History of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Beijing

26 downloads 0 Views 3MB Size Report

History of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Beijing

https://www.researchgate.net/...Historical...Beijing/.../Historical-Perspectives-of-Land-use...





1

Historical Perspectives of Land-use and Land-cover Changes in Beijing Qi LU Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences Abstract Beijing is one of ancient cities in China.In history, the land use and land cover within its territory have been changed greatly due to various human activities. The most striking land-use changes have been the expansion of urbanized areas no matter fast or slow in different periods. Its historical development process is divided into two periods in this paper, one is from Liao Dynasty when Beijing initiatively became the accompaning capital to 1911 when traditional China ended. Another is from 1911 to the present, particulary from 1949 to 1997 on which the discusson on the land-use changes is most concentrated. Through the brief discussion we can see the land use or the land cover changes have been accelerated in the past 100 years, especially in the past 50 years because of changes of social ideologies, policies, population growth, technological improvements and the strenthening of economic power. The concequences of the land use and land cover changes in Beijing, the future development trends of the city and some concerned issues are also discussed in the paper.

1. Introduction Beijing is the capital of today’s China, and also an ancient city with a long history of about 3000 years. It locates in the southwest border part of North China Plain, the total area is 16807.8km2, of which 38 per cent is plain (6390km2), 62 per cent is mountainous region (see Fig.1). Under its jurisdiction, there are 10 districts and 8 counties (see Table 1) today. Table 1 The Administrative Divisions in Beijing (1990) Districts & counties Disrticts & counties Area(km2) 16807.8 Total 87.1 City propers Outer suburbs Mentougou district East district 24.7 Fangshan district West district 30.0 Chongwen district Counties Xuanwu district 15.9 Changping county 16.5 Shunyi county Near suburbs Chaoyang district 1282.8 Tongxian county Fengtai district Daxing county Shijingshan district 470.8 Pinggu county Haidian district Huairou county 304.2 Miyun county Yanqing county 81.8 426.0 Source: ‘Series of Natural Resources in China, Beijing Volume’, Beijing, China Environmental Science Press, 1995.

Area(km2) 3198.0 1331.3 1866.7 12239.9 1430.0 980.0 870.0 1012.0 1075.0 2557.3 2335.6 1980.0







2

Fig.1 The Landform of Beijing



2. Changs of Administrative Divisions of Beijing in History Beijing originated more than 3000 years ago as the local economic and political center of Yan State, named Ji (located today’s Guang Anmen in the southwest of the city’s centre today). It had not been the national center until the periods of Sui and Tang Dynasty (7-10 centuries). It was during the periods of 10-13 centuries (Liao and Jin Dynasties) Beijing gradually became the political and economic center of the nation from the accompaning capital of Liao Dynasties (916-1125 A. D.). Since then, Beijing started its national capital position of China. Its administrative area, however, had been changed in different dynasties. Today’s governing area was settled in 1958 (see Table 2). With the historical development, Beijing has experienced fast or slow urban expansion since when it became the accompaning capital of Liao Dynasty. Liao Dynasty is the turning period for Beijing. Fig.2, Fig.3 and Table 3 briefly give us the development tendency of Beijing in the past more than 1000 years.





3

Table 2 Governing Area Changes of Beijing in History Periods Liao Dynasty (916-1125)

Total governing area 3.9

Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)

2.7

Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)

3.6

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

3.4

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

2.5

unit: 10000km2

Remarks 2.32 times larger than today’s administrative area, Tangshan-Tianjin and some counties of Hebei province were included, but Yanqing county was excluded. 1.6 times larger than today’s administrative area, Tianjin and some counties of Hebei were included, but Yanqing, Miyun and some parts of ShunyiTongxia counties were excluded. 2.14 times larger than today’s area, Tianjin, some parts of Tangshan and some counties of Hebei were within the area, all of the counties of today’s Beijing were included. 2.02 times larger than today’s area, besides Yanqing county, all of today’s counties were within the governing area, Tianjin, some parts of Tangshan, some counties of Hebei were included. 1.49 times larger than today’s area, some parts of Tangshan  Tianjin, some counties of Hebei were included, but today’s Yanqing county was still excluded. this figure is the one after 1928, only the city proper and near suburbs are within the administrative territory.

The Republic 0.07 of China (1912-1949) People’s 1.68 10 districts and 8 counties Republic of China (1949) Source: ‘Historical Atals of Beijing’, editor-in-chief: Hou Renzhi, Beijing, Beijing Press, 1985.



North

Fig.2 The removal of the city proper in the northeast direction Note: Within the dotted line is roughly the traditional center of Beijing since Yuan Dynasty.





4

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Fig.3 The expansion of the city proper Notes:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

9 km2 city proper of Liao Dynasty (916-1125) 22km2 city proper of Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) 50km2 city proper of Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368) 62km2 city proper of Ming, Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China, or today’s so called“Old City”(1368-) 2 158km central part of the city, the edge is roughly around the Third Ring Road 289.8km2 central part of the city, the edge is roughly around the Fourth Ring Road 1040km2 programmed scope of the city

From Fig.2, Fig.3 above and Table 3 below, we can see clearly that, a) Beijing originated from the southwest of Beijing Plain and gradully expanded in the direction of northeast; b) so far as the city center’s expansion is concerned, about 500 km2 of original farmaland, forestland, grassland, wetland and other land have been turned into urbanized areas in the past more than 1000 years; c) the history of Beijing’s expansion could be divided into two periods, i.g. slow expansion period from Liao Dynasty to Qing Dynasty and fast expansion period from the Republic of China to the present days, which could be explained by the different society development phases. In the first period, the average speed of city proper expansion is 0.05 km2 per year, however, in the latter period, the average figure is 4.95 km2 per year, almost 100 times than that in the former period.









5

Table 3 The Expansion of the City Proper and Population Growth in Beijing since Liao Dynasty unit: km2, 10000 persons Periods Total Population density Population of city Area of Population population of Beijing proper city proper density of (person) city proper Liao Dynasty 58.3 14.9 15.8 9 17555.5 (916-1125) Jin Dynasty 161.2 59.7 40 22 18181.8 (1115-1234) Yuan Dynasty 208.2 57.8 95 50 19000 (1271-1368) Ming Dynasty 219 64.4 96 62 15483.8 (1368-1644) Qing Dynasty 271.9 108.8 112.8 62 18193.5 (1644-1911) 1947 400 2,400 151 99.8* 15130.3 1985 957.9 568 580 373* 15549.5 1997 1085.5 644 646.8 488.13* 13250.6 Sources: 1. ‘History of Urban Construction in China’, Tonji University, Beijing, China Construction Industry Press,1982. 2. ‘Historical Population Geography of Beijing’, Han Guanghui, Beijing. Peking University Press, 1996. 3. ‘Design Materials for Urban Planning of Beiping’, complied by Beiping Municipal Public Affairs Bureau,1947. 4. ‘98 Beijing Statistical Yearbook’ Beijing Statistical Bureau, Beijing, China statistical Publishing House, 1998. Notes: Figures for the area of city proper in 1947,1985 and 1997 are the built area in different periods.

3. The Land Use and Land Cover Changes of Beijing in the Past 100 years In the past 100 year, there are two important political events happened to China, the Revolution of 1911 and the Revolution of 1949. These two revolutions could be taken as the important motive forces to the modernization of China. The land use and land cover changes of Beijing during the past 100 years are the most striking in its development history. The land use and land cover change process of Beijing could be also divided into two phases by the two Revolutions. In the first phase from the Revolution of 1911 to the second Revolution of 1949, China entered into its modernization development times, but Beijing was still not able to construct a modernized city due to the very difficult political situation as warlord wars, removal of the national capital to Nanjing in 1928, foreign invasion and cicil war, and its very weak economic ability. So, the development of Beijing in the phase was slow. So far as the urban completed area is concerned, it was only about 100 km2 in 1949, 38km2 larger than that in Qing Dynasty, the expansion speed was merely 0.76 km2 per year averagely, 19 per cent of the average figure of 3.95 km2 per year in the latter phase. Rapid land use and land cover changes of Beijing in this century happened in the second period from 1949 to the present. The most striking thing in land use and land cover changes of Beijing since 1949 is the rapid urbanization, particularly the expansion of city center (see Table 4).In the past almost 50 years the average expansion of the city center is 8.1 km2 per year, besides the average figures 7.2 km2 between 1949 and 1980, 7km2 from 1994 to 1997, which are lower than the average figure from 1949 to 1997, the other three figures are higher than the average one from 1949 to 1997, from which we may conclude the period from 1980-1994 is the fastest expansion period for Beijing’s urbanization.







6

Table 4 Expansion of Completed Area in Beijing since 1949 unit: km2

1949 1980 1985 1989 1994 1997 Completed 99.8 323.0 373.0 422.0 467.0 488.1 area of the city Average expansion 7.2 10 12.3 9 7 speed per year between the two years State requisition land 9.4 5.4 6.6 10.2 for urban construction Sources: 1. ‘98 Beijing Statistical Yearbook’, Beijing, 1998. 2. ‘The Investigation and Study for the Social and Economic Development Planning’. Institute of Environment Protection Science of Beijing, unpublished, 1990. 3. ‘Land Resources in Beijing’, Municipal Land Management Bureau of Beijing, unpublished, 1997. Note: 8.1 is the average figure of city expansion per year from 1949-1997 Not only the fast expansion of city center, the urbanization in Beijing suburbs (near and outer suburbs) and outer counties is also a very important event in the past 50 years, especially since 1980’s. In 1953, there were only 38 small towns within the territory of Beijing, but there are 14 satellite towns(county seats are included), 78 established small towns and 26 developing areas, the(expansion of those towns and developing areas has occupied large amount of land (see Table 5). From the above discussion, we can roughly estimate that, owing to urban expansion of the city center and satellite or established towns in the rural areas of Beijing, the total completed area is 1246.1 km2 up to date, accounting for 7.4 per cent of Beijing’s total area. According to some studies, the developed area within the city center and the near suburbs (ChaoyangFengtai, Shijingshan and Haidian)was 623.9km2, which is larger than the official completed area of 488.1km2 in 1997. Officially, these kinds of developing areas are not considered in the calculation of urban built areas, but so far as the urbanization process is concerned, land use in the construction for urban use or for other purposes which changes the former land use state ought to be considered land-use change.

Table 5 Satellite Towns, Established Small Towns and Developing Areas in Beijing (1990)



Number Land Use Area of Construction Items 14 161.4 Satellite towns 78 485.3 Established (Figure in 1993) small towns 26 108.8 Developing (planned area in 1994) areas in the outer suburbs 118 758.5 Total Source: ‘Land Resources in Beijing’, 1997, unpublished.

unit: km2





7

4. The Consequences of Land-use Changes of Beijing in Historical Process In historical development of Beijing , human activities had changed the original forest land in the mountains, swamps in the plains of Beijing mainly into arable land for the production of rice, wheat and some other species , and also turned the original landscape into large cities or small towns. So, our ancestry had remained us the highly artificial landscape at the beginning of the century, but mainly for agricultural use. On the basis of this landscape, Beijing started its rapid industrialization and urbanization expansion since the middle period of the century, and greatly changed the remained landscape. The main consequences of the modernization (mainly reflected by industrialization and urbanization) of Beijing are the sharply decrease of arable land (see Table 6) and the structural land-use change in distribution, such as vegetable land change, but increase of per capita land use of urban construction, particularly since 80’s(see Table 6 and Table 8). Table 6 Arable Land Changes of Beijing 1949-1997 units: 10000 mu, 10000 persons 1949 1953 1960 1980 1990 1997 Area of arable Land 796.5 895 652 638.7 619.1 513.5 Total of the population 414.0 502.4 732.1 885.7 1032.2 1085.5 Arable land area per capita 1.6 1.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 Sources:1.‘The Statistical Data of Society and Economy of Beijing Municipality 1986-1990’, Beijing Statistical Bureau, Beijing, China Statistical Press, 1991. 2.‘98 Beijing Statistical Yearbook’, Beijing, 1998. Note: One Chinese mu is 1/15 ha.



Table 7 Distribution Changes of Vegetable Field in Beijing since 1980

unit:10000ha

1980 1985 1992 Total area of Beijing 2.78 3.71 2.97 Area in near suburbs 1.46 1.23 1.09 Area in outer suburbs 1.32 2.48 1.88 Sources: 1. Series of Natural Resources in China, Beijing Volume, Beijing 1995. 2.‘Land Resources in Beijing’, 1997, unpublished Table 7 shows clearly that the area of vegetable land has experienced up and down fluctuation since 1980, but a continuously decrease in the near suburbs. There are two things need to be noticed, one the vegetable fields have removed from city districts and near suburbs to the outer suburbs due to the expansion of the city center from 1980 to 1985, which increased the area in the outer suburbs; another is the decrease of vegetable land in the outer suburbs from 1985 to 1992, this is because of the urbanization expansion in the outer suburbs since 1985. In one word, urban expansion both in the center of Beijing and in the rural areas has driven the structural changes and then the inevitable shrinking of agricultural land.



Table 8 Per Capita Construction Land Use Changes of the City Proper since 1949



Per capita constructive land use

1949 62

1980 77.3

1989 82.4

1994 84.8

unit:m2





8

The urbanization of the city center and the towns in rural of Beijing has changed the agricultural land use structure and decreased the total arable land, but has not influenced the agricultural product, on the contrary, agricultural products have been increased greatly since 1949 because of the technological improvement and intensive input and land use (see Table 9).  Table 9 Outputs of Grain and Vegetable in Beijin unit: 10000 tons 1949 1980 1985 1990 1997 Total grain output 41.7 186 219.7 264.6 237.5 Total vegetable output 175.9 204 356.1 410.3 Sources: 1. ‘98 Beijing Statistical Yearbook’, Beijing 1998. 2. ‘Survey of National Economy and Society Development of Beijing 1981-1985’, Beijing, 1987. 3. ‘Beijing Society and Economy Statistical Data 1986-1990’, Beijing, 1991. 4. ‘Historical Data for Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions, 1949-1989’, Beijing, 1991.

5. The Reflections on the Driving Forces in Land Use and Land Cover Changes of Beijing in the Past There are various viewpoints of the driving forces to the land use and land cover changes. Based on the specific situation in land use and land cover changes of Beijing in the past, we may try to give a brief summary about the driving forces in land use and land cover changes of Beijing from a theoretic point of view. The important ones are mainly the following fours: 1) Ideological Changes The social ideologies in ancient China were quite different from that in modern China. In ancient China, there were not any modernization motives in the general social ideologies based on agricultural economy and rural life. This phenomenon coheres with the slow urbanization of Beijing. But with the gradual spread of western social ideas and life style, particularly urban life style, or industrialization and modernization since 1840, the revolution of 1911 changed greatly the traditional and general social idealogies, especially after the Revolution of 1949, modernization became the general social ideology, the changes of social ideologies not only have promoted the social economy development, but also given impetus to the urbanization of China, particularly the accelerated expansion of large cities,like Beijing. 2) Population Growth The population in Beijing has been increased more than 7 times since the beginning of the century, and 2.6 times since 1949. With the changes in general social ideologies of government and populace, the great demand of such huge population for more comfortable urban residence does need a rapid and massive urbanized areas, which in reality has promoted the urbanization expansion of Beijing. 3) Policy Changes The policies in landholding system, agricultural development stratigies, agricultra management systems have also been greatly changed since 1949, particularly since the reform in 1978 in rural areas. Those policy changes have have contributed to the rapid urbanization expansion in rural areas of Beijing as well. 4) Economic Power Since 1949, the economic power of Beijing has been greatly increased, in 1949, its GDP was 270 million yuan, but 1810 million yuan in 1997, 6.7 times than that in 1949. The increase of GDP not only improved the input in the urban





9

capital constructions, but also increased the input in the technological improvements, particularly the improvement in agricultural production. From Tab.10, we can see the growth of the input and the improvement of production condition in Beijing since 1978.The technological improvement has given a very strong support to urbanization of Beijing, because, technological improvement has met the increasing food demand of the population, though the decrease of agricultural land happened at same time. Table 10 Investment in Rural Fixed Assets and the Production Conditions of Agriculture in Beijing 1978 Investment in rural fixed assets (100 million yuan) 127.7 Power of agricultural machinery (10000 kw) 1.4 Consumption of chemical fertilizers (10000 tons) 58802 Rural electricity consumption (10000 kwh) 5.0 Productive fixed assets per rural households (yuan) Source:’98 Beijing Statistical Yearbook’, Beijing, 1998

1985 10.8

1991 14.6

1997 38.5

320.4

384.8

433.2

8.2

14.4

19.7

126830

111347

301655

394.3

700.4

2818.9

6. The Future Urban Expansion of Beijing Compared to the international metropolis like Tokyo, Beijing is not a large city, as far as the completed area is concerned, only around half of Tokyo. With the economic development and population growth in future, Beijing will continue keeping the tendency of expansion in direction of northeast , where can provide Beijing with more space of further development. The government planning area of 1040km2 made in 1983 for the city may not meet the need of the city’s expansion. According to some planning studies, in 2000, the area of city center will be 500 km2, area of satellite towns will be 200km2, and the central towns’ will be 40km2, the total area will be about 750km2. In 2010, 610 km2 for city center, 250 km2 for satellite towns and 60km2 for the central towns, total area will be 904 km2.* But, according to the discussion above, we can notice in the total territory of Beijing (the city centersuburbs and counties) , the urbanized areas or the areas where have been changed the land use for urban or industrial purposes has been around 1200 km2, which has exceeded the planned area. As for the future, we still need a further study in detail.

References 1) Beijing Statistical Bureau, ‘Survey of National Economy and Society Development of Beijing, 1981-1985’, Beijing,

*

‘Land Recources in Beijing’ 1997, unpublished.





10

China Statistical Publishing House, (1987). 2) Beijing Statistical Burean, ‘Beijing Society and Economy Statistical Data 1986-1990’, Beijing , China Statistical Publishing House, (1991). 3) Beijing Municipal Land Management Bureau, ‘Land Resources in Beijing, unpublished, (1997). 4) Compiled by Beiping Municipal Public Affairs Bureau, ‘Design Materials for Urban Planning of Beiping’, (1947). 5) Compiled by Beijing Statistical Bureau, “98 Beijing Statistical Yearbook’, China Statistical Publishing House, (1998). 6) Editor-in-chief: Hou Renzhi, (1988): ‘Historical Atlas of Beijing’, Beijing, Beijing Press,. 7) Han Guanghui, (1996): ‘Historical Population Geography’, Beijing, Peking University Press,. 8) ‘History of Urban Construction in China’, Tongji University, Beijing, China Construction Industry Press, (1982). 9) ‘Series of Natural Resources in China, Beijing Volume’, Beijing, China Environmental Science Press, (1995). 10) State Statistical Bureau, ‘Historical Data for Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions 1949-1989’, Beijing, China Statistical Publishing House, (1990).