History's Breakthrough Is Social

Pensee Journal

Vol 75, No. 12;Dec 2013

History's Breakthrough Is Social Federico Enrique REWALD (Corresponding author) M.D consultant on hematology and immunity Hipólito Irigoyen 2184, 1°, off. 1, Mar del Plata B7600DOX, Argentina Tel: 0054-223-493-8588

E-mail: [email protected]

María de las Mercedes Francischetti Technician in hematology Hipólito Irigoyen 2184, 1º, off. 1, Mar del Plata B7600DOX, Argentina Tel: 0054-223-493-8588

E-mail: [email protected] m

Pablo Alejandro Sánchez Researcher at Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Dean Funes 3350, Mar del Plata B7602AYL, Argentina Tel: 0054-223-475-3150

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We sincerely appreciate the text revision by Pablo Ignacio Martín, our colleague currently in Ireland.

Abstract Bridging prehistory to an uncertain Hi-tech era, history still captures our attention far too much. Ever more detaching us from our nomad forebears the short era takes profit from the energy inherent to crowds. With not meaningful alienation from the animal condition so far, current megacity furor also provides a hint from a social repercussion, leading us to speculate about an interwoven social immune benefit. Surpassing world population the seven-billions, sooner than expected, stardom and related ambitions may be swept away by anonym handled technology. The question rises as to whether Homo sapiens could have thrived in absence of the historic boost and if so: how far? Somehow affine to the biological “law of least effort”, exciting hypothesis indeed, teens already exhibit less lust to learn or fight at work. This also may apply to lapdogs “rubbing nose”. Keywords: population boost, law of least effort, social revolution, globalization, epigenetic, herd immunity

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1. Background The present is nothing, just the needle of a scale where the past and th e future are weighed, and one must strive not to tip the balance too much to one side or the other. – Anonym. Witnessing long-lasting prehistory converted into an uncertain Hi-tech era, history, a mere wedge in human timeline spiced by ego presents to us as a dynamic bridge multiply shaped by fierce survival fight. Think about crowds lacking fresh food and often drinking water or, even better, about endless questions left by the kaleidoscopic deterministic roulette of survival (Whiston 1980). The dynamics by which so far loose nomads en masse became attracted by sprawling population centers, well may be considered the “dawn of history”. Compared to the millions -year-long prehistory to which an expected Hi-tech era is to add, a seemingly paramount threshold is to be seen in the slums or elsewhere, but a certain space for anecdotes should be available. The question is that history ranges from negligible (Whitten 1996) (Note 1) to 10.000 years at most (Balter 2006) (Note 2), a disproportion to be accounted for. Human propensity to amass coming to light, in tandem with ego´s outperforming drive underscores eons of prehistory's failure, still on the rise. On the verge of outnumbering rural people and cities not qualifying megacity status (UNP 2007), we ought not to forget that we in fact are the descendants from prehistoric nomads. 1.1 Overview History’s social revolution prevails over other biological miracles. Prehistory: Consider human creativity: the use of fire and astounding cave art dates from pre -history (SciAm 2005, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013) (Table 1). History: A mere fringe in human timeline, profiting from catalytic potential inherent to crowds and the tendency to be dragged by any occasional ego -leadership. Nonsense, science and politics, the lifetransforming social revolution takes world to forefront. Omitting history: Could Humanity have thrived? How far? Shortcut: History´s singularity empowers to smooth the way from prehistory to Hi-tech (Note 3). Herd immunity: Perhaps contributes to the equilibrium of health, to expect some delay for a regulatory immune arm should not be heretic. Globalization: Ever more detaches us from nomad. Population Burst: Leaving seven-billion-mark behind translates to a less ambitious end of the historic interlude. Heralds: Teens affinity to the “law of least effort” maybe means high -tech breakthrough. Regenerative Medicine: Recent progress in early nerve differentiation from stem cells seems promissory (Lancaster 2013). Hi tech at helm: Would confirm alternative to generational renewal. 2. Discussion History, a spike in human timeline, highlights a turning point and global social revolution. Success, one could say derives from the accumulated energy inherent to human amassing. Thus, with no meaningful alienation from animals so far, the short era takes profit from this catalytic potential. As our dependence on provisions is out of question, harvesting may appropriately define the advent of history. But why fleeting history comes to be so special? Pushing life-transforming revolution to forefront in fact means an astonishing social adaptation by prehistory that has to keep path with technological “know how”. Also to mention, human masses are prone to be dragged by any slogan from pure nonsense to science or even politics. For surprising speed by which human social revolution thrives, urban congestion and effects from

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environmental exposure up to psychosocial stress and toxicants are to consider; they may persist across life and beyond. For example, the veteran from us keeps follo wing traffic jam in mind: Berlin 1937, on his way to school a long column of armored vehicles and infantry duly was “Hitler greeted” by the bystanders; an old man couldn’t maintain his arm raised and became kicked to fall by one from the uniformed. Frustra tion also refers to the mystery concerning putative immune confluence (Watts 2004). Holistic screenshots notwithstanding, people continue to expect too much from a neural counterpart. Be it what it may be, perhaps related to the brain, to maintain species alive, human groups somehow may have evolved some collective “immune know how”. Also concerning to herd immunity, a suitable background still is lacking (Cotter 2010) and we invite to think seriously about a modulatory integration. Microparticles and other relevant cell transfer molecules may have shaped life in ancient population centers, usually under marginal conditions (Martín 2009; Rewald 2008). To pursue a line of scientific inquiry data are not easily convincing. Having sprawling megalopolis in mind, we wonder as to whether interacting immune systems could have been overlooked by nature. Not being able to replicate past overcrowding nor the means by which a former immune function could have thrived, it is to say that other biological expressions are n ot better on so far (Rewald 1999). By the way globalization does unfold, particularly evocative are aspects related to memory and response rating (Habibi 2009). Any biological property deserves explored, for example, dolphin phonetics relevant indeed cannot compete with human social achievement. Differently said, an immune confluence to manipulate the character from an epidemic should not be underestimated. Social insect cohousing may provide a hint about survival prospects in the long term. Also, fierce fighting entanglement in and around walled settlements cannot be easily overlooked. Worldwide transformation surprising manifold, generational transfer should not be exception. In a breakthrough the biological “law of least effort” should be key (Kingsley Zipf 2012) as we shall see in next section. Outnumbering less qualified urbanizations in tandem with the rural segment, megacity dwellers provide a concentration to be seen as “cradle of civilization and science”. 2.1 Means of adaptation Deadly epidemics still pose question mark to human presence (Rewald 2009; Dushoff 2004; Simões 2008; Alonso 2007; Black 2010; Choisy 2006). Understanding that change involves evolutionary risk, the current human constellation also suggests a lucky strike as backbone for a ren ewed catalyzing wave. Rapid progress in research of a regulatory genetic benefit supposes an expanding epigenetic influence (Kaplan 2010; Barnes 2011). Health expectancy, as captured by biomarkers of meiotic stability, also addresses an epigenetic imprint to offspring, even grand-offspring. That’s to say; even in the lineage, epigenetic germline inheritance may be multiple shaped (Thayer 2011) (Note 4). Departing from the assumption that any breakthrough from prehistory to Hi-tech follows the biological “law of least effort”, in effect, teens already show less lust to study and work. In an ampler context, it may apply to lapdog’s “rubbing snout”. When crowds become blinded by casual ego in particular, conversion from prehistory to overcrowded megacities may fuse or bridge to Hi-tech in spe. Coming real, rather than ’civilization, science and politics’ shortcut “prehistory - Hi-tech” may provide a solution free from political credo. Life transforming social revolution deserves identification and mal-distribution of resources, terrible stigma to history, in a seven-billion turmoil may sound anonym but is fact. References Alonso D., McKane A.J. & Pascual M. (2007) Stochastic amplification in epidemics. J R Soc Interface. 22;4(14):575-82. Balter, M. (2006) The Goddess and the Bull: Catalhoyuk -An Archaeological Journey to the Dawn of Civilization. Left Coast Press. ISBN-10: 1598740695, ISBN-13: 978-1598740691. Black A.J., McKane A.J. (2010) Stochastic amplification in an epidemic model with seasonal forcing. J Theor Biol.;267(1):85-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.08.014. Barnes I., Duda A., Pybus O.G., Thomas M.G. (2011). Ancient urbanization predicts genetic resistance to tuberculosis. Evolution, 65: 842–848.

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Choisy M., Guégan J.F., Rohani P. (2006) Dynamics of infectious diseases and pulse vaccination: Teasing apart the embedded resonance effects. Physica D 223 26–35. Cotter S.C. et al. (2010) Personal immunity versus social immunity. Behavioral Ecology 21 (4): 663-668. Kaplan M. Early Cities Spurred Evolution of Immune System? Daily News from National Geographics (2010). Dushoff J., Plotkin J.B., Levin S.A.& Earn D.J.D. (2004) Dynamical resonance can account for seasonality of influenza epidemics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.;101(48):16915-6. Habibi L. et al. (2009) Immune and nervous systems share molecular and functional similarities: memory storage mechanism. Scand J Immunol. ;69(4):291-301. Kingsley Zipf G. (2012) Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology. Martino Fine Books. ISBN-10: 161427312X ISBN-13: 978-1614273127. Lancaster M.A. et al. (2013) Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature. 19;501(7467):373-9. Martín P.I., Sánchez P.A., Rewald F.E. (2009) Microparticles and the hygiene hypothesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci.;1173:409-21. Rewald F.E., Francischetti M.M., González C. (1999) No man is an island; no island is an island: does the immune network extend beyond the limits of skin? Med Hypotheses.; 52(4):325-7. Rewald F.E., Malizia A.I., Martín P.I. (2008) The other side of the coin: could microparticles serve as an interindividual immune link? Scand J Immunol.;67(1):103. Rewald F.E. (2009) Immune Crossover IV - Network Faces - The Lost Environment. Authors Online Ltd. ISBN-10: 0755204794, ISBN-13: 978-0755204793. SciAm (Scientific American, Nature Publishing Group). (2005), http://www.scientificamerican.com/art icle.cfm?id=the-morn ing-of-the-modern. (2009), http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=stone-age-jams-humans-playing-the-f-2009-06-24. (2010), http://www.scientificamerican.com/art icle.cfm?id=when-the-sea-saved-humanity. (2010), http://www.scientificamerican.com/art icle.cfm?id=ancient-cut marks-reveal-butchery. (2012), http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/04/02/humans -tamed-fire-by-one-million-years-ago/. (2012), http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/06/14/oldest-cave-paintings-may-be-creationsof-neandertals-not-modern-humans/. (2012), http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/11/07/oldest-arrowheads-hint-at-how-modern-humansovertook-neandertals/. (2012), http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/11/15/human -ancestorsmade-deadly-stone-tipped-spears-500000-years-ago/. (2013), http://www.scientificamerican.com/art icle.cfm?id=the-origin-hu man-creat ivity-suprisingly-comp lex. (2013), http://www.scientificamerican.com/art icle.cfm?id=creat ivity-roots-human-genius-deeper-than-expected. Simões M., Telo da Gama M.M., & Nunes A. (2008) Stochastic fluctuations in epidemics on networks. J R Soc Interface.;5(22):555-66. Thayer Z.M., Kuzawa C.W. (2011) Biological memories of past environments: epigenetic pathways to health disparities. Epigenetics.;6(7):798-803. UNP (United Nations Portal for the Millennium Development Goals). (2007). http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/stats.shtml. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007_urban_rural_chart.pdf. Watts G. (2004) The defence of dirt. BMJ.; 328(7450): 1226. Whiston, W. (1980) The Works of Josephus, Complete and Unabridged New Updated Edition Translated by Hendrickson Publishers, Inc. Whitten, T.; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. pp. 309–312.

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Notes Note 1. The history of Indonesian archipelago Note 2. Archaeological findings in Cappadocia, Turkey Note 3. Certain islands from the Indonesian archipelago Note 4. Also see timing Table 1, The surprising remoteness of Human skills March, 2013

The Roots of Human Genius Are Deeper Than Expected

August, 2010

Ancient Cut Marks Reveal Far Earlier Origin of Butchery

February, 2013

The Origin of Human Creativity Was Surprisingly Complex

April, 2012

Humans Tamed Fire by 1 Million Years Ago

November, 2012

Human Ancestors Made Deadly Stone-Tipped Spears 500,000 Years Ago

November, 2012

Oldest Arrowheads Hint at How Modern Humans Overtook Neanderthals

July, 2010

When the Sea Saved Humanity

May, 2005

The Morning of the Modern Mind

June, 2012

Oldest Cave Paintings May Be Creations of Neanderthals, Not Modern Humans

June, 2009

Stone Age jams: Humans playing the flute for at least 35,000 years, no word yet on sax

In its February and March 2013 issues, the popular science magazine “Scientific American” focuses on origins of human creativity; here we borrow the list on which claim of far reaching remoteness is founded.

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