global food security

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The Purdue Center for

GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

TAKING MEASURE 2011 - 2016

The Purdue Center for Global Food Security Taking Measure, 2011-2016 Purdue’s Center for Global Food Security is working to ensure that we have enough food, feed, and fuel for the 21st century and beyond. The Center mobilizes and focuses the talent pool of its faculty and partners on the evolving challenges arising from the interactions among agricultural production and food systems with climate change, energy demand and supply, policy responses, population growth, and the associated development pressures. With a more comprehensive, transdisciplinary, and holistic approach to our educational and research programs, we develop the strategies and tools we need to address the causes and consequences of food insecurity. A new generation of global leaders and new scientific solutions are needed to sustainably increase agricultural productivity, to reduce hunger and poverty, and to ensure peace and stability.

Purdue Center for Global Food Security [email protected] 765-494-0827 Gebisa Ejeta Director Gary Burniske Managing Director Pamela McClure Program Coordinator

Goals

Angela Dillworth Administrative Assistant

The Center works to expand the community of individuals who are invested in advancing the cause of global food security through a revitalized agricultural research program to build relationships grounded in mutual trust and common goals, and connect knowledge to action.

Provide global leadership

www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/food

Create global public good We promote an integrated research agenda that is flexible and evolving, interconnecting with new discoveries, emerging priorities, and the creative insights and collaborative interests of our faculty, students, and partners to generate new knowledge, products, and services.

Build human and institutional capacity Building on the long history of Purdue University in global engagement in agriculture, engineering, the arts, and sciences, the Center continues this tradition and supports human capacity-building and institutional strengthening of programs. We encourage and enable effective communication and access of creative science, technology, and innovation to advance the cause of purpose-driven research for the global community.

Strengthen and grow partnerships Our goal of advancing an integrative systems approach to addressing the growing challenges of global food security relies on a global learning community that shares the task of designing solutions for addressing problems. We bring together the best of the vision and science that resides at our university with those at partner organizations for more effective synergy.

Develop entrepreneurial capacity Dr. Gebisa Ejeta, professor and World Food Prize Laureate, has developed sorghum varieties resistant to drought and striga in his native Africa.

Purdue’s Discovery Park is changing how a 21st century university translates research into viable commercial products. The Center directly engages our researchers and partners in practical entrepreneurship to transform innovations arising from our joint efforts into commercial enterprises.

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TAKING MEASURE Gebisa Ejeta Director Distinguished Professor and 2009 World Food Prize Laureate The Purdue Center for Global Food Security was created in 2011 — in the wake of the global food price crisis and rising concerns about the emerging associated challenges of climate change; rapid growth in human population; urbanization; dietary changes; and inequities in trade, income, and resources. Hunger and poverty have shown decline in recent years, but concerns abound regarding the world’s ability to provide healthy and environmentally sustainable diets for all its peoples. We created the Center with the premise that Purdue University — with its rich legacy in global development and the preeminence of its educational and research programs in agriculture, science, and engineering — could be among the leaders in advancing the global agenda on food and nutrition security. The Center’s creation was a result of a collective vision of more than 70 faculty members who responded to a campus-wide callout in 2010 to discuss the emerging global challenge of food and nutrition security. The Center would be placed inside Discovery Park, the large Purdue research infrastructure designed and built to serve as a hub for facilitating campuswide transdisciplinary research, education, and entrepreneurial engagement.

and a research program that informs policy and advocacy. We are encouraged by the progress we have made in each of these areas and emboldened by the future we see. Through the great work of our diverse and talented faculty, the encouragement and support of Purdue University leadership, the goodwill of our global partners, and most of all, the energy and enthusiasm of the many young men and women who have gone through our educational and research programs, the Center has already made substantive contributions and is off to a great start. You will read in this report how the Center, in its first five years, has become a leader in addressing a range of global food security challenges, with contributions in research and policy-making as well as in human and institutional capacity building. In the pages that follow, you will meet scientists, students, teachers, and decision-makers who, individually and collectively, are impacting people’s lives and livelihoods. Given the complex scientific, environmental, economic, social, and political factors that affect issues of global food and nutrition security, you will note that these individuals represent a remarkable range of disciplines and interests.

The Center’s programs have been organized under the three pillars of Education, Research, and Policy Advocacy. We are an educational program that engages in purpose-driven research,

“HUNGER is not only a physical condition. It is a drain on economic development, a threat to global security, a barrier to health and education reform, and a trap for the millions of people worldwide who work from sun-up to sun-down every day to produce a harvest that often doesn’t meet their needs.” Hillary Rodham Clinton, Secretary of State June 11, 2009, at the ceremony awarding The World Food Prize to Dr. Gebisa Ejeta

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ESSENTIAL WORK

INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION

Jay Akridge Glenn W. Sample Dean of Agriculture

Our students benefit from many of the Center’s initiatives and programs to develop the next generation of scientists to help solve world hunger. Initiatives such as the U.S. Borlaug Fellows in Global Food Security program and its two components, the Graduate Research Fellowship Grant Program and the Summer Institute on Global Food Security; student innovation grants to stimulate undergraduate student involvement in research on food security; and paid undergraduate internships in the Center are all opportunities for our students to expand their knowledge and fire their passions in the area of global food security. Under Dr. Ejeta’s leadership, the Center has developed

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Our faculty and staff have engaged in research, human capacity building in developing countries, and policy analysis and advocacy, all because of the Center’s leadership. A key to success here has been the Center’s ability to connect with faculty and staff from every corner of the campus, bringing insights and expertise to the food security challenge in ways not previously possible. World hunger is among the most fundamental challenges humanity faces, and providing safe and nutritious food for a growing population will become even more of a challenge in the decades ahead. Purdue University addresses global food security at nearly every stage of the food supply chain, from improving crop genetics for the world’s farmers to offering low-cost grain storage technology that reduces post-harvest food loss in developing countries. The Purdue Center for Global Food Security and Director Gebisa Ejeta lead research, education, and policy initiatives across the Purdue campus, and the College of Agriculture is proud to be a partner in this essential work.

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The Center for Global Food Security is located in Discovery Park, an open laboratory and research hub where academic disciplines converge and researchers move beyond traditional boundaries to tackle global challenges and create solutions for a better world. The Center’s mission to find comprehensive solutions to food insecurity through interdisciplinary collaboration integrates seamlessly into Discovery Park’s Global strategic theme, Impacting Global Sustainability.  With the global population predicted to rise to 9.6 billion people by 2050, we are faced with the monumental task of ensuring food security for all. Trying to meet the rising demand for food, feed, water, and energy with current technology and agricultural resources is a formidable task.

— mean innovative solutions, born from the interdisciplinary collaborations we focus on at Discovery Park, are now more important than ever. Comprehensive solutions for global leaders and policymakers are needed to sustainably increase crop yields and address hunger on a global scale, while safeguarding peace and security. Center faculty and researchers, in cooperation with the Purdue Public Policy Research Institute, are collaborating to help policymakers incorporate new research into policy development. With a more integrated and holistic approach to global policy and educational and research programs, we intend to advance the strategies and tools needed to address the causes and consequences of food insecurity. u

The Center’s work is intimately aligned with our College’s strategic focus on enhancing food security around the world. The Center also serves as a critical catalyst across the Purdue campus, raising university awareness of the issue of food security and bringing together faculty, staff, and students from a wide variety of disciplines and backgrounds, all focused on the goal of helping to ensure that the world will have enough food, feed, and fuel for the 21st century and beyond.

an undergraduate course on food security offered through the Purdue Honors College, giving undergraduate students the invaluable experience of learning directly from a World Food Prize Laureate.

Addressing food shortages and hunger on a global scale isn’t as cut and dried as improving soils, increasing drought and disease resistance, or reintroducing native plant species; context and policy also play a critical role in tackling food insecurity. Some of the greatest challenges we face — increased production demands, decreased land, and a wide range of societal issues

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The Purdue College of Agriculture has been a proud partner of the Purdue Center for Global Food Security since the Center’s founding in 2010. We are also the proud academic home of Director Gebisa Ejeta, Distinguished Professor of Plant Breeding and Genetics and International Agriculture, and 2009 World Food Price Laureate.

Tomás Díaz de la Rubia Chief Scientist and Executive Director of Discovery Park

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EDUCATION Building human capacity Strengthening institutions Communicating research, advocacy in action

Food is the moral right of all who are born into this world. — Norman Borlaug (1914 - 2009)

Norman Borlaug was awarded the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in preventing hunger worldwide. The disease-resistant, high-yield varieties of wheat he developed transformed agricultural production in Mexico during the 1940s and 1950s and in Asia and Latin America in later years. To inspire breakthroughs in improving the quality, quantity, and availability of food in the world, Borlaug in 1986 founded The World Food Prize — an award that has become known as the “Nobel Prize for Food and Agriculture.” “Dr. Borlaug’s revulsion against hunger and poverty were singular, and his support for education and science, unparalleled,” says Center Director Gebisa Ejeta. “We are proud that our Center serves as an educational program named after this legendary leader of science for development.”

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U.S. Borlaug Fellows Program in Global Food Security The U.S. Borlaug Fellows Program is part of the U.S. government’s Feed the Future initiative, funded by the Bureau of Food Security at the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The program’s purpose is to expand the pool of U.S. food security professionals who have the scientific base and policy understanding to effectively study and manage the global landscapes in support of sustainable food systems. The program comprises two key elements: a Graduate Research Fellows Program and a Summer Institute on Global Food Security. This unique graduate education and research program transforms students interested in food security into future leaders committed to the global food security agenda in their diverse professions. It helps prepare graduate students to work in transdisciplinary teams, combining their expertise with that of others to address the complexity of problems causing food insecurity. The Borlaug Program brings the best innovation and new thinking to confront the global challenges that threaten a food-secure world over the next generations.

Graduate Research Fellows Program The Center’s Research Fellowship Program is creating the next generation of scientists to tackle world hunger. Outstanding U.S. graduate students conduct field research side by side with established scientists in research centers at the forefront of the world’s most pressing problems impeding food security. The students apply and adapt the latest technologies in settings where they can be tested and validated with farmers, students, and researchers. Borlaug Fellows

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Borlaug Fellow Libby Rens measures potato yields u on an experimental plot in Peru.

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By the Numbers

BORLAUG FELLOWS

Anne Dare, Purdue University Limitations of Small-Scale, Rural Wastewater Treatment Plants for Agricultural Reuse $14,962 – Tunisia, Palestinian West Bank Host institutions: Institut des Regions Arides; Palestinian Hydrology Group Dare, as a PhD student in Agricultural and Biological Engineering, seized what she calls “an awesome grant opportunity” to join the first cohort of Borlaug Fellows. She used her grant to conduct three months of research each in the Palestinian West Bank and Tunisia. Her work explored the potential of smallscale, rural wastewater treatment facilities to enable reuse of water for agricultural production. “Availability of irrigation water is a primary constraint to growing crops in arid parts of the world. If you couple that with political and economic challenges, it makes water expensive and unavailable,” she explains. She analyzed wastewater samples and interviewed farmers and experts on water and agriculture to provide insight into the factors encouraging or hindering the use of treated wastewater in agriculture at both the household and community levels. Dare credits the Borlaug program’s broad interpretation of food security — “its multidisciplinary, rich perspective on what it means to be working in food security. It brings together a class of people who see a problem in very different ways.” Dare completed her PhD in December 2014. She is supporting federal policymaking as an AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Science and Technology Policy Fellow at USAID in Washington, D.C.

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149

56

42/25

International research center partners

Countries the research centers represent/Feed the Future countries

115/34

49

Universities represented

PhD/master’s students

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PURDUE

of fellowships

Total grant monies awarded to Borlaug Fellows

Borlaug Fellows

The program awards grants of $15,000 to $40,000 to U.S. graduate students to travel to developing countries, where they undertake research with the support of an international agricultural research center. Their research topics have been remarkably multidisciplinary, spanning fields such as crop production, livestock management, policy, trade, and entrepreneurship. Meet four of our fellows below.

9 rounds

$3 million

As of October 2016

The Borlaug Fellows also establish collaborative relationships and enduring friendships with people they work with in communities, research centers, and local institutions of higher learning. They nurture camaraderie among themselves and with other young scientists, which sets the stage for the next generation of scientists and professionals dedicated to combating global food insecurity.

Norman Borlaug, the father of the Green Revolution – credited for feeding a billion people around the world.

EDUCATION

Borlaug Fellows

learn to confront the challenges that arise while undertaking research, often in remote areas, while navigating social, cultural, and economic circumstances different from their own.

Nicolas Jelinski, University of Minnesota Capturing Dynamic Soil Properties Across Global Agricultural Systems to Support Sustainable Intensification and Food Security Initiatives $15,000 – Kenya, Tanzania Host institution: CIAT After completing bachelor’s and master’s degrees at the University of Wisconsin– Madison, Jelinski joined the Army. Part of his role as a liaison to rural areas of Iraq was interacting with farmers. He then went to the University of Minnesota for a PhD in soil science, armed with new awareness of the social aspects of food security sparked by his military experience. Jelinski brought that perspective to the 2013 Summer Institute. “Especially as academics, we get tunnel-visioned in our own disciplines,” he says. “The institute was completely interdisciplinary. That flipped my way of thinking. It was so valuable to listen to these different perspectives and realize how small a piece of this we’re all working on.” He then applied for a Borlaug Fellowship to enhance his international experience. A six-month grant enabled him to conduct research linking dynamic soil properties to land management and existing yield gaps in Lushoto District, Tanzania. Jelinski is now an assistant professor in the Department of Soil, Water and Climate at the University of Minnesota. In one example of the long-term academic relationships the Center hopes the Borlaug Fellows develop, he is working on a paper with a fellow soil scientist in Tanzania. “We’ve continued to collaborate,” he says.

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Diana Caley, New York University The Nature and Measurement of Food Insecurity in Slums of Kampala, Uganda

$17,250 – Uganda Host institution: IFPRI Caley, an applied researcher with a background in international development and humanitarian assistance, started her PhD in Food Studies at New York University in 2011. After conducting her initial research on urban food insecurity in Kampala, Uganda, with support from a small, public health grant, Caley applied for a Borlaug Fellowship to expand the scope and depth of her mixed methods research study. After attending the 2014 Summer Institute, she used a Borlaug research grant to fund the second half of her dissertation research. “The overall quality of the research would not have been possible without support from Borlaug,” she says. Her findings will help researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and others to develop better survey instruments — and use survey statistics — to more accurately and reliably identify food insecure households in developing countries. Local organizations in Kampala also hope to use the research to improve their programs and advance their advocacy efforts for the urban poor. After completing her PhD in 2016, Caley joined a Washington, DC-based social enterprise firm called Crown Agents, USA, where she works as an advisor of food security and monitoring and evaluation. Her Bourlaug-funded research on food security measurement applies directly to her work examining the efficacy of foodrelated policies and programs in developing countries. 

Angel Cruz, North Carolina State University Sin Suelo Sin Comida: How Can Sustainable Soil Management Improve Food Security for Smallholder Farmers in El Salvador?

$22,677 – El Salvador Research institution: University of El Salvador After graduating from Furman University in 2008, Cruz spent two years in El Salvador helping locals build sustainable farms. Realizing she needed more knowledge, she completed a master’s degree in Crop Science at North Carolina State University in 2013 and had started a doctoral program when she learned about the Borlaug Summer Institute. A Borlaug Fellowship grant of $22,677 supported Cruz’s field study from 2014 through 2016, which built on earlier research activities, Cruz asked 12 farmers to vote on adopting two different soil conservation practices. After implementing them, and at the end of the growing season, the farmers evaluated their farms together as she walked with them. “The day we were doing the tour with the farmers was long and tiring,” Cruz recalls. “At first everyone was really shy. By the third or fourth farm, I heard the women, men, and teenagers discussing things among themselves and calling each other ‘agronomist.’” The fellowship is distinctive in allowing a graduate student to be the principal investigator, Cruz says. After she graduates in May 2017, she will seek out a position that involves creativity, contact with farmers, and applied research. “I know what I’m passionate about,” she says. “Borlaug helped me figure that out.”

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EDUCATION

Host countries and numbers of Borlaug Fellows conducting research in each*

2016 Summer Institute participants represented 21 U.S. universities.

Summer Institute on Global Food Security Turkey

Palestine Tunisia 7

Mexico 6 1

Guatemala El Salvador

1 2

2 6 1 7

Costa Rica Panama Colombia Peru

4

Belize Honduras Nicaragua 3

1

2

Senegal

2

Nepal

1

Laos

9 4

2

DRC

1 1

7

2

1

1

20 2 3 2

4

Nigeria Cameroon

13 3

Taiwan

1

Vietnam

2 2

3 8

Ghana

5

Ethiopia

Burkina Faso Cote d’Ivoire

Brazil

1

1

Morocco

Haiti

Tajikistan

Kenya India Tanzania Bangladesh Uganda Cambodia

5

3

Philippines Indonesia

3

Malawi Rwanda Zambia Zimbabwe

South Africa

* Includes 16 Feed the Future countries; 3 Feed the Future-aligned countries; 6 Feed the Future- affiliated countries; and 17 non-Feed the Future Countries Total exceeds number of awards because some Fellows did research in more than one country.

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The Borlaug Summer Institute is an intensive two-week course conducted annually at Purdue University. The Center brings 35 to 40 highly qualified graduate students from some of the nation’s best universities to the campus each June to develop a holistic understanding of the conceptual challenges around global food security. The students, who collectively represent a wide range of disciplines, join cross-disciplinary teams challenged to solve real-world development challenges with tools of innovative science and policy.

Summer Institute

By the Numbers As of October 2016

The institute’s team of instructors — faculty from Purdue and other institutions, practitioners, and policymakers — bring expertise across key disciplines in the natural, social, and health sciences as well as engineering; development experience from the field; and familiarity with integrated approaches to problem-solving. Through lectures, case studies, small-group discussions, field trips, debate, and feedback, the institute addresses in great detail many of the grand challenges that impact global food security. As activities get underway, each multidisciplinary team is assigned a Feed the Future country in Africa, Asia, or Latin America. The teams prepare a proposal to tackle the most pressing challenges to food security there and a plan to implement it. Some plans have shown remarkable promise in their implementation, from promoting homemade yogurt to improve child nutrition in far-western Nepal to conducting a food security mini-practicum at a biomedical research conventionin Ghana. Three Summer Institute participants reflect on Universities the experience on page 14. represented

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Summer Institutes

106/ 69

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Student participants

PhD/master’s students

114/ 61 U.S. students/

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International students

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Participants also secured Borlaug Fellowships

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Borlaug

SUMMER INSTITUTE Participants

Jose “JP” Dundore-Arias University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2012 Arias was part of the first Borlaug Summer Institute. The native of Costa Rica was working on his doctoral degree in plant pathology at the University of WisconsinMadison when his advisor encouraged him to seize the new opportunity. “It was intense,” Dundore-Arias recalls. “We had lectures all day, and worked on our projects at night. I’ve never been part of anything like that.” His group was assigned a project on rice production in Haiti, two-and-a-half years after an earthquake devastated the island nation. “The experience of working in a limited timeline on a project completely out of our areas of expertise with a group of people from different backgrounds blew my mind,” he says. “In grad school, you spend most of your time with colleagues. Our group had someone with administrative experience in NGOs and someone from food science. Someone else had lobbying experience and knew about international trade agreements.” Dundore-Arias says the Summer Institute “opened my mind to other careers that I could pursue.” He secured a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Biology at the University of Minnesota. He’s combining his interest in food security and passion for teaching by investigating plant microbial interactions and food safety while also developing creative teaching activities targeting underrepresented minorities.

EDUCATION Shashank Gaur University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, 2016 Gaur earned a bachelor’s degree in food technology in his native India before coming to the United States for master’s study at Cornell University. He had returned to India as an assistant professor when the Indian Council of Agricultural Research funded his return to the U.S. for a PhD in Food Science and Human Nutrition at the University of Illinois. Gaur’s research focuses on international malnutrition. The lab he works in has a history of students applying to the Borlaug programs. “I did not know the extent of food insecurity in developing countries, so that was eye-opening,” he says. “I had worked for two years in this area of malnutrition, but I still didn’t understand the situation out in the real world.” Gaur was the lone food scientist on his team, which studied how incorporating a type of clarified butter called ghee into school meals could address the vitamin A deficiency common in Ethiopia. “Sometimes solutions are pretty simple, like adding something that already exists there,” he notes. “That has changed my perspective. Instead of just creating a technology, I have become more of a needs-based researcher.”

Ariana Torres Purdue University, 2015 Torres, who is from Ecuador, has thrived in multidisciplinary study. As an undergraduate in agricultural engineering at Zamorano University in Honduras, she came to Purdue for a six-month internship in Entomology. She then received a research assistantship for master’s study in Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. By choosing Agricultural Economics for her doctoral work, Torres combined the latter two disciplines to strengthen her skills in food security. She was about a year from completing her PhD when she applied to the Summer Institute. The coursework and speakers, and her team’s project to revamp the extension systems of Zimbabwe, helped shape Torres’s perception of her role as a researcher within a broader context. “We tend to learn very specific tools,” she says. “The course helped us use a more holistic approach, understanding the implications of other individuals’ research and how can we combine our research for synergy and impact. Networking, communication, and understanding of complementary research fields were very important.” Torres has joined the Purdue faculty with a split appointment in the departments in which she completed her master’s and doctoral degrees. Her research focuses on the intersection between the horticulture industry and marketing decisions.

Food Security Partnership in Africa World Bank’s Africa Higher Education Center of Excellence (ACE II) Project The Center has partnered with Haramaya University in Ethiopia to establish a Center of Excellence for Climate Smart Agriculture and Biodiversity for countries in Eastern and Southern Africa. With $6 million in funding over five years from the World Bank, the initiative aspires to create a high-quality graduate program in agriculture for students from these two regions. The Center brought together a team of faculty from diverse departments with experience in topics relevant to climate-smart agriculture and biodiversity. The Purdue team traveled to Ethiopia to develop a graduate curriculum and research strategy that will build competencies of African students to confront the challenges associated with climate change and loss of biodiversity. Purdue faculty and graduate students will work with their counterparts in Africa to teach, learn, and develop courses and modules of benefit to both universities.

“The Summer Borlaug Institute allowed me to grow relationships with amazing colleagues who all share the same passion for food security, though we come from diverse backgrounds and disciplines.” Kelly Wilson, MS International Agriculture Development, University of California-Davis

Poster sessions at the Borlaug Summer Institute spark interdisciplinary conversation.

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EDUCATION

Other Initiatives in Education

"The Borlaug Summer Institute was an amazing 14-day journey that changed my life and opened my mind to understand global problems." Emely Lopez, MS Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign Communicating research results at the Borlaug Summer Institute.

Peace Corps Programs

Students from Purdue University have been working to understand water use in Endallah, Tanzania.

Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders The Center partnered with several other programs on campus and worked with the U.S. State Department to host 25 of Africa’s emerging entrepreneurs at Purdue for the 2016 Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders. A strong coalition of Purdue entities, with support from the local community, staged a six-week academic and leadership institute, providing lectures, mentoring, and site visits, each week in thematic areas related to agricultural and engineering innovation, and entrepreneurship.

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The Center supports a formal partnership between Purdue and the Peace Corps. We first partnered with the Ecological Sciences and Engineering Interdisciplinary Graduate Program to offer a Peace Corps Master’s International program. Students paired graduate-level instruction and research with Peace Corps service. Although the Peace Corps closed the program in fall 2016, enrolled students are completing their service and graduate study as planned. The fellowship is a program of President Obama’s Young African Leaders Initiative to empower the entrepreneurs with new skills. Purdue’s first institute culminated in a three-day summit with the president. While the Center reaps the rewards of our 25 fellowship alumni — we have gained field allies in 17 countries — we are preparing for the 2017 cohort of emerging leaders.

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That program also served as a springboard for a partnership between the Center and the University’s International Program Office in support of Peace Corps Prep, which offers a certificate to undergraduate students along with their Purdue diploma. The program pairs selected courses with community service to help prepare students for work in international development, potentially with the Peace Corps. Fifteen students successfully applied to the inaugural class in fall 2016.

New Courses at Purdue Among new courses at Purdue is a graduatelevel course called Global Food & Nutrition Security: Perspectives and Analyses, offered to students in all disciplines and taught by Center Director Gebisa Ejeta. Borrowing from the format of the Borlaug Summer Institute, students develop a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities in feeding humanity sustainably. A new honors course for undergraduates also taught by Ejeta examines food security in global and local contexts. The Center has been actively exploring the idea of a master’s degree in global food security — a multidisciplinary, cross-college program with coursework that addresses the many dimensions of food security.

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RESEARCH Generating global public good, products, and technologies Informing education, innovation Validating advocacy and policy

What is truly distinctive about the Purdue Center for Global Food Security is the leadership provided by World Food Prize Laureate Dr. Gebisa Ejeta, combined with the legacy of Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Dr. Norman E. Borlaug. As the founder of the World Food Prize, Dr. Borlaug chaired the Selection Committee that chose Dr. Ejeta to receive the Prize. The Purdue Borlaug Scholars thus are imbued with the great passion both men brought to the mission of alleviating hunger, as well as their commitment to the power of science to accomplish this critical goal in the face of the challenges facing our planet in the coming decades. Ambassador Kenneth Quinn President The World Food Prize Foundation

Integrated Striga Control in Ethiopia and Tanzania Gebisa Ejeta, Purdue University, primary investigator Tesfaye Mengiste, Purdue University, co-PI Harro Boumeester, Wageningen University, Netherlands, co-PI A $5 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is funding a four-year, multidisciplinary research and development program on control of the striga weed in Africa. One of the most destructive pathogens in Africa, the parasitic weed striga, commonly known as witchweed, severely limits food availability by devastating yields of crops like maize, rice, pearl millet, sugarcane, and sorghum. The grant builds on the work of the Center’s Director, Gebisa Ejeta, who developed sorghum varieties resistant to drought and striga in his native Africa, where sorghum is a major crop. His hybrids dramatically increased the production and availability of one of the world’s five principal grains, enhancing the food supply of hundreds of millions of people in Sub-Sahara Africa. The new effort focuses on advancing the knowledge of biological interactions between striga and sorghum through research in chemistry, molecular genetics, and crop improvement; developing and releasing new striga-resistant sorghum cultivars with enhanced traits; and scaling the adoption of integrated control of this noxious weed in Ethiopia and Tanzania. With Ejeta as project director, the team has collaborated with scientists, technicians, and development professionals at the agriculture ministries in Ethiopia and Tanzania to implement this project. Multidisciplinary research and development programs ensure that there will be u enough food, feed, and fuel for the 21st century and beyond.

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RESEARCH Connie M. Weaver “In the previous research, we focused on controlling striga through manipulation of resistance genes in the host plant,” Ejeta explains. “Now we have expanded the research to explore the role of virulence genes in the pathogen to avoid catastrophic breakdown of resistance.” This new funding has helped establish more integrated programs for sustainable Striga control and institutional development efforts in both countries. In the last four years, the project has produced significant results in both the basic research conducted at Purdue and Wageningen as well as with fieldwork in Africa improving the lives of sorghum farmers in Ethiopia and Tanzania.

The parasitic weed striga is one of the most destructive pathogens in Africa.

Discovering a gene that controls striga resistance in sorghum and completing the whole genome sequencing of the parasite striga contribute to basic research. These discoveries will facilitate fieldwork on breeding sorghum for striga resistance as well as fighting changes in its virulence. In the field in Tanzania and Ethiopia, the project scaled the use of the integrated striga control technology — the striga-resistant sorghum cultivar, use of organic or inorganic fertilizer, and tied-ridging as a water conservation practice — to more than 400,000 farmers. The project also produced over 2,000 metric tons of striga-resistant sorghum varieties, enough to plant over 500,000 hectares (1.2 million-plus acres).

Livestock are used to cultivate crops in Ethiopia.

The Center as a Hub for Food Security Science The Center’s location in Discovery Park at Purdue has allowed us to engage faculty, scientists, staff, and students from many colleges and academic units across the campus. We have worked with the Colleges of Engineering; Health and Human Sciences; and Liberal Arts, including Anthropology, Political Science, and Sociology. We’ve engaged the Purdue Polytechnic Institute, Krannert School of Management, College of Pharmacy, and College of Veterinary Medicine. As opportunities arose, we worked on a variety of initiatives with other centers at Discovery Park — the Climate Change Research Center, Energy Center, Center for the Environment, Purdue Policy Center, Center for Entrepreneurship, Purdue Foundry, and Discovery Learning Research Center. Here we spotlight four faculty members who have participated in the Center’s programs to illustrate the range of disciplines and topics that contribute to our transdisciplinary research. They also demonstrate the importance of the support and expertise that can be harnessed from the great talent pool at Purdue.

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Distinguished Professor, Nutrition Science

Dietary Guidelines for a Healthier World Establishing dietary guidance is complex. Weaver serves on panels and committees that determine nutrient requirements and Dietary Guidelines for Americans. She also dedicates an important part of her research program to conducting the related clinical nutrition research. Her recommendations form the basis for the USDA dietary guidance known as MyPlate. Much of the world uses nutrient requirements and dietary guidance that U.S. panels have determined. Developing countries lack the resources to develop their own databases, and often to convene their own panels. Weaver has advised many governments, scientific societies, and committees worldwide. Through partnerships developed in the International Breast Cancer and Nutrition project housed at Purdue, Weaver and her team are working to determine representative diets, expand food composition databases, and ultimately, link diet to breast cancer incidence in Mongolia, Uruguay, Lebanon, France, Taiwan, Korea, Ghana, and the United States.

Phillip Abbott Professor of Agricultural Economics

Assessing Food Stocks for a More Food Secure World After the world food price crisis of 2007-2008, food security issues were elevated to the attention of the G8 and G20 coalitions of nations. A consortium of international organizations recognized the need for better agricultural market information as one of its key recommendations to the G8 and G20. As a follow-up, an initiative of the G20 created the Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS). In 2013 AMIS asked Abbott to determine current and best practices in grain stocks measurement, the consequences of the existing situation in terms of market information quality, and the prospects for improving market information. Abbott’s review identified serious problems with the approach used in most countries. Market information is generally superior when observation of stocks positions (surveying) is used to estimate their magnitude. Following Abbott’s initial report, he helped organize a series of international meetings to encourage implementation of the findings. This has influenced the way stocks positions are measured in AMIS-member countries. Abbott’s complementary research sought to identify lessons from research on stabilization policy responses following the 2007-2008 food crisis and from the research on current and best practices in estimating stocks data.

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RESEARCH Thomas Hertel

Food Security Seed Grants at Purdue

Distinguished Professor of Agricultural Economics

With resources provided by Purdue administrators, the Center provides competitive internal seed grants to foster collaboration by interdisciplinary groups of faculty who take novel approaches to key global challenges that impact food and nutrition security.

Consequences of Climate Change for Food Security and Poverty Most studies seeking to link climate change to food security simply assumed that higher food prices lead to diminished food security. Hertel’s research has shown that future climate-impact assessments should pay closer attention to the future distribution of poverty between rural and urban areas as well as across sectors of the economy. Hertel’s research also explores the consequences of climate mitigation policies on agriculture, prices, and poverty. He and his collaborators looked at policies aimed at slowing deforestation and encouraging reforestation and at reducing methane and nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture. They find these mitigation policies tend to boost the prices for land as well as for food. Because the poor tend to own relatively little land, and often what they do own is held communally, they benefit relatively less from mitigation subsidies. Because they spend a large share of their income on food, rising food prices disproportionately injure them. So such mitigation policies tend to boost overall poverty in many countries. This suggests that as the world seeks to come to grips with climate change, safety nets to ensure that the poor are not made worse off should accompany aggressive land-based climate mitigation policies.

Sylvie Brouder Professor of Agronomy

Conservation Agriculture Assessment for Sub-Sahara Africa and South Asia Brouder has been on the forefront of research on how conservation agriculture practices — zero or low tillage, crop residue or mulch cover, and crop rotation — impact yields, environment, revenue streams, and social interactions globally. As an expert consultant of the Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research), she examined the impact of conservation agriculture on yields, ecosystem services, and economic viability, focusing specifically on tillage and yields in SubSahara Africa and South Asia. Brouder found that field experiments lacked critical data on soils, weather, and crop management practices; experimental data were too sparse or incomplete to quantitatively link real-world cause and effect. In addition to the report presented to the CGIAR, the findings of her studies, along with those of other experts, were presented in various forums culminating in the Nebraska Declaration on Conservation Agriculture, signed by 44 scientists. They agreed that strictly applying the three conservation agriculture practices might not meet the needs of small-scale farm enterprises in Sub-Sahara Africa and South Asia. Instead they suggest incremental positive change through focused and long-term research and development programs. By identifying knowledge and infrastructure gaps in making this science useful and relevant to smallholder farmers, Brouder’s team led the “tools-in-toolkit” approach that has been assimilated into the research-for-development agenda.

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Through these grants, the Center also wants to encourage faculty teams to strengthen national and international partnerships with scientists at other research and development institutions. These collaborations — with other universities; national and international research centers; and private, nonprofit, federal or global agencies — extend our reach and impact. By helping faculty advance their research through integrated and holistic approaches to food security, seed grants lay the groundwork for additional funding from other agencies.

Integrated Resources Management Approach to Ensuring Sustainable Food Security in Nigeria – The Nexus of Rice Production on Lake Kainji (Nigeria, $50,000) Bernie Engel, Professor of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, PI Tolulope Omotoso, co-PI Before Tolulope Omotoso came to Purdue to complete a PhD in Civil Engineering, he worked briefly for state government in his native Nigeria. He saw firsthand how officials made complex decisions based on poor information and the lobbying efforts of special interest groups. Especially in developing nations, policymakers need to understand the intrinsic linkages of water, energy, and food resources to sustainably manage increasing demands for these resources over time and climate change. Omotoso’s research focused on a specific area in the Niger state where the Nigerian government is planning to both intensify agricultural production and build a new hydropower dam. The two projects in the same place, one to grow more food and the other to supply more power, are in direct competition for the state’s freshwater resources.

Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags have reduced post-harvest losses in Sub-Sahara Africa.

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RESEARCH

The seed grant for November 2014 to November 2015 funded Omotoso’s travel, data collection, and meetings with policymakers in the water, food, and energy sectors as well as with high-ranking officials involved in the two projects. Equipping policymakers with usable tools — for example, a sustainability index applied to different levels of food production — will help them base their decisions on data to manage natural resources sustainably, he says. “This is how I can influence the government to make better policies for the people,” Omotoso says.

“The seed grant gave us the resources to go there and try these things on the ground,” Schulze says. “We had some information before we went over, but we discovered there was a lot more there we could take advantage of. It’s also about building relationships, and you just can’t do that by email or telephone calls.”

Delivering Spatially Explicit Soil and Crop Management Information to Agricultural Extension in Rural Western Kenya (Kenya, $75,000)

Defeating Transmission of Rice Hoja Blanca Virus in Latin America (Colombia, $49,999)

Darrell Schulze, Professor of Soil Science, PI

Jeff Stuart, Professor of Entomology, PI

Soils are key to producing food, feed, fiber, and fuel, and they provide essential ecosystem services such as clean water and sources of biodiversity. However, various soil differences across landscapes are not accounted for in a lot of agricultural work, particularly in developing countries where little soils information is available.

An insect pest called Sogata transmits rice hoja blanca virus, the most important viral disease of rice in Latin America. The insect was recently found attacking ratoon rice in Texas, making it a potentially damaging pest in the United States as well.

Since Schulze started working in western Kenya in 2003, he has built relationships with colleagues at the University of Eldoret. A seed grant that funded his ongoing work from August 2015 to August 2016 will directly impact farmers in the region.

Stuart’s research team is working to understand the molecular mechanisms that make the uninfected Sogata genotype immune to the virus and to develop methods that eliminate the fitness costs associated with it. The scientists established a series of experimental matings that allowed them to perform high-resolution molecular genetic mapping. They applied genome-wide sequencing and analyzed thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms for genetic linkage to the uninfected and infected traits.

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Purdue faculty and African colleagues collaborate on soil information.

Sogata is a member of the diverse and economically important family of planthoppers, the Delphacidae. Fifty-five species are pests on 25 crops, causing damage both through direct feeding on crops as well as vectors of plant viral disease.

The team has discovered that the nuclear factor determines whether an insect can transmit the virus, and that a factor inherited from the mother determines its ability to acquire the virus and for the virus to replicate in the insect. The researchers are now doing more sequencing for the depth of coverage they need for mapping.

Cooking with cowpea, an important crop in Sub-Sahara Africa.

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Schulze and his two Kenyan-born PhD students, Mercy Ngunjiri and Joshua Minai, are obtaining soil information to make a better soil map for an area in western Kenya and delivering it using a Purduedeveloped app over a cell phone network. The idea is to deliver location-specific information on soil properties, soil management, and cropping practices to agricultural extension advisors who in turn can share it with farmers.

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RESEARCH Deciphering the Biology, Economics, and Viability of Biochar-Mediated Disease Resistance for Smallholder Tomato Farmers in Colombia (Colombia, $75,000)

Impact of Biocontrol and Hermetic Storage Practices on Fungal Population in Maize (Kenya, $65,100)

Anjali Iyer-Pascuzzi, Assistant Professor of Botany and Plant Pathology, PI

Charles Woloshuk, Professor of Botany and Plant Pathology, PI

Tomato growers in the tropics often use pesticides to control plant diseases that severely reduce yields. Recent studies show the soil amendment biochar might inhibit disease in a variety of crops, but the biology of why is unclear.

Aflatoxin is a natural poison that can contaminate maize in preharvest conditions, creating a potent liver toxin and carcinogen that affects humans, livestock, and pets.

Farmers’ willingness to adopt biochar in fruit and vegetable production, and the factors that influence adoption, are also uncertain. Iyer-Pascuzzi studied the feasibility of biochar as an alternative sustainable practice for smallholder farmers to limit disease.

Using hermetic storage systems prevents both insect damage during storage and the rewetting of dry grain in humid conditions. The low cost of plastic hermetic bags like PICS, the Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags, have made them popular. However, little is published about the total spectrum of fungal species on maize and how their populations change due to biocontrol or hermetic storage. Woloshuk is studying the diversity of fungi growing on the stored maize by using techniques in high-throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics. His team chose maize farmers in two aflatoxin hotspots in Eastern Kenya and gathered information about their production practices. They first collected maize from each farmer who stored it in traditional woven polypropylene bags and PICS hermetic bags. After three months of storage, they collected samples again for analysis and noted little change in the aflatoxin levels in PICS bags. In his analysis Woloshuk found 74 fungal genera in the maize collected before storage. After three months of storage, the fungal diversity in the PICS bags underwent little change, while destructive storage fungi increased significantly in woven bags.

PICS storage bag demonstration, Sub-Sahara Africa.

Through interviews, the research team knows that smallholder farmers rely on their social networks for information. Because most use chemical techniques, those who are interested in organic practices often have difficulty finding the knowledge and support to adopt them. Iyer-Pascuzzi is producing a manual for farmers on how to best use biochar. Her findings suggest that a key to adopting biochar is to use, strengthen, and expand existing farmer networks to raise awareness, distribute information, and provide technical advice.

Work continues on the DNA isolated from the grain. “The analysis should provide insight into the changes that occur in fungal populations as a result of these storage practices as well as new potential risks and benefits,” Woloshuk explains.

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In the lab, the team is conducting research with F. oxysporum inoculated plants grown with and without biochar to test defense gene expression; while in Colombia, they set up trials with local farmers to test the results of biochar application on diseases in tomato plants. Trials of survival rates, growth rates, disease incidence and severity, and yields are underway.

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RESEARCH Undergraduate Student Innovation Grants The deans of each of Purdue’s nine colleges contributed modest funds to the Center to stimulate undergraduate involvement in multidisciplinary research on food security. The Center invited undergraduates to form teams and, under the guidance of a faculty advisor, submit proposals that use innovation and technology to address food insecurity in developing countries or in Indiana. The student teams partnered with other student organizations in host countries or locally. They focused on disruptive technologies that lead to lasting solutions in addressing a key bottleneck at any point in the food system value chain — production, transport, storage, processing, marketing, distribution, or utilization of nutritious foods in support of marginalized populations. The Center awarded three competitive grants, two international and one local.

An innovation grant funded Purdue undergraduates’ work in Cameroon.

Multi-grain Thresher Project, Cameroon, $8,479

Development of Design Criteria and Options for a Sand Dam and Water Filtration System in Collaboration with Rural Communities in Tanzania, $10,260

Julia Feldman (student leader), John Lumkes (advisor) Team: Allison Cargill, Colton Gann, Michaeleen Metzner

Marisa Henry (student leader) Venkatesh Merwade (advisor) Team: Garrett Quathamer, Grace Baldwin, Jordan Ross, Shanygne Ashley Damayo

As the primary source of income for approximately 65 percent of Africa’s population, agriculture is critical to the economy. Threshing, the process that separates grains from the rest of the plant, needs improvement. Current methods for threshing crops such as maize and cowpeas are laborintensive and can damage or contaminate them.

In the village of Endallah, sporadic, seasonal rainfall patterns, high rates of evaporation, and inadequate waterharvesting methods intensify water shortage concerns, threatening crop yields and livestock. Making more water available to the community could improve agricultural yields and crop diversity, and expand livestock production, increasing food security and decreasing water scarcity concerns for the future.

This team proposed developing a thresher by working directly with local institutions and individuals to develop design criteria and constraints that reflect the needs of small-scale farmers. By traveling to West Africa, the students were able to meet with local farmers to observe their current threshing practices, crop-processing methods, and how local culture plays a role in agricultural processing.

The grant funded students’ travel to Endallah to collect information to design and implement a water source and water filtration system to improve water quantity and quality. The students partnered with the Nelson Mandela African Institute of Technology and Innovation to conduct a survey on water use.

The students obtained samples of dried maize from local farmers and measured the average diameter and length of a typical cob. They shelled a large quantity of dried ears to try the different techniques local farmers used, summarized the different methods, and logged the average time to thresh an ear of corn for each method. Farmers are open to working with equipment, but cost is an issue. The prototype the students designed cost more than the farmers were willing to pay; they wanted individual threshers that were hand-powered and cost less than $25. More research is underway toward a more costeffective thresher.

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Securing access to water is essential to life and central to societal development.

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Twenty-five households (about 3 percent of Endallah’s population) were interviewed using a water-use survey with translation assistance. The students used GPS coordinates to analyze local watersheds and potential waterharvesting improvements. Endallah’s current water resources include an earthen dam, shallow hand pump, local hydraulic ram pump, several streams and springs, and seasonal rivers that do not provide enough water during the dry season. The team located a newly completed sand dam in a nearby village and established connections between villagers to form partnerships. They found no ideal location for a sand dam in Endallah, but they researched bank-stabilization techniques and other simple, low-maintenance technologies to improve already available water sources.

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RESEARCH Transdisciplinary Collaborations in Food Security ACE Student Food Pantry at Purdue University, $3,150 John Baier (student leader) Vanessa Pacheco (advisor) Team: Kyle Turner, Joseph Sharaya, Nicole Baier, Jessica Peine, Lauren Hibbler Rates of food insecurity are high and growing in college communities, especially among those living off campus, including graduate students and low-income faculty. A team of concerned Purdue undergraduates partnered with the Lafayette-based Food Finders to use a mobile food pantry to assess the need on our campus. The high number of graduate and undergraduate students who received food from the mobile pantry convinced the team that a permanent pantry was needed. Their proposal helped establish Purdue’s first permanent, on-campus food pantry to give students a source of healthy and nutritious products to feed themselves and their families. The pantry helps create a lower-stress environment in which students can focus on their studies instead of worrying about their next meal. Volunteers at the ACE Campus Food Pantry prepare food for distribution to members of the Purdue community.

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The ACE Student Food Pantry receives in-kind food donations from local individuals and businesses in addition to cash contributions. The team also mobilizes undergraduates to canvass the campus and the greater Lafayette area to raise awareness of food insecurity among the student population.

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The Center and the Innovation for International Development Lab (I2D) within the Global Engineering program pooled resources to jointly fund faculty seed grants to promote transdisciplinary research in food security. The I2D Lab fosters research to create new technologies that support sustainable development. Because engineering is vital in food production, storage, and processing systems, the collaboration strengthens Purdue’s research capabilities in food security. Based on a competition in spring 2015, the Center awarded grants to three multidisciplinary faculty teams that are currently implementing these projects.

The Nandi Clean Kitchen Study, Kenya Brandon Boor, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, PI This collaborative project between Purdue University and Moi University builds on prior household air pollution and human health research in Kenya, including developing culturally acceptable solutions to mitigate indoor air pollution from cookstoves.

Development of a Low-Cost Grain Moisture Sensor Networked to Smartphones, Nigeria and Ethiopia Klein Ileleji, Associate Professor of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, PI This project centers on the development of a moisture content meter system based on capacitance for measuring grain moisture, which is important in determining whether a crop has been dried properly for safe storage, transportation, and processing. The technology displays moisture content in both an LCD on the device and by transmission to an Android smartphone.

Continuous-Flow, Community-Scale Solar UV Disinfection Systems for Water Treatment Ernest Blatchley III, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental and Ecological Engineering, PI This project builds on progress to date to develop community-scale, continuousflow, solar UV disinfection systems for production of potable water, using solar UVB radiation against the microbial pathogens that cause most of the waterborne, communicable disease outbreaks in developing countries.

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POLICY and ADVOCACY We can educate hundreds of thousands of students. We can have the best research done on the face of the earth. Unless there are policies around the world that are conducive to improved agricultural production and post-production, we haven’t even done half the job. A center at a school like Purdue has so much potential. If it wants to have an impact on policy, it needs to have a sought-after mind like Gebisa Ejeta’s — someone who combines being a worldrenowned scientist and a world-class professor and who can articulate messages that connect science to what policymakers should know when dealing with agriculture, particularly in developing countries. Catherine Bertini Professor of Public Administration and International Affairs, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University Distinguished Fellow, Chicago Council on Global Affairs

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Bringing research to dialogue Educating stakeholders Science informing policy

A Seat at the Table Appropriate policies drawn at key national and international agencies ranging from the United Nations to the U.S. government are essential for the lives of people in developing countries. The issues related to these policy decisions and goals are often complex, with seemingly obvious solutions fraught with political, economic, environmental, and cultural tradeoffs. University programs such as the Center for Global Food Security are well positioned as reliable and objective sources for the evidence-based information policymakers need to reach well-considered decisions. We gather information not only by supporting scientific research, but also by tapping the brainpower of policymakers and other practitioners in the field. The Center has partnered with governments, multilateral agencies, and nongovernmental organizations that are doing critical work related to global food security. The more we engage and listen, confer and debate, the more we learn. And what we learn through these partnerships informs our research and improves our training of future scientists and decision-makers. The Center’s director has consulted and/or served in an advisory capacity with the work of many of the organizations described here. Other faculty members of the Center advise and collaborate on food policy issues with many more national and international organizations, as the list on page 40 of this report shows. Issues related to policy decisions and goals are often complex, with seemingly obvious u solutions fraught with political, economic, environmental, and cultural tradeoffs.

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POLICY AND ADVOCACY Chicago Council on Global Affairs The Chicago Council has been a bipartisan forum for discussing foreign affairs since 1922. Today it informs the public about U.S. foreign policy and sparks policy debate across the private, public, and civic sectors by drawing U.S. and international leaders and world affairs experts to policy discussions in Chicago. More recently, the council covers current trends and themes, and addresses food security through its annual Global Food and Agriculture Symposium. The Center is a partner organization, and its director Gebisa Ejeta is a member of the Chicago Council’s Advisory Group, which carries out annual policy studies focused on developing countries and a pressing theme that impacts the global food supply. The study generates policy recommendations that are presented at the council’s annual conference on food security in Washington, D.C. The Center supports Purdue graduate students’ applications to attend this conference as Next Generation Delegates.

Lugar Center Cooperative exchanges between the Center and the Washington, D.C.- based Lugar Center inform both organizations as well as the Purdue community. The Lugar Center started in 2013 as a platform for an informed debate on global issues. Former U.S. Senator Richard G. Lugar and his center are among the staunchest supporters of the global food security agenda. The Lugar Center also has partnerships with other institutions in Washington, D.C., and Indiana, including Indiana University’s School of Global and International Studies, Georgetown University, and the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)

Former U.S. Senator Richard G. Lugar, committed to the global food security agenda.

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President Obama created USAID’s flagship program, Feed the Future, in 2009 in response to the world food crisis. In 2011 the Center organized a high-level inception workshop at USAID’s request to assist in the visioning exercise. Purdue faculty and key global partners in attendance offered input to strategic approaches for combating poverty and food insecurity in priority countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

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The Center will continue to undergird Feed the Future goals and strategies. Feed the Future programs are on the ground in 19 developing countries, conducting impactful work toward sustainably reducing global poverty and hunger through improved nutrition and inclusive agricultural sector growth.

Board for International Food and Agricultural Development (BIFAD) Title XII of the Foreign Assistance Act established the seven-member BIFAD to advise USAID on agriculture and higher education issues pertinent to food insecurity in developing countries. Recognizing land-grant universities’ important role in domestic and international agricultural development, the president appoints its members primarily from the academic community. BIFAD commissions studies and reports related to individual and institutional capacity-building and higher education’s role in moving the agriculture and food security agenda forward. When the board commissioned a 2014 study on human and institutional capacity development in agriculture to provide guidance to USAID within the framework of Feed the Future, it tapped Purdue’s retired Dean of Agriculture Vic Lechtenberg to lead the effort. Through Gebisa Ejeta’s membership on BIFAD, the Center contributes to government and USAID policies related to food security. BIFAD members work with agency staff in shaping ideas. As a third-party witness, the board’s consultations with Congressional leaders offered knowledge and information on the agency’s work, contributing to the enactment of the Global Food Security Act of 2016 and helping to shape the federal Global Food Security Strategy for FY 2017-2021.

BIFAD recognizes the important role of land-grant universities in domestic and international agricultural development.

With the Center’s support, Purdue hosted a two-day BIFAD meeting on campus in October 2015. The meeting gave Purdue faculty a chance to learn about the work of USAID and BIFAD, and showcase Purdue’s initiatives in post-harvest management, extension, and climate change, and its range of programs in capacity development.

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World Food Prize Foundation Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug first envisioned the World Food Prize, in 1986, as the equivalent of a Nobel in food security. The World Food Prize Foundation based in Des Moines, Iowa, annually awards the prize now widely known as “the Nobel of Agriculture.” The foundation also organizes a Borlaug Dialogue conference that brings together more than 1,200 people to discuss topics related to food security and hosts a Global Youth Institute where high school students present their ideas for tackling global development challenges. As a World Food Prize Laureate, Gebisa Ejeta participates in organizing and participating on panels at the Borlaug Dialogue. The Center also contributes to the successful Indiana Youth Program, supporting educational programming throughout the year that prepares and recommends high school candidates from Indiana to the WFP Global Youth Institute.

Gebisa Ejeta, Distinguished Professor and 2009 World Food Prize Laureate

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Other exchanges are less formal but no less important. Ambassador Kenneth Quinn, foundation president, gave the keynote address at the 2015 Borlaug Summer Institute. The Center annually sponsors Borlaug Fellows’ travel to Des Moines to attend the Borlaug Dialogue and World Food Prize award ceremony.

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Science Advice at the UN At the end of the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development — Rio+20 — which declared the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon created a Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) to provide opportunities for science to inform UN policy and “to further inform the debate on sustainable development.” The board’s membership comprises renowned scientists representing various fields of natural, social, and human sciences. Center Director Gebisa Ejeta serves as a member of the SAB. The secretary-general hoped “the Advisory Board would strengthen the interface between science and policy, so that the latest scientific findings are reflected in the UN High-Level Panel discussions.” In its three years the board has met five times — in Berlin, Paris, Kuala Lumpur, Saint Petersburg, and Trieste. It has produced policy briefs that address the role of science, technology, and innovation in achieving sustainable development, in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals.

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Students Advocating Food Security Undergraduate Internships

Distinguished Lectures on Global Food Security

The Center has employed 20 undergraduate interns, who help in a range of activities and programs. From data collection and literature searches to supporting proposal development, the students contribute to Center operations while immersing themselves in the work and language of global food security.

The Center hosts Distinguished Lectures by bringing in thought leaders to share their insights on food security and global development, and inviting the campus and community to join in the conversation about these issues. Among our guest speakers: •

Roger Thurow, “Raising the Clamor,” 2011. Senior fellow for global agriculture and food policy at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs; former Wall Street Journal foreign correspondent and co-writer of a Pulitzer Prizefinalist series of stories on famine in Africa; co-author, Enough: Why the World’s Poorest Starve in an Age of Plenty.



Sir Gordon Conway, “Can We Feed the World?” 2012. Professor of International Development at Imperial College, London. Member, World Food Prize Council of Advisors; former president, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Royal Geographical Society; former vice chancellor, University of Sussex; chief scientific advisor to the UK Department of International Development; author, The Doubly Green Revolution: Food for All in the 21st Century and One Billion Hungry: Can We Feed the World?



Senator Richard Lugar, “Feeding the World: Overcoming Political Obstacles to Reach Our Agricultural Potential,” 2014. Retired 36-year member of the U.S. Senate; chairman or ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relation Committee or the Senate Agriculture Committee, 1985-2013.



Catherine Bertini, “Ending Hunger and Building Long-Term Food Security through Food Aid/Assistance,” 2016. Vice Chair and Professor of Public Administration and International Affairs, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University.

Student Organizations

Rwandan children benefit from Swipe Out Starvation at Purdue.

The Center works with a number of undergraduate student organizations to raise awareness of local and global food insecurity. The groups take different approaches but consistently mobilize students to take action to combat hunger at home or abroad. Three organizations are highlighted here. Internationally Connected in Agriculture’s Future (ICA Future) offers an inclusive environment in which international and domestic students in the College of Agriculture build relationships and learn about cultures other than their own. The group meets biweekly for conversation, presentations, and special events. From hot-pot nights to pumpkin carving, ICA Future students find a family at Purdue. Swipe Out Starvation provides opportunities for members of the Purdue community to make a meaningful contribution against hunger. Students with a university meal plan trade food items for Swipe Out Starvation cards, each worth 25 cents. The university then buys the cards. In 2015-2016, Swipe Out Starvation raised more than $23,000. About half of the funds go to Food Finders in Lafayette, which runs food pantries for food-insecure people in the area. The other half is allocated to the Land of a Thousand Hills NGO in Rwanda, which pays a fair wage to Rwandan coffee farmers to help them with their basic needs. ACE Student Food Pantry at Purdue University organizes the Action Hunger Day every August. More than 100 students volunteer their time and energy to develop and distribute promotional materials on campus and in Lafayette and West Lafayette. Student volunteers then work over a full month to support the ACE food pantry by collecting donations, packaging food, and helping their peers who come in for food.

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POLICY AND ADVOCACY

Purdue Faculty Partnerships with Global Organizations Involved in the Study and Implementation of Food Security Policy Programming The Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS) of the G20 and the FAO The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation The Chicago Council on Global Affairs The Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) The Consortium Board of the CGIAR The Independent Science & Partnership Council of the CGIAR The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Food Security Working Group The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) The European Commission Agricultural Outlook Conference The Global Crop Diversity Trust The International Life Sciences Institute The National Academy of Sciences Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources The National Science Foundation The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) The U.S. Department of State The U.S. Government Board for International Food and Agricultural Development (BIFAD) The U.S. Government Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) The United Nations Science Advisory Board (UNSAB) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) The World Bank Group The World Food Prize Foundation

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Ambassador Kenneth Quinn (right), president of the World Food Prize Foundation, spoke to participants at the 2015 Borlaug Summer Institute, inspiring them with stories and the wisdom of Dr. Borlaug.

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Purdue Center for Global Food Security Executive Committee

Borlaug Fellows global program collaborators. We are grateful to these remarkably diverse institutional and organizational partners whose support of the Borlaug Graduate Research Fellows Program is crucial to training the next generation of scientists in food security.

Elikplimi (Eli) K. Asem Professor of Physiology College of Veterinary Medicine Ernest (Chip) R. Blatchley III Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental and Ecological Engineering Sylvie M. Brouder Professor of Agronomy and Horticulture Director, Water Quality Field Station Thomas W. Hertel Distinguished Professor of Agricultural Economics Executive Director of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) David Hummels (through 2015) Dean and Professor of Economics Krannert School of Management John H. Lumkes Jr. Associate Professor of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Associate Director of the Global Engineering Program (GEP) Gerald E. Shively Professor of Agricultural Economics Associate Department Head Director of the M.S. and PhD programs in Agricultural Economics Connie M. Weaver Distinguished Professor of Nutrition Head of the Department of Nutrition Science Clifford F. Weil Professor of Agronomy Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research S. Laurel Weldon Distinguished Professor of Political Science Director of the Purdue Policy Research Institute (PPRI)

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Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute – Bahirdar, Ethiopia AMPATH – Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare – Eldoret, Kenya An Giang University – Long Xuyen, Vietnam Anacafe – Guatemala City, Guatemala AVRDC – World Vegetable Center Benares Hindu University and ICRI (Institute of Clinical Research of India) – Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Biodiversity International – Rome, Italy CATIE – Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center – Turrialba, Costa Rica CEAPRED – Center for Environment and Agricultural Policy Research, Extension and Development – Patan, Nepal CGIAR – Challenge Program on Water and Food – Mekong, Vientiane, Laos CIAT – International Center for Tropical Agriculture – Cali, Colombia CIFOR – Center for International Forestry Research – Bogor, Indonesia CIMMYT – International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center – Texcoco, Mexico CIP – International Potato Center – La Molina, Peru Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana – New TafoAkim, Eastern Region, Ghana College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda – Kigali, Rwanda EMBRAPA – Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation – Brasilia, Brazil FHIA – Honduras Foundation for Agricultural Research – San Pedro Sula, Honduras IAPRI – Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute – Lusaka, Zambia ICARDA – International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas – Beirut, Lebanon

ICIMOD – International Center for Integrated Mountain Development – Katmandu, Nepal ICIPE – International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology – Nairobi, Kenya ICRAF – World Agroforestry Center – Nairobi, Kenya ICRISAT – International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics – Patancheru, India IFDC – International Fertilizer Development Center – Muscle Shoals, Alabama IFPRI – International Food Policy Research Institute – Washington, DC IITA – International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Ibadan, Nigeria ILRI - International Livestock Research Institute – Nairobi, Kenya Institut des Regions Arides IRA – Institute for Arid Regions – Medenine, Tunisia IRRI – International Rice Research Institute – Los Baños, Philippines IWMI – International Water Management Institute Battaramulla, Sri Lanka Kad Africa – Fort Portal, Uganda KALRO – Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization – Nairobi, Kenya Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute – Kampala, Uganda Kenya Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries – Nairobi, Kenya Mountains of the Moon University – Fort Portal, Uganda NaCRRI - National Crops Resources Research Institute (Uganda) – Kampala, Uganda NARO - National Agricultural Research Organization – Entebbe, Uganda Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science & Technology – Arusha, Tanzania

RIDA – Research Inputs and Development Action – Katmandu, Nepal Nutrition Innovation Lab/NARC – Nepal Agricultural Research Council – Patan, Nepal RUA – Royal University of Agriculture (Cambodia) – Phnom Penh, Cambodia SARI – Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (Ghana) – Tamale, Ghana Sokoine University – Morogoro, Tanzania Tumbi Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture – Tabora, Tanzania Universidad de Antioquia – Antioquia, Colombia Universidad del Valle de Guatemala – Guatemala, Guatemala University of Costa Rica – San Pedro Montes de Oca, Costa Rica University of El Salvador – San Salvador, El Salvador University of Eldoret – Eldoret, Kenya University of KwaZulu-Natal – Durban, South Africa World Bank Treasury – Washington, DC WorldFish – Penang, Malaysia ZARI – Zambia Agricultural Research Institute – Chilanga, Zambia Zamorano University – Morazán, Honduras Zanmi Lasante or Partners in Health – Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti

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Application evaluators, speakers and advisors. We appreciate the time and support of the following individuals who lent their expertise to the U.S. Borlaug Fellows Program in Global Food Security, either as application evaluators for the Summer Institute on Global Food Security and Borlaug Fellowships; or as speakers, panelists, and group project advisors at the Summer Institute.

Phil Abbott, Purdue University Dris Abraham, Prophetstown Farm Jun Acedo, AVRDC Lalatendu Acharya, Purdue University Adedayo Adeyanju, Purdue University Jay Akridge, Purdue University Pamela Anderson, CIP Eli Asem, Purdue University Janet Ayres, Purdue University Suresh Babu, IFPRI Joseph Balagtas, Purdue University Roy Ballard, Purdue University Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, IITA Dieudonné Baributsa, Purdue University Jim Beaty, Purdue University Benjamin Belton, WorldFish Tamara Benjamin, Purdue University Rob Bertram, USAID Alesha Black, The Chicago Council on Global Affairs Chip Blatchley, Purdue University Dana Boggess, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Brandon Boor, Purdue University Julie Borlaug, The Borlaug Institute Vince Bralts, Purdue University Aniseh Bro, Michigan State University Sylvie Brouder, Purdue University Paul Brown, Purdue University Richard Buckius, Purdue University Betty Bugusu, Purdue University Andrea Burniske, Purdue University Gary Burniske, Purdue University Jill Cairns, CIMMYT Diana Caley, New York University Nick Carpita, Purdue University

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Peter Goldsbrough, Purdue University Jay Gore, Purdue University Caitlin Grady, Purdue University Ben Gramig, Purdue University Rich Grant, Purdue University Jonathan Gressel, Weizmann Institute of Science Ellen Gruenbaum, Purdue University Amos Gyau, ICRAF Steve Hallett, Purdue University Patrick Hatzenbuehler, Purdue University Vern Hawkins, Syngenta Crop Protection Jonathon Hellin, CIMMYT Tom Hertel, Purdue University Lori Hoagland, Purdue University Jeff Holland, Purdue University Julie Howard, USAID Matt Huber, Purdue University David Hummels, Purdue University Danny Hunter, Bioversity International Klein Ileleji, Purdue University Chad Jafvert, Purdue University Gary Jahn, USAID Nic Jelinski, University of Minnesota Brent Jesiek, Purdue University Jian Jin, Purdue University Brad Joern, Purdue University Gurmukh Johal, Purdue University Jennifer Johnson, Purdue University Cliff Johnston, Purdue University Joerg Jores, ILRI Yilma Kebede, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Kevin Keener, Purdue University Peter Laderach, CIAT Mike Ladisch, Purdue University

Pietro Ceccato, Columbia University Indrajeet Chaubey, Purdue University Pauline Chivenge, IWMI Floriane Clement, IWMI Adam Cobb, Oklahoma State University Clara Cohen, USAID Denise Costich, CIMMYT Melba Crawford, Purdue University Mitch Daniels, Purdue University Jennifer DeBoer, Purdue University Fabrice DeClerck, Bioversity International Nicholas Denwar, SARI Andre Devaux, CIP Joe DeVries, AGRA Tomás Díaz de la Rubia, Purdue University Otto Doering, Purdue University Karen Duca, USAID Barny Dunning, Purdue University Angelica Duran, Purdue University Ruben Echeverria, CIAT Gebisa Ejeta, Purdue University Sunday Ekesi, ICIPE Margot Ellis, USAID David Ellis, CIP Shenggen Fan, IFPRI Songlin Fei, Purdue University Sofia Feng, North Carolina State University Mario Ferruzzi, Purdue University Rose Filley, Purdue University Joan Fulton, Purdue University Alessandra Galie, CIAT Suresh Garimella, Purdue University Sika Gbegbelegbe, CIMMYT Kevin Gibson, Purdue University

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Petrus Langenhoven, Purdue University Vic Lechtenberg, Purdue University Don Lehe, Lehe Farms Jeevan Lohani, RIDA Jess Lowenberg-DeBoer, Purdue University Luna Lu, Purdue University John Lumkes, Purdue University Zhao Ma, Purdue University Victor Manyong, IITA Maria Marshall, Purdue University Chad Martin, Purdue University Peter Matlon, Cornell University Maureen McCann, Purdue University Andrew McDonald, CIMMYT Paul McNamara, University of Illinois Tesfaye Mengiste, Purdue University Venkatesh Merwade, Purdue University Shannon Mesenhowski, USAID Tewodaj Mogues, IFPRI Sam Mohanty, IRRI Lisa Eakman Moon, The Chicago Council on Global Affairs Elsa Murano, Texas A&M University Larry Murdock, Purdue University Moses Musaazi, Mekerere University Tom Mustillo, Purdue University Amy Nagy, USAID Susan Nchimbi, Sokoine University Phil Nelson, Purdue University Ngoni Nenguwo, AVRDC Henry Neufeldt, ICRAF Wilson Ng’etich, University of Eldoret Charles Ngugi, Ministry of Ag, Kenya Larry Nies, Purdue University

Shimon Nof, Purdue University Susan Owens, USAID Charles Owubah, World Vision International Brian Pace, The Ohio State University Rajul Pandya-Lorch, IFPRI Lindsay Parish, USAID Paul Pavelic, IWMI Bryan Pijanowski, Purdue University Karen Plaut, Purdue University Tracy Powell, USAID Linda Prokopy, Purdue University Kenneth Quinn, The World Food Prize Foundation Kashchandra Raghothama, Purdue University Arvind Raman, Purdue University Idupulapati Rao, CIAT Leigh Raymond, Purdue University Alan Rebar, Purdue University Matthew Reynolds, CIMMYT Jacob Ricker-Gilbert, Purdue University Torbert Rocheford, Purdue University Michael Roth, Tetra Tech Olivier Roupsard. CATIE Mark, Russell, Purdue University Alexander Saak, IFPRI John Sanders, Purdue University Timothy Sands, Purdue University Birinchi Sarma, ICRI, Benares Paul Schickler, DuPont Pioneer Darrell Schulze, Purdue University Michael Selvaraj, CIAT Jerry Shively, Purdue University Elizabeth Skewgar, USAID Rolf Sommer, CIAT Jose Pablo Soto-Arias, University of Wisconsin

David Spielman, IFPRI Jeff Stuart, Purdue University Farzad Taheripour, Purdue University Zachary Tchoundjeu, ICRAF Sean Thompson, Texas A&M University Mary Tiedeman, Iowa State University Philippe Tixier, CATIE Samuel Trachsel, CIMMYT Elizabeth Trybula, Purdue University Ron Turco, Purdue University Wally Tyner, Purdue University Tor-Gunnar Vagen, ICRAF Bjorn Van Campenhout, IFPRI Connie Veillette, The Lugar Center Ronnie Vernooy, Bioversity International Jeff Volenec, Purdue University Dave Watson, CIMMYT Connie Weaver, Purdue University Cliff Weil, Purdue University Steve Weller, Purdue University Leigh Winowiecki, CIAT Cliff Wojtalewicz, Purdue University Terry Wollen, USAID Charles Woloshuk, Purdue University Murat Yakubov, IWMI Steve Yaninek, Purdue University Yuehwern Yih, Purdue University Birru Yitaferu, Amhara Research Institute Laura Zanotti, Purdue University

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A Grandfather’s Legacy Norman Borlaug’s influence on the Purdue Center for Global Food Security has been profound. Our work today reflects his commitment to the science of agriculture, taking new technologies to the farmer, a holistic approach to feeding the world, and passion for training the next generation of scientists. To the world, Borlaug was a towering figure — a humanitarian and agronomist credited with saving a billion people worldwide from starvation, Nobel Prize Laureate, and “Father of the Green Revolution.” But to his five grandchildren, he was simply “II Daddy” (two-daddy), says his granddaughter Julie Borlaug, associate director of The Norman Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture at Texas A&M University and a friend of the Center.

Julie Borlaug, associate director of The Norman Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture at Texas A&M University

Her grandfather instilled in them the value of education and sports, she says. He was an accomplished collegiate wrestler and an avid reader on a wide range of topics who was rarely without his highlighter. Borlaug was also “an unconventional scientist who pushed boundaries,” she adds. “He knew the science wasn’t going to do it alone — that it would take science, economic policies, and support of the government.” Before he died in 2009, Norman Borlaug saw his granddaughter join his namesake center at Texas A&M. A veteran of nonprofit fundraising, Julie could hardly imagine a cause more compelling than preventing a child from dying of starvation. The key, she learned from her grandfather, is agricultural innovation and technology in the hands of the next generation: “He told me, ‘You need to keep that up. Please be my voice.’” We are confident that Norman Borlaug’s voice resonates as strongly with the young researchers supported by the Purdue Center for Global Food Security, who are poised to continue his work of addressing our Global Grand Challenges through science and activism.

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The Purdue Center for

GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY Purdue’s Center for Global Food Security is working to ensure that we have enough food, feed, and fuel for the 21st century and beyond. The Center mobilizes and focuses the talent pool of its faculty and partners on the evolving challenges arising from the interactions among agricultural production and food systems with climate change, energy demand and supply, policy responses, population growth, and the associated development pressures.

Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.