HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION OF THE CARPET SHELL CLAM Tapes deccussatus FROM EGYPTIAN CLAM FISHERIES El-Wazzan, E.*, Abbas, A.S., and Kamal, M. Marine Invertebrates Lab, Aquaculture Division National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF) Qaiyet-Bay, El-Anfoushi, Alexandria, 21556, Egypt *
[email protected]
There is rising demand for economically important edible bivalves species (e.g. oysters, clams, mussels and cockles) in Egypt for local market and probably for export.
Production of bivalves and cockles represents very small proportion of total fish production (0.36% in 2011) in Egypt (GAFRD, 2011). World production of bivalves has contribution from both fisheries and aquaculture sources.
Bivalve production in Egypt is only from commercial fisheries with no contribution from aquaculture (GAFRD, 2011).
Fishermen claim that bivalve fisheries are declining probably due to overfishing and/or pollution.
There is need for developing bivalve aquaculture in Egypt for fisheries restoration.
A US-Egypt project (Egyptian part is funded by STDF) To establish bivalve aquaculture in Egypt and improve it in USA (El-Wazzan and Scarpa 2010 – 2013). The commercially important carpet shell clam, Tapes deccussatus was selected as potential candidate for bivalve aquaculture in Egypt as well as for biomonitoring of bivalve health. The project Studied Tapes clams regarding: Reproductive Biology (El-Wazzan et al. 2012; 104th NSA annual meeting). Microbial Study (El-Sersy et al. 2012; 104th NSA annual meeting). Histopathology (Radwan et al. 2012; 104th NSA annual meeting). Heavy Metal contamination (El-Wazzan et al., 2013; Aquaculture 2013) Disease resistance and heat shock protein 70 expression’s response to pathogen (in progress).
Monitor heavy metals in clams from its main fisheries in Egypt.
Evaluate the possible risk associated with clam consumption.
Select approved grow-out sites for potential clam aquaculture in Egypt.
1. Study Locations:
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Clams were collected from six study stations exposed to different levels of industrial and municipal discharge levels, clean vs. contaminated.
I. Alexandria: 1. El-Max (polluted)
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2. El-Kashafa (polluted) 3. NIOF (clean)
II. Damietta (farm)
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El-Mahasma drain that disposes Ismailia city sewage and industrial wastes to Timsah II station basin.
4. Ezbet El-Borg (clean)
III. Ismailia (Timsah Lake) 5. Timsah I (clean) 6. Timsah II (polluted)
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2. Heavy Metals Analysis • Market size clams (≥ 2 cm shell length) were opened, whole soft tissue was removed and weighed to 15±1 g.
Alexandria
Ismailia
Damietta
• Heavy metals (ppm) were measured at NIOF central Lab using SHIMADZU Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer AA-6800.
Average Values of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Clam Tissues From Egyptian Fisheries During Winter & Spring Seasons (Dec – Feb / Mar – May) 2010 – 2011. Heavy metal measured (ppm) during winter / spring seasons as compared to FAO/WHO (1999) Permissible Limits (PL) Cd Zn Cu Heavy Metal Pb (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 0.1 60.0 3.0 **PL 0.214 Ismailia (Temsah 1) Ismailia (Temsah 2) Alexandria (El-Max) Alexandria (NIOF) Alexandria (El-Kashafa) Damietta (Ezbet Elborg)
0.667 / 1.987
0.542 / 0.456
0.026 / 0.486
5.668 / 6.223
1.181 / 3.034
N.D. / 3.489
N.D. / 1.156
5.448 / 9.208
0.011/ 0.319
1.486 / 4.939
N.D. / 2.238
9.374 / 15.854
0.211 / 0.309
4.066 / 3.058
0.026 / 0.191
7.739 / 8.007
0.290 / 0.135
4.306 / 0.457
0.010 / 0.043
8.658 / 10.832
1.147 / 2.472
1.500 / 2.689
0.055 / 0.098
4.943 / 6.532
** Permissible Limit according to FAO/WHO (1999).
Average Values of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water From Egyptian Fisheries During the Winter and Spring Seasons (Dec – Feb / Mar – May) 2010 – 2011. Heavy metal measured (ppm) during winter / spring seasons as compared to FAO/WHO (1999) Permissible Limits (PL) Cu Cd Zn Heavy Metal Pb (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 **PL Ismailia (Temsah 1) Ismailia (Temsah 2) Alexandria (El-Max) Alexandria (NIOF) Alexandria (El-Kashafa) Damietta (Ezbet Elborg)
0.014 /4.36
2.210/0.78
N.D./0.13
0.011/3.93
0.011/ 4.99
1.975/0.88
N.D./0.20
0.013/3.22
0.009/ 5.76
N.D./1.05
N.D./0.12
0.005/4.63
0.011/3.80
0.709/ 0.89
N.D./0.15
0.024/5.90
0.010/3.21
N.D/0.45
N.D./0.14
0.009/5.82
0.016/3.00
1.740/0.15
N.D./0.11
0.011/3.02
**PL: permissible limits according to USEPA (1986).
Average Values of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediments From Egyptian Fisheries During the Winter Seasons (Dec – Feb / Mar – May) 2010 – 2011. Heavy metal measured (ppm) dry weight during winter / spring seasons as compared to Low effect and severe effect levels according to Long and Morgan (1990) and Persuad et. al. (1992) . Heavy Metal (ppm) **Low Effect – Severe Effect Level Ismailia (Temsah 1) Ismailia (Temsah 2) Alexandria (El-Max) Alexandria (NIOF) Alexandria (El-Kashafa) Damietta (Ezbet Elborg)
Pb (ppm)
Cu (ppm)
Cd (ppm)
Zn (ppm)
31 - 110
16 -110
0.6 -10.0
120 -270
47.668 / 38.789
14.134 /12.839
0.242 / 0.370
2.463 / 45.579
54.591 / 41.453
16.456 / 20.672
0.242 / 2.782
15.65 / 53.653
28.952 / 18.934
13.690 / 14.333
0.237/ 5.313
8.66 / 18.732
22.251 / 28.325
9.174 / 8.639
0.190 / 4.673
68.46 / 120.543
19.180 / 13.155
16.740 / 13.905
0.219 / 4.660
34.99 / 25.761
1.863 / 2.531
13.112 / 12. 559
0.169 / 0.230
19.90 / 22.567
** Low effect and severe effect levels according to Long and Morgan (1990) and Persuad et. al. (1992) http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/seddoc.pdf
Results showed that the studied sites are not suitable for clam aquaculture or natural harvest of clams for human consumption unless government regulations are enacted, to protect public health.
Most Egyptian bivalve fisheries are contaminated with pollutants, especially heavy metals and sewage driven pathogens.
There is a safety concern regarding the local consumption and export of bivalves from these Egyptian fisheries without adequate environmental safeguards.
More Egyptian clam Fisheries need to be monitored for heavy metals contamination to select approved waters for bivalve aquaculture.
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Commercial clam fisheries along the Egyptian coasts: I. The Mediterranean; 1) Marsa Matrouh, 2) Alexandria, 3) Damietta, 4) Port Said, II. Suez Canal; 5) Ismailia (Timsah Lake and bitter lakes), Fayed and 6) Suez III. The Red Sea.
An East-Med-FAO-GAFRD-NIOF project (2013 – 2014) for the development of the clam fishery in Egypt Phase I – Assessment of the Resources Evaluation of suitability of different Egyptian clam species to human consumption • • • • • • • • • • • •
Glycymeris insubrica (Brocchi, 1814) Anadara polii (Mayer, 1868) Tellina planata (Linnaeus, 1758) Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758) Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret, 1789) Gastrana fragilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Mactra stultorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Venerupsis aurea (Gmelin, 1791) Paphia textilis (Gmelin, 1791) Donax semistriatus (Poli, 1795) – (most abundant species).
The current research was funded by: Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF), Egypt through the US-Egypt Joint Project # 1971 “Biomarker Assisted Selection for Disease-Resistance in Clams for Establishing Egyptian and Improving American Bivalve Aquaculture”
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