed tunnel
The tunnel element is lowered to its final place on the bottom of the dredged trench.
Backfill material is placed beside and over the tunnel to fill the trench and permanently bury the tunnel, as illustrated in the figures.
The Submerged Floating Tunnel Traditional immersed tunnelling results in a tunnel buried beneath the waterway which it traverses. A new development- the submerged floating tunnel - consists of suspending a tunnel within the waterway, either by tethering a buoyant tunnel section to the bed of the waterway, or by suspending a heavier-than-water tunnel section from pontoons. This technique has not yet been realized, but one project, in Norway, is currently in the design phase. The submerged floating tunnel allows construction of a tunnel with a shallow alignment in extremely deep water, where alternatives are technically difficult or prohibitively expensive. Likely applications include fjords, deep, narrow sea channels, and deep lakes.
Busan-Geoje Immersed Tunnel South Korea
Double-track metro tunnel on line C.
Influences on Waterproofing in Tunnels
Drainage of Mountain Water / Not holding a Head of Water / Drilland-blast Excavation 1 Drainage pipe with gravel package 2 Invert drainage with gravel 3 Sika FlexoDrain for preliminary waterproofing 4 Geotextile or drainage mats for draining and levelling out 5 Polymer waterproofing membranes Sikaplan 6 Manholes for inspection and cleaning 7 Separation layer
Mountain Water Displacement / Holding the Head of Water / Drilland-blast / TBM Excavation 1 Drainage pipe with gravel package 2 Tubbing segments ring gap and segment joints (hollow space for drainage) 3 Protective geotextile as levelling layer 4 Polymer waterproofing membrane Sikaplan, protective membrane in the invert and shuttering zone 5 Manholes for inspection and cleaning
Mountain Water Displacement / Holding the Head of Water / Drilland-blast / TBM Excavation
Mountain Water Displacement / Holding the Head of Water / Drill-and-blast / TBM Excavation
Construction of a complete tunnel lining consisting of an initial lining of lattice girders embedded in shotcrete, a geotextile drainage layer, a waterproof plastic membrane and a cast-in-place concrete final lining.
Malak
Noura
Heba
