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Apr 1, 1993 - Reprint. Humoral Immune Response to Lipopolysaccharide. Antigens of Campylobacter jejuni. Army Project Order. 90PP0820. Martin J. Blaser.
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AD-A271 879 Reprint

1 April 1993

Humoral Immune Response to Lipopolysaccharide Antigens of Campylobacter jejuni

Army Project Order 90PP0820

Martin J. Blaser Guillermo I. Perez-Perez

93-26169 93-261 69

Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service 1310 24th Avenue South 37212-2637 Nashville, Tennessee U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Cmd. Fort Detrick 21702-5012 Frederick, Maryland

Studies of the Outer Membrane Proteins of Title of Project Order: Campylobacter Jejuni for Vaccine Development Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

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t!ampvtobai.ter /elun. Current Statu. apid future lre'nJý Edited by I. Nachamkin et al C 1992 American Society for M4icrobiology, Wa.hington, DC 200(X";

CHAPTER

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Humoral Immune Response to Lipopolysaccharide Antigens of Campylobacterjejuni MARTIN J. BLASER AND GUILLERMO I. PEREZ-P1EREZ

INTRODUCTION

describe humoral responses to the lipopolysac-

charide (LPS) molecules of C. jejunt. The LPS molecules of C. jejuni and C. cob are sufficiently diverse that typing schemes which rely on their heterogeneity have been developed (19); more than 50 different 0 types have been described (19, 20). However, our previous work has shown that C. jejuni LPS molecules possess both strain-specific epitopes and epitopes that are shared among campylobacters (23. LPS molecules of gram-negative bacteria are often immunodominant, and therefore their components have the potential to be used for serodiagnosis of infection (9) or to be considered for inclusion in vaccine formulations. Although C. jejuni LPS molecules contain epitopes conserved in other gram-negative organisms (24). other antigenic (23) and structural (10, 21) features suggest that th,:y ni,-n be useful for serodiagnosis. Therefore. it is reasonable to question whether persons who are naturally infected with Campylobacter species show humoral immune responses to the LPS from homologous organisms (same 0 type) or from heterologous organisms (different 0 type). The response to heterologous organisms can be considered to be a response to group antigens.

Campylobacterjejuniand the closely related organism Campylobacter coli have been established as among the most common bacterial causes of acute diarrheal disease of humans in developed and developing countries (5. 8). A wide variety of mammalian and avian species also are infected by those organisms and thus represent an important reservoir for transmission to humans. Development of vaccines against these organisms would therefore be worthwhile, but knowedge of their antigens is rudimentary (i1. 12). Epidemiologic anc experimental data indicate that immunity tv C. jejuni may be acquired following one or more infections (1. 6, 26). However, because itese organisms are serologically diverse (19, 20), the nature of the protective antigens has not been immediately obvious, One approach to defining protective antigens is to determine which bacterial components are recognized by the host during infection (4, 23). Although such antigens are not necessarily protective, this approach nevertheless provides a first approximation of potential vaccine candidates. We have been studying the humoral immune response to Campylobacter antigens in persons with acute diarrheal illnesses in the United States (22) in our search to define groupspecific antigens which may have potential as vaccine candidates. One group of antigens studied, the proteins that are extracted from C.jejuni at low pH, are the subjects of several other reports (3, 6, 22). In the present chapter, we will

DISTRIBUTION OF THE 0 ANTIGENS AMONG THE CAMPYLOBACTER ISOLATES We first sought to determine whether C. jejuni and C coli strains isolated from patients with sporadic cases of diarrhea (22) represented

Martin J. Blaser, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2605, and Infectious Disease Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Nashville, Tennessee 37203. Guillermo 1. Perez-Perez, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2605.

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HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE 1O C. JEJV'N! LPS

a broad distribution of 0 antigens (heat stable) so that we could study immune response to both homologous and heterologous LPSs. The 22 strains which had been studied were phenotypically characterized by using standard criteria (18). Ten different heat-labile antigens were represented, and five strains were nontypable (22). The Campylobacter isolates were then serotyped for heat-stable antigens by the Penner method as previously described (19, 20), and 12 different "Otypes were found. For 10 strains, two or more "Otypes were identified. Thus, in total, 37 0type antigens were represented among these 22 strains. Six (27.2%) strains each had 0:4 or 0:5 antigenic determinants, and one strain had both group antigens. Other antigens identified (and the of strains carrying them) were as follows: 0:13 (n = 5); 0:21 (n = 4); 0:16 (n = 3); 0:29, 0:18, 0:2, and 0:3 (n = 2): 0:38, 0:41, and 0:54 (n = 1). To study responses to both homologous and heterologous LPS antigens, we then prepared LPS from C. jejuni strains with 0:4 and 0:5 antigens, which were the antigens most commonly identified in the patient isolates. For comparison, we studied responses to 0: 1 and O:NT antigens, which represented unrelated C jejuni LPS antigens.

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keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO) concentration of the fractions, the thiobarbituric acid method described by Keleti and Lederer (16) was used, as previously described (21). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was performed with slab gels as previously described (21). After electrophoresis, gels were fixed and LPS was resolved with a silver stain by the method of Hitchcock and Brown (15). We found that for whole cells of all four strains, the ratio of KDO to protein (ratio A) was similar (Table I). The ratio of KDO to protein in the LPS preparationý (rat;Ž B) ranged from 2.27 to 4.27. The ratio B/A ranged from 349.2 to 574.1, indicating that there had been a substantial decrease in the level of protein contaminaton of the preparations. In each case, protein contamination of the LPS preparation was I

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could play a role in virulence or could have immunogenic potential. natural (amWe found that persons withS+0 pylobacter infections showed serum antibody re-

sponses, to purified C. jejuni [PS in each of the IgA, IgG, and 1gM classes, whereas persons infected with other gram-negative pathogens or with acute diarrheal illness of unknown cause did not. Similarly, among persons experimentally infected with C. jejuni, a response to C. jejuni LPS also was observed (25). Although we examined preparations of C. jejuni LPS of four different 0 types, the responses to each of these were similar and there was little difference in response between persons infected with the homologous and heterologous LPS types. These phenomena suggest that the immunodominant Campylobacter LPS antigens are conserved among the four 0 types studied. In previous studies, we showed that by immunoblot C. jejuni LPS contained strain-specific antigens (23), as well as conserved antigens to which persons with heterologous infections respond. Alternatively, it is possible that the method of preparing the C. jejuni LPS altered or removed important distinguishing antigenic determinants; nevertheless, the PAGE profiles indicate that clear differences are apparent. However, under the assay conditions, no more than about half of the patients responded to any one preparation. Whether the difference in lgM and lgG response between those infected with strains of the homologous or heterologous LPS type is biologically significant must await further study. Epidemiologic studies indicate that immunity to C. jejuni is acquired in areas in which infection is hyperendemic (2, 7, 13). Development of immunity implies that common immunogenic epitopes exist. Our studies suggest that some of these epitopes may be related to LPS-specific antigens. One implication of these investigations is that if an LPS constituent of a Campylobactervaccine is considered, it may not be necessary to include a wide diversity of types. The results from our s.udies suggest that a single type might suffice. Similarly, an LPS preparation might be useful for serologic detection of Campylobacter infection. In fact, the results of this study are very similar to those from our previous work in which a C. jejuni surface protein-based preparation was used (22) and confirm that serology may be more sensitive than culture. It appears that the type can be used pears paradoxical paradoxicalnhate theuLPS [n t csainsbe(used to differentiate C. jejuni and C. co strains (19, 20) but that infected persons respond similarly to homologous and heterologous preparations. However, serotyping involves parenteral hyper-

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FioURE 4. Serum antibody response to C. jejuni 0:4 LPS among 7 persons infected with a Campyhlbactr strain bearing the 0:4 antigen (homologous strain) (hatched bars) and 15 persons infected with a Camnpylobacter strain bearing heterologous LPS determinants (cross-hatched bars). Differences in optical densities for acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples are compared in the lgA. lgG. and 1gM classes. For the 1gM assay, there was a significant kP ý 0.01) difference in response between the persons infected with homologous and heterologous strains. immunization of rabbits and absorption of the sera produced with heterologous strains. In coiltrast, since Campylobacterenteritis is a mucosal infection, antigen processing may be fundamentally different. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. The studies described in this chapter were supported in part by an interagency agreement between the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command and the Department of Veterans Affairs and by the Thrasher Research Fund. REFERENCES 1. Black. R. E_ M. M. Levine, M. L. Clements, T. P. Hughes, and M. J. Blaser. 1988. Experimental Campylobacterjejuniinfection in humans. J. In. fect. Dis. 157:472-479. 2. Blaser, M. J., R. E. Black, D. J. Duncan. and J. Amer. 1985. Campylobacterjejuni-specificserum antibodies in healthy Bangladeshi children. J. are Clin.elevated Microbiol. 21:164-167. 3. Blaser, M. J., and D. J. Duncan. 1984. Human serum antibody response to Campylobacterjejuni as measured in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infect. immun. 44:292-298. 4. Blaser, M. J, J. A. Hopkins, and M. L. Vasil. 1984. Campylobacterjejuniouter membrane proteins are antigenic for humans. Infect. Immun. 43:986-993. 5. Biaser, M. J., and L. B. Relier. 1981. CampsyIobater enteritis. N. Engi. J. Med. 305:1444-1452. 6. Blar, M. J., E. Sazie, and L. P. Williams. 1987. The influence of immunity on raw milk-associated Campylobacterinfection. JAMA 257:43-46.

HUNIORAL IMMIUNE RESPONSE To C. jEjt.Ni LPIS

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7. Bluser, M. J., D. N. Taylor, aund P. Echeyerrna. 3986. Immune response to C'ampylobacter jejuni in a rural community in Thailand. J. Infect. Dis. 153:249-254. 8. Blaser, M. J., D. N. Taylor, and R. A. Feldmian. 1983. Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejunt infections. Epidemniol. Rev. 5:157-1 76. 9. Cohen, D., M., S. Green, C. Block, R. Stepon, and 1.Ofek. 39931. Prospective study of the association between serum antibodies to lipopolysaceharide 0 antigen and the attack rate of shigellosis. J. Clin. .ijicrobiol. 29:386-389. 10. Conrad, R. S., and C. Galanos. 1990. Characterizaton f Cmpylbacerjjunilippolsaccarjnt3ipo7- yacc9. 21 o idaio. Cur.ampylobacter

W. J. Hausler, Jr., and H. J. Shadom) (ed. P.MJanual of Clinical .Va~robwologv. 4th ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington. D.C. 19. Patton, C. M., T. J. Barrett, and G. K. Morris. 1985. Comparison of the Penner and Lior methods for serotyping Campylohacierspip.J Clin .41, crobiol. 22:558-565. 210 Penner, J. L, and J. N. Hennessy. 1980. Passi Ne hemnagglutation technique for serotyping (amptiob.acter fetus susp. jejuni on the basis of soluble heat-stable antigens. J, Clin. .41icrobiol. 12:73277 2. 21.Perez-Perez. G. 1., and M. J. Blaser. 1985. Lipopolysaceharide characteristics of pathogenic

It. Cover, T.J., and M. J.Blaser. 1989. Pathobiology of Campylobacter infections in humans. .4nnu. Rei. Med 40.269-285. 12. Dunn, B. E., M. J. Blaser, and E. L. Snyder. 1987. Two-dim'-nsional electrophoresis and immunoblotting of Campylobacter outer membrane proteins. Infect. Immun. 55:1564-1 572. 13. Glass, k., B. J. Stoll, M. 1. Hatt, M. Struelens, M. J. Hlaser, and A. K. M. Kibriya. iY3 Epj demiological and clinical features of endemic Campylobacter jejuni infection in Bangladesh. Ji. Infect. Dis. 148:292-296. 14. Hanson, R. S., and J. A. Phillips. 198 1. Chemical composition, p. 328-364. In P. Gerhardt, R. G. E. R. N. Costilow, E. W. Nester, W. A. Wood, N. R. Krieg, and G. B. Phillips (ed.), Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington. D.C. 15. Hitchcock, P. J., and T. M. Brown. 1983. Morphological heterogeneity among Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chemotypes in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J. Bacteriol. 154:269-277. 16. Keleti, G., mnd W. H. Lederer (ed.). 1974. Handbook of,8Micromethodsfor the Biological Sciences, p. 74-75. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 17. Markwell, M. A. K., S. M. Hair, L. L. Bieber, and N. E. Tolbert. 1978. A modification of the Lowry procedure to simplify protein determinations in membrane and lipoprotein samples. Anal, Biochem. 87:206-210. 18. Morris, G. K., and C. M. Patton. 1985. Campylobacter, p. 302-308. In E. Lennette. A. Balows,

campylobacters. Infect. Immun. 47:353-359. 22. Perez-Perez. G. 1., D. L. Cohn, R. L. Guerrant, C. Patton, L. B. Reller, and M. J. Bluer. 1989. Clinical and immunological significance of choleralike toxin and cytotoxin production bN Carnpitobacter species in paztients with acute inflammatory diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis. 160:460-468. 23. Perez-Perez, G. 1., J. A. Hopkins, and M. J. Blaser. 1985. Antigenic heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides from Carnptlobarteri.eiun,and Campylobacterfetus. Infect. Immun. 48:528-533. 24. Perez-Perez, G. L., J1. A. Hopkins, and NM.J. Blaser. 1986. Lipopolysaccharide structures in Enterobacteriaceae.Pseudomonas. and Vijbrio related to those in Campylobacter. Infect. Immun. 51:204-208. 25. Perlinan, D. N1, M. M. Levine, R. E. Black, and M. J. Blaser. May 1988. Anti-lipopolysaccharide antibody response to Campylobacterjejuni infection following challenge in volunteers, abstr. E-8 1, p. 122. Abstr. 88th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbo.18.Aeia oit o irbooy irbooy D.rc.nSceyfr Wasington98. Wsigo.DC 226.Taylor, D. N., P. Echeverria, C. Pitarangsi, J. Seriwatana, L. Bodhidattat, and M. J. Bluser. 1988. Influence of strain characteristics and immunity on the epidemiology of Campylobacter infections in Thailand. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:863-868. 27. Westphal, 0., and K. Jann. 1965. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Methods Carbohjydr. C/tern. 5:83-91.

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