University of Richmond
UR Scholarship Repository Geography and the Environment Faculty Publications
Geography and the Environment
2014
Hydropower Mary Finley-Brook University of Richmond,
[email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/geography-facultypublications Part of the Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Recommended Citation Finley-Brook, Mary. "Hydropower." In Achieving Sustainability: Visions, Principles, and Practices, edited by Debra Rowe, 464-69. Vol. 1. Gale, 2014.
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From Achieving Sustainability, 1E. © 2014 Gale, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc. Reproduced by permission. www.cengage.com/permissions.
Hydropower I lydropower dates back to the use of watern heels to grind grain in Greece over two thousand years ago. Modern hydropower is a 111ature industry that has been used to generate electricity since the 1880s by capturing flowing water with a da111 or other diYersion structure and channeling it through a waterwheel or turbine. According to a 2012 report by the International Energy Agency. internationally dams are responsible for the largest a111ount of po\\'cr generation fro111 a rene\\'able source: yet they ha\'e co111e under scrutiny as a result of environmental and social impacts percei,·ed to be unsustainable (l\kCully 2001). Specific i111pacts. and their seYerity. \'ary fro111 project to project and are related to social. political. ccono111ic. historical. regulatory. and environ111cntal conditions. \\·hich also influence benefits such as job ere at ion or watershed 111anage111ent.
of slowdown fro111 2000 to 20 I0 (Vittorio 2013 ). Sources of electricity are increasingly judged by their ability to mitigate climate change. and hydropower is often vie\\ed farnrahly in spite of the fact that large dams '' ith impound111ents often require deforestation of \·ast are;1' for the creation of a resern1ir. In places where trees are not cleared. flooded Yegetation releases methane. a potent greenhouse gas (GHG). as it decays underwater. Partially in response to concerns m·er the social and ecological impacts of industrial da111s. there has been mo111entum toward micro-scale hydro projects. \\ hich produce Jes, than I 00 kikmatts of electricity. i\liero-hydropo\\ er generally does not require human resettlement. one of the most de\'astating consequences of large dams. hut merall efficiency is hm er and the cost of electricity per kihm att hour is more e.\pensi,·e.
After re\'iewing international practices. in 2000 the World Com111ission on Da111s published critical findings that led to so111e industry changes. Because social and ecological safeguards are applied uneYenly. sustainability concerns re111ain at the forefront. Repercussions of unsustainable practices that are acceptable to in,·estors or developers may be unacceptable to erl\'iron111ental organizations. human rights groups. or affected populations. Nevertheless. major deYelop111ent banks ha\·e begun to prioritize funding for large da111s after a decade
There are expanding opportunities for the de\ elopment and e.\pansion of new forlll.'- of rene\\ ahle hydropm\Tr from tides. \\·a\'es. cuITents. te111perature gradient (ocean ther111al energy con\'ersion and submarine geothermal energy). and salinity gradient. '.\lodern use of these technologies. kno\Yn as marine and hydrokinetic industries. is at an early stage of de' elopment. although si111ple tidal and '' ;n e po\\ er ''a-, generated in times past. Ne,,· hydropm' er technologie-, hold pro111ise for llrn -carbon and ecologically friendly
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ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY: VISIONS, PRINCIPLES, AND PRACTICES
Sustainability Topics linked to Hydropower
Crosscutting Climate change
Human rights
Gender
Livelihoods
Environmental Downstream flow regimes
Erosion and sed1mentat1on
Water quality
Biodiversity and invasive species
Social Resettlement
Indigenous peoples
Public health
Cultural heritage
Economic/financial Financial v1abi11ty
Economic viability
Project benefits
Procurement
Figure 1. The breadth of sustainability concerns in hydropower development. (Reproduced by permission of Gale, a part of Cengage Learning.)
energy production. hut when compared to more proven sources they can he relatively expensive and unlikely to instill investor confidence.
Hydropower and Sustainability Careful site selection is essential to minimize negative costs from hydropowcr (Ledec and Quintero 2003 ). Dam projects influence hydrological regimes. sediment transport. water quality. hiological diversity. and land-use change ( REN21 2013 ). They can cause the resettlement of people as well as have effects on down-,trcam water users. puhlic health. and cultural heritage. In a historic pallern of unequal distrihution of cosrs and henclih. the high costs of ecological degradation. resettlement. and loss of resource access arc felt in source landscapes. while hcnctih. such sion included cienti ·ts. water and darn experi . . donors and pri atesector re pre entatives. state ag nci es. and GO ·. Even after the WCD disband d. significant international attention revi s ited the progre. . made toward implement ing its recommendations at the ten-, ear anni er ·ary in 20 10. International Ri er. . an GO. along with reg ional and loca l gro ups on e ery contin nt co ntinues to pres ure indu . try to uphold thi a l and legal stand ards with dam construction and use.
See also Appropri ate T chnology: Co t-Benefit Analysis: Energy Con ·er ation: Green Job : Local Economy. 468
Resources Fin le -Brook. Mary. and Curti~ Thoma~. 20 I 0. "Treatment of Di. placed lndigenou Popu lation. in Two Large Hydro Projects in Panama." Water Alremaril'es 3 (2): 269-290. GEF- GP (Global Environmen tal Facility Small Grant. Program). ''Domi ni can Rep ubli ."' Acces. ed April 25 . 20 13. Available from http:// gp. undp.org/index.p hp ? option=com_c untrypages&view=testimonials& country=43&1temid=20.+ International Energy Agency (IEA). 20 12. \\1orld Energy 0111/ook. OE DflE. . lntemarional Hydropower Association. 20 I 0. Hwlrnpoll'er 11.wai11abiliry Assess111e111 Prorocol. Acee sed Jul y . _() 13. vailab le from http://\\ w-.v .hydro u ·tainability.org/ IHAH ydro4Life/media/PDF /Pr tocol/hydropowersu. tainabilit. -as ess ment-protocol_web.pdf Ledec. George. and Ju an David Quintero. 2003. ··Good Dam. and Bad Dam : Environmemal Criteria for Site Sele tion of Hydroe lec ui c Projects.'· World Bank. Latin American and Caribbean Region. u. tainable Development Worling Pape r 16. A' ai lable from hup://~iteresources. world ban" .org/LACE T/Re. ource!J258553- I 1232:0606139/Good_ and_Bad_ Dam _WP 16.pdf
ACHIEVIN G SUSTAINABILITY: VI SIONS, PRI CIPLES, AN D PRACTI CES
McCully, Patrick. 200 I. Silenced Rii·ers: The Ecolog_\' and Politics of Large Dams. Enl. ed. London and New York: Zed Books. Okot, David Kilama. 2013. "Review of Small Hydropower Technology." Reneirnhle and S11stainahle Energr Rl'l'icll' 26: 515-520. REN2 l (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 2 I st Century). 2013. Re11e1rnbles 20/J: Global Status Report. UN Environmental Program. Available from http://www.ren2 l .net/REN2 l Activities/GlobalStatus Report.aspx
US Depanment of Energy. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 2013. 201 I R1·11c11·a/1lc Encrgr Data Book. Available from http://www.nrel.gov/docstry I Jost ii 54909.pdf Vittorio. Andrea. 2013. "Development Banks Step Up Lending for Hydrnpower. Sustainability Still Focus." U/00111/>urg BNA. Accessed July 9. 2013. Available from http://www .bna.com/de\'clopment-banks-step-n 1717987489 l/ World Commission on Dams (\VCD). 2000. J)a111s and
Dc1·elop111e111: A Nc1r Fm1111•11·ork ji1r /)l'Cisio11-Maki11g. London: Earthscan.
Singal. S. K.: R. P. Saini: and C. S. Raghuvanshi. 20 I 0. "Analysis for Cost Estimation of Low Head Run-of-Ri\er Small Hydropower Schemes." Energv .fi1r S11staina/Jlc Dl'\'elopmelll 14 (2): 117-126.
ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY: VISIONS, PRINCIPLES, AND PRACTICES
Mary Finley-Brook 1\ssoci.111• l'ro(essor, Departmpnt of Ceogr,>phy .incl the [11viro11ment University of Richmond, VA
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