Heinemann Science Scheme Foundation Book 2 - Pearson Schools

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Heinemann Science Scheme Foundation Book 2 Byron Dawson Pupil book ISBN: 0435 58331 X

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L A I R E MAT

Answers to all the questions in the Pupil Book

© Harcourt Education 2003

This material may be freely copied for institutional use. However, this material is copyright and under no circumstances may copies be offered for sale.

Foundation book 2 answers

Food and digestion Topic A1 a Different foods do different jobs. b Fruit, vegetables and cereals. c Vitamins and minerals. d Individual responses. Different foods contain different nutrients. Foods have a label to tell us which nutrients they contain. Food also contains some water. Topic A2 a protein b Calcium and vitamin C. c 3 days 1 To keep gums and skin healthy. 2 For growth and to help repair any damage to your body. 3 Water gets rid of poisonous waste, it moves things around in your body, it makes sweat to keep you cool, and is necessary for the chemical reactions that happen in your body. 4 Fibre keeps waste moving through your digestive system. Topic A3 a She is using up more energy. b Any one of: people with heart disease should eat very little fat; pregnant women need extra protein and minerals for their growing baby; a breast-feeding mother needs extra fat to make milk for her baby. A balanced diet contains all of the nutrients that we need. A balanced diet is different for different people.

Unit A

Topic A5 a The stomach mashes food and mixes it with enzymes. b Water is absorbed in the large intestine. c Small particles can pass through the walls of the small intestine so your body can use them. d The peas would have to be mashed into smaller particles to get them to pass through the sieve. 1 across: digestion 2 down: smaller 3 across: absorption Topic A6 a The enzymes in your mouth break down the starch in the bread into sugar. b The enzyme amylase works in an alkaline condition. The stomach contains acid, so amylase will not work properly there. Enzymes break down food into smaller particles so that they can be absorbed through the walls of the small intestine. Enzymes in your body work best at a temperature of 37 8C. Topic A7 a Humans do not have an enzyme to digest grass. b Bran flakes, wholemeal bread, courgettes, carrots, orange, apples, bananas. The blood transports nutrients around the body. Fibre cannot be digested. Proteins are used for growth. Carbohydrates give you energy.

Topic A4 a Adverts are written by companies who want us to buy their food. b The `scare stories' that newspapers publish helps them sell more newspapers. c No. One piece of research will only give you information about one topic or one food. We should not believe everything we see in the newspapers about food. We should not eat too little or too much of any nutrient.

1 q Harcourt Education Ltd 2003. Heinemann Science Scheme 2


Respiration Topic B1 a They use a lot of energy. b Heat energy. c Our body temperature is warmer than the room temperature because of the heat energy released by the aerobic respiration of our food. Your body gets its energy from glucose. We call the process aerobic respiration. It also produces carbon dioxide and water. Topic B2 a oxygen b oxygen c Individual drawing Your lungs absorb oxygen from the air and breathe out carbon dioxide from the blood. The oxygen is absorbed through small sacs called alveoli. Topic B3 a Red blood cells. b Carbon dioxide. Oxygen is carried from the lungs by red blood cells. Carbon dioxide and water are carried from the cells to the lungs by the plasma. Topic B4 a capillaries b twice c It gets faster. d Anaerobic respiration. Your heart pumps blood around the body. Arteries take blood from the heart and veins return blood to it. Arteries and veins are joined by capillaries.


Unit B

Topic B5 a Blood is carried round the body in blood vessels. b The heart acts as a pump. c Valves make sure that blood flows only in one direction. d capillaries e They are very tiny and microscopes hadn't yet been invented in Harvey's time. A Greek doctor called Galen realised that blood was carried in blood vessels. About 300 years later, another doctor called Harvey realised that blood circulated around the body. Topic B6 a The temperature of the live maggots is higher. b Julia's breath contains carbon dioxide. c They both breathe out carbon dioxide. d The temperature of the live peas is higher. Animals respire just like humans. Plants respire just like humans.


Microbes and disease Topic C1 a There are a lot of them together. b virus c They are used to make medicines, bread, wine, beer and yoghurt.

Unit C

Topic C5 a White blood cells. b antibodies

The smallest microbes are called viruses. Some microbes can make us ill, but we use others such as some fungi to make medicines.

1 Any three from: your skin stops microbes getting into your body, your nose has hairs to catch microbes, your windpipe is lined with sticky mucus, your eyes make tears. 2 Individual drawings.

Topic C2 a Carbon dioxide. b It contains an acid. c The acid makes the protein in the milk stick together. d The microbes could get out and they are dangerous.

Topic C6 a To kill microbes. b Antibiotics are medicines. They work inside our bodies, not outside. They only kill bacteria, but disinfectants kill other microbes. c Antibiotics kill only bacteria. Colds are caused by viruses.

We use yeast to make bread. We use some bacteria to make yoghurt. We can grow microbes on agar jelly in a Petri dish.

Disinfectants kill microbes outside your body. Antibiotics kill bacteria that are inside your body.

Topic C3 a To catch the droplets and prevent spreading infection. b viruses c bacteria d Any five from: sneezing, eating infected food, breathing in air containing microbes, microbes getting into your blood through cuts and grazes, during sexual intercourse, microbes passing from a pregnant woman's blood across the placenta into her baby.

Topic C7 a The fungus was producing a chemical that was killing the bacteria. b penicillin c The death rate fell more rapidly. d Housing and hospitals were getting better.

Colds are caused by viruses and food poisoning is caused by bacteria. Microbes can be transmitted from one person to another. Topic C4 a By keeping the people from leaving the village. b He stopped people from drinking from the well that was polluted. c six The vicar of Eyam prevented the plague from spreading by stopping the villagers from leaving the village. Dr Snow prevented cholera from spreading by stopping the people drinking the polluted water from the well.

Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. He realised that a fungus on a Petri dish was filling the bacteria growing there. Florey and Chain first used penicillin as a medicine to treat people with diseases. Topic C8 a The mother gives the baby some of her antibodies in her breast milk. b The microbes may be dead; the microbes may be weakened; only bits of the microbe are injected. c Accept any year between 1940 and 1942. d none Individual answers.



Ecological relationships Topic D1 a Differences in leaf shape, in leaf clustering, branch length, colouring, etc. Accept any reasonable. b conifers c mosses and liverworts d ferns Ferns live in damp places. Mosses have no flowers. Conifers have seeds inside cones. Flowering plants have flowers. Topic D2 a Sunny v shady, damp v dry, lots of vegetation v barren, etc. Accept any reasonable. b Temperature, moisture, light and possibly wind speed. c Fish get oxygen from water going through their gills. They do not have lungs. d Water lilies have long stems. The stems are attached to the bed of the river. This stops them from being washed away. The flower floats on the surface of the water. It receives sunlight to make it grow. 1 A community is all the organisms that live in a habitat. The organisms are adapted to live in the habitat. 2 Any three from: light, moisture, soil acidity, wind speed, water speed, humidity.

Unit D

Topic D3 a It will not contain any daisies. (Or it will contain very few daisies is acceptable.) b 20 c About 40 000. Counting all the daisies in a field can be very difficult. To make it easier we sample the field using a quadrat. We do this several times and work out the average number of daisies in each 1 m2. Topic D4 a Plants produce food using sunlight. b It would decrease. Changing the size of one population can affect the size of another population. We can use food webs to show how one population affects another. Population sizes for predator and prey tend to go up and down. Topic D5 a They decrease or get smaller. b Appropriate drawing with large base and smallest number at top. c Energy is lost through heat and by animals getting rid of waste material. We can show population sizes by using a pyramid of numbers. Populations usually get smaller higher up the pyramid. Sometimes the pyramid has an odd shape. This is because an organism is very big and can produce a lot of food for organisms higher up the pyramid.



Atoms and elements Topic E1 a elements b GOD c From top down in any order: yellow, red, blue; yellow, blue, red; blue, red, yellow; blue, yellow, red. C, H, Fe, O Topic E2 a C b two c one d non-element Elements are made from atoms that are all one kind. Materials made from different kinds of atoms are called non-elements. Topic E3 a To prevent other people from finding out about their discoveries. b solids c On the right-hand side. d metal

Unit E

Topic E5 a A chemical reaction. b People from all countries can understand them. c hydrogen oxygen ! water d Individual responses. When two different kinds of atom join together, a chemical reaction takes place. Scientists record these reactions using equations. Topic E6 a copper oxygen ! copper oxide b Carbon or oxygen. c They want to tell you everything that's in it. d Iron and sulphur. We can predict how similar elements will react. We can also predict which elements are in different materials, using their names.

Elements that look similar have similar properties. Scientists put elements with similar properties into groups. Metals are found on the left-hand side of the Periodic Table. Topic E4 a Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas. Carbon is a black solid. Oxygen is a colourless gas that we need to breathe. b Water is a liquid. Hydrogen and oxygen are gases. c compounds d Two atoms. e three Compounds such as water are formed when different kinds of atom join together. The smallest bit of a compound such as water is called a molecule.



Compounds and mixtures

Unit F

Topic F1 a two b Hydrogen and oxygen. c two

Topic F4 a no b two c yes

1 We can use a symbol to represent each element. The chemical formula tells us how many atoms are in each compound. 2 CO2, NO2

In a mixture the substances are not joined together. In a compound the atoms are joined together and it is difficult to separate them. Air is a mixture.

Topic F2 a Hydrogen and oxygen. b water

Topic F5 a Condensation point. b Melting point 0 8C, boiling point 100 8C. c no d no

Compounds are made from different elements. The properties of compounds are different from the elements that make them. Topic F3 a no b yes c The mixture fizzed and a gas was given off. A chemical change involves two or more materials. Chemical changes are always difficult to change back. A new substance is always made.


Pure substances have fixed melting and boiling points. Mixtures do not have fixed melting and boiling points.


Rocks and weathering Topic G1 a A geologist. b grains c Individual drawings. d The spaces between the grains. e porous A rock is a collection of minerals. The minerals are found in little bits called grains. Some rocks are called porous because they have spaces between the grains. Topic G2 a The gravestone on the right is older. b Acidic rainwater has reacted with some of the minerals in the rocks and not in others. c Limestone reacts with acidic rainwater very easily. It gradually dissolves away leaving caves. Rainwater is slightly acidic. It can react with the rock and dissolve some of the minerals in rock. Limestone is easily weathered by acidic rainwater. Topic G3 a desert b The rocks crack and break into small bits of sand. c The water in cracks in the rock freezes and expands, breaking the rock apart.

Unit G

Topic G4 a transport b Blown by the wind, washed along by water and carried along by ice. c B d The ice keeps the rocks apart so they don't bump into each other. When rocks have been weathered, the bits that fall to the ground are usually transported away. Rocks that have been transported by wind and water have rounded edges. Rocks that have been transported by ice have sharper edges. Topic G5 a They sink. b The big heavy ones. c sediments When a river slows down, sediments are deposited. Larger bits are deposited first and smaller bits are deposited last. Topic G6 a Evaporite rock. b B Rocks are formed when trapped water evaporates. Rocks like limestone and chalk are formed when the shells of small creatures accumulate on the sea bed.

Different minerals expand and contract differently. This causes rocks to break apart. When water freezes it expands. This also causes rocks to break apart.



The rock cycle Topic H1 a Sedimentary rocks. b It is made of grains held together by cement. It may have air spaces between the grains and may contain fossils. c Sandstone, limestone and shale. Sedimentary rocks are formed when sediments are compacted and then cemented. The rocks have grains that are cemented together. They also often contain fossils. Topic H2 a Calcium carbonate. b Any two from: chalk, shell or coral, oolitic limestone. c A Limestone contains calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate reacts with acid to produce carbon dioxide. Topic H3 a The heat and pressure destroy many of the fossils in the sedimentary rock which is turned into metamorphic rock. b The spaces between grains are squashed out. c limestone d Marble is made from limestone which has been heated inside the Earth. e slate Metamorphic rocks may be made from sedimentary rocks. This happens when there is high temperature and pressure. An example is when limestone is changed into marble.


Unit H

Topic H4 a magma b granite c basalt d More slowly. Granite has big crystals. This means it cooled slowly. Basalt has small crystals. This means it cooled quickly. Topic H5 a To make it a fair test. b The small one. We can find the density of a rock by dividing its mass by its volume. When we know the density we can compare one rock with another. Topic H6 a metamorphic b sedimentary c Because the rock cycle can take many millions of years. The rock cycle shows us how all the different kinds of rock are formed. Parts of the rock cycle take place over millions of years. In our lifetime we will see very few of the changes to the rocks.


Heating and cooling Topic I1 a 37 8C b This makes them more accurate. c Because it expands. We use a thermometer to measure temperature accurately. Some thermometers have a bigger range than others. Topic I2 a To the air and the table around it. b Thermal energy. c When it is at its hottest. d They move faster. e The temperature has risen. f The temperature has lowered. Heat energy makes particles in a material move more quickly. When the particles move more quickly, the temperature rises. Energy can move from one place to another. When there is a big temperature difference, energy is transferred more quickly. Topic I3 a A kettle half full of water. b More energy needs to be transferred as there is more water. c To make it a fair test. d aluminium Large amounts of material need more energy to warm up to the same temperature than small amounts of material. Different materials need different amounts of heat energy to warm up to the same temperature. Topic I4 a conductors b Because they transfer heat away from our fingers quickly. c Polystyrene is a poor conductor so the heat stays close to your hand.

Unit I

Topic I5 a The space gets bigger. b The particles vibrate more quickly and take up more space. c contraction Materials expand when heated and contract when cooled. This is because the particles take up more space as they vibrate more quickly. Topic I6 a They sink. b The helium is less dense than air. c convection d Because of convection currents. Hot air rises and cold air falls. These movements are called convection currents. Convection currents also happen in liquids. Topic I7 a vacuum b By radiation. c Any one from: they both travel in straight lines; at the same speed; through a vacuum. d Any one of: we can see light energy but we cannot see heat energy; light energy can pass through glass easily but heat energy cannot. Individual drawing with appropriate labels. Topic I8 a Solid, liquid, gas. b 100 8C c Some of the particles vibrate so quickly that they leave the liquid and enter the air. d cold When water is below 0 8C it is a solid. Between 0 8C and 100 8C it is a liquid. Above 100 8C water is a gas.

Materials that transfer heat are called conductors. Materials that do not transfer heat are called insulators. Metal is a good conductor. Polystyrene is a poor conductor.



Magnets and electromagnets Topic J1 a Iron (or steel), nickel and cobalt. b North pole and south pole. c They would attract each other. d Take a piece of steel, like a needle, and stroke it with a strong magnet several times in the same direction. Magnetic materials are iron, steel, nickel and cobalt. Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other. Topic J2 a The magnetic field. b North pole. c no Magnets produce a magnetic field. The field can pass through aluminium but not through steel. Topic J3 a iron b The needle would point straight downwards. c A compass will work when it is cloudy, dark or even in thick fog. d Some areas of Scotland have a lot of iron in the ground. The compass tries to point to the iron in the ground instead of to the Earth's North Pole. A compass points towards the North Pole of the Earth. It will not work close to iron or steel.


Topic J4 a A magnetic field is produced around the wire. b A coil of wire produces a stronger magnetic field than a single wire. c An electromagnet. d Pass a bigger current through the electromagnet or wrap more coils around it. e Either: the electromagnet can be made much stronger than a permanent magnet, or, the electromagnet can be turned on and off. When an electric current passes through a wire it produces a magnetic field. If the wire is coiled round a magnetic metal we have an electromagnet. These are very strong magnets and can be switched on and off.

Unit J


Light

Unit K

Topic K1 a The Sun is very hot. b Glass, air and water. c About 8 minutes. d Straight lines. e Ray diagrams.

Topic K5 a refraction b twice c A spectrum is the different colours into which white light is split when it passes through a prism. They are the colours of the rainbow.

Very hot objects give out light. Light travels in straight lines. If we draw these straight lines and put arrows on them we have drawn a ray diagram.

Light changes direction when it passes from one material to another. A prism can split up light into a spectrum.

Topic K2 a transparent b translucent c opaque d The light is scattered in all directions and not in an organised way.

Topic K6 a blue b yellow c white d Primary colours. e The ball absorbs all the colours except red. It reflects red light.

Light passes through transparent materials. Translucent materials let light through but scatter the light. Opaque materials do not let light through. Opaque materials reflect light and absorb light. Topic K3 a non-luminous b We can see the Moon because it reflects light from the Sun. c Light enters the eye through the pupil. d The lens focuses the light so that we see a sharp image.

A blue filter lets only blue light through. It absorbs all other colours. There are three primary colours. They are red, green and blue. A red ball looks red because it reflects red light. We can mix the primary colours to make all the other colours of the spectrum.

Luminous objects give off light. Non-luminous objects reflect light. You can only see an object when light from the object enters your eye. Topic K4 a A flat smooth shiny surface. b The angle between the incident ray and the normal is always the same as the angle between the reflected ray and the normal. c When car drivers see the word in their mirror it will look the right way round. d Lateral inversion. A mirror has a flat smooth shiny surface. The angle between the incident ray and the normal is always the same as the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.



Sound and hearing Topic L1 a Its wings move forwards and backwards very fast. The air is beat with its wings. This makes the buzzing noise. b Strings, skin and air. c We measure pitch by counting how many times the thing vibrates each second. This is called the frequency. d loud Sound is made when something vibrates. If it vibrates quickly, it makes a high-pitched sound. Loud sounds are made by big vibrations. Topic L2 a There is no air in the jar to vibrate. b Sound travels through the air by making the gas particles vibrate. c solid Sound needs a medium to travel through. Sound travels fastest in a solid. But light travels faster than sound. Topic L3 a Lowest is about 20 vibrations per second. Highest is about 20 000 Hz. b A 70-year-old. c A bat. d They send out very high frequency sound and listen for the echoes. Humans hear sound between 20 Hz and 20 000 Hz. As we get older, the range we can hear gets smaller. Animals hear sound of different frequencies from humans.


Unit L

Topic L4 a The hair cells in our ear vibrate when a sound is made. Their vibrations send messages to the brain so you can hear. When they are damaged they can no longer send messages so you become deaf. b Noise pollution is any loud, annoying sounds. c Aircraft, road drills, noisy neighbours. d By building sound barriers between the road and our houses. Loud sounds can permanently damage your ears. A loud annoying sound is called noise pollution. We can protect ourselves from noise pollution by using insulating materials. Topic L5 a To detect from which direction a sound is coming. b To help hear quiet sounds. c Put double glazing in the factory windows; line the walls and ceiling with insulating materials; erect a barrier around the factory; any other reasonable suggestion.