HyperMesh Basic Training Course

Copyright © 1993-2009 solidThinking, Inc. All rights reserved. solidThinking™ and renderThinking™ are trademarks of solidThinking, Inc. All other trademarks or service marks are the property of their respective owners. This documentation and the software program are copyright solidThinking, Inc., and your rights are subject to the limitations and restrictions imposed by the copyright laws. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or disclosed to a third party, without the prior written permission of solidThinking, Inc. solidThinking, Inc. reserves the right to make changes in specifications at any time and without notice.

Contact Information solidThinking, Inc. 1820 E. Big Beaver Troy, MI 48083–2031 USA e-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.solidthinking.com Phone: 1-248-526-1920 Fax: 1-248-526-1921

Table of Contents solidThinking Environment ..................................................................................... 1 Modeling Views ........................................................................................................ 5 Console ................................................................................................................... 13 Selecting Objects ................................................................................................... 15 Working Modes ...................................................................................................... 19 World Browser........................................................................................................ 25 Construction Tree .................................................................................................. 33 Transformations ..................................................................................................... 43 Construction Aids .................................................................................................. 53 Preferences............................................................................................................. 59 Grids........................................................................................................................ 61 Curves ..................................................................................................................... 65 Combine and Multi-Combine................................................................................. 77 Mirror....................................................................................................................... 81 Surfaces .................................................................................................................. 85 Extrude.................................................................................................................... 93 Skin.......................................................................................................................... 97 Loft and Pipe ........................................................................................................ 105 Birail ...................................................................................................................... 113 Multisweep............................................................................................................ 117 Lathe...................................................................................................................... 121 RadialSweep ......................................................................................................... 127 Coons, 3Sides, and Curves Network .................................................................. 131 Fillpath and Surface from Curves ....................................................................... 137 Blend Surfaces ..................................................................................................... 141 Trim and Trim Solid.............................................................................................. 145

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Introduction to solidThinking

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Intersection, Make Manifold and Boolean Operations ...................................... 153 Round.................................................................................................................... 161 The Shading Panel ............................................................................................... 165 Lights .................................................................................................................... 173 Global Illumination ............................................................................................... 191 Materials................................................................................................................ 195 Backgrounds ........................................................................................................ 213

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Chapter 1

solidThinking Environment solidThinking Interface Overview To better understand the application, you need to familiarize yourself with the solidThinking user interface. This will allow you to keep the number of commands required to perform operations to a minimum. The main elements of the solidThinking interface are shown in the image below.

Across the top of the screen is the Application title bar. This area indicates that the solidThinking application is the active application and provides the name of the current scene you have open.

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Below the Application title bar (or above it, as in the Mac OS X version) are pull-down menus. These menus provide access to the tools, settings, interface elements, and other parts of solidThinking. Most of the menu options are also accessible thru keyboard shortcuts and/or on-screen icons. Along the left side of the default interface arrangement is the Modeling toolbar. The icons for most of the solidThinking tools are located here. These tools are also accessible through the Tools menu. You can scroll through the icons by clicking and dragging anywhere in the palette with the rightmouse button on Windows or clicking and dragging while pressing the Command key on a Mac. You can also use the mouse wheel to scroll through the palette. To see fewer icons in the Modeling toolbar, you can collapse each tabbed section, such as Transform or Curves, by double-clicking the Section Title tab. The effect of this action is shown below:

In some cases, the icon for a tool has a small arrow in the lower, right corner. These arrows indicate that many related tool icons are “stacked” beneath the icon that is visible. You can access these icons by clicking-and-holding the left mouse button on the top icon.

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A fly-out panel is displayed with the stacked icons visible and ready to select. This fly-out remains visible until you select a tool icon or move the mouse away. You do not have to hold the mouse button down the entire time the fly-out is visible. Tool-tips are provided for each icon in the solidThinking interface. These provide the title of the tool or icon in a floating, yellow box beneath your cursor. Tool-tips are automatically displayed if you simply hover, or hold without clicking, the mouse cursor above the icon for one second. This also works inside the fly-out icon menus. You can float or dock these panels by picking and dragging their borders according to your preferences. When floating, a toolbar displays its name and a close button in the title bar. If you hide all panels, operations can still be performed by using the menu commands. With this layout, modeling views have the maximum space possible. Several floating panels are used in different phases of a working session. Learning the keyboard shortcuts allows you to quickly display or hide panels, thus improving your workflow. You can find the keyboard shortcuts in the solidThinking on-line help. You can also choose different themes to change the solidThinking user interface. From the Help menu, select Preferences to open the Preferences panel (for Mac users, select the Info > Preferences command). From the General tab, locate the User Interface section and select a different theme from the Theme drop-down menu.

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Chapter 2

Modeling Views Exercise 2.1: Orthographic Views Purpose This exercise illustrates how to use orthographic views in solidThinking.

Step 1: Enlarge and reduce a view 1. Double-click the title bar to enlarge your view and double-click again to reduce your view. 2. You can also press the V keyboard key as a shortcut to enlarge and reduce the active view.

Step 2: Activate a view 1. To activate a view, click the title bar or click inside the view while holding down the right mouse button. 2. Before inserting primitives, you must activate your view to define the orientation of your object.

Step 3: Pan using the mouse 1. Click and drag the right mouse button to pan in any orthographic view. 2. In the Perspective view, click and drag the right mouse button while holding down the CTRL key to pan.

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Step 4: Pan using the Track icon 1. Drag the Track icon with the left mouse button horizontally to move the view from side to side. 2. Drag it vertically to move the view up and down.

Step 5: Zoom in and out using the mouse 1. Click and drag the right mouse button while holding down the SHIFT key to pan in any view. 2. You can also use the mouse wheel to zoom in and out.

Step 6: Zoom in and out using the icons •

With the left mouse button, drag the Zoom icon vertically up or down to zoom the view.

Step 7: Zoom defining a rectangular area •

While holding down the ALT key, drag the right mouse button in any view to set the first corner and release the right mouse button when you define the opposite corner.

Exercise 2.2: Perspective Views Purpose This exercise illustrates how to navigate in perspective views.

Step 1: Orbit in the Perspective view using the mouse •

Click and drag the right mouse button to orbit in the Perspective view.

Step 2: Orbit in the Perspective view using the Orbit icon •

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Click and drag the Orbit icon up and down or side to side to orbit in the Perspective view.


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Step 3: Zoom in the Perspective view using the Dolly icon 1. Click and drag the Dolly icon to move the camera forward. 2. Drag it down to move the camera backward. This action does not change the viewing angle. Perspective distortions may result at the edges of the scene.

Step 4: Zoom in the Perspective view using the F.O.V. icon 1. Click and drag the F.O.V. icon up to zoom in. 2. Drag it down to zoom out. This action changes the camera field of view and increases the size of the point of interest by increasing the lens length.

Step 5: Zoom in the Perspective view using the Dolly and F.O.V. icon together 1. Click and drag the Dolly/F.O.V. icons up and down to change your perspective view. This function combines Dolly and F.O.V. 2. It is important not to confuse the Dolly with the F.O.V. function.

Exercise 2.3: View Modes Purpose This exercise illustrates visualizing objects in various modes. By default, the Wireframe view mode is displayed in each window.

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Step 1: W (Wireframe), S (Shaded), C (Combined), T (Textured), or E (Environment)

1. Click the W (Wireframe) icon to represent all objects in your scene in wireframe mode. 2. Click the S (Shaded) icon to represent the shape of the objects and how lights illuminate the scene. The shading color is not the color of the object. The shading color depends on the layer color. Changing the layer color changes the shading color. To get more shading colors in your scene, you can create more layers and different colors for each layer. 3. Click the C (Combined) icon to represent the shape color of the object in both wireframe and shaded mode. 4. Click the T (Textured) icons to represent the material color and texture assigned to your objects. Also, the environment map (HDRI images) will be visible only in the Perspective views. By default, all objects are white. The Textured mode representation does not exactly fit the final effect; it aims to give you an idea of what to expect. The Textured mode requires the most time to refresh the display, but it can be very useful for previewing your scene before starting the rendering session. Not all materials, such as procedural materials and decal shaders, can be displayed in Textured mode. 5. Click the E (Environment) icons to apply an environment map to your scene. The environment map is reflected on all models. You can select a different map to get a new result. Additional maps can be added to the EnvMaps folder of your solidThinking application.

Exercise 2.4: View Layouts Purpose This exercise illustrates how to organize views in various layouts. By default, the four view options, Top, Perspective, Front, and Right, have the same dimensions.

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Step 1: Changing the view layout 1. From the View menu, select Layouts to display the Layouts dialog. 2. Click the icon of the view you want to use. The panel closes and the views are redrawn. 3. You can enlarge one view to fill the entire space inside the main window by double-clicking its title bar. Double-click it again to restore it to its normal size.

Exercise 2.5: View Detail Purpose You can adjust the level of detail in the visual representation of your scene using the View Detail panel, located on the View menu. You can increase the speed of modeling operations or enhance the detail quality representation of your objects.

Step 1: Increase performance with complex scenes If you are working with complex models, choose a low level detail that allows you a faster representation of your scene speed modeling operations.

Low Quality

Medium Quality

High Quality

1. Open a complex scene. 2. From the View menu, select Detail. From the View Detail dialog, click Low.

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Step 2: Increase or enhance the shading quality If you are working with a model and need a higher quality representation and better visualization, choose the High level detail. High level detail slows down the redraw process. 1. From the View menu, select Detail and click High. 2. You can customize any detail setting through the Customize View Detail panel. From the View Detail dialog, click Customize to display the Customize View Detail panel.

Step 3: Increase or decrease the curve mesh representation 1. Draw a sphere and click the S (Shaded) icon on the title bar of the Perspective view. 2. From the View menu, select Detail. Click Customize from the View Detail dialog. 3. Under Wireframe, in the Resolution field, insert the value 20 and click Apply or OK. Each surface entity is represented with 20 curve meshes. Apply allows you to change the representation of your scene without closing the window, while OK changes the representation of your scene and closes the Customize View Detail window.

Wireframe resolution: 4

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Wireframe resolution: 20

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Step 4: Increase or decrease the shading quality 1. Open the file Shadingquality.st and click the S (Shaded) icon on the title bar of the Perspective view. 2. From the View menu, select Detail. Click Customize from the View Detail dialog. 3. From the Shading menu, select Texture. 4. In the Tolerance field, enter the value 0.001 and click Apply or OK. Each surface entity has a higher shading quality.

Step 5: Increase and decrease the curve quality 1. Draw a helix with these values: Bottom Radius: 10 Top Radius: 5 Height: 15 Turns: 10. 2. Even if you choose the High level detail, the helix quality is not high enough. From the View menu, select Detail and click Customize from the View Detail dialog. 3. Under Lines, enter 50 in the Resolution field. 4. In the Maximum field, insert the value 500 or 1000 and click Apply or OK. All curves and curve mesh representations of surfaces will have a higher quality.

Step 6: Enable the transparent surfaces drawing mode 1. Open the file Transparent-mode.st. 2. From the View menu, select Detail.

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3. Enable the Transparent surfaces check box. The entire scene in the Shaded view mode looks transparent. The level of detail you can reach without compromising the redraw performance depends on your hardware configuration and your video card. You should avoid increasing the level of detail too much if your hardware is not powerful enough. Moreover, changing the visual representation of your model does not affect its geometry in any way.

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Chapter 3

Console Exercise 3.1: Interacting with the Active Command Purpose This exercise illustrates how to interact with active tools using the Console. You can find the Console at the top of the workspace, near the pull-down menus.

Any parameter requiring numerical input can either be set through the keyboard or specified by working interactively in any view with the mouse. When you enter XYZ coordinates, values can be separated by a comma (1,1,1). However, they cannot be separated by a dot, as a dot is used for decimals. The spacebar cannot be used as it will end an operation.

Step 1: Starting the Console 1. Click Circle or select Tools > Curves > Circle > Circle: Center, Radius. The Console awaits your keyboard or mouse input. 2. You cannot interact with the Modeling Tool panel until you complete all console requirements.

Step 2: Escape the Console prompts if you select the wrong tool 1. Click Circle or any other tool. 2. To escape the Console prompts, press the ESC key to cancel the tool. The Console closes and the circle is cancelled.

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Step 3: Skip all current prompts in the Console 1. Click Circle or select Tools > Curves > Circle > Circle: Center, Radius. 2. Hold down the CTRL key and press ENTER. Default values for the circle are assigned. 3. In the Circle: Center, Radius panel, enter 0, 0, 0 for the position and enter 1 for the Radius dimension. By doing this, you skip all the subsequent prompts for the current command. 4. You can change your circle (or any other object) at any time by modifying its parameter in the Modeling Tool panel.

Step 4: Reactivate the Console Sometimes, the Console may be inactive and you will not be able to insert numerical values or press the ENTER key to confirm values. Let’s see when this could happen. 1. Click Circle. 2. Confirm that 0, 0, 0 is the default position of the circle by pressing ENTER. 3. Click the Modeling Tool panel or the World Browser. The Console is inactive and the highlighted text is unselected. 4. Press ENTER to confirm the Radius of 1. The Console is still open, but you cannot interact with it. 5. Press 1 to change the radius value from 1 to 2. Also in this case, you cannot interact with the Console. To reactivate it, choose one of the following procedures: •

Click or double-click inside the Console.

•

With the right-mouse, click in any view.

•

As you can see, the Console is active and the value is highlighted.

6. Press ENTER to confirm the default radius or press 2 to change the radius value and press ENTER.

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Chapter 4

Selecting Objects By default, when you start solidThinking, the Object mode is active. As a result, you do not need to activate a working mode to select or apply transformations to objects.

For multiple selections, pick objects while holding down the CTRL key. The CTRL key can be used to deselect an object. An object can also be selected within the hierarchy browser by simply clicking on its icon.

Colors Used in solidThinking To represent the status of an object, solidThinking uses the following colors: Blue: Objects are not selected. Blue is the default layer color. Red: Objects are selected. Magenta: Entities are selected. Dark green: Non-selected objects that are involved in the Construction Tree of the selected object.

Exercise 4.1: Selecting and Deselecting Objects Purpose This exercise illustrates how to select and deselect objects.

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Step 1: Select an object in a view To select an object, activate the Object mode icon and select one of the following methods: 1. Click the object in any view. If the Wireframe view mode is active, click on its edge. If the Shaded view mode is active, click on its surface. 2. Within the hierarchy browser, click the name of the object. Edit mode or Object mode can be active. 3. For multiple selections, pick the objects while holding down the CTRL key. 4. Hold down the mouse button and drag in the view to select any object included in a selection box.

Step 2: Deselect an object 1. Activate the Object mode and click in an empty place in any view. 2. If you select more than one object and you need to deselect an object without deselecting the others, hold down the CTRL key and click the object you want to deselect. 3. If Edit mode is active, clicking in an empty place in any view does not deselect selected objects. In this case, you must switch to Object mode and click in an empty place in any view.

Step 3: Select an entity/entities 1. In the Top view, draw a cube as shown in the image below. 2. To select a single entity (and not the whole object), pick it while holding down the ALT key. 3. To select more entities, hold down the ALT and the CTRL keys and pick on its surface. 4. If the Wireframe view mode is active, click on its wireframe. 5. If the Shaded view mode is active, click on its surface. It is easier to select entities in the Shaded view mode.

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Step 4: Select an entity/entities from the hierarchy browser 1. In the World Browser, click the + symbol to display the entities of your object and click on any entity.

Note: You cannot delete an entity if the selected object is part of a construction history. If you press Delete, the entire object is canceled. If the object is not a part of a construction history and you press Delete, only the select entity is cancelled and not the entire object.

Exercise 4.2: Selecting Points Purpose This exercise illustrates how to select and edit points.

Step 1: Select a point 1. Select the Edit mode and click the point.

2. Picking a new point automatically deselects any previously selected point. Picking can be performed in any view, 3D view included. 3. To represent the status of a point, solidThinking uses the following colors: Blue - Point can be selected. Yellow - Point is selected. When you apply a transformation to some selected points, these are displayed in blue, but in a smaller size.

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Light Green - Point is not selectable and is visualized (in a smaller size) to enable snap to point. 4. For multiple selections, pick points while holding down the CTRL key. •

To choose a range of points, from the currently selected point to the clicked point, hold down the SHIFT key.

•

Hold down the mouse button and drag in the view to select any point included in a selection box. To force a selection box, even if you are over a control point or another hotSpot (thus avoiding to activate a translation), hold down CTRL + SHIFT and drag with the mouse.

Exercise 4.3: Selecting Groups Purpose This exercise illustrates how to organize your scene by creating groups. Groups can help you organize your scene when you have a lot of objects. You can group objects that have the same material or are in the same construction tree. This helps you quickly find them in the World Browser

Step 1: Select a group 1. To select a group, click Group mode and pick an object that is part of a group. The entire group is selected.

When you are in Group mode, you cannot translate an object or a group by clicking and dragging in the view. It is still possible to apply any transformation by activating the appropriate tool. A group can also be selected within the hierarchy browser by simply selecting it.

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Chapter 5

Working Modes By default, when you start solidThinking, the Object mode is active so you do not need to activate any working mode or apply transformations to objects.

Exercise 5.1: Working in Object Mode Purpose In Object mode, you can translate, rotate, and scale objects.

Step 1: Move objects in Object mode You can move objects using one of the following methods: 1. Pick one or more items (objects or points) and drag. 2. Click Translate, , or use the T keyboard shortcut and drag your items (objects or points). You can also select Tools / Transform / Translate.

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When you drag an object, you can see the distance in the Modeling Tool panel.

•

Even if you can translate items by picking and dragging, it is better to use the Translate command instead. Using Translate avoids moving unintentionally coincident objects.

Note

When you use Translate to move an object, do not move the Pivot hotSpot (the yellow point) unless you need to define a different origin.

Step 2: Modifying objects You can modify objects by choosing one of the following methods: 1. Changing a parameter in the Modeling Tool panel while either the Object mode or Edit mode is active. 2. Modifying interactive points or hotSpots only in Edit mode.

Exercise 5.2: Modifying Parameters Purpose You can modify the parameters of any object by changing values in the Modeling Tool panel.

Step 1: Modifying parameters 1. Open the file working_modes.st. 2. Be sure that the Object mode is active. 3. In the Perspective view, select the sphere. 4. On the Modeling Tool panel, change the radius by moving the slider or by typing the value in the Radius data field and pressing ENTER. 20


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Exercise 5.3: Modifying objects interactively Purpose You can modify some parameters of any objects interactively in any view.

Step 1: Modify objects interactively 1. In any view, select the sphere. 2. In the Application toolbar click Edit Mode. You can quickly switch from Object mode to Edit mode by pressing the spacebar. The hotSpots of the Sphere are displayed in blue. 3. Position the mouse cursor over a hotSpot. A yellow tab displays its name. In this case, you can modify radius and start/end angles by clicking the appropriate hotSpots and dragging them. Hotspots can be associated with any parameter. They can be control points, vertices, or isoparametric curves on a surface. Some can be dragged while others may only be selected.

Step 2: Select items (objects or points) in Edit mode 1. Press the spacebar to switch to Object mode. Learning to use this shortcut can dramatically improve your workflow. 2. If the Edit mode is active, you cannot select or deselect objects in the views, unless you use one of the following methods: •

Click on the object in the World Browser.

•

Hold down the ALT key and click on an item.

Otherwise, you must switch to Object mode and click any object. When you switch to Edit mode, not all objects display hotSpots. For example, if you select a combined object and you switch to Edit mode, no hotSpots are displayed. In this case, the only way to modify objects is to go back to the Construction History and modify the original objects. To learn more about Construction History, see Chapter 7. Moreover, you cannot translate, rotate, or scale objects if Edit mode is active. In Edit mode, you can translate, rotate or scale points. To learn more about translating, rotating, or scaling points in Edit mode, see Chapter 8.

Exercise 5.4: Group Mode Purpose Working with Groups helps you to organize your scene, especially when you need to assign materials to more than one object.

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Step 1: Create a group 1. In any view, select all objects that you want to make part of a group and choose one of the following methods: •

Use the shortcut CTRL + G to group all the selected objects.

•

Choose the Selection > Group menu option.

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From the World Browser, click the Group icon to group all selected objects.

Step 2: Select groups If you create a group in Object mode, you can select one object at a time and not the entire group. 1. Click Group mode and pick an object that is part of a group. The entire group is selected. 2. When you are in Group mode, you cannot translate an object or a group by clicking and dragging in the view, but it is still possible to apply any transformation (translation, rotation, and scaling) by activating the appropriate tool. 3.

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You can also select your group within the hierarchy browser by clicking it.


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Editing Parameters and Points

Parameter and point editing allows you to modify the position of the object’s control points (for a NURBS primitive) or vertices (for a PolyMesh), even if the object is the result of a Construction Tree. •

To enable point editing, click Point edit or use the ALT + spacebar shortcut.

When you switch from Parameter edit to Point edit, you must also activate the Edit mode to see and manipulate an object’s points. You cannot delete or add points when Point edit is active. When in Point edit, the Multi Edit panel is automatically invoked. Transformations can be applied using the standard transformation modeling tools: translate, rotate and scale. The Multi Edit modeling tool panel contains two buttons to remove the editing from the currently selected points (Un-edit selected) and from all points of the currently selected objects (Un-edit all). Important note: When you edit points of primitives or objects that are involved in a construction history you must switch to Parameter edit. Otherwise, when you try to edit an object, you will not be able to modify interactively or adjust parameters in the Modeling Tool panel.

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Chapter 6

World Browser The World Browser allows you to view and organize objects in your scene. You can navigate in your scene using the World or Layers.

It is important not to confuse the World Browser with the Construction History. •

The World Browser allows you to view all objects in your scene.

•

The Construction History allows you to view and navigate the construction history of the selected object.

You can float or doc the World Browser panel by picking and dragging its upper border and positioning it anywhere on the screen. You can also resize your World Browser to obtain more space while you are organizing your scene.

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Exercise 6.1: Navigating the World Browser Purpose This exercise illustrates how to customize the World Browser.

Step 1: Resize the World Browser 1. Drag the border up or down to resize the World Browser.

2. Add more space to the World Browser.

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3. Drag the World Browser beside the Modeling Tool Panel to add more space.

4. Hide the Construction History to add more space to the World Browser.

Step 2: Hide the Construction History 1. Right-click in an empty area anywhere in the World Browser (not in the Construction History). 2. Select Show/hide C. Tree to hide your Construction History. If you hide your Construction History, you can get more space to organize your scene.

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Step 3: Display the Construction History 1. Right-click in an empty area anywhere in the World Browser. 2. Select Show/Hide C. Tree to display your Construction History.

Step 4: Rename objects – method 1 1. Open the file Browser.st. 2. Select the Sphere icon in any view. The sphere becomes red, and its icon in the World Browser is red. 3. From the World Browser, click once on the Sphere icon Surf #1, then click and hold the mouse button down on the object name. The text becomes editable. 4. Type Mysphere and press ENTER to rename.

Step 5: Rename objects – method 2 You can also rename an object in this way: 1. Select the Sphere in any view. 2. From the World Browser, click once on the Sphere icon Surf #1, press the F2 key, type Mysphere, and press ENTER to rename. You can also rename groups using the same procedure. Renaming your objects in the World Browser is very helpful to locate them immediately. There are many ways to customize your objects in the World Browser. You can disable and enable selecting objects, hide and show objects in views, group and ungroup objects, as well as other useful operations. These items are explored below:

Step 6: Hide an object in a scene 1. Select the Prism in any view or its name from the World Browser (Surf #4).

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2. Click the Hidden in- interactive views icon. 3. Click in an empty area to deselect it. When you hide an object, solidThinking hides it from rendering also. When you use one of the operations above, the status of the object changes. Also, its icon in the World Browser changes. This helps you to individualize the object easily.

Visible objects

Hidden object

Step 7: Visualize a hidden object The only way that allows you to reselect and visualize a hidden object is to select it in the World Browser. 1. From the World Browser, select Surf #4 that has a hidden icon. 2. Click the Hidden in the interactive views button. Renaming objects helps to individualize them in the World Browser. You can still modify your objects even if they are hidden in view, in rendering, disabled, or shown as a bounding box only.

Step 8: Hide objects in rendering 1. Select the Prism in any view or click on its name (Surf #4) in the World Browser. 2. Click the Hidden in rendering views icon. When you render your scene the prism will not be rendered.

Step 9: Display objects in rendering 1. From the World Browser, select Prism (Surf #4). 2. Click the Hidden in rendering icon.

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Step 10: Create a group 1. While pressing the CTRL button, select the Sphere, Tours, and the Cylinder in any view. The three objects and their icons turn red in the World Browser. 2. From the World Browser, click the Create group icon.

Step 11: Add objects to a group 1. Select the circle in any view. 2. From the World Browser, drag and drop its icon, Curve #3, into the Group folder.

Step 12: Remove objects from a group 1. Click the + sign to expand the Group #1 folder. 2. Select the circle, Curve #3, within Group #1. 3. Drag and drop Curve #3 on the World icon or in another group (do not drop it in an empty area).

Step 13: Ungroup an existing group 1. Click Group from the World Browser. The group icon becomes red. 2. From the World Browser, click the Ungroup icon.

Step 14: Disable picking objects 1. Select the object you want to disable. 2. Click Disable. The object is still selected. 3. Click in an empty area to deselect it. The object cannot be selected in any view.

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Step 15: Enable picking disabled objects As with hidden objects, to reselect and enable a disabled object is to select it in the World Browser. To individualize which objects are disabled, activate the correct status filters.

•

Click the Status filter pull-down menu and select Picking/B.Box.

This pull-down menu allows you to decide which kind of information you want displayed in the World Browser. •

If you select Picking/B.Box, the World Browser displays only the icons of objects that are not selectable or that use a bounding-box display.

•

If you select Visibility, the World Browser displays only the icons of objects that are not visible in the interactive views or in the rendering.

•

If you select Shadows, the World Browser displays only the icons of objects that do not receive or cast shadows.

•

From the World Browser, select Surf #4.

•

Click the Picking disabled icon again to enable it.

When you choose another Filter status, remember to switch it to Visibility. Visibility is the default Filter status.

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Chapter 7

Construction Tree The solidThinking Construction Tree amplifies the power of all of the tools. You can manipulate both the parameters and the points of all objects freely. It allows you to replace source objects within the Construction Tree with immediate reconstruction. It is also possible to collapse the Construction Tree, so is removing the history from an object. See the solidThinking User’s Guide for more details on the Construction History.

It is important not to confuse the World Browser with the Construction History. •

The World Browser allows you to view all objects in your scene.

•

The Construction Tree allows to view and to navigate only the Construction History of the selected object.

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Exercise 7.1: Understanding the Construction Tree Purpose To better understand how the Construction History works, let us take a look at this simple example.

Step 1: Using the Construction Tree 1. Open the file C-history01.st.

In the World Browser, there are three objects: a curve and two solids. The Construction History helps understand how these solids are created. 2. From the Top view, click the left cylinder solid 1. Make sure that the Object mode is active. From the Construction Tree, we know that this object is not a free-form object, but a simple primitive created with solidThinking. 3. Select the other object, solid 2. From the Construction History, we know that this object is not a primitive or a revolved object, for example, but an object created with the Extrude command.

Step 2: Read the Construction History of an object 1. At the top of the Construction History is the name of the selected object and its history.

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2. Solid 2 is created using the Extrude tool. 3. The name of the extruded curve is Curve1. 4. Curve 1 is a circle.

Step 3: Modify objects that are involved in a Construction History For instance, if we need to modify the radius of the solid, we must go back in the history and select the circle. If we select Solid 2 from the Modeling Tool panel, we can access the extrusion parameters, such as height and sections and not the radius value of the circle. For this reason, to change the radius, we must navigate the history and select the circle to modify its value. 1. Click Solid 2 in any view to select it. 2. Within the Construction History, click the circle or on its name, Curve1. 3. In the Modeling Tool panel, change the Radius value from 5 to 7. Never cancel objects that are involved within a Construction History. For instance, if you cancel Curve1, Solid 2 becomes an empty object. Remember that each Modeling Tool creates the resulting object from the input parameters and object. If one source object is deleted, the resulting object remains in the browser but does not contain any valid entity. If this happens, you can undo the operation or replace the source object with another one and the object becomes valid.

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Exercise 7.2: More Complex Construction History Purpose This exercise illustrates how to edit an object with a Construction Tree.

Step 1: Add a trim to the solid We will add a Trim operation to our solid, making the history of the objects more complex. 1. Open the file C-history02.st. 2. Click the Trim solid icon near the Trim icon.

3. The Pick curve: prompt is displayed. Click the Rectangle in the Front view. 4. The Pick surface: prompt is displayed. Click Solid 2 in any view. What happened to Solid 2? solidThinking hides Solid 2 and creates a new copy with the trim operation. This means that we have two solids: the extruded one and the trimmed one. The extruded solid was automatically hidden. When we use modeling tools, such as Boolean, Intersection, Shell, Round, and so on, a new copy is always created and the original one is always hidden.

Step 2: Navigate an object’s history To better understand what happens when we trim an object, we must navigate its history. 1. Click the Trimmed solid, Surf #3, in any view to select it. 2. Within the Construction History, click the Extrude Modeling Tool or on its name, Solid 2. 3. In the Modeling Tool panel, change the extrusion Length value from 10 to 13. 4. If you need to change the radius again, click the circle or on its name, Curve1. 5. In the Modeling Tool panel, change the Radius value from 7 to 5. Even if source objects are hidden, they can be modified as any other object.

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Exercise 7.3: Replacing Objects Purpose This exercise illustrates how to replace a profile with another profile

Step 1: Replace an object within a Construction History 1. Open the file Replace01.st. 2. Click the Lathe tool.

3. The Pick Profile curve: prompt is displayed. 4. In the Front view, click Profile 1. 5. The Rev. axis start prompt is displayed. 6.

Press ENTER to confirm.

7. The Revolution axis direction: prompt is displayed. 8. Press ENTER to confirm. If you did not click Profile in the Front view, the revolution direction could change. Select the Z axis from the Modeling Tool panel if this happens.

Step 2: Replace the profile with another profile: 1. Select the glass that you have revolved. 2. From the Modeling Tool panel, select the Replace check box and click Profile 2.

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Exercise 7.4: Replacing Objects Purpose This exercise illustrates how to correctly replace the source object with a new one.

Step 1: Replace a source object in an inexact way 1. Open the file Replace02.st. 2. Select the object Surf #3 in any view. 3. From the Construction History, select the Lathe object Surf #2. 4. From the Lathe Modeling Tool panel, select the Replace check box and click Profile 3.

As you can see, the Replace operation is performed correctly, but the resulting object is not what we want. This is because there are other objects involved in this Construction History. For example, there are polar copy objects that are positioned at the center. When we replace the profile, solidThinking does not move the polar copy to the new location. In these cases, we must pay attention if other objects are involved in the History. We can place the new profile in the same location as Profile 1. 5. Select the object Surf #3 in any view. 6. From the Construction History, select the Lathe object, Surf #2. 7. From the Lathe Modeling Tool panel, select Replace and click Profile 2.

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As you can see, the result is correct. Even if you made a mistake, you can correct it without problems.

Step 2: Repeat Step 1 using a different method 1. Select the object Surf #3 in any view. 2. From the Construction History, select the Lathe object Surf #2. 3. From the Lathe Modeling Tool panel, select Replace and click Profile 3. Here is the procedure to correct our mistake: 4. Select the object Surf #3 in any view. 5. From the Construction History, select Profile 3. 6. Click the Translate icon or use the T keyboard shortcut. 7. Click Grid 2 to activate it. 8. Hold down the X keyboard shortcut and drag Profile 3 to the center.

Using the Construction History correctly helps you to correct errors and avoid using the Undo function.

Exercise 7.5: Collapsing a Construction History Purpose Sometimes, it can be useful to collapse the Construction History. To collapse a Construction Tree, unlink the selected object from the Construction History, leaving it freely editable.

Step 1: Cut and collapse a Construction History Sometimes, it can be useful to collapse the Construction History. To collapse a Construction Tree, unlink the selected object from the Construction History, leaving it freely editable. 1. Open the file C-history02.st.

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2. Select solid 2. 3. Press the C keyboard shortcut or select the Edit > Collapse Construction Tree menu option. The following dialog is displayed:

This dialog gives you the option to delete or keep hidden source objects that are not used in another Construction Tree. 4. Click Yes to delete all source objects.

Before collapsing.

After collapsing and selecting Yes.

After collapsing and selecting No.

As you can see in the World Browser and in the Construction History, if you select Yes (see the image above) Solid 2 does not have any more Construction History. In the World Browser, the source Curve1 is deleted. If you select No, Solid 2 does not have any more Construction History. In the World Browser, the source Curve1 is still hidden in your scene. In this case, if you need it you can visualize it in your views and use it for your needs.

Exercise 7.6: Restoring a Step in the Construction History Purpose You can restore the second to last step (or any other step) in the Construction History. When you choose a tool like Boolean operation, Round, or Trim solid, solidThinking hides the object and performs the operation on a new copy. You must delete the last operation and turn on the hidden object.

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Below is an example. Suppose that we need to delete the two holes from this object.

How do you know what the last operation is in this Construction History?

According to the Construction Tree, the last operation is the Trim solid.

Step 1: Restore the second to last step in a Construction History 1. Open the file C-history03.st. 2. Select Surf #17. The Construction Tree shows that Surf #17 is the result of the Trim solid tool using two circles to trim Surf #16. 3. Within the Construction History, click Surf #16. 4. Click Hidden in interactive views icon to display.

5. Within the Construction History, click Surf #17 and click Delete.

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Chapter 8

Transformations Translation In the active working mode, you can use solidThinking to translate objects or points. If you want to translate an object, the Object mode must be active. If you want to translate points, the Edit mode must be active. To toggle between the Object mode and the Edit mode, press the spacebar.

Exercise 8.1: Translation Methods Purpose This exercise illustrates how to translate objects in three different ways.

Translate objects To translate an object, the Object mode must be active. Choose one of the following methods: 1. Interactive translation (without choosing the Translate tool). 2. Interactive translation (using the Translate tool). 3. Numerical translation (using the Translate tool).

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Step 1: Interactive translation (without choosing the Translate tool) 1. Pick and drag one or more items in any 3D view to a new location. If you want to constrain movement along one axis, hold down the X, Y, or Z key before dragging it or enable only the X, Y, or Z axis icons on the Application toolbar. Note: When you select an object to translate, if you constrain movement along one axis, disabling X, Y or Z, the translation can be applied to the local axes or the global axes. Their orientation in the view is dependent on the orientation of the coordinate system, which can be local or global.

If you drag an object that has a complex construction history, it could take some time. This means that solidThinking must recalculate the entire history. Moreover, when you translate a complex object, you must select other involved objects in the same history, otherwise this could compromise the final result.

Step 2: Interactive translation (using the Translate tool) 1. Pick the items you want to move. 2. Click Translate or use the T keyboard shortcut. The Translation Manipulator, with 3 arrows (red, green and blue), is displayed at the center of the object. Also, a blue hotSpot is displayed at the center of the Manipulator. You can drag and place this blue hotSpot in any location to define a different reference point that could be used as a snapping point. Remember that you can use Snaps to position the center in a specific location. 3. Choose one of the following methods to translate your object:

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Drag the red arrow to translate the object along the X direction.

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Drag the green arrow to translate along the Y direction.

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Drag the blue arrow to translate along the Z direction.

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Drag the blue square to translate along the XY plane.

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Drag the green square to translate along the XZ plane.


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Drag the red square to translate along the YZ plane.

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Click and drag in an empty space outside the Manipulator to translate freely in any direction without any constraint.

If you want to perform another translation operation using the Manipulator, you must click the Translation icon again or press T. It is better to use always the Translate tool, even if you can move objects without it, especially if there are many overlapped objects in your scene. In this case, you will avoid accidentally selecting and moving other objects.

Step 3: Numerical translation (using the Translate tool) 1. Pick the items you want to move. 2. Click Translate or use the T keyboard shortcut. 3. Input the XYZ coordinates in the XYZ field on the Modeling Tool panel to numerically specify the new location.

Step 4: Translate objects in relation to a specific point 1. By default, the translation reference point of an item is placed in relation to its local axes. 2. Pick the item you want to move. 3. Click Translate or use the T keyboard shortcut. 4. Click the Pivot hotSpot (a blue point) of the item in any view and drag it to the new location. 5. Choose one of the predefined Origin options from the Modeling Tool panel. 6. Input the XYZ coordinates in the Pivot field of the Modeling Tool panel to specify numerically the location of an arbitrary origin point.

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Step 5: Translate points To translate points, the Edit mode must be active. Choose from one of the following methods: 1. Interactive translation (without choosing the Translate tool). 2. Interactive translation (using the Translate tool). 3. Numerical translation (using the Translate tool). When you switch to Edit mode, not all kinds of objects display points. For example, if you select an object that has a construction history and you switch to Edit mode, no points are displayed. In this case, you can collapse the object or you can activate the Point edit tool on the Application toolbar.

Step 6: Interactive translation (without choosing the Translate tool) 1. Select your object and switch to Edit mode. 2. Select the points you need to translate and drag in any 3D view to a new location.

Step 7: Interactive translation (using the Translate tool) 1. Select your object and switch to Edit mode. 2. Select the points you need to translate. 3. Click Translate or use the T keyboard shortcut. 4. Use the Manipulator to move it or click an area of the view that is clear of any items and drag to the new location. If you want to constrain movement along one axis, hold down the X, Y, or Z key before dragging it.

Step 8: Numerical translation (using the Translate tool) 1. Select your object and switch to Edit mode. 2. Select the points you need to translate. 3. Click Translate or use the T keyboard shortcut. 4. Input the XYZ coordinates in XYZ field on the Modeling Tool panel to specify numerically the new location.

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Rotate With the active working modes, you can use solidThinking to rotate objects or points. To rotate objects, be sure that the Object mode is active. To rotate points, you must switch to Edit mode. To toggle between Object mode and Edit mode, press the spacebar. By default, rotation is view dependent. This means that the rotation is performed according to the two-dimensional plane of the window view where you have selected the item to rotate.

Exercise 8.2: Rotation Methods Purpose This exercise illustrates how to rotate objects.

Step 1: Rotate objects in a specific view 1. Click the Top view to activate the XY plane. 2. Select one or more objects that you want to rotate. 3. Click the Rotate icon or use the R keyboard shortcut. The Rotation Manipulator, with 3 arcs (red, green and blue) and a yellow circle, is displayed at the center of the object. Also, a blue hotSpot is displayed at the center of the Manipulator. You can drag and place this blue hotSpot in any location to define a different rotation center. Remember that you can use Snaps to position the center in a specific location.

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4. Choose one of the following methods to translate your object: •

Drag and rotate the yellow circle to rotate the object according the plane of the window view where you have selected the item to rotate.

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Drag and rotate the blue arc to rotate the object on the XY plane.

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Drag and rotate the green arc to rotate the object on the XZ plane.

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Drag and rotate the red arc to rotate the object on the YZ plane.

If you want to perform another rotation operation using the Manipulator, you must click the Rotation icon again or press R.

Step 2: Rotate objects in a specific plane (non-view dependent) 1. Select one or more objects that you want to rotate. 2. Click the Rotate icon or use the R keyboard shortcut. 3. From the Modeling Tool panel, under Pred. rot. Axes, select Y. 4. Click directly on the object or an area of the view that is clear of any items and drag it to rotate.

Step 3: Rotate objects numerically 1. Click the Front view to activate the XZ plane. 2. Select one or more objects that you want to rotate. 3. Click the Rotate icon or use the R keyboard shortcut. 4. Input the value in the Angle field of the Modeling Tool panel to specify the degree numerically or move the Angle slider of the Modeling Tool panel.

Step 4: Rotate an object in relation to a specific point By default, the center of rotation of an object is placed in relation to the center of its bounding box. 1. Click the Front view to activate the XZ plane. 2. Select the object that you want to rotate. 3. Click the Rotate icon or use the R keyboard shortcut. 48


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The views display the center of rotation with a blue hotSpot. 4. Click and drag the center (the blue hotSpot displayed at the center of its bounding box) to the new location. 5. Click the object or an area of the view that is clear of any items and drag it to rotate. If you want to constrain Rotation with a definite degree, just activate the Snap to rotate icon.

Step 5: Rotate an object in relation to its origin 1. Select the object that you want to rotate. 2. Click the Rotate icon or use the R keyboard shortcut. The views display the center of rotation with a blue hotSpot. 3. From the Modeling Tool panel, select one of the predefined Origin options. 4. Click and drag it to rotate.

Step 6: Rotate points of an object 1. Click the Top view to activate the XY plane. 2. Select a curve or a surface and press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 3. Select the points that you want to rotate. 4. Click the Rotate icon or use the R keyboard shortcut. The views display the center of rotation with a blue hotSpot. 5. Use the Manipulator to rotate.

Scale Similar to Translation and Rotation tools, the Scale command is used to scale objects or points. To scale objects, the Object mode must be active. To scale points, you must switch to Edit mode. To toggle between Object mode and Edit mode, press the spacebar.

Exercise 8.3: Scaling Methods Purpose This exercise illustrates how to scale objects.

Step 1: Scale an object 1. In any view, select one or more objects that you want to scale.

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2. Click the Scale icon or use the S keyboard shortcut. The Scale Manipulator, with three arrows and a small cube at the end of each line (red, green and blue), will appear at the center of the object. Also, a blue hotSpot is displayed at the center of the Manipulator. You can drag and place this blue hotSpot in any location to define a different scaling point.

3. Choose one of the following methods to translate your object: •

Drag the red arrow to scale the object along the X direction.

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Drag the green arrow to scale along the Y direction.

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Drag the blue arrow to scale along the Z direction.

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Drag the blue square (near the center) to scale along the XY plane.

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Drag the green square (near the center) to scale along the XZ plane.

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Drag the red square (near the center) to scale along the YZ plane.

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Click and drag in an empty space outside the Manipulator to scale freely in any direction without any constraint.

If you want to perform another translation operation using the Manipulator, you must click the Translation icon again or press T. Important note: When scaling an object, if an object has a Construction History, you cannot scale the object in one direction only. You can only scale the object proportionally. The Manipulator indicates that an object has a Construction History by displaying yellow cubes at the ends of the XYZ arrows and at the plane points. If you remove the Construction History of an object or select an object without a history, the Manipulator displays red, green and blue cubes instead of the yellow cubes. This indicates that you can now scale the object in a non-proportional way, moving in the X, Y or Z direction.

Step 2: Scale an object along a specific axes 1. From the Top view, select an object you want to scale. 2. Click the Scale icon or use the S keyboard shortcut. The views display the center of scale with a blue hotSpot. 3. From the Application toolbar, leave the X axis activated.

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4. Click directly on the object or an area of the view that is clear of any items and drag the mouse to scale. If you want to constrain scaling by a specific step, activate the Snap to scale icon. Remember to reactivate the Y and Z axis on the Application toolbar, otherwise you will not be able to draw or move objects on these axes. You cannot scale along a single axis, a primitive, or an object that is involved in a construction history. In this case, the scale is performed always in XYZ. To scale it along one axis, you need to collapse it. See Construction Tree, Chapter 8.

Step 3: Scale an object numerically 1. In any view, select one or more objects that you want to scale. 2. Click the Scale icon or use the S keyboard shortcut. The views display the center of scale with a blue hotSpot. 3. Input the value in the Scale field of the Modeling Tool panel to specify the scale factor numerically or move the Scale slider on the Modeling Tool panel.

Step 4: Scale an object in relation to a specific point By default, the center of scaling of an object is placed in relation to the center of its bounding box. 1. Select the object that you want to scale. 2. Click the Scale icon or use the S keyboard shortcut. The views display the center of rotation with a blue hotSpot. 3. Click and drag the center (the blue hotSpot displayed at the center of its bounding box) to the new location to define the origin (center) of the scaling. 4. Use the Manipulator to scale. Or, input the value in the Scale field of the Modeling Tool panel to specify the scale factor numerically, or move the Scale slider of the Modeling Tool panel. Remember that you can use Snaps to position the center in a specific location.

Step 5: Scale points of an object 1. Select a curve or a surface and press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 2. Select the points that you want to scale. 3. Click the Scale icon or use the S keyboard shortcut. The view displays the center of rotation with a blue hotSpot. 4. Use the Manipulator to scale.

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If you need to change the size of a primitive or an object that is involved in a construction history, it is better to modify its parameters from the Modeling Tool panel instead of using the Scale tool. This helps you avoid scaling its matrix.

Bounding Box Fitting Scales a given object to fit it into a user-defined box. Scaling transformation can be nonuniform so that you can define exact dimensions for each direction (X, Y, Z) of the box. You cannot use the Bounding box fitting with primitives or objects that are involved in a construction history without collapsing them. If you don’t need to collapse an object, just modify its parameter in the Modeling Tool panel instead. (See Chapter 7, Construction Tree).

Exercise 8.4: Using the Bounding Box Fitting Purpose This exercise illustrates how to resize an object by entering precise values.

Step 1: Size an object 1. Select an object. If the object has a Construction Tree, the program displays an alert message informing you that a copy of the object will be created. 2. Click the Bounding box fitting icon.

3. Pick and drag a hotSpot to change the dimension of your bounding box or insert the new value in the Width field on the Modeling Tool panel. You can deactivate the Constrain Proportions on the Modeling Tool panel to set different values in Width, Depth and Height. You can also set a custom scaling center. Non-uniform scaling transformations do not maintain geometric properties like tangency and curvature continuity between adjacent surfaces.

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Chapter 9

Construction Aids Background Image Background images are useful when you need to draw real objects without spending a lot of time measuring those using rulers, gauges, or other precision measuring tools. This is where images or photos become useful.

Exercise 9.1: Using Reference Images as a Background Purpose This exercise illustrates how to set a background image in an active view.

You will need some images or sketches like these below.

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You must prepare one sketch for each view. The top sketch in the Top view, the left sketch in the Left view, and so on. Once you prepare the images, you can set them as backgrounds.

Step 1: Set a background image in the Top view 1. Activate the Top view. 2. From the View menu, select the Background image command. 3. Click Browse to choose the image audi-tt_Top.tif. 4. Set the Horizontal dimension to 404 and click Apply. 5. Activate the Center position. 6. Set Transparency to 0.4 and click OK. 7. Zoom your Top view to see the entire image. 8. Your Top view should look like this:

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Step 2: Set a background image in the Front view If you trim your images exactly at the edge of your sketch, you can define the real dimension of your 3D model. 1. Activate the Front view. 2. From the View menu, select Background image. 3. Click Browse and choose the audi-tt_Front.tif. 4. Set the Horizontal size dimension to 404 and click Apply. 5. Activate the Center position and click Apply. 6. Set the Vertical Origin to 68 (more or less half of the car’s height). 7. Set Transparency to 0.4 and click OK. Your Front view should look like this:

Step 3: Set a background image in the Right view 1. Activate the Right view. 2. From the View menu, select Background image.

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3. Click Browse and choose the audi-tt_Right.tif. 4. Set the Horizontal size dimension to 186 and click Apply. 5. Activate the Center position and click Apply. 6. Set the Vertical Origin to 68 and click Apply. 7. Set Transparency to 0.4 and press OK.

Step 4: Set a background image in the Left view 1. Click the Right view to activate it. Click the name of the Right view on the left of the title bar and select the Left view. 2. Repeat the same procedure as the Right view and choose the Left image. Your views should look like this:

3. Click the Ortho adjust icon from the Application toolbar.

The Ortho adjust forces all the orthographic views to have the same zoom and view point as the selected one.

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Step 5: Draw curves and surfaces to model the car 1. Now you can use these reference images to draw curves and surfaces to model your car.

2. Background images are not used for the final rendering, in which case you should use the Image shaders from the Background shader class. 3. If you want to remove an image as the background of a view, deactivate Visibility from the Background image panel.

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Chapter 10

Preferences Exercise 10.1: Setting Preferences Purpose Before starting any project, you must modify some default settings in solidThinking for your personal preferences.

Step 1: Set your preferred unit 1. From the Help menu, select Preferences. 2. Once opened, five tabs are displayed: General, Units, Tolerances, Dimensions and View. 3. Click the Units tab and select your preferred unit. The Units section allows you to specify the units of your scene. solidThinking allows you to choose among various standard units (Standard units) as well as to specify your own unit (Custom units). 4. If you need to set the new unit as your default unit, click Save as default. Otherwise, solidThinking opens a new file with the default unit that can be different than the unit you choose. 5. Setting a different unit will not scale your scene to the new unit.

Step 2: Set your preferred modeling tolerance 1. Click the Tolerance tab and select your preferred unit. 2. In the Positional 3D tolerance field, enter the value 0.001 to set your accuracy 3D model. This ensures that surfaces you create do not deviate from the theoretical result more than the specified tolerance. The lower the tolerance, the higher the precision, but also the slower the computation. The 0.001 value should be appropriate for small objects, while the 0.01 value should be appropriate for most cases. Angular tolerance and Curvature tolerance work with the same approach.

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Step 3: Increase performance with complex scenes 1. With some complex scenes, you might need to increase performance. In this instance, you can disable the Undo buffer. 2. Click the General tab and change the Undo buffer value from 10 to 0, which causes solidThinking to not save any temporary file. This increases dramatically the performance and reliability within solidThinking. However, you will not be able to undo operations and solidThinking does not recover the scene if your session terminates abnormally.

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Chapter 11

Grids Grid Setup Grids help you place points and objects into the scene with precision. They are extremely useful for placing and aligning objects in an accurate manner. solidThinking lets you adjust grid settings through the Grid setup panel, which can be accessed by selecting the Edit > Grid setup command or by using the shortcut Ctrl+Shift+G. From the Grid setup panel, you can define up to four different grids, each with its own origin, spacing, grid type, and color.

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Changing Your Grid Size You can set the spacing of the grids to match the scale of your scene. For instance, if your unit is millimeters and your object is small (between 0 - 50 mm), you can use small grid spacing: Grid 1 - Spacing 0.1, 0.1, 0.1 Grid 2 - Spacing 1, 1, 1 Grid 3 - Spacing 5, 5, 5 Grid 4 - Spacing 10, 10, 10 If your unit is centimeters and your object is between 100 - 1000 mm, you can use larger grid spacing: Grid 1 - Spacing 1, 1, 1 Grid 2 - Spacing 10, 10, 10 Grid 3 - Spacing 50, 50, 50 Grid 4 - Spacing 100, 100, 100 Similarly, for building the basic grid spacing, you can decrease the size for additional grids. If you set all spacing values to zero, the grid will not be drawn.

Exercise 11.1: Activating and Inactivating a Grid Purpose This exercise illustrates how to activate and inactivate a grid.

Step 1: Activating and inactivating Grid 1 1. To activate Grid number 1, click on its icon:

2. To inactivate Grid number 1, click again on its icon:

3. You can also activate and inactivate grids in the Grid setup dialog in the Active snap section. 4. You can toggle between grids while you are drawing any curve or inserting primitives. In this way, you can increase the modeling precision process.

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Step 2: Hide one or more grids from view 1. Open the Grid setup dialog. 2. Click the grid you want to hide under Visible grids.

Step 3: Hide all grids in the 3D view 1. From the Help menu, select Preferences and click the View tab. 2. Select Grid in ortho views to activate or inactivate all visible grids in all orthogonal views. Or, click Grid in 3D views to activate or inactivate grids in all Perspective views.

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Chapter 12

Curves NURBS Curve A NURBS curve (Non-uniform rational B-spline) is a mathematical model used for generating and representing curves. A NURBS curve is defined by its order, a set of weighted control points, and knots (see below). NURBS curves are generalizations of both B-splines and Bézier curves, the primary difference being the weighting of the control points which makes NURBS curves rational (non-rational Bsplines are a special case of rational B-splines). solidThinking lets you draw curves by placing control points. You can use these tools to draw free form curves.

Exercise 12.1: Drawing Curves Purpose This exercise illustrates how to draw a NURBS curve.

Step 1: Draw a NURBS curve 1. Click the NURBS curve icon.

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2. Click in any view to add points. 3. Press the spacebar to end. Do not press ENTER to end a curve. If you press ENTER, you add a new point in the same location of the preceding point. This may cause problems with your geometry.

In object mode, you can notice a small arrow displayed at the starting point of each curve showing the direction of the curve.

Exercise 12.2: Modifying Curves Purpose This exercise illustrates how to modify control points.

Step 1: Modify a NURBS curve 1. Open the file Curves.st. 2. Select the NURBS curve (Curve #1) in the Top view. 3. Press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 4. Click and drag any point to a new location.

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5. When you switch to Edit mode, solidThinking displays points in blue. 6. When you select a point, solidThinking displays points in yellow. 7. When you place the mouse over a point, solidThinking displays a text box that indicates the number of the point. This information is helpful to know the direction of the curve.

Step 2: Multiple selection •

For multiple selections, press the CTRL key and pick points to select.

•

For consecutive selection, press the SHIFT key.

1. Select the NURBS curve (Curve #1) in the Top view. 2. Press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 3. Pick Point #1. 4. Press the SHIFT key and click on point 4. solidThinking selects all points between 1 and 4. 5. To deselect a point, press the CTRL key and click the point to deselect it. 6. To deselect all points, click in an empty space in any view.

Step 3: Add a point between 2 points 1. Select the NURBS curve 2. If Object mode is active, press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 3. Pick Point #2, press the CTRL key and pick Point #3. 4. From the Modeling Tool panel, activate the Insert check box. 5. From the Top view, click between point #2 and point #3 to insert a point and press the spacebar to end, otherwise you will continue to insert a point.

Step 4: Add more points between two points 1. Select the NURBS curve. 2. If Object mode is active, press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 3. Pick Point #4, hold down the CTRL key, and pick Point #5. 4. From the Modeling Tool panel, activate the Insert check box. 5. In the Top view, click between point #4 and point #5 to insert a point and press the spacebar to end. Be sure to insert points in the right direction of the curve.

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Step 5: Continue a NURBS curve – part one 1. Select the NURBS curve. 2. If Object mode is active, press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 3. Select the last point of your curve. 4. From the Modeling Tool panel, activate the Insert check box. 5. In the Top view, continue your curve by inserting points in the correct direction. 6. Press the spacebar to end or click the Insert check box in the Modeling Tool panel to deactivate it.

Step 6: Continue a NURBS curve – part two You cannot insert more then one point at the start of the curve, because curves have only one direction in space. This direction is called U. The direction is determined by the start and end points. If you need to insert more points at the start of your curve, you must invert its direction. 1. Select the NURBS curve. 2. If Object mode is active, press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 3. From the Modeling Tool panel, click Invert. 4. Select point 1. 5. In the Top view, continue your curve by inserting points in the correct direction. 6. Press the spacebar to end or activate the Insert check box from the Modeling Tool panel to deactivate it.

Order The order of a NURBS curve defines the number of nearby control points that influence any given point on the curve. The order is the maximum number of bends you can get in each span. The order is determined by the number on points. Remember that the number of control points must be greater than or equal to the order of the curve. A curve that has three points cannot have more than an order of 3. It can have order 2 and order 3. A curve that has four points cannot have more than an order of 4. It can have an order of 2, 3, and 4, but not an order of 5, and so on. solidThinking lets you work with NURBS curves that have orders from two to seven. The default order is 4. It is better not to exceed an order of 5. Higher orders are practically never used because they lead to internal numerical problems and tend to require disproportionately large calculation times.

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Exercise 12.3: Modifying the Continuity of a NURBS Curve Purpose This exercise illustrates how to modify the order of a NURBS curve.

Step 1: Modify the order of a NURBS curve 1. Select the NURBS curve. 2. If Object mode is active, press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 3. In the Modeling Tool panel, insert the value 5 in the Order field.

When you increase the order, the curve moves away from the points and its shape changes. It is not possible to reduce a NURBS curve’s order without changing its shape. Moreover, the order modifies the entire curve and not just a part of it.

Step 2: Add and delete curve entities 1. Select the NURBS curve. 2. Activate the Edit mode. 3. Select the points you want to delete and click Delete.

Exercise 12.4: Adding and Deleting Curve Entities Purpose This exercise illustrates how to add a new curve entity.

Step 1: Add a new entity 1. Open the file Add curve entity.st. 2. Select the curve and switch to Edit mode (press the spacebar).

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3. Enlarge the Top view. 4. Select point #3. 5. From the Modeling Tool panel, click New entity. 6. From the Top view, click the position at which you want to add a point. 7. Add other points and press the spacebar to end.

To add a new entity, the curve must be collapsed. If your curve is in the Construction History and you do not want to collapse it, draw a new curve and use the Combine command to combine them together.

Step 2: Delete a single entity 1. Press the ALT key and click the entity that you want to delete. The entity is displayed in red and the other entity is displayed in magenta. 2. Click Delete. 3. You can also select entities within the World Browser. Select the curve, click the “+” sign, and click the entity that you want to delete. NURBS curves can be closed in two ways: smoothly, or with a corner at the start and end of the curve. A smooth, closing curve is called a periodic curve and a corner, closing curve is called non-periodic.

Step 3: Close a curve (Periodic curve) 1. Create a new file.

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2. From the Top view, draw a NURBS curve similar to the curve in the image below. Press the spacebar to end. 3. From the Modeling Tool panel, select Closed under Curve type. 4. Switch to Edit mode and move the first or last point to modify its location. As you can see, the Periodic curve stays smooth when you modify it.

If you want to create a Periodic curve (smooth closing), you must always leave an opening as shown in the image above. You do not need to overlay the first and the last point if the curve must be Periodic.

Step 4: Close a curve (Non-Periodic curve) 1. Create a new file. 2. In the Top view, draw a NURBS curve similar to the curve in the image below. Press the spacebar to end. 3. Hold down the CTRL key and pick the first and last point. 4. From the Modeling Tool, panel, click Join to close it.

If you want to create a Non-Periodic curve (with a corner closing), do not select Closed under Curve type. This could be problematic. If you want to separate the start and the end points, select the joint point. From the Modeling Tool panel, click Un-join.

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Exercise 12.5: Modifying the Weight of a NURBS Curve Purpose This exercise illustrates how to modify the weight of a point.

Step 1: Modify the weight of a point As seen above, the control points determine the shape of the curve. Typically, each point of the curve is computed by taking the weighted sum of a number of control points. Weighted curves are used to define precise shapes such as arcs, circles, cylinders, spheres, and so on. 1. Open the file Weighted curve.st. 2. Select the curve. 3. Switch to Edit mode. 4. Select point #2. In the Modeling Tool panel, insert the value 0.707 in the Weight field.

As seen in the image above, using the value 0.707, the curve became a weighted curve and a perfect arc, while the non-weighted curve is not an arc, but a free-form curve. Basically, to produce a circular arc from a NURBS curve with three control points as the example above, the end points must have the same weight (1.00), while the weight of the central point must be equal to one-half the cosine of half the angle between the segments

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joining the points 0.707. The value 0.707 is the cosine of 45°. 0.707 generates a perfect arc if the 2 polygons (the adjacent side) equal 90°.

Exercise 12.6: Rational and Non-rational Curves Purpose This exercise illustrates how to draw a rational (precise) circle

Step 1: Another example 1. Open the file Weighted circle.st. There are two circles - one is weighted and the other is not. Even though their shapes are almost equal, mathematically, they are not. 2. Select the two circles and press the C key to collapse the Construction History. 3. Click Yes to confirm. 4. Select the Non-Weighted circle and switch to Edit mode. 5. Now switch to Object mode and select the Weighted circle. 6. Switch again to Edit mode. As you can see, the points of each circle are arranged differently. The Non-Weighted circle is not a mathematical circle, while the Weighted circle is a perfect circle.

Usually, you do not need to transform circles, arcs, cylinders and so on, in weighted objects unless you need to engineer them. If your models are made for presentation purposes, you do not need weighted objects. However, if your models are made for engineering purposes and for prototyping, you need weighted objects.

Exercise 12.7: Adding knots Purpose This exercise illustrates how to add points maintaining the same shape.

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Knots are sequences of parameter values that determine where and how the control points affect the NURBS curve. The number of knots is always equal to the number of control points plus the curve order. When you add a knot, the shape of the curve does not change.

Step 1: Add knots 1. Open the file Add Knots.st. 2. Select the curve. 3. Switch to Edit mode. 4. Select point #2 and point #3. 5. In the Modeling Tool panel, in the New Knots field, insert 5 and click Refine.

When you add knots, you cannot decide where the points must be located along the curve. solidThinking determines the appropriate position.

6. Select point #5 and drag it downward as in the image below.

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Unlike control points, when you add knots and you move a point, the shape in close proximity to the points of the curve does not change.

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Chapter 13

Combine and Multi-Combine Combine The Combine command combines two or more objects into a single object. You cannot combine together surfaces and curves - objects to combine must be of the same type.

Exercise 13.1: Combining Objects Purpose This exercise illustrates how to combine three objects together.

Step 1: Combine objects 1. Open the file combine.st. 2. Click the Combine icon.

3. The Console prompts: Pick objects to combine. 4. Click Sphere, Cube, and Tours in any view. 5. Press the spacebar to end object selection.

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Exercise 13.2: Modifying the Source Object in a Combined Object Purpose This exercise illustrates how to modify the source object. When you combine objects, a new object is created and the original ones are hidden. If you need to modify any object, you must select it within the Construction History.

Step 1: Modify a combined object 1. Open the file combine.st. 2. Click the combined object to select it.

3. From the Construction History, select Surf #11 (Sphere). 4. In the Modeling Tool panel, change the Radius to 3. When the console displays the message Pick objects to combine, the first object you select will define the origin of the combined objects.

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Step 1: Uncombine objects 1. Open the file combine.st. 2. Select the combined object. 3. From the Construction History, click Surf #2, Surf #1, and Surf #3. 4. Click the Hidden in interactive views icon to display them. 5. From the Construction History, click the Combine object and click Delete.

Exercise 13.4: Removing Objects Purpose This exercise illustrates how to remove an object from a combined object.

Step 1: Remove an object from a combined list 1. Open the file combine.st. 2. Select the Combine object. 3. From the Construction History, individualize the name of the sphere without selecting it (Surf #2). 4. From the Modeling Tool panel, with the combined object selected and not the sphere, click Surf #2, then click Remove.

The Difference between Combine and Multi-combine The Combine tool preserves the Construction History, while Multi-combine does not preserve the Construction History. Multi-combine is very useful when you import IGES files (or other formats) in solidThinking. Sometimes, when you open IGES files surfaces, they are not combined together. In some cases, it could be frustrating to select all surfaces one by one that compose a single object. In this case, you can select your surfaces once and combine them.

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Exercise 13.5: Using the Multi-combine Tool Purpose This exercise illustrates how to combine all surfaces into a single object.

Step 1: Illustrating the differences between combine and multi-combine 1. From the File menu, select Open. 2. From the Open dialog, in the Files of type list, select IGES(igs;iges). 3. Open the IGESfile.igs. Try to select the object by clicking it. As you can see, all surfaces are separated. If you want to assign the material to all surfaces, it could be difficult to select all surfaces one-byone that compose the entire solid. The solution is to combine all surfaces together using Multi-combine instead of Combine because the Construction History is not necessary in this case. In any view, press the mouse button, drag in the view to select any point included in a selection box, and select all surfaces. 4. Click the Multi-combine icon. 5. The Multi-combine command creates a new copy of all surfaces in a single object. If you do not need the original surfaces, you can delete them.

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Chapter 14

Mirror Most objects are symmetric. For this reason, it could be helpful to create half of a model of the symmetrical part and apply the Mirror tool for the other half instead of modeling it. The Mirror tool creates a mirror copy of one or more objects. When you modify the source object, the other half is updated in real time.

Exercise 14.1: Mirroring Purpose This exercise illustrates how to mirror an object.

Step 1: Mirror an object

1. Open the file Mirror.st. 2. Click the Mirror icon.

3. The Console prompts: Pick objects to mirror. 4. Click the half handle (Surf #1) to mirror and press the spacebar to end.

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5. At the Start of mirror plane console prompt, click to specify the location. 6. At the End of mirror plane console prompt, click to define the direction of the mirror plane. The items to be mirrored are replicated across the plane from the start point to this end point. Press the SHIFT key to snap to the closest axis. If you model half of the object with the origin aligned exactly at the Start of mirror plane, you can mirror objects more easily. Use Snaps to accurately place the mirror plane, especially if you want to join a surface and its mirrored copy.

Step 2: Modify the mirror object Usually, you do not need to modify the mirrored object if changes concern the entire object. In this case, select and modify the source object. 1. Click the source half handle (Surf #1) or click the mirrored object. 2. From the Construction History, select the source object. 3. From the Construction History, click Curve #3 to select it. 4. In the Modeling Tool panel, change Half axis #1 to 1.00 and Half axis #2 to 1.00. 5. Use Snaps to accurately place the mirror plane, especially if you want to join a surface and its mirrored copy.

Step 3: Add objects to the mirrored object 1. Click the mirrored object. 2. From the Modeling Tool panel, activate the Insert check box and select Surf #2 in any view or in the World Browser. 3. Press the spacebar to end or activate the Insert check box from the Modeling Tool panel to end.

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Step 4: Delete an object from the mirror list 1. Click the mirrored object. 2. From the Modeling Tool panel, click Surf #2 in the object list and click Remove.

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Chapter 15

Surfaces NURBS Surface A NURBS surface (Non-uniform rational B-spline) is a mathematical model used for generating and representing surfaces. A NURBS surface is defined by its order, a set of weighted control points, and knots. NURBS surfaces are generalizations of both B-splines and Bézier curves, the primary difference being the weighting of the control points, which makes NURBS surfaces rational (non-rational Bsplines are a special case of rational B-splines).

In solidThinking, you can create NURBS surfaces by adding primitives (plane, sphere, cube, and so on) or using modeling tools (Extrude, Pipe, Birail, and Skin, for example). Each NURBS surface has two directions: U and V direction. The direction of U and V may vary according to the orientation of the surface.

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Exercise 15.1: Modifying a NURBS Surface Purpose This exercise illustrates how to add points.

Step 1: Add knots 1. Open the file Plane.st. 2. Select the plane (this plane is a primitive and not a free form surface). 3. Press C on the keyboard to collapse it and click Yes in the dialog box. Now the plane is editable. 4. Reselect the NURBS surface and press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 5. In the Modeling Tool panel, drag the Insert new U knot slider or, insert the value 0.5 and click Insert U knot. While you drag the slider in Edit mode, solidThinking displays a green line that indicates the position of the new knot. To specify the position of a knot use a value from 0 to 1. The absolute value can range from 0 (start of the U direction) to 1 (end of the U direction). 0.5 means that the new knot will be placed exactly at the center of U direction. 6. In the Modeling Tool panel, drag the Insert new V knot slider or, insert the value 0.3 and click Insert V knot. 7. Add another knot in the V direction at 0.7 and click Insert V knot. You can add the number of knots in each direction, but it is better to avoid inserting knots at the same location. This may cause problems for some tools.

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Step 2: Modify a NURBS surface You can modify NURBS surfaces by translating, rotating, and scaling control points. 1. Select the NURBS surface. 2. Switch to Edit mode. 3. Select the central points as shown in the image below. 4. Click Translate or press T on the keyboard. 5. In the Front or Right view, drag the points upward as shown in the image below.

The surface is not smooth because the order of the surface is 2. As curves, the order of a NURBS surface defines the number of nearby control points that influence any given point on the surface. The order is the maximum number of bends you can get in each span. When a surface has an order of 2, it means that the shape will have corners while a higher order (from 3 to 7) means that the surface is smooth. 6. In the Modeling Tool panel, change the order value from 2 to 3 in the U direction and in the V direction.

Exercise 15.2: Untrim a surface Purpose Before you untrim a surface, you must understand how surfaces are interpolated mathematically. A NURBS surface interpolates four-boundary curves. A NURBS surface always has four edges.

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Many shapes are modeled with a single, four-boundary curve’s surface. For example, a sphere is a single, four-boundary curve surface.

When a four-boundary curve’s surface is perfectly closed, you will not notice where the fourboundary curve lies because they coincide, perfectly maintaining tangency and continuity. Many other shapes cannot be modeled with a single four-boundary curve’s surface.

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As you can see in the images above, the cube is created with 6 four-boundary surfaces and not with a single surface, while 3 four-boundary surfaces are required to create a cylinder. One approach to overcoming the four-boundary limitation and to model a non-four-boundary surface is to apply a trimming curve on the surface. Let’s look at a trimmed surface.

Step 1: Trimmed surfaces A trimmed surface is a surface that, when rendered, is "trimmed" by a trimming curve. In other words, within a trimmed surface there is a curve that delimits the trimmed part. For example, to make a hole in a surface, solidThinking hides the internal part of the surface that is delimited by the trimming curve. 1. Open the file Trim01.st. 2. Click Trim. The Console prompts: Pick curve.

3. Click the circle. The Console prompts: Pick surface. As you can see, solidThinking hides the internal part from rendering.

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4. Click the trimmed surface. From the World Browser, click the + sign next to the entities that compose the trimmed surface. As you can see in the World Browser, the trimmed surface has five curve entities - fourboundary curves and the circle that is used to trim it.

Step 2: Untrim a surface To untrim a trimmed surface, the surface must not have a Construction History. If it does, you must modify it from its Construction History. In this example, we need to collapse its Construction History. 1. In any view, select the Trimmed surface. 2. Press C to collapse. A dialog box is displayed. 3. Click Yes to confirm collapsing the Construction History and to delete all source objects. 4. From the Modeling Tool panel, click Untrim.

5. Click the Untrimmed surface. 6. From the World Browser, click the + sign next to the entities that compose the Trimmed surface.

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The plane does not have any more of the trimmed curve. solidThinking hides the boundary curves, even if the plane is a four-boundary surface.

Step 3: Another example 1. Open the file Trim02.st. 2. Click Trim. The Console prompts: Pick curve. 3. Click on the curve. The Console prompts: Pick surface. 4. From the Modeling Tool panel, click Trim exterior. 5. In any view, select the Trimmed surface. 6. Press C to collapse. A dialog box is displayed. 7. Press Yes to confirm and delete all sources objects. 8. In any view, select the Trimmed surface and press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. As you can see in the image below, the surface has four boundary curves plus the trimmed curve. The external part is hidden in rendering. If you untrimmed it, the trimmed curve is deleted and the surface is turned back as a plane.

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Chapter 16

Extrude The Extrude command creates a surface or a solid by extruding a cross sectional profile along a perpendicular direction or oblique direction.

Exercise 16.1: Creating 3D Shapes Purpose This exercise illustrates how to extrude plane curves.

Step 1: Extrude a curve 1. Open the file Extrude01.st. 2. Click the Extrude icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve.

3. Click the curve. The Console prompts: Extrusion length: 1. 4. Drag the End hotSpot to the desired location in the Front, Right, or Perspective view. 5. From the Modeling Tool panel, select Flat cap under Start cap and End cap to close the extrusion.

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Repeat the extrusion tool if you want to extrude other curves. If you want to extrude more curves together with the same length value, you can combine them before extruding. To extrude a curve using a free direction, in the Modeling Tool panel, locate Options and click the Free direction check box to activate it. If you switch to Edit mode, you can extrude any curve in different directions.

Step 2: Adding sections The Extrude command offers many options to deform your extruded object. 1. Select the extruded object. 2. In the Modeling Tool panel, change the Length to 25. 3. In the Sections field, insert the value 3. 4. Switch to Edit mode using the spacebar on the keyboard. 5. Click the Point edit icon in the Application toolbar or press ALT + SPACEBAR. 6. Select all points of the central section as shown in the image below. 7. Click the Scale icon or press the S key. 8. Drag in any view to scale or insert the value 2 in the Scale field on the Modeling Tool panel. 9. If you need a smooth deformation, click Parameter edit. Or, press ALT + SPACEBAR and from the Modeling Tool panel, change the order to 3.

25 units length

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Step 3: Undo point deformations 1. Select the extruded object. 2. Click the Point edit icon on the Application toolbar or press ALT + SPACEBAR. 3. Click Un-edit all. 4. Click the Parameter edit icon or press ALT + SPACEBAR.

Step 4: Rounded caps 1. Select the extruded object. 2. From the Modeling Tool panel, click Round cap under End cap. 3. Move the End cap elevation slider to change height of the cap.

Exercise 16.2: Common Errors Purpose This exercise illustrates how to avoid overlapping caps.

Step 1: Common Errors with the Extrusion Command 1. Open the file Extrude-error.st.

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2. Click Extrude. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve. 3. Click the combined object. The Console prompts: Extrusion length: 1. 4. Enter the value 15 and click Enter to confirm. 5. From the Modeling Tool panel, click Flat cap under Start cap and End cap to close the extrusion.

Step 2: Using Extrude surface To avoid the common error described in the previous step, instead of using the Extrude command, use the Extrude surface command.

1. Delete the Extruded object. 2. Click Fillpath. The Console prompts: Select curves to fill. 3. Click the combined object and press the spacebar to end. 4. Click the Extrude Surface command. The Console prompts: Pick a NURBS surface object: 5. Click the filled surface. The Console prompts: End: 0,0,0. 6. From the Front, Right, or Perspective view, drag the end point upwards to the necessary location and release the mouse.

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Chapter 17

Skin With the Skin tool, you can create a variety of complex surfaces in a very simple way. You can model boat hulls, terrain, cellular phones, rims, bottles, a human head, simple arched surfaces, and many others.

Exercise 17.1: Using the Skin Tool Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a surface that passes through a series of profile curves.

Step 1: Create an arched surface like the image below

1. Open the file Skin01.st. 2. Click the Skin icon. The Console prompts: Pick curves to skin.

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3. Pick the first, second, and third curve as shown in the image above. Press the spacebar to end.

Step 2: Complete the entire model 1. Click the Make Manifold icon. The Console prompts: Pick objects.

2. Pick the Arched surface and the Extruded surface. Press the spacebar to end. 3. Click the Round icon. The Console prompts: Select surface. 4. Click the new solid. The Console prompts: Click edges. 5. Hold down the left mouse button and drag out a rectangle in the Perspective view so as to enclose all edges. Press the spacebar to stop inserting radii. 6. The Console prompts: Default radius. Type 0.5 and press ENTER. 7. The Console prompts: Perform Go (Yes, No): Y. Press ENTER to confirm.

Step 3: Create a smooth skin surface (spline interpolation) Follow all the steps below or open the file Skin02.st and go directly to step 18. 1. Create a new file. 2. In the Top view, draw a circle with a radius of 10.

3. In the Modeling Tool panel, change the points from 8 to 15. 4. Click Edit mode. 5. Click the Point edit icon. 6. Select points as show in the image below.

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7. Click the Scale icon or press the R key. 8. In the Top view, hold down the left mouse button and drag from the outside toward the inside to scale. Or, in the Modeling Tool panel, insert 0.5 in the Scale field. 9. Click the Parameter edit icon. 10. Switch to Object mode. 11. Use the CTRL + C shortcut to copy the circle to the clipboard. 12. Use the CTRL + V shortcut to paste a copy of the circle (do not deselect the new circle). 13. Press the T key or click the Translate icon. 14. In the Front view, drag the circle upward as shown in the image below. (3 units in Z).

15. Use the CTRL + C shortcut to copy the circle to the clipboard again. 16. Use the CTRL + V shortcut to paste a copy of the circle (do not deselect the new circle). 17. In the Modeling Tool panel, change the radius of the circle to 6. 18. Click the Skin icon. The Console prompts: Pick curves to skin. 19. Click the first, second and third curves and press the spacebar to end. 20. From the Modeling Tool panel, click the Spline interpolation. 21. In the Spline order field, insert the value 3.

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Note that you can use either opened curves or closed curves.

Exercise 17.2: Spline Interpolation Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a surface that passes through a series of profile curves.

Step 1: Create a cake form 1. Open the file skin03.st.

2. Click the Skin icon. The Console prompts: Pick curves to skin.

3. Click the first, second, and third curves and press the spacebar to end. 4. From the Modeling Tool panel, click Spline interpolation.

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5. In the Spline order field, insert the value 3. 6. From the Modeling Tool panel, click the Start and End cap to close the cake form.

7. Click the Shell icon. The Console prompts: Select surface.

8. Click the cake form. The Console prompts: Distance. 9. Insert 0.5 for the thickness and press the spacebar to end. 10. In the title bar of the Perspective view, click the W to switch to Wireframe (Wireframe visualization will help you better select the edges). 11. Click the Round icon. The Console prompts: Select surface.

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12. Pick the cake form. The Console prompts: Click edges. 13. Click the external and the internal as shown in the image above and press the spacebar to end. The Console prompts: Default radius for new insertion. 14. Insert the value 0.5 and press ENTER. The Console prompts: Perform Go. 15. Press ENTER to confirm. 16. In the title bar of the Perspective view, click S to switch back to Shaded visualization.

Exercise 17.3: Periodic Skin Purpose This exercise illustrates how to close a surface using the Skin tool.

Step 1: Create a periodic skin surface 1. Open the file Skin04.st. 2. Click the Skin icon. The Console prompts: Pick curves to skin. 3. Pick the curve 1, 2, 3, and 4 as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to end.

4. From the Modeling Tool panel, click Periodic Skin to close the shape and to transform the surface into a periodic surface as shown in the image below.

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Periodic skin surface means that the surface is closed without developing a corner, maintaining continuity. Sometimes, if curves are inverted or if you start skinning selecting curves counter-clockwise, the surface could twist as shown in the image below. 5. Delete the Skin surface or open the file Skin04.st. 6. Click the Skin icon. The Console prompts: Pick curves to skin. 7. Pick curves 1, 2, 3, and 4 as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to end.

As you can see the surface is twisted ad the start edge. 8. From the Modeling Tool panel, click Periodic Skin to close the shape and to transform the surface in a periodic surface. 9. Switch to Edit mode and click the first edge as shown in the image below. The edge becomes yellow.

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10. In the Modeling Tool panel, drag the Seam position slider or insert a value to rotate the edge. If you insert the value 0.5, the starting point will position exactly at the center of the edge. You can modify intentionally the Seam position even if the shape is correct in order to deform your model. 11. In Edit mode, select the edge as shown in the image below. 12. In the Modeling Tool panel, drag the Seam position slider or insert the value 0.35 to rotate the edge. If you insert the value, the starting point will position exactly at the center of the edge.

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Chapter 18

Loft and Pipe The Loft creates a surface or a solid by extruding one or more profiles along a path curve. Usually, you do not need to orient or position your profiles at the beginning and end of the Path curve. Profiles can be positioned anywhere unless the shape is complex and twisted. In this case, it is better to orient your profiles perpendicular to your Path curve or to your construction plane.

Not perpendicular to the construction plane.

Perpendicular to the construction plane.

Exercise 18.1: Rotating loft profiles Purpose This exercise illustrates how to use the Loft tool.

Step 1: Model a ring 1. Open the file Loft01.st. 2. Click the Loft icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curves.

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3. Pick profile 1, profile 2, and then pick profile 1 again as shown in the image below. Press the spacebar to stop selecting profiles. The Console prompts: Pick extrusion path curves. 4. Pick the Extrusion path.

If the extrusion path is not a 2D planer curve, profiles could rotate along it as you can see in the image above.

Step 2: Rotate a profile curve: 1. Select your ring and switch to Edit mode (press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode). 2. Pick Profile 2 as shown in the image below. The profile turns yellow. 3. In the Modeling Tool panel, drag the Current profile rotation slider or insert a value (13°). 4. Pick Profile 1 as shown in the image below. The profile turns yellow. 5. In the Modeling Tool panel, drag the Current profile rotation slider or insert a value (23°).

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Step 3: Align profile curves along the extrusion path By default, the Loft tool aligns all profiles at the center of the extrusion path. If you want to bind profiles at a specific position along the path, you must choose a different alignment type. In the case of our ring, the internal radius must be maintained.

1. Select your ring. 2. From the Modeling Tool panel, select Axes origin to align profiles. As you can see in the image below, the internal radius of the ring now coincides with the extrusion path. Using the Axes origin alignment type is very useful to align profiles exactly where you need to. To take advantage of this powerful option, you must position your curve axes exactly where it must be.

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You can also try the Point on curve alignment type. This option aligns the profiles on the Path curve. You can define the alignment position by dragging the Align at slider or by inserting a value from 0 to 1. As with the Loft tool, the Pipe tool creates a surface or solid by extruding only one profile along a Path curve.

Pipe Exercise 18.2: Extruding a Profile Along a Path Purpose This exercise illustrates how to use the Pipe command.

Step 1: Invert and align profile curves along the extrusion path By default, the Pipe tool aligns all profiles at the center of the extrusion path. If you want to bind profiles at a specific position along the path, you must choose a different alignment type. 1. Open the file Pipe01.st. 2. Click the Pipe icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve. 3. Pick the profile as shown in the image below. The Console prompts: Pick extrusion path curve. 4. Pick the Extrusion path curve as shown in the image below.

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In the image above, the surface is inverted. This happens because of the direction of the curve or because of the extrusion profile. To invert the direction, follow this procedure.

Step 2: Invert the direction 1. Select the Pipe object. 2. From the Modeling Tool panel, select Invert profile normal as shown in the image above.

Step 3: Align the starting point of the profile on the extrusion path To align the starting point of your profile on your extrusion path, follow this procedure. 1. Select the Pipe object. 2. From the Modeling Tool panel, select the Invert profile normal as shown in the image above.

Step 4: Complete the entire model 1. Click the Pipe icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve. 2. Pick the profile as shown in the image below. The Console prompts: Pick extrusion path curve. 3. From the World Browser, pick the Extrusion path curve as shown in the image below.

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When objects are overlapped, sometimes it could be difficult to select an object in a 3D view. In this case, when the Console prompts to select a curve or a surface, you can pick it in the World Browser instead. This technique also helps you to avoid unintentionally picking the wrong one.

Step 5: Select a curve or surface from the World Browser 1. From the Modeling Tool panel, click the Origin alignment.

2. Click the Extract edge icon. The Console prompts: Pick edges.

3. Pick the four edges as shown in the image above while pressing the CTRL key and then press the spacebar to end. 4. Click the Fillpath icon. The Console prompts: Select curves to fill.

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5. Pick the extracted curve in any view or within the browser if you are not able to pick in the perspective view. Press the spacebar to end. 6. Click the Extract edge icon. The Console prompts: Pick edges. 7. Pick the four edges as shown in the image below while pressing the CTRL key and then press the spacebar to end. To succeed selecting the four edges, just rotate your perspective view so that you can pick the right edge, and avoid picking the wrong one as shown in the images below. 8. Click the Fillpath icon. The Console prompts: Select curves to fill. 9. Pick the extracted curve in any view or within the browser if you are not able to pick in the Perspective view. Press the spacebar to end.

Exercise 18.3: Avoid Auto-Intersecting Surface Purpose This exercise illustrates how to correctly use the Pipe tool.

Step 1: Avoid a curled surface 1. Open the file Pipe03.st. 2. Click the Pipe icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve: 3. Pick the profile as shown in the image below. The Console prompts: Pick extrusion path curve: 4. Pick the Extrusion path as shown in the image below.

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This happens because the width of the Profile curve (the ellipse) is larger than the radius of the corner of the Extrusion path. To avoid this, the profile must always be smaller than then radius of the corner. 5. Select the Pipe surface. 6. From the Construction History, pick the Extrusion path (Rounded polyline). 7. Switch to Edit mode (press the spacebar to switch). 8. Select the two vertices as shown in the image below. 9. In the Modeling Tool panel, change the Radius to 5. 10. Switch to Object mode (press the spacebar to switch).

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Chapter 19

Birail The Birail creates a surface using one profile curve passing through two rails. Here is a simple example on how to use this tool:

Exercise 19.1: Creating a Handle Purpose This exercise illustrates how to use the Birail command.

Step 1: Using Birail 1. Open the file Birail01.st. 2. Click the Birail icon. The Console prompts: Pick a profile curve.

3. In the Perspective view, click the Profile curve as shown in the image below. 4. The Console prompts: Pick rail curve #1 near start. Click the Rail 1 as shown in the image below. 5. The Console prompts: Pick rail curve #2 near start. Click the Rail 1 as shown in the image below.

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When the Console prompts to pick rails near start, you must click the two rails in the same positions, otherwise you will get a bad surface as shown in the image below.

Step 2: Create a precise Birail surface As you can see in the image below, the surface does not coincide perfectly to rail 2. By default, the Birail tool creates a surface with the least points possible. To create an exact surface, do the following: 1. Select your birail surface. 2. In the Modeling Tool panel, in the Point factor field, insert the value 2 to duplicate the number of points.

As you can see in the image above, the surface is more precise. If you need additional precision, you might choose other accuracy options. For instance, you can use the Global 3D tolerance.

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The Tolerance value determines the degree of accuracy maintained between the original surface and the rails. The default (Global 3D tolerance) is to be accurate to within 0.01 units, where a unit refers to the current unit of linear measure (the default unit of measure is centimeters). Therefore, at no point will the polygonal surface be more than the tolerance distance away from the original NURBS surface.

Other Birail Options By default, the profile curve is scaled in height and width through the two rails. To maintain only the height scaling, select the Maintain height option from the Modeling Tool panel.

By default, the Birail tool creates a surface without caps. If you need a solid, you must activate the Start cap and End cap. When you activate these options, be sure that your profile curve is a closed curve, otherwise your objects will not be a correct solid.

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Chapter 20

Multisweep The Multisweep tool is similar to the Birail tool, but instead of one profile and two rails, you can use as many profiles/rails as you need. Moreover, to generate the surface, the profiles and rails must match. Here is a simple example on how to use this tool.

Exercise 20.1: Multisweep Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a bottle using the Multisweep command.

Step 1: The Multisweep tool 1. Open the file Multisweep 01.st. 2. Click the Multisweep icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve - Spacebar to end.

3. In the Perspective view, click the two profile curves as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to end. 4. The Console prompts: Pick rail curve(s) - Spacebar to end as shown in the image below. 5. In the Perspective view, click the two rails as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to end.

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The result is quite good. But the isoparametric curves of the surface are inclined with respect to the profile curves as you can see in the image below. To create a more linear surface, your rails must have the same number of points. 6. Delete your Multisweep surface. 7. Click the Rebuild icon. The Console prompts: Pick a curve.

8. In the Perspective view, click the First rail. The Console prompts: Points number: 15. 9. In the Console field, insert the value 30 and press ENTER to confirm. 10. Click the Multisweep icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve - Spacebar to end. 11. In the Perspective view, click the two Profile curves and press the spacebar to end. 12. The Console prompts: Pick rail curve(s) - Spacebar to end. 13. In the Perspective view, click the two rails as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to end.

Step 2: Another Multisweep example 1. Open the file Multisweep 02.st. 2. Click the Multisweep icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve - Spacebar to end.

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3. In the Perspective view, click the two profile curves as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to end. 4. The Console prompts: Pick rail curve(s) - Spacebar to end as shown in the image below. 5. In the Perspective view, click the two rails as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to end.

In the image above, the Multisweep surface does not match the second rail. This is because the number or curves or points between the two rails are not enough. To obtain a more precise surface, just add more curves.

Step 3: Add more curves for a more precise surface 1. Select the Multisweep surface. 2. Scroll your Modeling Tool panel until you reach the Number of curves frame as shown in the image below. 3. Set the Number of curves value to 30 or more points and press ENTER to confirm.

The surface matches the rails better.

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Chapter 21

Lathe Exercise 21.1: Creating Exactly Spherical Revolution Surfaces Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a lathe surface. Step 1: Rotate a profile The Lathe command creates a surface by rotating a profile curve around its X, Y, or Z-axis or any user-defined vector. 1. Open the file Lathe01.st. 2. Click the Front view to activate it. 3. Click the Lathe icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve:.

4. Click the Vase profile. The Console prompts: Rev. axis start: 5. Click Enter to confirm. The Console prompts: Revolution axis direction. 6. Click Enter to confirm.

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Step 2: Using the Lathe command By default, the Lathe command is view dependent. For example, it is performed according to the two-dimensional plane of the window view where you have selected the item to rotate. 1. Delete the Lathe object. 2. Click the Perspective view to activate it. 3. Click the Lathe icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve:. 4. Click the Vase profile. The Console prompts: Rev. axis start: 5. Click Enter to confirm. The Console prompts: Revolution axis direction. 6. Click Enter to confirm.

What you see is not really an error. The rotation is performed correctly, but around the wrong axis. 7. Select the Lathe object. 8. From the Modeling Tool panel, click Z axis under the Rev. axis dir.

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Exercise 21.2: Modeling a Half-Egg Shape Purpose This exercise illustrates how to modify the revolution axis direction.

Step 1: Model a half-egg shape 1. Open the file Lathe02.st. 2. Click the Front view to activate it. 3. Click the Lathe icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve:. 4. Click the profile. The Console prompts: Rev. axis start:. 5. Click Enter to confirm. The Console prompts: Revolution axis direction. 6. Click Enter to confirm.

In this case, the revolution axis is not wrong, but we still need to change the Revolution direction in a different axis to obtain the necessary shape. 7. Select the Lathe object. 8. From the Modeling Tool panel, click X axis under Rev. axis dir. 9. In the Long. start angle field, enter the value 270.

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10. In the Long. end angle field, insert the value 90.

Exercise 21.3: Avoiding Discontinuity Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create correct lathe objects.

Step 1: Avoid a discontinuity surface 1. Open the file Lathe03.st. 2. Click the Front view to activate it. 3. Click the Lathe icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve: 4. Click the profile. The Console prompts: Rev. axis start: 5. Click Enter to confirm. The Console prompts: Revolution axis direction. 6. Click Enter to confirm.

As you can see in the images above, if the first and the second point of the revolution curve are not perfectly tangent to the perpendicular plane of the revolution axis, the Lathe surface will present a discontinuity. To avoid discontinuity, you must correct the second point and align it tangent to the perpendicular plan of the revolution axis. 7. Select the Lathe surface in any view.

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8. From the Construction Tree, select Curve #1. 9. Switch to Edit mode. 10. Select Point #2 11. Click Grid 2 to activate the grid. 12. Drag and align the Point #2 tangent to Point #1.

Now the surface does not present any discontinuity.

Exercise 21.4: Avoiding Auto-Intersecting Surfaces Purpose This exercise illustrates how to correctly create a lathe object.

Step 1: Avoid an auto-intersection surface 1. Open the file Lathe04.st. 2. Click the Front view to activate it. 3. Click Lathe. The Console prompts: Pick profile curve: 4. Click the profile. The Console prompts: Rev. axis start: 5. Click Enter to confirm. The Console prompts: Revolution axis direction. 6. Click Enter to confirm.

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As you can see in the image above, if the end point surpasses and deviates from the revolution axis, the surface will auto intersect and will present a problem. To avoid auto intersecting the surface, the end point must be perfectly aligned to the revolution axis. 7. Select the Lathe surface in any view. 8. From the Construction Tree, select Curve #1. 9. Switch to Edit mode. 10. Select the end point as shown in the image above. 11. Click Grid 2 to activate the grid. 12. Drag and align the point to the Revolution axis.

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Chapter 22

RadialSweep Unlike the Lathe command, the RadialSweep command creates a surface by sweeping one or more profile curves between a rail curve and a common rotational point in space. By default, the rotational point is the end point of the first profile that is picked.

Exercise 22.1: Using the RadialSweep Command Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a surface by sweeping a planar curve.

Step 1: Use RadialSweep 1. Open the file Radialsweep01.st. 2. Click the RadialSweep icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curves:

3. Click the spacebar to end. 4. Click the profile in the Front view and press the spacebar. The Console prompts: Pick rail curve. 5. In the Top view, click the rail.

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6. See the Lathe command on how to avoid discontinuity and auto intersecting surfaces at the revolution point. 7. To create a more precise shape, you must draw more profile curves as in the following example. See the file Radialsweep02.st.

8. You can use the RadialSweep with closed rails.

9. If you use only one profile with complex closed rails, you will not obtain a good surface. In this case, you can increase the detail of the surface.

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Exercise 22.2: Adding More Internal Curves Purpose This exercise illustrates how to achieve a more precise surface.

Step 1: Increase the surface detail 1. Open the file Radialsweep03.st. 2. Click the RadialSweep icon. The Console prompts: Pick profile curves. 3. Click the Profile in any view and press the spacebar. 4. The Console prompts: Pick rail curve. 5. In any view, click the rail. As you can see, the surface is not good. To generate a better surface, follow this simple procedure: 6. Select the RadialSweep surface. 7. Scroll thru the Modeling Tool panel and change the Number of curves value from 10 to 30. The surface is more accurate. Otherwise, you must use more profile curves as the example above.

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Chapter 23

Coons, 3Sides, and Curves Network A NURBS surface interpolates four-boundary curves exactly like a sheet of paper. Coons, 3Sides, and Curves Network tools basically work with boundaries. The Coons tool needs four boundary-curves to generate a surface, while the 3Sides tool needs three boundary-curves. The Curves Network needs four boundary curves and internal curves. Here are some examples on how each tool works.

Coons The Coons tool is very useful for some automotive parts, such as doors or hoods.

Exercise 23.1: Creating a Four-Boundary Surface Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a four-boundary surface using the Coons command.

Step 1: Using Coons 1. Open the file Coons01.st. 2. Click the Coons icon. The Console prompts: Pick Curve 1.

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3. In the Perspective view, pick Curve 1 as shown in the image below. The Console prompts: Pick Curve 2. 4. In the Perspective view, pick Curve 2. The Console prompts: Pick Curve 3. 5. In the Perspective view, pick Curve 3. The Console prompts: Pick Curve 4. 6. In the Perspective view, pick Curve 4.

When the Console prompts you to pick the four curves, you must select them consecutively, otherwise the surface will be generated in the wrong way.

3Sides Exercise 23.2: Creating a Surface Blended between Three Boundary Curves. Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a 3-sided surface using the 3Sides command.

Step 1: Using 3Sides 1. Open the file 3Sides01.st. 2. Click the 3Sides icon. The Console prompts: Pick Curve 1.

3. In the Perspective view, pick Curve 1 as shown in the image below. The Console prompts: Pick Curve 2. 4. In the Perspective view, pick Curve 2. The Console prompts: Pick Curve 3.

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5. In the Perspective view, pick Curve 3.

Curves Network The Curves Network creates a surface from a network of curves.

Exercise 23.3: Creating a Surface from a Rectilinear Network of Curves Purpose This exercise illustrates how to use the Curves Network command.

Step 1: Using the Curves Network 1. Open the file CurvesNetwork01.st. 2. Click the Curves Network icon. The Console prompts: Select curves direction 1.

3. In the Perspective view, pick the three curves as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to end the curve selection in direction 1. The Console prompts: Select curves direction 2. 4. In the Perspective view, pick the two curves as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to end the curve selection in direction 2.

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All curves in the first direction must cross the curves in the other direction and must not cross each other.

Correct crossing curves

Incorrect crossing curves

The Curves Network tool is similar to the Multisweep tool, but uses a different interpolation method to create the surface. You can try both to see which surface will meet your expectations.

Curves Network surface

Multiseep surface

Exercise 23.4: Creating a Shoe Form Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a closed shape using the Curves Network command.

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Step 1: Using closed curves With the Curves Network tool, you can also use closed (periodic) curves, as shown in the example below. 1. Open the file CurvesNetwork02.st. 2. Click the Curves Network icon. The Console prompts: Select curves direction 1. 3. In the Perspective view, pick the three curves as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to end the curve selection in direction 1. The Console prompts: Select curves direction 2. 4. In the Perspective view, pick the six curves starting from the first curve and ending with the same curve as shown in the image below. Press the spacebar to end curve selection in direction 2.

If the shape you are creating is complex like the image above, the Curves Network could create a surface having too many control points.

Step 2: Control the complexity of the surface 1. Select your curve network surface. 2. Click the Point edit icon from the Application toolbar. 3. Switch to Edit mode by pressing the spacebar. As you can see in the image below, the surface has many control points. 4. From the Application toolbar, click the Parameter edit icon. 5. Scroll your Modeling Tool panel and activate Simplify. 6. In the Tolerance field, insert the value 0.05. 7. Click the Point edit icon again in the Application toolbar. 8. If the Edit mode is not activated, switch to the Edit mode by pressing the spacebar. In the image below, the surface has fewer control points. 9. From the Application toolbar, click the Parameter edit icon.

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Chapter 24

Fillpath and Surface from Curves Fillpath The Fillpath tool allows you to fill one or more curves.

Exercise 24.1: Filling Planar Curves Purpose This exercise illustrates how to fill curves using the Fillpath command.

Step 1: Using Fillpath 1. Open the file Fillpath01.st. 2. Click the Fillpath icon. The Console prompts: Select curves to fill.

3. In the Perspective view, click the two curves and press the spacebar to end.

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Not allowed

Allowed

Overlaid curves are not allowed; all curves must form a unique boundary.

Not allowed

Allowed

All curves must lie on the same plane.

Not allowed

Not allowed

If you are filling more than one curve, all curves must be closed.

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Not allowed

Allowed

All curves must be planar and not in 3D

Not allowed

Allowed

Concentric curves must not touch each other; you must leave some space between them.

Surface from Curves Exercise 24.2: Filling Non-Planar Curves Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a non-planar surface using the Surface from curves command. To fill a non-planar curve, use the Surface from Curves tool instead of the Fillpath tool. Surface from Curves creates a surface that fits across one or two sets of curves. The first set is comprised of one or more boundary curves defining the external loop. The second set is comprised of internal curves. Using the second set is optional. The surface is approximated so it does not necessarily interpolate all curves.

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3. Click the Boundary curve as shown in the image below and press the spacebar. 4. The Console prompts: Select internal curves. In any view, click the internal curve and press the spacebar to end.

5. As you can see in the image above, the surface does not match the boundary curve exactly. To create a more precise surface, scroll the Modeling Tool panel until you see the field CVs along U. Insert the value 5 and press ENTER to confirm. In the CVs along V field, insert the value 4 and press ENTER to confirm.

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Chapter 25

Blend Surfaces Blend Surface creates a surface that forms a blending between two or more surface edges. Sometimes it is impossible to create a complex object using one single tool like Skin, Loft, Multisweep, and so on. In this case, it is better to create more surfaces and blend them together. Other times, instead of drawing many profiles to create a shape, it is better to simplify the procedure by creating only a few curves and blend together the two surfaces as in the example below.

Exercise 25.1: Blending Surfaces Purpose This exercise illustrates how to blend two surfaces using the Blend Surfaces command.

Step 1: Blending surfaces 1. Open the file Blend Surface 01.st. 2. Click the Blend Surface icon. The Console prompts: Pick surface 1.

3. In the Perspective view, pick the surface as shown in the image below. The Console prompts: Pick edges near start on surface 1:. 4. In the Perspective view, click the blue edge as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to stop picking edges. The Console prompts: Pick edges near start on surface 2:. 5. In the Perspective view, click the blue edge as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to stop picking edges.

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The point where you pick the second edge determines how the blend surface results. To avoid a twisted surface, the edges of surface 2 should be picked as illustrated in the images above.

Step 2: Using the Modeling Tool panel when blending surfaces Depending on how surfaces are created, sometimes the tangency direction could be inverted as you can see in the image above. The Modeling Tool panel offers you several options for adjusting it. 1. Click the surface to select it in case it was not selected. 2. From the Modeling Tool panel, click the Invert surf. #2 radio button as show in the image below. 3. Select the Invert surf. #2 radio button as show in the image below.

Step 3: Complete the entire object 1. Click the Combine icon. The Console prompts: Pick objects to combine. 2. Click the three objects and press the spacebar to end. 3. Click the Shell icon. The Console prompts: Select surface.

4. In the Perspective view, click the combined object. The Console prompts: Distance: 1.

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5. Press ENTER to confirm this value. The Console prompts: Select shell faces. 6. In the Perspective view, click the blue isopar of the surface as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to end.

Step 4: Using the Blend surface in other ways. 1. Open the file Blend Surface 02.st. 2. Click the Trim icon. The Console prompts: Pick curve. 3. In the Perspective or Front view, click the external combined curves as shown in the image below. 4. The Console prompts: Pick surface:. In the Perspective or Front view, click the bottle as shown in the image below. 5. Click the Trim icon. The Console prompts: Pick curve. 6. In the Perspective or Front view, click the inner combined curves as shown in the image below. 7. The Console prompts: Pick surface. In the Perspective or Front view, click the inner bottle as shown in the image below.

8. Click the Blend Surface icon. The Console prompts: Pick surface 1:. 9. In the Perspective view, pick the surface as shown in the image below. The Console prompts: Pick edges near start on surface. 10. In the Perspective view, click the blue edge as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to stop picking edges. The Console prompts: Pick edges near start on surface 2. 11. In the Perspective view, click the blue edge as shown in the image below and press the spacebar to stop picking edges.

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12. Repeat the same operation on the lower part. If necessary, invert the tangency direction in the Modeling Tool panel. In the following example (Blend Surface 03.st), the two surfaces have the same closure position and the blend surface is created without any twisting effect.

Correct closure direction

Correct blend surface

While in this example, the two surfaces do not have the same closure position and the blend surface is twisted.

Incorrect closure direction

Incorrect blend surface

To avoid twisted surfaces, all surfaces must have the closure in the same position or direction.

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Chapter 26

Trim and Trim Solid Exercise 26.1: Trimming Surfaces Purpose This exercise illustrates how to trim a surface using the Trim command.

Step 1: Using the Trim and Trim Solid Tools

1. Open the file Trim surf 01.st. 2. Click the Trim icon. The Console prompts: Pick curve.

3. In the Front view, pick the ellipse as shown in the image below. The Console prompts: Pick surface. 4. In the Perspective view, pick the bottle surface.

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By default, the Trim tool trims in both directions. If you need to trim only one side of the surface, the curve must be inside the object as shown in the image above. 5. Scroll your Modeling Tool panel until you see the Projection direction section and select Curve normal. If you want to trim the other side of the surface, click Inverse curve normal.

If the curve is placed outside the object, you cannot only trim one side, even if you choose the correct direction.

Exercise 26.2: Trimming the Interior or Exterior Area Purpose This exercise illustrates how to choose which area to trim.

Step 1: Another example 1. Open the file Trim surf 02.st. 2. Click the Trim icon. The Console prompts: Pick curve. 3. In the Front view, pick the curve. The Console prompts: Pick surface. 4. In the Perspective view, pick the bottle surface.

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Step 2: Trim the exterior side In the image below, the Trim tool trims the interior side of the surface. To trim the exterior side, follow these steps. 1. Select your trim surface. 2. Scroll through the Modeling Tool panel until you see the Loop exterior section and select Trim exterior.

Exercise 26.3: Creating Perforated Surfaces Purpose This exercise illustrates how to trim a surface using many curves.

Step 1: Trim the same surface with more than one curve If you want to trim the same surface with more than one curve, it is better to combine all curves together before the trimming operation. If you trim the same surface ten times, for example, this increases considerably the Construction History calculation. Moreover, the file size will be bigger. 1. Open the file Trim surf 03.st. 2. Click the Combine icon. The Console prompts: Pick objects to combine. 3. In the Perspective view, pick all 13 curves and press the spacebar to end. 4. Click the Trim icon. The Console prompts: Pick curve. 5. In the Perspective view, pick the combined curves. The Console prompts: Pick surface. 6. In the Perspective view, pick the birail surface.

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Trimming Surfaces with Several Holes If you want to trim a surface with many holes, for instance 200 holes, you can decide to trim the surface as you did in the example above by combining or replicating 200 circles. The file size will be bigger and the Construction History calculation will increase considerably. Otherwise, you can decide not to trim the surface but to use a Transparency shader. The holes can be seen only in the final rendering. Using the transparency shader instead of trimming a surface is very useful. It saves time and CPU calculation when you need to present renderings to your clients.

Step 2: Trim a surface with several holes 1. See the files Trim surf 04a.st and Trim surf 04b.st.

Trimmed surface

Non-trimmed surface

Final rendering

2. For some reason, the Trim and Trim solid operations could fail. Below are a list of situations that should be avoided when trimming a surface or a solid:

Common Errors to Avoid When Using the Trim command When you trim an object, the curve must not coincide with any edge of the surface or the solid. In this case, you can place the curve inside or outside the object as shown in the images below.

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Not correct

Correct

Correct

When you trim an object, the curve must exceed the surface as shown in the images below.

Not correct

Not correct

Correct

When you trim an object with a combined curve, all entities must match correctly. If the Trim operation fails, you must control if all the edges of the entities are coincident or not.

Not correct

Correct

Trim Solid Tool If you are working with solids and not surfaces, instead of using the Trim tool you can use the Trim solid tool. When using the Trim tool, the result is a closed solid, not a surface.

Exercise 26.4: Trimming a Solid Purpose This exercise illustrates how to trim a solid using the Trim Solid command.

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Step 1: Using the Trim solid tool 1. Open the file Trim solid 01.st. 2. Click the Trim solid icon. The Console prompts: Pick curve.

3. In the Perspective view, pick the ellipse as shown in the image below. The Console prompts: Pick surface. 4. In the Perspective view, pick the solid as shown in the image below.

Step 2: Create a bas-relief on the solid 1. Click the Trim solid icon. The Console prompts: Pick curve. 2. In the Perspective view, pick the ellipse as shown in the image below. The Console prompts: Pick surface. 3. In the Perspective view, pick the solid as shown in the image below.

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Step 3: Place a curve exactly at the desire depth 1. Pick the curve as shown in the image below. 2. Press Z to constrain translating along the Z axis. 3. In the Left view, drag the curve and place it inside the solid it as shown in the image below. 4. Now pick the solid and scroll through the Modeling Tool panel until Projection direction is displayed. 5. Activate the Curve normal check box.

To use Trim solid, Trimming curves must be closed.

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Chapter 27

Intersection, Make Manifold and Boolean Operations The Intersect CT splits surfaces along the curves resulting from the intersection between two surfaces. The faces to be kept or removed are interactively selected.

Exercise 27.1: Intersecting Surfaces Purpose This exercise illustrates how to split two surfaces using the Intersect CT command.

Step 1: Use Intersect CT 1. Open the file Intersect 01.st. 2. Click on the Intersect CT icon. The Console prompts: Pick surface 1.

3. In the Perspective view, pick the pot. The Console prompts: Pick surface 2. 4. In the Perspective view, pick the spout. The Console prompts: Choose which surface will be split (Both, 1st, 2nd). 5. Press ENTER to confirm to split both surfaces. The Console prompts: Select faces to remove.

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6. In the Perspective view, select the inner entity of the pot. The entity turns yellow. Hold down the CTRL key, select the inner entity of the lip, and press the spacebar to end selecting faces.

Sometimes, it could be difficult to select faces to remove, especially if the scene has many objects. To select the correct faces, rotate and zoom your view to better select them.

Step 2: Repeat the intersection with the handle 1. Click the Intersect CT icon. The Console prompts: Pick surface 1. 2. In the Perspective view, pick the pot. The Console prompts: Pick surface 2. 3. In the Perspective view, pick the handle. The Console prompts: Choose which surface will be split (Both, 1st, 2nd). 4. Press ENTER to confirm to split both surfaces. The Console prompts: Select faces to remove. 5. Now zoom and rotate your view to select comfortably the correct faces. 6. In the Perspective view, select the inner entity of the handle. The entity turns yellow. Hold down the CTRL key and select the inner entity of the lip and press the spacebar to stop selecting faces.

Sometimes, the intersect operations could fail. Here is a list of situations that should be avoided to correctly intersect 2 surfaces: When you want to intersect two surfaces together, be sure that the edges are coincident.

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Not correct

Correct

When you want to intersect two surfaces together, be sure that the surface is completely inside the other surface.

Not correct

Correct

Make Manifold The Make Manifold creates a manifold object (perfect solid) from non-manifold objects (surfaces or combined surfaces). The Make Manifold command deletes excess faces, edges, and vertices to get to a solid or a manifold topology. To use it correctly, all the surfaces that you model must exceed, or at least all the edges of the surfaces must match together.

Exercise 27.2: Creating a Solid Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a solid using the Make Manifold command.

Step 1: Using Make Manifold 1. Open the file Make manifold 01.st.

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2. Click the Make Manifold icon. The Console prompts: Pick objects.

3. In the Perspective view, pick all surfaces and press the spacebar to end. When you pick a surface, it will disappear. Only when you finish picking all necessary surfaces and when you press the spacebar to end, the solid is created. If nothing is displayed when you press the spacebar, this means that one or more surfaces are not modeled correctly or some surfaces do not match correctly to the others.

Step 2: Steps to take if Make Manifold does not succeed 1. Open the file Make manifold 02.st. 2. Click the Make Manifold icon. The Console prompts: Pick objects. 3. In the Perspective view, pick all surfaces and press the spacebar to end. The solid is not created. This means that one or more surfaces do not match correctly to the other surfaces. You do not need to repeat or to delete the Make Manifold operation - it is still active in the World Browser. Within the Construction History, the Make Manifold is using Surf #1, Surf #2, Surf #3, and Surf #4.

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Step 3: Steps to take when the solid is not created 1. Within the World Browser, hold down the CTRL key and select Surf #1, Surf #2, Surf #3, and Surf #4. 2. Click Hidden in interactive views to visualize the surfaces. 3. In the Perspective view, zoom and rotate around your surfaces to analyze if one or more surfaces match correctly. Surf #4 does not match and exceeds Surf #2. 4. Select Surf #4. Click the Translate icon or press T. In the Left view, drag the surface inside until it matches. 5. Within the World Browser, select Surf #1, Surf #2, Surf #3, and Surf #4 while holding down the CTRL key. Click Hidden in interactive views to hide them.

Now the solid is created correctly.

Boolean Operator The Boolean Operator works with a solid. You can subtract or add solids to other solids. You can also create a solid by intersecting two solids together.

Difference 1st – 2nd

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Exercise 27.3: Subtracting, Adding and Intersecting Objects Purpose This exercise illustrates how to use the Boolean Operator command.

Step 1: Using the Boolean Operator 1. Open the file Boolean 01.st . 2. Click the Boolean operator icon. The Console prompts: Pick Surface 1.

3. Click Cube1. The Console prompts: Pick Surface 2. 4. Click Cube2. The Console prompts: Diff1, Diff2, Inters, Union. 5. Press ENTER to confirm the difference first Cube1, minus the second Cube2. 6. Click the Boolean operator icon again. The Console prompts: Pick Surface 1. 7. Click the new object. The Console prompts: Pick Surface 2. 8. Click the scaled sphere. The Console prompts: Diff1, Diff2, Inters, Union. 9. Press ENTER to confirm the difference first cube minus the second.

If you typed the wrong Boolean operation in the console, you do not need to delete it, nor undo the last operation. Go to the Modeling Tool panel and choose the appropriate Boolean operation.

Step 2: Another example 1. Open the file Boolean 02.st. 2. Click the Boolean operator icon. The Console prompts: Pick Surface 1. 3. Click the bottle. The Console prompts: Pick Surface 2.

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4. Click the upper four scale spheres. The Console prompts: Diff1, Diff2, Inters, Union. 5. Type U in the Console and press ENTER to confirm adding the spheres to the bottle. 6. Click the Boolean operator icon again. The Console prompts: Pick surface 1. 7. Click the bottle. The Console prompts: Pick Surface 2. 8. Click the combined objects. The Console prompts: Diff1, Diff2, Inters, Union. 9. Press ENTER to confirm.

If you want to use the Boolean operator with many objects instead of repeating the operation many times, it is better to first combine all objects together and then perform one single Boolean operation.

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Chapter 28

Round With the Round tool, you can create a constant radius, a variable radius, or a chamfer. Round can be used in various situations and with different approaches.

Exercise 28.1: Rounding Edges Purpose The exercise illustrates how to use the Round command.

Step 1: Using Round 1. Open the file Round 01.st. 2. Click the Round icon. The Console prompts: Select surface.

3. Pick the object as shown in the image below. solidThinking visualizes in blue all edges that are possible to round. 4. The Console prompts: Click edges where you want to insert radii. 5. In the Perspective view, click the two edges as shown in the image below. Inserted radii are displayed in yellow. Press the spacebar to end. 6. The Console prompts: Default radius. Type the radius value 10 and press ENTER. 7. The Console prompts: Perform GO (Yes, No)? Y. Press ENTER to confirm the operation.

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Step 2: Changing the radii 1. Select your object as shown in the image below. 2. Press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. When you switch to Edit mode, the latest radii that you have inserted is selected and displayed in yellow. If it is not, hold down the CTRL key and click the two radii as shown in the image below. 3. In the Modeling Tool panel, enter 15 in the Radius field and click Go to perform the new round operation. 4. Press the spacebar to toggle to Object mode.

Step 3: Add other radii Remember that if you want to add other radii, you do not need to perform another round operation. You can add new radii to the existing round operation. 1. Select your object. 2. Press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 3. In the Modeling Tool panel, activate Insert radius. 4. Scroll through the Modeling Tool panel until the Default radius for new insertions is displayed and enter 2 as a new value for new radii insertions. 5. Drag a rectangular selection around your object to insert radii on all edges. 6. Disable Insert radius. Press GO or alternatively, use the Alt+G shortcut to perform the new round operation.

Step 4: Steps to take if solidThinking does not perform the Round operation If a radius is too big, solidThinking will not perform the round operation. Do the following if this happens.

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1. Select the two radii as shown in the image below. 2. In the Modeling Tool panel, change the radius dimension to 18 and press GO to perform the round operation. As you can see, the Round tool did not perform the round operation because the dimension of the two radii is too big. Change the value to 17 and press GO to perform the Round operation.

Variable Radii Exercise 28.2: Creating the Variable Radii Purpose The exercise illustrates how to add and modify radii.

Step 1: Create a variable radius 1. Open the file Round 02.st. 2. Click the Round icon. The Console prompts: Select surface. 3. Pick the object in any view. The Console prompts: Click edges where you want to insert radii. 4. In the Perspective view, drag a selection rectangle around the object to insert radii on all edges and press the spacebar to end. 5. The Console prompts: Default radius: 1. Enter 0.5 and press ENTER. 6. The Console prompts: Perform GO (Yes, No)? Y. Press ENTER to confirm the operation.

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7. Select your object. 8. Press the spacebar to switch to Edit mode. 9. Select the two radii as shown in the image below. 10. In the Modeling Tool panel, enter in the Radius field the value 0.2 and press GO to perform the new round operation. 11. In the Modeling Tool panel, select Insert radius. 12. Click the upper edge and insert the other two radii as shown in the image below. 13. Disable Insert radius. 14. Select the radius as shown in the image below. 15. In the Modeling Tool panel, enter 1.5 in the Radius field and press GO to perform the new round operation. 16. Press GO, or alternatively use the Alt+G shortcut to perform the new round operation.

For more details, see the on-line help or the solidThinking manual.

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Chapter 29

The Shading Panel Using the Shading panel, you can create or adjust lights, materials, and backgrounds.

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Exercise 29.1: Shading Panel Purpose This exercise introduces the Shading panel.

Step 1: Using the Shading panel 1. From the Managers menu, select Shading, or press CTRL + 3 to open the Shading panel. 2. The Shading panel has six tabs: Surface, Light, Image, Rendering, Output, and Globals. Below is an image of the Shading panel when object is selected. If an object is selected while you are opening it, the Surface tab is active. If a light is selected, Light tab is the active tab. The preview of a material shader is displayed in the preview window as shown below. The default preview is the sphere, but you can choose a different preview type. 3. From the Object drop-down menu, select your preferred preview.

Spherical Preview

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Cylindrical Preview


Cubical Preview

Planar Preview

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4. When you choose a spherical, cylindrical, cubical, or any planer preview, you should change the Object size in the Shading panel to have the same dimensions as your objects in the scene. For instance, if the dimension of your object is about 50 units, it is better to set the preview object size to 50 to get a more realistic dimension in the preview. The Object size does not work with the Current camera or the Current object previews because these previews have rational dimension. This panel is covered more closely in the Materials, Lights, and Backgrounds chapters.

Exercise 29.2: Rendering Options Purpose This exercise illustrates how to render an image.

Step 1: Render an image 1. Open the file chair 01.st. 2. Click the title bar of the Perspective view to activate it. 3. From the Render menu, select Render current view or press CTRL + R.

When you choose the CTRL + R shortcut to render a specific view, be sure that the mouse pointer is upon that view. solidThinking supports a number of alternative rendering methods. By default, the rendering method is set to Raytrace full rendering. The model is rendered as a fully shaded and textured, anti-aliased image using the full ray tracer renderer. The geometry is sampled at a sufficient rate to eliminate aliasing artifacts in regions of a high intensity gradient. To achieve a high quality rendering, always select the Raytrace full method.

Step 2: Choose a different rendering method 1. From the Render menu, select Options or press CTRL + SHIFT + R.

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The Rendering dialog is displayed as shown below. 2. From the Rendering Method drop-down menu, select a different method. 3. Click the title bar of the Perspective view to activate it. 4. From the Render menu, select Render current view or press CTRL + R.

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Different Rendering Methods

Raytrace Full

Scanline preview

Phong method

Flat method

Hidden line (Vector)

Wire frame (Vector)

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Step 3: Change the dimension of a rendered image In the Rendering dialog, you can change the size and the resolution of the rendered image. 1. From the Render menu, select Options or press CTRL + SHIFT + R. 2. From the Unit drop-down menu, select a different unit. By default unit is Pixel. 3. Enter the new size in the Width and Height fields. 4. Enter the resolution in the Resolution field. 5. Click Swap if you need to switch from a horizontal to a vertical image. 6. Render your view.

Step 4: Save a rendered image The Renderings Browser displays the renderings that you have created since you launched solidThinking. 1. From the Render menu, select Browse renderings or press CTRL + ALT + R.

2. Once you click to select a picture, you can save it or delete it. The Renderings Browser also allows you to delete all the listed images.

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Step 5: Set the maximum number of rendered images By default, solidThinking displays the last ten renderings you created. You can set a different maximum number of rendered images that are displayed in the Renderings Browser and stored in the /solidThinking/Images path. 1. From the Help menu, select Preferences. 2. Under Renderings buffer, in the N. renderings field, enter the maximum number of images you want to store.

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Chapter 30

Lights The light is the most important element in a rendered image or animation. Knowing how a light works with objects in a 3D scene will help you in choosing the best way to simulate it. In this chapter, we will see how lights work in solidThinking.

Exercise 30.1: Adding Lights Purpose This exercise illustrates how to add and assign a light source.

Step 1: Using Lights 1. Open the file chair.st. 2. Click the Light icon. The Console prompts: Local axes origin: =0,0,0. 3. In the Front view, click in the view approximately at the location as shown in the image below.

When you insert a light object in your scene, it doesn’t have any light attributes. You must assign a light shader to light up your scene.

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Step 2: Assign a light source 1. Click the Light icon. White light is selected. Yellow light is not selected. 2. From the Managers menu, select Shading or Ctrl + 3 to display the Shading panel. From the Shading panel, select the Light tab. 3. Under Shader tree, right-click Light and select the point shader.

4. Click the title bar of the Perspective view to activate it. 5. From the Render menu, select Render current view.

6. When you assign a light source by default, the light does not project shadows. 7. In any view, select your light. 8. From the Shading panel, under Shader tree, select Light [point]. Select On under shadows to activate the shadow projection.

Shadow Types solidThinking offers two types of shadows: soft shadows (shadow mapping) and hard shadows (raytraced shadows).

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Soft Shadows Soft shadows or shadow maps are typically the quickest and most efficient shadows to render. However, they can have a finite resolution and sometimes need to be adjusted (as described below) to avoid artifacts. This kind of shadow works by pre-computing a depth map to determine where shadows are rendered. A shadow map is based on an array of distance measurements from the light to the nearest visible geometry.

With soft shadows, there are four options that can be set to realize quality shadows: shadow resolution, shadow quality, shadow softness, and shadow tolerance. Soft shadow options do not work with hard shadows.

Shadow Resolution By default, the shadow resolution is set to 1000. Normally, you do not need to change this value unless you see pixilation or artifacts in the shadow edges. The pixilation depends on the quality of the shadow, the shadow resolution, and the distance of the light source from the object. If the light source is far away from the object, you will get pixilation in the shadow edges.

Light source is near to the object

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Step 3: Correct the light source location To correct light that is too far from your object, increase the shadow quality and place the source light closer to your object. 1. Place the light far from your object. 2. From the Shading panel, under Shader tree, select Light [point]. 3. In the shadow quality field, enter 16.

Shadow quality ‘4’



Shadow Quality By default, shadow quality is set to four. If your shadows present some artifacts, increase the shadow quality as you see in the image above. The minimum value is one and the maximum value is 16.

Shadow Softness By default, the shadow softness is set to one. The minimum value is one and the maximum value is 20. Normally, it is better to set small softness values. Too much softness can cause visible gaps between the object casting a shadow and the point where the shadow itself starts. A high softness can even let light "leak" through walls and corners that should be blocking the light. The softness of the shadow depends also on the distance of the light from the object. The farther the light is placed from the object, the shadows edges are softer and the more quality and shadow resolution you need.

Exercise 30.2: Shadow Tolerance Purpose This exercise illustrates how to improve the size of the shadow. If you have light leaking through the corners, you can change the shadow tolerance to improve your shadow quality.

Step 1: Improve the shadow size 1. Open the file shadow tolerance.st.

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2. Click the Perspective view title bar to activate it. 3. Press CTRL + R to render your scene. As you can see in the image below, the scene presents light leaking through the corner. To fix that, follow the steps below.

4. In any view, select the point light. 5. Open the Shading panel by pressing CTRL+3. 6. Select Light [point], scroll through the panel until shadow tolerance is displayed, and enter 0.01 in the field. As you can see in the image above, the light leaking through the corner and around the cube disappeared. Here are some tips that you can use to avoid light leaking: •

If you are using a spot light, make sure the cone is as narrow as possible and aim it just where it needs light.

•

Do not use high shadow softness values.

•

Model thicker walls instead of using thin surfaces.

•

Create beveled or rounded walls or objects, not perfect 90-degree angles.

Soft shadow types do not handle transparency well, even if the transparent and colored object is as shown in the images below.

Soft shadow

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Hard Shadows Hard shadows (also called raytraced shadows), are shadows computed by tracing rays of light between light sources and illuminated objects. Raytraced shadows are computed one pixel at a time as you render, rather than being pre-computed and stored in shadow maps. This is why hard shadow types (raytraced shadows) can produce only hard edge transparent shadows from transparent colored surfaces as you can see in the image above. This doesn’t mean that you cannot obtain soft transparent shadows. With solidThinking, you can create soft, transparent colored shadows using area lights as you can see in the image above.

Fall Off Lights in the real world have decay or falloff. In other words, the farther away you get from a light, the dimmer the illumination from the light becomes. This is because the light waves (or particles) spread out and become less dense over a distance. By default, the falloff is set to constant. This means that there will be no illumination falloff over a distance. No matter how far away you get, the illumination from the light source remains the same. In solidThinking, you have four types of falloff: Constant, Linear, Square, Linear no clamp, and Square no clamp. As you can see in the first image below, all objects have the same intensity and there is no illumination falloff over distance.

Constant - Intensity light 1

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Linear Falloff Intensity light 25


Square Falloff Intensity light 250

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Exercise 30.3: Fall Off Purpose This exercise illustrates how to set the fall off distance. If you select the Linear fall off, this means that there is a linear fall off of the light. Fall off is linearly proportional to the distance from the source. The calculated distance is advanced by one unit to avoid saturation at distances of less than one unit. The Square fall off is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. The calculated distance is advanced by one unit to avoid saturation at distances of less than one unit. In other words, Linear fall off means that the light falls off slowly, while Square fall off means the light falls off quickly.

In the real world, lights fall off quickly. This means that the Square fall off is more realistic. Sometimes, however, it could be helpful to choose the linear fall off to obtain a certain effect.

Step 1: Set a fall off type to a light 1. Open the file Falloff.st. 2. Select the point light in any view. 3. Open the Shading panel by pressing CTRL + 3. 4. Select Light [point] and scroll through the panel until fall off is displayed and select Linear: 1(d+1). 5. Set the intensity of the light to 25. 6. Click the Perspective title bar view to activate it. 7. Press CTRL+R to render your scene. When you change the linear fall off, you must always change the intensity as well because the falloff distance of the intensity must be higher. If you choose Square 1/(d^2+1), the intensity must be higher than the Linear fall off intensity. In this case, you could set the intensity to 250 or higher as shown in the images above.

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Color and Color Temperature With solidThinking, there are two methods to give a color to a light. The first method is to assign any RGB color in the color session as shown in the image below. The second method to specify the light color is through a color temperature. The color temperature sets up an exact description of the spectral distribution of the light. The color temperature is a positive number which defines a temperature in the Kelvin scale. Higher Kelvin temperatures are cool, green–blue colors, and lower color temperatures are warm, yellow–red colors.

Color Temperature in the Kelvin Scale

Cool-colored light is considered better for visual tasks, while warm-colored light is preferred for living spaces because it is considered more flattering to skin tones and clothing. Color temperatures in the 2700–4000 K range are recommended for most general indoor and task lighting. The default color of any new light in solidThinking is white. This means that light sources do not use real-world light color temperature, which is why the temperature field is set to 0.

Empirical light color

Color temperature = 3000

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Real-world light color – Temperature color



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Intensity Unit The default unit value of any new light in solidThinking is an empirical unit. This means that light sources do not use real-world units. However, you can choose a different intensity unit for each light. Intensity units allow real-world lighting units. All values listed are photometric, or have luminous quantities. When you choose a different intensity unit, you must change the intensity of the light. For instance, if you choose the Lumen intensity unit, you must set in the intensity field the correct Lumen values. If you choose Candela, you must change the intensity unit using the Candela or Watt values, and so on.

Exercise 30.4: Indirect Lights Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a secondary or a filling light. Remember that when you add a light, it does not project shadows. This behavior is not realistic at all. In fact, in the realworld, lights always produce shadows. Even if this behavior is not realistic, you can take advantage of it to simulate a filling light which highlights the shades

Step 1: Simulating a filling light 1. Open the file Chair 02.st. 2. Click the Perspective title bar view to activate it. 3. Press CTRL + R to render your scene. As you can see in the image below, the column darkens the chair and the scene does not seem realistic. This is because the point light does not bounce any reflected light. In the real-world, shadows are lighter because of a secondary light source. This secondary light source could be the sky light or a diffused, reflected light such as the light bounced off of a floor or a wall. To simulate a secondary reflected light source bouncing from the wall and the floor, we must place a light more or less opposite to the main light and exactly where the bouncing should be.

Step 2: Adding a filling light 1. Click the Light icon. 2. The Console prompts: Local axes origin. 3. In the Front view, place the light as shown in the image below. 4. Open the Shading panel by pressing CTRL + 3. 5. Under Shader tree, right-click Light and select the point shader. 6. From the Parameters column, set the intensity to 0.5. 7. Close the Shading panel.

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8. Click the Perspective title bar to activate it and press CTRL + 3 to render the scene.

As you can see in the image above, the light that you have placed outside passes the wall because the shadow option was not enabled. This technique is very helpful when creating secondary light source simulating the bouncing light. Even if you added a secondary light, the walls and the shadows seem dark. You can make them lighter by adding an ambient light.

Step 3: Adding ambient light 1. Click the Light icon. 2. The Console prompts: Local axes origin. 3. In the Top view, place the light in any location. 4. Open the Shading panel by pressing CTRL + 3. 5. Under Shader tree, right-click Light and select the ambient shader. 6. Click the Perspective title bar to activate it and press CTRL + 3 to render the scene.

If you render your scene, you will notice that it is lighter. In the real world, light reflects from one surface to the other over and over until all light energy has been absorbed. This is known as radiosity. Unless you use the Radiosity or Final gather techniques to simulate approximately this effect, we can add an ambient light as well. The ambient light doesn’t exist in the real world. The ambient intensity simply adds an illumination value to every pixel in the scene. Ambient light, therefore, has the effect of filling in shadows and flattening out shape and form. By default, the intensity of the ambient light is 0.1. As a rule, this intensity value is quite enough and you should not increase its intensity, otherwise your scene will appear bright and squashed. Remember to reduce the main light intensity when you add more lights to your scene. Otherwise, the whole scene or some objects will look very bright.

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Exercise 30.5: Spot Light and Distant Light Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create directional lights. Spot lights and Distant lights are lights located at a specific location and pointing in a specific direction. Spot lights can be used individually or in combination to simulate a wide range of luminaries and are constrained within a cone of a given angle.

Step 1: Spot lights 1. Open the file Chair01.st. Delete all lights in case you saved the file following the previous exercise. 2. Click the Light icon. 3. The Console prompts: Local axes origin. 4. In the Front view, place the light as shown in the image below. 5. Open the Shading panel by pressing CTRL + 3. 6. Under Shader tree, right-click Light and select the spot shader.

Step 2: Modify the spot direction 1. In the Front view, click the spot light to select it (in case it is not yet selected). 2. Switch to Edit mode by pressing the spacebar. A green vector is displayed. 3. Drag the Target hotspot and place it over the chair as shown in the image below. 4. Toggle to Object mode by pressing the spacebar. 5. From the Shading panel, under Shader tree, select the spot light shader. 6. From Parameters column, in the cone angle session field, enter 40 and close the Shading panel. 7. Click the Perspective title bar to activate it and press CTRL + 3 to render the scene.

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Unlike the point light that emits rays in all directions, the spot light does not emit rays outside the cone angle. This means that other objects outside the cone angle are completely dark if you don’t have any other light in your scene.

Cone Delta Angle and Beam Distribution As you saw before, you can change the cone angle of the spot light, but you can also modify the cone delta angle and the beam distribution. Cone delta angle works on the softness of the cone edge, while the beam distribution works on the amount of light from the center to the cone edge.

Cone delta angle 15

Beam distribution 50

Using combinations of cone delta, beam distribution, and fall off, you can create very hardedged theatrical spotlights, very soft-edged light, or anything in between. The distant light works exactly as the spot light, except that the distant light is composed of all parallel light rays and parallel shadows, while the spot light’s rays all emanate from one point. All the parameters are exactly the same, so refer to the previous discussion on spot lights.

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Spot light non-parallel shadows

Distant light parallel shadows

Distant lights don’t exist in the real-world. Rather than emanating from a single point as in a point light or spot light, the distant light’s light rays run parallel, projecting parallel shadows. A distant light is intended to behave like sunlight. The sunlight is not, in fact, made of parallel rays, but sometimes we can simulate it, if the viewer doesn’t look too closely.

Exercise 30.6: Area Lights Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create more realistic shadows. Point lights and spot lights emit their light from a single point in world space projecting hard shadows. Even if you choose soft shadows, the edge of the shadows have the same thickness on the whole perimeter. In the real-world, shadow shape and behavior vary depending on the size of the light source. A large source like the sky projects hard shadows close to the object and much softer shadows farther away. On the other hand, a small light source projects hard shadows that only become soft very far away.

Soft shadows

Hard shadows

Area shadows

You can create three types of shadows: soft shadows, hard shadows, and area shadows. Area shadows require that the light have a size - this means that you must use a surface as a light source. Here is an example on how to transform a surface in an area light.

Step 1: Transform a surface in an area light 1. Open the file Area light.st.

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2. Select Surf #3 as shown in the image below. 3. Open the Shading panel and select the Surface tab. 4. Under the Shader tree, right-click Emission and select the area shader. 5. Click the title bar of the Perspective view to activate it and press CTRL + R to render.

The rendering is completely black because of the intensity and the direction of the area light. By default, the area light has the Square fall off active as shown in the area light parameters above. This means that to illuminate your scene, you need to increase the intensity. 6. Select the area light in any view (if you deselected it). 7. Open the Shading panel (if you closed it). 8. In the intensity field, enter the value 300. If you render your scene, it will still be black because the area light is lighting upwards as shown in the image below. The surface needs to be rotated.

9. Rotate the area light as shown in the image above. 10. As with any other light in solidThinking, by default, the area light does not cast shadows. 11. Select the area light in any view (if it’s deselected). 12. Open the Shading panel (if you closed it). 13. Make sure Emissions is set to area. From the Parameters column, under shadows, click the On check box to activate shadows. 14. Under shadow type, select Hard as shown in the image above. 15. Click the title bar of the Perspective view to activate it and press CTRL + R to render.

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If shadows are not be reproduced correctly as shown in the image, above you must change one or more values of the min lod and max lod fields for the area light. The min lod parameter determines the initial sampling for lighting calculation and visibility analysis. If min lod is too low, then shadow boundaries may not be reproduced correctly. If it is too big, then rendering times will be excessive. Practical values are between 0.0 and 5.0. While the max lod delimits the maximum amount of work, we are willing to let the shader carry out for any point being illuminated. The suggested range for max lod is [0.0, 1.0], although values greater than 1.0 are allowed. The practical range is 0.5 and 5.0. 16. In min lod field, enter 1. In max lod field, enter 5.0 as shown in the image above. 17. Click the title bar of the Perspective view to activate it and press CTRL + R to render. As you see in the image above, the shadow is reproduced correctly.

Area shadows

Soft shadows

Hard shadows

Area lights require much more rendering time than other lights. For this reason, sometimes a simpler source, such as a point light or a spot light, would have the same effect and take less time if more realism is required. The area lights are well suited to the Radiosity or Final Gather Processor Module. This is discussed in greater depth in Chapter 31, Global Illumination. Area lights work better with hard shadow types. Soft shadows do not always produce the best results for these lights because the light is no longer being emitted from a point.

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Exercise 30.7: Simple Sky Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a sky light. solidThinking provides a number of additional light source types such as sun, area, goniometric, sky, environment, and so on. Sun and sky light source shaders are used for accurate simulation of sunlight and daylight for given time, location, and atmospheric conditions. The simple sky light source provides a simple approximation to a true skylight. It represents the light from the sun which has been scattered by the atmosphere.

Step 1: Using the simple sky shader 1. Open the file KNR1.st. 2. Click the Light icon. The Console prompts: Local axes origin: =0, 0, 0. 3. In the Top view, click and place your light object near the car as shown in the image below. 4. Select the light object and open the Shading panel. 5. From the Light tab, under Shader tree, right-click Light and select the simple sky shader. 6. From the Parameters column, under shadows, activate the On check box to activate the shadows. 7. Click the title bar of Perspective view to activate it and press CTRL + R to render. The simple sky shader requires more rendering time than other lights, such as point lights, spot lights, and distant lights.

Step 2: Adjust intensity and shadows To obtain better illumination, adjust the intensity and shadows. 1. Select the simple sky object in any view. 2. Open the Shading panel. 3. Under simple sky, enter 1.5 in the intensity field to increase the intensity.

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4. Scroll through the simple sky Parameters and change the number of samples to 20 to render your Perspective view.

The quality of the shadows and the intensity has clearly improved. Let us explore in depth how a simple sky works. The simple sky light models the sky as a simple, invisible, uniform dome, (see the image below). The only control over the sampling (number of shadows) is the number of samples. You can increase the number of samples to obtain a better image.

solidThinking automatically calculates the position and the dimension of the dome in the 3D scene. The dimension of the dome depends on the dimension of your scene. In the example above, the dome is larger than the scene. If the plane is bigger, solidThinking creates a bigger dome. A bigger dome requires more rendering time. The number of samples works by creating number of samples distant light source shaders that are scattered uniformly about the hemisphere and are defined by the up vector. Typically, fewer samples can be used with soft shadows.

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Step 3: Define the orientation of the dome 1. By default, solidThinking defines the orientation of the sky hemisphere with respect to the scene. 2. If you want to rotate the simple sky dome, you must change the up vector.

Up 1

Up -1

The simple sky light is very useful with global illumination modules. This is discussed in more detail in the Chapter 31, Global Illumination. As with any other object, lights can be saved to the solidThinking Models Library.

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Chapter 31

Global Illumination The illumination techniques illustrated in the previous chapter are suitable for single objects or exterior renderings. However, if you need to illuminate an interior scene, such as a room with a window, you must use other illumination techniques. Interior scenes require diffuseness and indirect light.

Exercise 31.1: Creating More Realistic Lighting Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create global illumination lighting techniques.

Step 1: Illuminate an interior 1. Open the file Final Gather – start.st. 2. Click the Light icon and place a light object in the Top view as shown in the image below. 3. Click the Scale icon or press S to scale the light object. 4. In the Modeling Tool panel, under Origin, select Axes origin. 5. Enter 100 in the Scale field and press ENTER to confirm. 6. Press Exit to close the Scale Modeling Tool panel. 7. Click the Light icon and open the Shading panel. 8. Under Shader tree, right-click Light and select the simple sky shader. 9. Under the simple sky Parameters, under shadows, activate the On check box to activate the shadows. 10. Click the title bar of Perspective view to activate it and press CTRL + R to render. The image is very dark because there are no indirect reflected lights inside the room. To simulate indirect reflected lights, you need a global illumination. solidThinking Global solidThinking, Inc.


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Illumination allows you to simulate how real world scenes are illuminated not only by direct light, but also by diffuse light which bounces off directly from surfaces onto other areas of the scene which are not directly illuminated. Gather is one of the technologies included in solidThinking to perform Global Illumination. Final gather simulates one bounce global illumination.

Step 2: Use the Final Gather solution 1. Select the simple sky light and open the Shading panel. 2. Under the simple sky Parameters, increase the intensity to 2 as shown in the image below. 3. Select Gather Indirect as shown in the image below to enable the indirect lights. 4. Click the Rendering tab as shown in the image below. 5. Under Rendering chain, select the Final Gather check box to activate it. 6. In the scale output intensity field, enter 4. 7. Click the title bar of Perspective view to activate it and press CTRL + R to render.

As you can see in the image below, now there are indirectly reflected lights. Here are some options that you can control to increase the Final Gather quality. •

number of rays

•

minimum radius

•

maximum radius

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interpolation quality

The number of rays parameter determines how many visible rays are cast into your scene. Lower values give noisier, faster, and less accurate results, while higher values give smoother, slower, and more accurate results. A typical value for this parameter might be 500. The range is from 10 to 10000. The minimum radius sets the minimum radius of each bounced ray. The dimension of the rays depends on the dimension of your scene. The maximum radius sets the maximum radius of each bounced ray. The dimension of the rays depends on the dimension of your scene. The interpolation quality can greatly affect image quality. A typical value for this parameter might be 0.3. The range is from 0.0 - 1.0.

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Step 3: Options for controlling the Final Gather quality 1. Set the number of rays, minimum radius, maximum radius, and the interpolation quality as shown in the image below. 2. Click the Gather direct and Gather indirect check boxes to activate the indirect lighting in the Global lighting components. 3. Click the title bar of Perspective view to activate it and press CTRL + R to render.

Now that you created a global illumination for this scene, you can add other lights to improve realism. 4. Insert an ambient light with an intensity of 0.2. 5. Insert a new light and assign a sun shader with the following parameters: intensity: 0.6 altitude: 40 azimuth: 115 shadows: on shadow type: hard 6. You can also improve the quality if you activate the new Ambient Occlusion option. Ambient Occlusion provides intelligent ambient lighting and is an addition to final gather. Unlike simple ambient lighting, which leaves things looking a little ’flat’, ambient occlusion takes into account the (mean) distance of the point being rendered to the other objects in a scene. For example, this distance is used to reduce the ambient contribution beneath tables or in the corners of a room, while the middle of the ceiling/walls is fully lit. The transition between light and dark is smooth and controllable. 7. Open the file Final gather – end01.st. 8. You can also open the file Final gather – end02.st with all materials.

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Chapter 32

Materials Materials Browser

Exercise 32.1: Using the Materials Browser Purpose This exercise illustrates how to use the Materials browser.

Step 1: Assign a material from the Materials browser 1. Open the file chair01.st. 2. In any view, select the seat. solidThinking, Inc.


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3. From the Application toolbar, click the Materials icon,

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4. Click the 31-Velvet category and double-click the 2-Medium_velvet material. 5. Select the legs of the chair. From the 19-Metals category, double-click the 02-Aluminium material. 6. Select the floor. From the 24-Woods category, double-click the Wood01 material. 7. Click the title bar of the Perspective view to activate it and press CTRL + R to render.

solidThinking provides many materials for you to use. You can also modify and save them in the Materials browser. The Materials browser contains backgrounds, atmospheric shaders, color shaders, light shaders, and so on. It is divided into categories for easier searching as shown in the images below.

Material Browser – atmospheric shaders

Material Browser – color shaders

Step 2: Navigate the Materials browser 1. From the Application toolbar, click the Materials icon. The Materials browser is displayed. 2. Click a category to view the materials or double-click a category to view only the materials contained in that category. 3. From the Categories list, click return to full list to return to the main list.

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Step 3: Create a new material 1. From the Application toolbar, click the Materials icon. 2. At the bottom of the Materials browser, click New. The Shading panel is displayed. 3. Create your own material and click the Save or Save as button. The New element dialog is displayed. 4. Choose a category from the drop-down list or enter a new category name. 5. Enter the name of the new material in the Enter the material’s name field and click OK to create it.

Step 4: Edit a material 1. From the Application toolbar, click the Materials icon. 2. From the Materials browser, click a material to select it. 3. Click Edit. The Shading panel is displayed. 4. Modify your material and click Save. (You can also click Save as if you want to create a new material).

Step 5: Delete a material 1. From the Application toolbar, click the Materials icon. 2. Click a material to select it. To select more than one material, hold down the CTRL key and click any other materials to select them. You can also select a range of materials by clicking a material, pressing the SHIFT key, and clicking another material. When you select a material, a red box surrounds the material’s image. 3. Click Delete. Note: Once you delete a material, you will not be able to recover it.

Step 6: Rename a material 1. From the Application toolbar, click the Materials icon. 2. Click a material to select it. 3. Double-click on its name. 4. In the Enter a new name, type a new name and click OK to confirm.

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Step 7: Move a material from one category to another 1. From the Application toolbar, click the Materials icon. 2. Click a material to select it. 3. Double-click its category name. The Assign category dialog is displayed. 4. Choose a category from the list and click OK to confirm.

Exercise 32.2: Creating Materials Using the Shading Panel Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create new materials using the Shading panel.

Step 1: Create a new material 1. Open the file Reflectance.st. 2. Select the seat. 3. From the Managers menu, select the Shading panel or press CTRL + 3. 4. Select the Surface tab, right-click the Color class and select the plain shader. 5. From Parameters column, click Choose and pick a new color.

Shaders are categorized into classes defined for a specific purpose. Each material is defined using 4 shaders:

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Color shaders

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Color Shaders The Color shader menu includes five types of shaders: •

Decal shaders

2 decal shaders: decal and decal uv. See the advanced training document on decal shaders. •

Plain color shader

One plain shader. This shader is based on RGB colors. •

Wrapped image shaders

2 wrapped image shaders: wrapped image and wrapped filtered image. Wrapped image shaders are ’image based’, where patterns are defined by bitmap images (*.bmp, *.jpg, * and *.tiff). •

Procedural shaders

Procedural shaders such as checker, wood, grid, and marble. Unlike bitmaps, procedural shaders are defined algorithmically and controlled by relevant parameters. •

Analytic industrial evaluation shaders

Analytic industrial evaluation shaders, such as absolute curvature, draft angle evaluation, gaussian curvature, geometric curvature, mean curvature and surface evaluation. See the advanced training document on decal shaders.

Decal shaders

Plain color

Wrapped image

Procedural material

Surface evaluation

Exercise 32.3: Reflectance Shaders Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create different reflectance type shaders. Once you have chosen the color shader, you need to define a Reflectance shader. Reflectance shaders control the way in which light interacts with the material. The Reflectance shader menu includes matte, phong, metal, or plastic reflectance shaders, plus a wide range of physically accurate shaders modelling diffuse and specular reflectance. Anisotropic reflectance, which produces effects such as mirror, glass, and metallic surfaces, is another option.

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Matte

Plastic

Glass

Mirror

Anisotropic

Step 1: How light interacts with a material 1. Open the file Reflectance.st. 2. Select the seat. 3. From the Shading panel, right-click on the Reflectance class and select Matte. 4. Render your perspective view.

If the seat is very bright, you can decrease the intensity of the point light or change the material reflectance. If you reduce the intensity of the point light, the entire scene will be darker (it is not the best solution in this case). Instead of decreasing the intensity of the light, it could be better to reduce the ambient factor of the seat. 5. Select the seat and set the ambient factor and diffuse factor to 0.75 as shown in the image above. The ambient factor refers to the illumination intensity of the specular highlight, or how bright it is. The diffuse factor refers to the light striking a surface and being scattered with equal intensity in all directions, with an intensity that is proportional to the angle of the incident light. Ambient factor

Ambient 0

Ambient 0.5

Ambient 1

Ambient 1.5

Ambient 3

Less of an ambient factor means less luminosity. A higher ambient factor means more luminosity.

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Diffuse factor

Diffuse 0

Diffuse 0.5

Diffuse 1

Diffuse 2

Diffuse 3

Less of a diffuse factor means light is scattered with equal intensity in all directions. In other words, a less diffuse factor causes the object to look more flat. A more diffuse factor means that light is not scattered with equal intensity in all directions.

Step 2: Create a shiny material 1. Select the seat and open the Shading panel. 2. Right-click on the Reflectance class and select plastic. 3. Render your perspective view. The specular factor determines the brightness or intensity of the specular highlight.

Specular 0

Specular 0.25

Specular 0.5

Specular 0.75

Specular 1

The roughness determines smoothness (or specularity). The lower the roughness setting, the more spread out the specular highlight becomes. Wider specular highlights indicate a surface that is rough and is diffusing the light information more.

Roughness 0.001

Roughness 0.005

Roughness 0.01

Roughness 0.1

Roughness 0.2

Low roughness settings are suitable for very shiny plastics such as bottles, while a higher roughness is suitable for fabric and matte materials as shown in the images below.

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Roughness 0.001

Roughness 0.3

Step 3: Create a reflected floor Some reflectance shaders, such as matte, plastic, phong, eye light, and plastic, do not reflect other objects in the scene using the ray tracing technique. To reflect other objects, you must use the mirror shader. The mirror shader has the same characteristic as the plastic shader, but also has the mirror factor. 1. Select the floor. 2. From the Application toolbar, click the Material icon. 3. Click Tile1 Material in the 38-Architechture group. 4. From the Shading panel, right-click the Texture Space class and select auto axis. From the Parameters column, change the auto axis scale to 10. 5. Right-click the Reflectance class and select Mirror.

If you render your perspective view, you will notice that the floor looks like a mirror and not like a floor. This is because by default, the mirror shader is suitable to a mirror shader. However, by changing its parameters, you can create a less reflected material.

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Default values

Modified values

Reflected floor

A higher mirror factor and lower ambient and diffuse factors create a highly reflected material (like a mirror); while a lower mirror factor and higher ambient and diffuse factors create soft reflections. If you need to create a plastic material with reflections, you must use the mirror shader instead of the plastic shader.

Exercise 32.4: Metallic Material Purpose This exercise illustrates how to simulate a chromium material. In the real world, metals conduct electricity. For this reason, a mirror shader is not appropriate to simulate such kinds of materials. solidThinking provides the conductor shader. The conductor shader is a physically accurate metallic simulation using ray tracing and reflection.

Step 1: Assign a conductor shader 1. Select the legs of the chair. 2. From the Material Browser, select the 19-Metals category and double-click the 09Chromium material. 3. Select the seat. From the Material Browser, select the 29-Fabrics category and doubleclick the 03 material.

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If you need to create a reflectance shader to apply to a car body, instead of using the conductor shader it is better to use the multilayer paint shader. The multilayer paint reflectance shader simulates the particular reflective properties of multilayer paint effects of the type used in the automotive industry.

Exercise 32.5: Glass Shader Purpose This exercise illustrates how to simulate glass-like materials. Unlike metals that are conductors, non-conductors, are referred to as dielectric materials. solidThinking offers two glass shaders: •

Glass

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Dielectric

The glass shader simulates the approximation of glass-like materials using ray tracing, supporting reflection and refraction, while the dielectric shader is a physically accurate glasslike simulation using ray tracing, supporting reflection and refraction.

Step 1: Create a glass shader 1. Open the file Glass.st. 2. Select the two glasses. 3. Open the Shading panel. 4. Under Shader tree, right-click the Reflectance class and select the glass shader. 5. Render the perspective view.

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In the image above, the quality of the glass shader is adequate. If you look more closely, you will notice that the edge of the glass is black. This behavior depends basically on the refraction value. Refraction is the change in the direction of ray of light, when it enters obliquely an object of a different density from that through which it has previously moved.

Step 2: Reduce the black color on edges 1. Select the glass. 2. Open the Shading panel. 3. Under Shader tree, right-click Reflectance and select glass. 4. From the glass Parameters column, enter 1.2 as the refraction value. 5. Render you perspective view. If you need to make your glass less transparent, just decrease the transmission factor. The range is from 0 to 1. Higher values mean more transparency; lower values means less transparency.

Exercise 32.6: Transparency Shader Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a transparent shader. A transparency shader defines the transparency of a surface and how much light can pass through it. Unlike glass and dielectric shaders that create physically accurate glass-like simulation using ray tracing, supporting reflection and refraction, the transparency shader does not support refraction. Transparency shading is a mechanism which filters the color of one surface by that of another. This supports compositing operations, but does not model the change in view direction associated with refraction. The transparency shader is not suitable for simulating glass-like materials.

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Glass with refractions

Transparency without refractions

However, the transparency shader is very useful to define how transparent or opaque a surface is, and thus how much light is able to pass through it. Suppose you need to create a grid surface. Instead of modelling a complex 3D grid, you can model a simple surface and use a transparency shader instead.

Step 1: Using the transparency shader 1. Open the file Chair03.st. 2. Select the sea and the back surfaces. 3. Open the Shading panel. 4. Under Shader tree, right-click the Transparency class and select the wrapped grid shader. 5. Under Shader tree, right-click the Texture Space class and select uv label. 6. Click the Transparency shader and from the Parameters column. enter 0.1 in the scale field. 7. Render your perspective view.

Soft shadows cannot support transparency shaders. If you need transparent shadows, you must choose hard shadows. If you need soft and transparent shadows, you must use an area light as a source light instead of point light.

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You can use the wrapped mask shader to create a transparency from an image instead of a procedural shader.

Exercise 32.7: Simulate a Perturbation Effect Purpose This exercise illustrates how to simulate a bump effect. To simulate a perturbation effect, you can use the Displacement shader, also known as bump mapping. Typically, a displacement shader will give an irregular or indented appearance to an otherwise smooth surface by modifying the surface normal vector that is used in subsequent shading calculations. Displacement shaders are used to represent features that would be difficult, impossible, or inefficient if conventional modelling techniques were used.

Step 1: Perturbation effect 1. Open the file Chair03.st. 2. Select the sea and back surfaces. 3. Open the Shading panel. 4. Under Shader tree, right-click the Displacement class and select leather. 5. From the Parameters column, enter 0.25 in the scale field. 6. Render your perspective view. The Displacement shader includes many procedural displacement shaders, such as rough metal castings. The regular indentations produced by pressed sheet metal can be simulated. You can also use any greyscale or color image to simulate bump effects.

Step 2: Use the rough shader to simulate irregular surfaces 1. Select the tube. 2. Open the Shading panel. 3. Under Shader tree, right-click the Displacement class and select the rough shader. 4. From the Parameters column, enter 0.3 in the scale field. 5. In the rough amplitude field, enter 0.03. 6. Render your perspective view.

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Tube without displacement

Tube with displacement

You can use the wrapped bump map to create a displacement from an image instead of a procedural shader.

Exercise 32.8: Mapping Images Purpose This exercise illustrates how to map an image onto a surface. When you assign a wrapped image shader to a surface, a Texture Space shader must be assigned as well to map it correctly. A Texture Space shader is used to wrap the effects of shaders around surfaces in predefined ways. In depth, a Texture Space shader is a two-dimensional coordinate system used to map a wrapped texture onto the surface. solidThinking provides two methods to map surfaces: Projection mapping and UV mapping. •

Projection mapping: A two-dimensional image, known as a texture map, is projected onto the surface of an object. solidThinking provides a few projection mapping shaders such as Spherical, Cylindrical, Planar, Auto axis, and others.

•

UV mapping: Unlike the projection mapping, the UV mapping is not projected onto the object, but the image is fitted to the whole NURBS surface. In other words, the UV shader defines a texture space that is derived from the natural parametric coordinate system of the underlying NURBS surface. UV shaders do not support polygonal objects.

A texture map may either be a procedurally defined function or an image, typically scanned or pre-computed. The issue is what mapping or Texture Space shader to use and also what values to use for a correct parameter settings. To automatically create a suitable texture space for a particular surface requires some knowledge of the surface.

Step 1: Use the auto axis shader 1. Open the file auto axis.st. 2. Open the Shading panel.

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3. Under Shader tree, right-click the Color class and select the wrapped image shader. 4. From the Parameters column, click Browse under file name and select the image txgrid.jpg. 5. Under Shader tree, right-click the Texture Space class and select the auto axis shader. 6. Render you perspective view. By default, all textures are stored in the /solidThinking/Texture folder. You can add other folders inside this path. You can also point to any external folder in your system and even to a local network. If you point to an image that is outside the /solidThinking/Texture folder, you must not delete it or remove it, otherwise solidThinking will never find it. Conversely, if you create your own texture folders inside the /solidThinking/Texture directory, solidThinking will find them even if you change your PC. In this case, you must copy and place your texture folders inside /solidThinking/Texture. As you can see in the image below, the auto axis projection mapping projects the same image using six coordinate planes to automatically decide the texture orientation. To adjust the size of the image, you must change the scale value. By default, it is set to 1.0.

Step 2: Auto axis projection mapping 1. Select the cube and open the Shading panel. 2. Under Shader tree, right-click the Texture Space class and select the auto axis shader. 3. From the Parameters column, change the scale value to 10. How does the scale value work? The scale value sizes the image, no matter what dimension it has. If the cube has 10 units in each side, this means that the image will cover the entire cube. But if you notice in the image below, the image does not start from the origin of the cube. This is because the auto axis texture space shader starts projecting the image from the 0, 0, 0 position of the global coordinate system and not from the origin of the object as shown in the image above. To fix this issue, you must choose another Texture Space shader, the local auto axis, and set the scale to 10. The local auto axis shader works like the auto axis shader, but the starting position of the texture depends on the origin of the object and not on the 0,0,0 position of the global coordinate system.

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Auto axis

Local auto axis

In this case, using the local auto axis shader, the image is mapped correctly on the cube. The local auto axis texture space is identical to auto axis, but works on the object’s own local coordinate system. It is therefore straightforward when applying to geometry, which may not align with the world coordinate axes. The auto axis shader works on the global coordinate system.

Exercise 32.9: UV Mapping Purpose This exercise illustrates how to fit an image onto a surface using the UV label shader. Unlike the projection mapping which works with the world coordinate axes or the local coordinate axes, the uv shader fits the image on the whole surface.

Step 1: UV mapping 1. Open the file UV label 01.st. 2. Select the three surfaces. 3. Open the Shading panel. 4. Under Shader tree, right-click the Color class and select the wrapped image shader. 5. From the Parameters column, click Browse under file name and select the image EarthMap.jpg. 6. Under Shader tree, right-click the Texture Space class and select the uv label shader. 7. Render you perspective view. In the images below, the Earth map is mapped in a different way on each surface even if all surfaces have apparently the same shape. This is because the uv shader does not project the image on the surface, but adapts it to tracking the natural parametric coordinate system of the NURBS surface.

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If you observe the three surfaces in wireframe mode, you will notice that each surface is visualized differently. Let us analyze how each surface in modelled.

If you select curve 1 and switch to Edit mode, you will notice that all control points are equidistant, while curve 2, even if it has the same shaped points, are not equidistant. This is why in the second surface, the image is stretched.

The third surface is modelled using three curve entities. This means that the extruded surface has three entities. When you apply the uv label, solidThinking assigns to each entity an image and each image is stretched according to the natural parametric coordinate system of the NURBS surfaces.

So, if you need to map a surface using the uv label, you must model a single surface and all points must be equidistant. Otherwise, you can use a projection shader instead.

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Another typical issue of the uv shader are trimmed surfaces. A trimmed surface is a surface that, when rendered, is "trimmed" by curves that delimits the trimmed part. See Chapter 15 for more information.

Exercise 32.10: Mapping Trimmed Surfaces Purpose This exercise illustrates how to resize and position a texture.

Step 1: The UV shader and trimmed surfaces 1. Open the file UV label 02.st. 2. Select the two surfaces. 3. Open the Shading panel. 4. Under Shader tree, right-click the Color class and select the wrapped image shader. 5. From the Parameters column, click Browse under file name and select the image Texture02.jpg. 6. Under Shader tree, right-click the Texture Space class and select uv label. 7. Render you perspective view. As you can see in the images above, the first surface is not a trimmed surface. This is why the texture is completely mapped on the surface while the second surface is a trimmed surface. Some parts of the texture are invisible because the non-trimmed surface is larger than it appears in the image above.

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Chapter 33

Backgrounds Background shaders define the color of the scene beyond the model using images or a variety of procedural effects, such as clouds or graduated color. Backgrounds are also displayed in mirror reflections. By default, the background is black. To change the background color, it is necessary to create a background shader. You can either use the background saved in the Material Library or create a new one.

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Exercise 33.1: Creating Backgrounds Purpose This exercise illustrates how to resize and position a texture.

Step 1: Create a new background shader 1. Open the file Chair04.st. 2. From the Shading panel, select the Image tab. 3. Under Shader tree, right-click the Background class and select scaled image. 4. From the Parameters column, click Browse under file name and select the image interior.jpg.

Step 2: Create a camera matching your background image For this step, in the Perspective view, you must set the same image and a background. 1. Click the title bar of the Perspective view to activate it. 2. From the View menu, select Background image. Click Browse and select the file interior.jpg. 3. From the Background dialog, under Position, select Fit to fit the image. 4. Render your perspective view.

Step 3: Cast shadows onto the floor and make it invisible 1. Select the floor. 2. Open the Shading panel. 3. Under Shader tree, right-click Reflectance and select shadow catcher. 4. From the Parameters column, under catch, select Shadows only from the drop-down menu. 5. Render your perspective view. This technique is very useful for creating realistic renderings using backgrounds instead of modelling a complete 3D scene. However, you cannot rotate your view because the

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perspective will no longer match the background image. Instead of using a fixed background image, you can use an environment background shader. An environment background shader is a particular background that is all around the model and can take the place of complex scenery geometry. solidThinking supports the cubic environment map and spherical environment map.

Exercise 33.2: Creating an Environment Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a spherical environment shader

Step 1: Apply a spherical environment map 1. Open the file Chair05.st. 2. From the Shading panel, select the Image tab. 3. Right-click Global Environment and select auto. 4. From the Parameters column, click Browse under file name and select the image uffizi_latlong.jpg. Note: You can use TIFF, JPG, BMP or HDRI images. 5. Under Shader tree, right-click Background and select environment. 6. Select the light over the chair and open the Shading panel. 7. Under Shader tree, right-click Light and select environment. 8. Render you perspective view. Now if you rotate your scene, the background will be rotated, too.

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Exercise 33.3: Creating Hidden Environments Purpose This exercise illustrates how to create a Ray cube shader

Step 1: Use environment backgrounds for reflection purposes only 1. Open the file Faucet.st. 2. Select the Chromium group within the World Browser. 3. From the Application toolbar, click the Material Browser icon. 4. Double-click the chromium material. 5. Render you perspective view.

As you can see in the image above, the faucet is completely black. Backgrounds also appear in mirror reflections. This is why the faucet is black - it is reflecting the black background. Sometimes, the background shader (or any other environment shader set as a background) may not be appropriate as in this case. For this instance, you need to set a white background and an invisible background for reflection purposes. An alternative approach would be to use the ray cube background shader.

Step 2: Create a ray cube background 1. From the Shading panel, select the Image tab. 2. Right-click Global Environment and select auto. 3. From the Parameters column, click Browse under file name and choose the image lwhdr_studio2_2k.jpg. Note: You can use TIFF, JPG, BMP or HDRI images. 4. Under Shader tree, right-click the Background class and select ray cube.

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5. Right-click the primary shader and select plain. 6. From the Parameters column, click Choose and select white from the Color dialog. 7. Right-click the secondary shader and select environment. 8. Render you perspective view.

The ray cube background shader has four arguments, each of which is a pointer to another shader. Use the environment reflection shader as the value of each of these arguments. This technique enables you to keep all the existing reflectance settings of the materials in your scene, allowing the environment background to be visible both by reflection and refraction with glass materials, for example.

Exercise 33.4: Using the Real Time Shaded Method Purpose This exercise illustrates how to use the Real Time Shaded Method.

Step 1: Preview a real time shading scene 1. Open the file Chair06-Realtime Shading.st or prepare your own scene. 2. Click the Perspective title bar to activate it. 3. From the Render menu, select Real Time Shading or press CTRL + SHIFT + R. The Real Time Shading is displayed in a separate window. Rotate: Press the right mouse button and drag the mouse up and down or move from sideto-side. Pan: Press the CTRL key and the right mouse button and move the mouse up and down or from side-to-side. Zoom: Roll the mouse wheel up and down, or press the SHIFT key and the right mouse button and move the mouse up and down. By default, lights in Real Time Shading do not cast shadows.

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Step 2: Activate shadow casting in Real Time Shading: 1. From the Shading panel, select the Globals tab. 2. From the Global settings list, select the Realtime Shaded Method option. 3. In the Parameters column, under shadows, click the On check box to enable shadows. Note that the Realtime Shaded Method parameters allow you to increase or decrease the shading quality of your object or scene. See the solidThinking on-line help for more information. 4. You can modify materials, light position, and intensity. If you add a new object or modify an existing one, you must re-render your scene. Note: Some materials cannot be displayed correctly in the Real Time Shading window. All shaders that are supported in real time rendering are labeled with an [rt] in the Shading panel. Moreover, you cannot save an image using real time shading.

Exercise 33.5: Progressive Rendering Purpose Progressive rendering provides immediate feedback on the final image with fast approximation, allowing an early preview of lighting and materials in a scene. This method gives early visual feedback and allows you to decide either to interrupt the render and alter the settings, or continue until a final version is produced. Note: Progressive rendering works with any render style (you specify which other style the progressive style should use), although the best results are obtained with ray trace or scan line.

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This exercise illustrates how to use the Progressive Rendering method.

Step 1: Generate a progressive rendering 1. Open the file Chair03.st. 2. From the Shading panel, select the Globals tab. 3. From the Global settings list, select the Progressive Rendering option. 4. In the Parameters column, under enable, click the On check box to enable progressive rendering. 5. Render your perspective view.

Exercise 33.6: Render Region Instead of rendering the entire scene, you can render a region to speed up the rendering time.

Purpose This exercise illustrates how to render a region.

Step 1: Render a region 1. Open the file Chair07- Region Render.st. 2. Press CTRL + R to render your perspective view. Keep the rendering window opened. 3. Select the back of the chair in any view and assign a different material to it.

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4. In the Rendering window, click and drag to define the new region to render. 5. Press CTRL + R to render your perspective view. The region stays active for another rendering. To disable it, click outside the region area.

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