Heinemann Science Scheme Foundation Book 1 - Pearson Schools

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Heinemann Science Scheme Foundation Book 1 Byron Dawson Pupil book ISBN: 0435 58330 1

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L A I R E MAT

Answers to all the questions in the Pupil Book

© Harcourt Education 2003

This material may be freely copied for institutional use. However, this material is copyright and under no circumstances may copies be offered for sale.

Foundation book 1 answers

Cells Topic A1 a Stomach and intestines. b Bones and muscles. c heart d lungs e leaf f flower Living things all feed, move, grow and reproduce. Living things are made from small building blocks called cells. A group of the same kind of cell is called a tissue. Groups of tissues make an organ. An example of an organ is the heart. Topic A2 a lens b mirror c stage d It makes it difficult to see the cells. Microscopes make things look bigger than they really are. The number of times a microscope increases the size of an object is called the magnification. Every microscope has two lenses. A mirror is used to reflect light into the microscope. Topic A3 a There were no microscopes before 1665, so cells could not be seen. b Robert Hooke was only able to see the outline of the cells; modern powerful microscopes allow one to see the details and structures within each cell. c Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. Cell wall, chloroplast, and vacuole would only be found in a plant cell.

Unit A

Topic A4 a B b E Plants absorb water from the soil through root hair cells. Animals send messages around their bodies along nerve cells. Some cells, like egg cells, are large because they have a food store. Red blood cells do not have a nucleus, so they can carry more oxygen. Some cells like sperm cells can move because they have a long tail. Topic A5 a tissues b windows c muscle d bone e skin Tissues are made of cells, but organs are made of tissues. Topic A6 a So that when the cell divides, each cell will contain a nucleus. b fertilisation c Pollination is the arrival of pollen grains on the stigma of a flower. Fertilisation is the joining of a male pollen cell with a female egg cell. 1 Appropriate drawing (as under in text question a). 2 Pollen grains containing pollen cells arrive on the stigma of a flower. A pollen tube grows out of the pollen cell. The nucleus of the pollen cell moves down the pollen tube until it meets the ovary.

1 q Harcourt Education Ltd 2003. Heinemann Science Scheme 1


Reproduction Topic B1 a Sperm cell. b Egg cell. c Lots of the baby tadpoles will not survive. d Humans produce much fewer children.

Unit B

Topic B5 a To develop fully. b Alcohol and smoke are poisonous to the developing baby.

Fertilisation happens when a male cell and a female cell join together. Humans produce fewer offspring than frogs because we look after them for longer. In humans fertilisation is internal.

Pregnancy lasts for about nine months. It starts when an embryo implants in the uterus. Food and oxygen can pass across the placenta from the mother's blood to the baby's. The baby is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord.

Topic B2 a Correct drawing and arrow, similar to text. b Correct drawing and arrow, similar to text.

Topic B6 a The placenta passes out of the vagina. b Premature.

Males make sperm in their testes and females make eggs. The sperm swim to the eggs to fertilise them. The egg is large and contains food. The sperm is streamlined and has a tail.

Birth starts when contractions occur in the uterus. This is called labour. About twenty minutes after the baby is born the placenta passes out of the vagina. The mother produces milk to feed her baby.

Topic B3 a Practical work. A fertilised egg divides to form a ball of cells called an embryo. The embryo implants into the lining of the uterus. The woman is then pregnant. Topic B4 a They will not all be fertilised. b two 1 Ovulation occurs on day 14. 2 Menstruation takes place between days 1 and 5. 3 The cycle lasts for 28 days.


Topic B7 a For boys, any two from: hair grows on the face and body, pubic and underarm hair grows, voice becomes deeper, muscles develop, penis enlarges. For girls, any two from: hips get wider, pubic and underarm hair grows, breasts begin to grow, menstruation starts. Physical and emotional changes occur during adolescence. They occur at different times in boys and girls. The physical changes that occur during adolescence are called puberty.


Environment and feeding relationships Topic C1 a Dark and light; wet and dry. b Any one from: they are streamlined, have gills to be able to breathe in water, have fins and a tail to push them through the water. c Any one from: they have large wings and a tail to help them to fly, they are streamlined to help them move through the air. d Any from: it has large claws, pointed head, powerful leg muscles, smooth skin. The place where an animal or a plant lives is called a habitat. The differences between habitats are called environmental factors. Animals and plants are adapted to live in their own habitat. Topic C2 a 6 am b Accept any time between 4 pm and 6 pm. c 2 pm d Put woodlice in a chamber in which half is exposed to light and the other half is covered. 1 Any two acceptable suggestions, such as light change, temperature change, etc. 2 Either put on more clothes or find another habitat which was warmer. Topic C3 a More leaves, flowers, greenery, etc in summer than in winter. b Any reasonable suggestions, birds being the most likely. c They shed their leaves and reduce growth. d Any reasonable, such as tortoise, dormouse, bats, etc. Living things change their behaviour when the environment changes. Some animals migrate in search of food. Insects go dormant in a protective case. Hedgehogs hibernate in a deep sleep until spring.

Unit C

Topic C4 a Any reasonable, such as tiger, fox, etc. b Any reasonable, such as rabbit, mouse, etc. c Fast runner, sharp claws, powerful jaws, etc. d Long ears. e Any of: turtle, armadillo, lobster, crab, clam, oyster, etc. A lion is a predator and a zebra is its prey. A kestrel has sharp claws to hold its prey, but a rabbit has eyes on the sides of its head to see the kestrel coming. Predators are adapted to catch prey. Prey are adapted to escape from a predator. Topic C5 a Any two from: seeds ! mouse ! owl; berries ! bird ! weasel; plants ! butterflies ! shrews; worm ! mole. b Carnivore: any one of weasel, owl, mole or shrew; herbivore: any of bird, butterfly or mouse. c Any pair of: snails and insects, large bird and pike, small fish and small bird, small bird and duck, small fish and duck, bird of prey and fox. Plants make food and are called producers. All animals are called consumers. Animals that eat plants are also called herbivores. Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores. Topic C6 a So that they are not eaten by predators. b Lure with food, bright light, etc. c roses To collect insects from a tree I would gently shake a branch. To collect insects that I can see close up, I would use a pooter. The animals that I collect should always be treated with care.



Variation and classification Topic D1 a Any three from: short and long legs, ears, tail, fur; thick muscular body, long slender body. b blue c green d 150.0±159.9 cm. Humans differ from each other in size of ears and colour of eyes. These differences are called variation. Topic D2 a mother b They have inherited different features from their parents; inherited variation. c The second tree, the one shown on the right. Eye colour is an example of inherited variation. Hair length is an example of environmental variation. Topic D3 a Any reasonable description. b Drawing similar to fish at bottom of picture. c Correct table for fish chosen.

Unit D

Topic D5 a Any one from: it makes it easier for one scientist to tell other scientists about a particular species; if they find a new living thing they can put it into one of the groups and this helps them understand it; it helps us see how closely related two different species are. b So they understand each other and are certain that the exact same species was being discussed. c Lion, human, cat, dog all in `animal kingdom' and oak tree, daffodil and rose in `plant kingdom'. Scientists classify living things because it helps them understand them. They use Latin names for different species of plants and animals so that scientists from different countries can all understand each other. Plants and animals belong to two different kingdoms. Topic D6 a

Body parts

Whiskers

Legs

Fur length

Mouth/ teeth

Group name

Skin type

Lungs or gills

Babies or eggs

Water or land

How many?

about 16

4

up to 10 cm

1/about 20

birds

feathers

lungs

eggs

land

How big?

up to 70 cm long

up to 20 cm

±

small/sharp

fish

scales

gills

eggs

water

What colour?

black or white

not green or red

not green or red

±

amphibians

soft, wet skin lungs

eggs

land and water

mammals

hair or fur

lungs

babies

land and water

reptiles

dry skin and scales

lungs

eggs

land

Topic D4 a Suitable drawing. b Suitable drawings, correctly grouping wholeleaf types and sectioned leaves. c Fox (or wolf), dog, horse, cat, snake, mouse, newt. Sorting living things into groups is called classifying. Groups like humans, cats and dogs are all different species. Species are groups that have lots of features in common.


1 Lion, frog, fish, snake and bird under vertebrates; snail, housefly, spider under invertebrates. 2 Newt ± reptile; sparrow ± bird; shark ± fish; kangaroo ± mammal; tortoise ± amphibian.


Acids and alkalis Topic E1 a Toilet cleaner, lemons, lime, oranges, apples, pickled onions, red wine, aspirin, pickled red cabbage. b Caustic soda, bicarbonate of soda, soap, washing powder, oven cleaner, sink and plug unblocker. c Appropriate list, eg, vinegar, citrus fruits, etc. d A corrosive acid or alkali. e They are safe acids. 1 Any two of: lemons, lime, oranges, apples, pickled onions, red wine, aspirin, pickled red cabbage. 2 Any two of: bicarbonate of soda, soap, washing powder. Topic E2 a pink-red b yellow-green c blue d red Chemicals that change colour in acids and alkalis are called indicators. We make them from the juice of some plants. They are useful because acids and alkalis often look the same.

Unit E

Topic E4 a With its sharp needles. b Vinegar is also acid and will increase the irritation. c To make the alkaline wasp sting neutral. You should rub an alkali onto a bee sting and an acid onto a wasp sting. Acids and alkalis cancel each other out and become neutral. Topic E5 a Pickled onions contain acid and will therefore cause indigestion. b `Rennie', `Andrews' salts', `Rap-eze', `milk of magnesia', `Bisodol', `Setlers' antacid', `Heartburn and Indigestion Liquid'. c They contain antacids or alkalis which make the acid neutral. d blue-green e orange-red We use antacids to treat indigestion. They are alkaline and so they neutralise too much stomach acid. We should not neutralise all the acid in our stomach because we need some acid for digestion.

Topic E3 a So that we know if we have to take care when we handle them. b 3 (accept 2 or 3) c acid d strong e 9 (accept 8 or 9) f alkali g weak h neutral i It doesn't turn colour; it remains the same colour. The strength of acids and alkalis can be measured using Universal Indicator paper. The pH scale is numbered from 0 to 14. Things that are not acids or alkalis are called neutral.



Simple chemical reactions

Unit F

Topic F1 a Coal turning to ashes. b Any three of: temperature change, formation of bubbles, change of colour or appearance, making a smell.

Topic F4 a Burning is a chemical reaction. b Heat, fuel, oxygen. c Air is only partly oxygen. d sulphur

Chemical reactions are smelly change and bubbling change; melting is not a chemical reaction.

Burning is a chemical reaction. In order to burn, we need fuel, heat and oxygen. Oxygen is found in the air that we breathe. This is why things burn in air. When a substance burns it makes an oxide. It burns much faster in pure oxygen. Carbon dioxide is made when carbon burns.

Topic F2 a calcium b iron Some acids are corrosive. When they react with metals they release hydrogen gas. Hydrogen is lighter than air and burns very easily. Acids react faster with some metals than others. Topic F3 a Being heavier than air means that the carbon dioxide gas remains down on top of the fire preventing air from reaching the fire. Since carbon dioxide doesn't burn it will not make the fire larger. b Carbon dioxide is heavier than air. c The acid would react with the marble and make holes in the surface of the statue. d Bubbles are forming. Carbon dioxide turns limewater a milky colour. It is released when acids react with carbonates. The gas carbon dioxide is heavier than air and does not burn.


Topic F5 a Electricity cannot burn. b Any one of: gas, petrol, wood, jet fuel. c Burning methane produces less pollution than burning coal. d milky Fuels release energy when they burn. Coal, oil and gas are all examples of fossil fuels. All these fuels contain carbon. This means that when they burn they produce the gas carbon dioxide. Natural gas is a chemical called methane. Topic F6 a 20% b The oxygen had been used up. c It dissolved in the water. d The candle in the large jar. e Suitable graph drawn. f In the 500 cm3 container. 20% of the air is a gas called oxygen. Some of the carbon dioxide produced when things burn dissolves in water. Things stop burning when all of the oxygen has been used up.


Particle model of solids, liquids and gases Topic G1 a Rock, sandcastle and book are solids. Sea water and fizzy drink are liquids. Heliumfilled balloons are gas. b Individual answers. Solids keep the same shape and size. Liquids change their shape but not their size. Gases change their shape and their size. Topic G2 a The particles themselves must be heavier for some metals than for others. Particles are further apart in a gas. This is why gases can be squashed. Things get bigger when heated because the particles move further apart. The colour from the crystal spreads because the particles move. Topic G3 a Solid: marble, wood, sand, jelly and iron. Liquid: petrol, water and ketchup. Gas: propane and camping gas. b Tomatoes, spirit vinegar, glucose syrup, sugar, salt, spice and herb extracts, spice and garlic powder. c Solids: tomatoes, sugar, salt, spice and garlic powder. Liquids: spirit vinegar, glucose syrup, spice and herb extracts. There are no gases in the ingredients. d A gas. e Individual answers.

Unit G

Topic G4 a In a solid the particles are fixed in place, but in a liquid particles are free to move past each other. b The particles in a gas are very far apart. In a liquid the particles are close together. Particles in a solid are close together and fixed. In a liquid, the particles are free to move. In a gas, the particles are far apart and move in different directions. We can use a model to help us understand how particles work. Topic G5 a B b B c The air particles on the outside of the can pushed the can inwards. Pressure is caused when particles bump into the walls of their container. The greater the number of particles, the higher the pressure. Diffusion happens when particles spread outwards. Perfume smell spreading around a room is an example of diffusion.

Solids: paper clip, jelly. Liquid: water. Gas: steam. Mixtures: crazy foam, hair gel.



Solutions Topic H1 a No, you cannot tell which is which. b Individual answers. c The water particles have evaporated. They are mixed in with air particles. It is not always possible to tell whether something is dissolved in water just by looking at it. A solution is a mixture of a solid and a liquid. We can separate a solution by evaporating the liquid. It is not possible to separate a solution by filtering. Topic H2 a Individual answers. b Sea water contains a lot of salt. In hot countries the water evaporates quickly leaving the salt behind. c The impurities have dissolved in the water. d Allow the water to evaporate. e The wet filter paper contained salt solution. We mine rock salt from the ground. We separate sea salt by evaporating sea water. Rock salt contains impurities that we remove to make it pure. Topic H3 a 350 g b The particles of grit are much larger than the holes in the filter paper. A substance that dissolves in a liquid is called a solute. It seems to disappear but in fact it is still there. The particles of the solid separate and become surrounded by liquid particles. If we weighed the liquid and the solute before mixing, they would weigh the same after they were mixed together.


Unit H

Topic H4 a Evaporate means going from being a liquid to being a gas. b Water on window panes, on the bathroom mirror, etc. c condensation A solute dissolves in a solvent. We can get the solvent back from the mixture by distillation. Distillation means heating the mixture and then condensing the solvent back to a liquid. Topic H5 a Distillation would remove the liquid. The two solids would be left behind as a mixture. b blue c Dye D and either dye A or dye C, or possibly both. It's not certain from this chromatogram. We can separate different coloured dyes using chromatography. We can use chromatography to find out what substances are in a mixture. Chromatogram means coloured picture. Topic H6 a 21 g b 40 g c As the solution cools, less copper sulphate can stay dissolved in the water, so crystals start to form. When no more solute can dissolve in a solvent, the solution is saturated. Scientists call how much solute can dissolve the solubility. Some substances are more soluble than others. The temperature will affect how much solute can dissolve.


Energy resources Topic I1 a Petrol, propane, wood, charcoal, paper, food, etc. b From the wind. c A is 42 8C; B is 53 8C; C is 37.5 8C. When a fuel burns, heat and light are released. Heat and light are examples of energy. Another kind of energy is electricity. Topic I2 a To keep it a fair test. b It's easier to see the flame so you don't forget the burner is on. c 10 8C d 67 8C e So that she could find out how much the temperature had risen. f 18 8C g 23 8C h Burning gas. i The gas pipe is not portable. 1 Always wear goggles, tie any loose hair back and wear a lab coat, check the rubber tubing is not damaged, make sure the beaker won't fall over, use a blue flame to heat the water, change to a yellow flame when not using the burner. 2 Some fuels give out more heat energy than others. We can compare how much heat is given out by different kinds of fuel. Topic I3 a We cannot make more of them. b Wood can be made by growing more forests. c Oil and gas are much cleaner and make less ash and smoke. d Individual answers.

Unit I

Topic I4 a An energy resource that does not get smaller when we use it. b Any three from: wind, solar, hydroelectricity, waves, plants, geothermal. c More energy is received when the Sun shines longer as it does in sunny countries. Wind and waves are examples of renewable energy resources. Other examples are geothermal and sunlight (either order) energy. Solar panels do not work at night. Topic I5 a No, some heat goes into the air and some into the glass of the boiling tube. b Energy is also needed to keep warm and keep our heart pumping. 1 To keep you warm and keep your heart pumping and keep all your body functions working. 2 Active teenagers burn more food fuel in their activities. An older person isn't so active and therefore doesn't need as much food fuel. 3 Humans get their energy from food. Different foods contain different amounts of energy. Energy is measured in units called joules. Topic I6 a All of the energy on the Earth comes from sunshine. b Grass ! sheep ! fox. c Individual responses. Most of our energy comes from the Sun. We can show how the energy is passed from one living thing to another in a food chain.

Individual answers.



Electrical circuits

Unit J

Topic J1 a The cell. b B c Circuit diagram as the one shown, except that the closed switch symbol should replace the open switch symbol.

Topic J4 a Each cell tries to push the current in opposite directions. The result would be that no current flows. b An electron. c The cell.

1 Symbols as shown in the table p109. 2 The switch completes the circuit when closed and turns on the bulb. When the switch is open, the circuit is broken and the bulb is off.

A battery is two or more cells joined together. It pushes electrons around the circuit. The amount a cell pushes is measured in volts.

Topic J2 a The bulb would be even brighter. b The bulbs would get even dimmer. Electric current is measured in amps. More cells will make the bulb glow brighter. More bulbs will make the bulbs glow dimmer. Topic J3 a The electric circuit cannot be completed if there are two faults. b Find a circuit that is working. Replace the cell in the working circuit with the cell that you want to check. c In circuit A, the current misses out the bulb. In circuit B, the current misses out the switch. A fault often stops electric current flowing in a circuit. We can find the fault by testing each part of the circuit. If there is a short circuit, the current can miss out part of the circuit.


Topic J5 a The bulbs are the same brightness as in the simple circuit. b No. The electrons stop flowing. A simple circuit has only one way around a circuit. A parallel circuit has more than one way around the circuit. We can use a model to help us understand how a circuit works. But sometimes models do not work. Topic J6 a The top (OK) fuse. b So that frequent operations on the user would not be necessary to replace the battery. The electrical circuit we use in our homes is called a ring main. If the current is too high, a fuse will melt and break the circuit.


Forces and their effects Topic K1 a wood b There is less friction with ice. c The knots would come undone very easily. d 150 newtons. 1 a 3 b 7 c 3 Topic K2 a Individual answers (wood, polystyrene, cork, etc). b 2.0 N c upthrust d The wood is bigger than the brass rod. The force that stops an object sinking is called upthrust. If an object weighs more than the upthrust it will sink. If an object is less dense than water it will float. Topic K3 a Its density would be greater. b Hot gas and smoke are less dense than cold air. c The density of the fake gold was different from the density of real gold.

Unit K

Topic K4 a The sprinter. b The effort arrow. Individual responses. Topic K5 a 5 m/s b 3 hours c 55 miles Friction is a force caused when two surfaces rub together. We can reduce friction by using a lubricant. We calculate speed by dividing distance by time. Topic K6 a reduced b Reduced even more. c Increased friction. d increased The amount a spring stretches is called the extension. The spring will go back to its original length when you take the force away. We can measure the force of friction using a force meter.

Airships float in air. This is because air has upthrust. A famous scientist called Archimedes used ideas about density to find out whether the King's gold was real or fake.



The solar system and beyond Topic L1 a The horizon looks flat as far as you can see. b An imaginary rod going from the North Pole to the South Pole. 1 Seven times. 2 Half the Earth's surface. 3 It will make the day longer. Topic L2 a When the UK has summer, the Earth's tilt is towards the Sun. At that time Australia is tilted away from the Sun. b The Sun is low in the sky in winter because the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. It takes one year for the Earth to go round the Sun. We have seasons because the Earth is tilted. This also makes the Sun rise high in the sky in summer. Topic L3 a Because it gives out light. b Because it reflects light from the Sun. c A lunar eclipse. The Moon goes round the Earth every 28 days. It reflects light from the Sun. When the Moon goes between the Earth and the Sun there is a solar eclipse. A lunar eclipse happens when the Moon goes into the shadow of the Earth. Topic L4 a Jupiter b Pluto c Venus and Mars. 1 16 2 5 900 000 000 km 3 Mars is further away from the Sun than Earth is.


Topic L5 a Astronomical measurements involve very large distances. To use ordinary units of distance scientists would have to use very very large numbers. Using a large unit like the light year reduces the size of the numbers needed to be used, which makes it more convenient. The closest star to the Earth is called the Sun. The Pole Star is always above the North Pole. It is much further away than the Sun. Topic L6 a Earth b ±223 8C c ±63 8C Planets need water, light and carbon to support life. Other planets in the solar system are too hot or too cold to have liquid water. Mars may once have supported life. Topic L7 a It has `rings' around it. b There is no air which makes the pictures come out clearer. A man called Galileo was one of the first people to use a telescope. Scientists discovered that the Moon was so close that we could send people to visit it. Stars are much further away, too far to visit in a spacecraft.

Unit L