Education/Industry Relations and power engineering’s impact on everyday life High Impact Papers in Power Engineering (1900-1999) S.S. Venkata, Iowa State Univ.; G. T. Heydt, Arizona State Univ.; N. Balijepalli, Iowa State Univ. In 2000, the U.S. National Academy of Engineering invited several professional engineering societies to submit nominations for the engineering feats of the past century that have had the greatest impact on society. Among approximately 100 nominations, including the formation of the Internet, invention of the airplane, and development of the transistor, the one nomination selected as the most important was the mass electrification of the world and utilization of electric power [1]. The organizers of the North American Power Symposium (NAPS) 2000, held in Waterloo, Ontario, on 23-24 October, chose to recognize accomplishments of the past by assessing written contributions to electric power engineering. Nominations for high-impact papers were requested by announcements at the 1999 IEEE PES Summer Meeting in Edmonton, Alberta, the 2000 Winter Power Meeting in Singapore, and on the Power Globe listserver. Organizers also informally polled colleagues and students. Over 50 nominations were received as high impact papers of the years 1900-1999. Approximately 11 of the informal nominations were unable to be located in the literature, and thus the list
Power Engineering Education Committee The PES Power Engineering Education Committee (PEEC) meets regularly at the PES Winter and Summer Meetings. For more information on the committee, contact the PEEC chair, S.S. (Mani) Venkata, Iowa State University, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ames, IA 50011-3060 USA, +1 515 294 3459, fax +1 515 294 3637, e-mail
[email protected]. 48
was reduced to 39 nominations. The list of 39 papers and books identified were circulated to colleagues, members of the Power Globe, and some students. An informal vote was taken to identify the three papers that seemed to have the highest impact on power engineering practice. Based on the informal vote, recommendation by colleagues, areas of interest, and the opinion of the organizers, four papers were identified as having the greatest impact on the growth of electrical power engineering. Though the process used in identifying these papers is not very scientific, the general consensus seems to be that these papers represent milestone achievements that stimulated great advances that lead to the widespread electrification of the world. Additional details of the “vote” appear in [2]. Milestone Achievement Papers The final four papers are: ● Charles L. Fortescue, “Method of Symmetrical Coordinates Applied to the Solution of Polyphase Networks,” Transactions of the AIEE, vol. 37, pp. 1027-1140, 1918 ● Robert Park, “Two Reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines,” Transactions of the AIEE, vol. 48, pp. 716-730, 1929 ● James Ward and Harry Hale, “Digital Computer Solution of Power Flow Problems,” Transactions of the AIEE, vol. 75, Pt. iii, pp. 398-404, January 1956 ● John R. Carson, “Wave Propagation in Overhead Wires with Ground Return,” Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 5, pp. 539-554, October 1926. Why These Papers Are Important The high impact papers represent engineering work that forms a basis of modern power engineering. The 39 papers collected, as well as many other papers, form the foundations of ac circuit theory, energy conversion, system theory, transmission and distribution, and utilization of electric power. Each of these areas is an indispensable building block to the mass electrification of the world. Perhaps
the paper by Fortescue is the most fundamental of the papers collected; this paper sets down the theory of symmetrical components as well as the methods to be used in the steady state analysis of ac circuits. It is used daily by modern power engineers who deal with three-phase circuits. Analysis of three-phase circuits in an efficient and comprehensible way is the key importance of the Fortescue paper. Nearly all modeling of synchronous machines in practice utilizes equations presented in Park’s paper. The differential equation model proposed by Park is indispensable for transient analysis of synchronous machines. Though simpler models applicable mainly in steady state, balanced conditions are available, the Park model has survived as the benchmark of synchronous machine models. The power flow problem is a basic building block of power system analysis. The testimony that power engineers in the electric utility industry, including all the deregulated components of that industry, rely on electric power flow studies is a statement of the importance of the Ward and Hale paper. The formulation of total active and reactive power at buses in combination with the Kirchhoff laws to model how power systems accept and transport power is a key element to how modern power systems are planned and operated. In spite of the many improvements that have been made in the solution for the power flow problem, such as the Newton-Raphson method, the basic formulation and models used are still those proposed by Ward and Hale. The mathematical expressions presented by Carson for calculating the impedance of transmission lines has become the basis for modeling the impedance of overhead transmission lines, and the formulas themselves became widely known as Carson’s formulas. NAPS Plenary Session In an attempt to highlight the era in which each of these papers was originally proposed, NAPS organizers requested established power engineering (continued on page 53) IEEE Power Engineering Review, April 2001
Sparks
in research, development, and application SCADA/EMS Systems in Latvia GE Harris Energy Control Systems will supply energy control systems in Riga, Latvia. The systems will be installed at DC Baltija (Baltic Dispatch Center) and Latvenergo National Dispatch Center. GE Harris supplied similar equipment to Eesti Energia in Estonia, Lietuvos Energija in Lithuania, Svenska Kraftnät in Sweden, and Helsinki Energy and Fingrid in Finland. The equipment being provided to Latvenergo will coordinate power plants, regional dispatch centers, and 330 kV and 110 kV transmission lines within the country. The contract includes installation of a GE Harris XA/21 SCADA/ EMS energy control system, emergency backup control system, development system, data-link communication to other systems, and 22 remote terminal units (RTUs). DC Baltija, a joint venture company owned by Latvenergo, Eesti Energia, and Lietuvos Energija, selected the GE Harris energy control system to replace its existing system. The system will provide the technology required to coordinate the energy balance of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as energy imports and exports to areas in Russia and Belarus. For more information, contact Lori Rushworth, +1 321 242 4329, fax +1 321 242 4073, e-mail lori.rushworth@
ps.ge.com, Web http://www.gepower.com /geharrisenergy. ________
U.S. Plan for Distributed Energy Resources This item is reprinted from the December 2000 issue of “DOE This Month,” a publication of the U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) released its Strategic Plan for Distributed Energy Resources, outlining a national effort to develop clean, reliable, and affordable distributed energy technologies over the next 20 years. Distributed energy resources reflects a new era in energy supply, storage, delivery, and use. It means developing a cleaner, more reliable, and affordable U.S. energy resource portfolio to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, enhance electric grid operations, boost local economic development, and increase energy and economic efficiency. In the short term, the strategic plan focuses on developing next-generation distributed energy technologies and addressing the institutional and regulatory barriers that interfere with the development of distributed energy resources. Six areas are outlined in the plan:
Research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) investments in distributed natural gas technologies, including advanced turbines and microturbines, fuel-cell systems, and natural-gas engines ● RD&D in enabling technologies, including combustion systems, fuel processing, hydrogen energy systems, and materials and manufacturing ● RD&D in energy generation and delivery systems and architecture for distributed energy resources, including district energy, energy storage, grid interconnection, and superconducting materials ● Activities with RD&D in renewable energy development, e.g., concentrating solar power, geothermal, photovoltaic systems, and wind energy ● Technology transfer partnerships with industry, state agencies, universities, and national laboratories ● Systems integration, implementation, and outreach activities aimed at such areas as infrastructure, institutional, and regulatory needs; environmental permitting and siting; tax provisions and utility restructuring. The strategic plan is available on the Web, http://www.eren.doe.gov/der. ●
Education/Industry Relations (continued from page 48) professors having career-long association with these historical publications both as classroom aids as well as reference material in their research, to re-enact the presentations. G.T. Heydt, Arizona State University, acting as session chair during the plenary session took the audience back to the past by summarizing the historical developments in electric power field during the 20th century. Against this backdrop, the four pioneering papers were presented in the following chronological manner. S.S. Venkata, Iowa State University, with a make-up of Charles Fortescue, summarized the theory and intended applications of symmetrical components. A.S. Meliopoulos, Georgia Tech., acted as IEEE Power Engineering Review, April 2001
John Carson summarizing salient results of Carson’s paper. C.C. Gross of Auburn University, dressed as Robert Park, presented the synchronous machine model paper using a blackboard. A. Pahwa, from Kansas State University, presented the formulation of power flow studies as proposed by James Ward and Harry Hale. NAPS Proceedings In the process of identifying the high-impact papers, it was found that most libraries either did not have a copy of the papers, or the available copies were fast deteriorating. Power engineering, like all other scientific and engineering disciplines, builds on the past work of leaders of the field. In order to preserve the in-
spiring legacy and cherished history that is an inheritance to all power engineers, it was decided to reproduce the four high-impact papers in their entirety. Interested readers are referred to The Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual North American Power Symposium, Volume 1, October 2000, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, pp. P8-P102. References [1] Great Achievements (top ten). Available http://www.greatachievements.org/. [2] G.T. Heydt, S.S. Venkata and N. Balijepalli, “High impact papers in power engineering, 1900-1999,” Proc. 2000 North American Power Symp., vol. 1, October 2000. 53
