IB Biology HL Summer Assignment

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IB Biology HL I. Topic 4 Ecology outline notes. 4.1 Species, Communities and Ecosystems. 1. Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to  ...
IB Biology HL I

Topic 4 Ecology

outline notes

4.1 Species, Communities and Ecosystems 1. Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce ________ offspring a. What is the difference between interbreeding and crossbreeding?

b. What is often the result of crossbreeding

2. Define population

a. Read the Activity (p.203) on the Galapagos Tortoises. Do you think the evidence provided supports the reclassification that they are different species? If so, which piece of evidence is most compelling?

3. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Definition

Example

a. Give two examples of organisms that are not solely autotrophic or heterotrophic.

4. Create a concept map relating the following terms: autotrophs, heterotrophs, producers, consumers, detritivores, and saprotrophs. Provide a brief description of each term and include an example of each type

5. Define community

a. How is a coral reef an example of a community?

6. What does an ecosystem include?

b. Give an example of… i. the abiotic environment affecting living organism:

ii.

organisms affecting the abiotic environment:

7. Autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain inorganic nutrients from the abiotic environment. Draw the diagram on p. 211 showing how Nutrients Cycle

8. In order for ecosystems to be sustainable over long periods of time they need…

4.2 Energy Flow 1. What is main source of energy for most living organisms? a. Explain how this is true for a a. Producers

b. Consumer

c. Sapotrophs

d. Detritivores

b. What process converts light energy to chemical energy?

2. Define a food chain. a. What is always the first organism in a food chain? b. Define trophic level.

c. Label and annotate the following food chains. Include labels for each trophic level. Also, explain what the arrow signifies.

3. Chemical energy in carbon compounds flows though food chains by means of feeding. Energy released by respiration is used in living organisms and converted to heat. a. List three process living organisms need energy for?

b. What molecule is responsible for providing the cell with energy? 4. Living organisms cannot convert heat to other forms of energy. What ultimately happens to the heat?

5. Only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level can be passed to the next trophic level (the rest is used for life processes and is lost as heat). How does this limit the length of food chains?

6. The following give a brief description of ecological pyramids (numbers, biomass and energy). a. Read about the pyramids of energy on p.218. Label the trophic levels.

b. What are the units used for and energy pyramid? Why?

**Extra Credit: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_02/BL_02.html Work through this online investigation and turn in your printed results with this assignment.

4.3 Carbon Cycling 1. Define carbon fixation

i.

What is the effect on atmospheric CO2?

ii.

When CO2 dissolves in water, the pH lowers. Explain why

2. Autotrophs absorb CO2 by diffusion. What is necessary for diffusion to occur?

a. Where does CO2 enter in plants?

b. What process releases CO2 back to the water or atmosphere?

3. Methane can also be produced by some prokaryotes. What type of prokaryotes can produce methane?

a. Under what conditions?

b. How is methane removed from the atmosphere?

4. Explain how peat forms (include saprotrophs, anaerobic conditions)

a. Partially decomposed organic matter from the past geological eras was converted into oil and gas in porous rocks or into coal. Briefly explain how each forms i. coal…

ii.

oil…

5. Burning organic matter releases carbon dioxide. Write the formula for a generalized (CxHx) combustion reaction.

6. Limestone is yet another place carbon can end up. How is limestone formed?

7. Read the purple box on p.226. Draw a diagram of a carbon cycle. Label and annotate this diagram.

8. Read about carbon fluxes on p.227. What do you notice about…? a. Photosynthesis and respiration

b. Ocean uptake and ocean loss

i.

Which is higher (uptake or loss)? What is a potential effect of that

9. Why is it important to monitor the CO2 levels?

4.4 Climate Change 1. What are the two most significant greenhouse gases?

a. What other gases impact (to a lesser degree) our climate?

b. Why are nitrogen and oxygen NOT considered greenhouse gases?

2. The impact of a gas depends on its ability to absorb long-wave radiation as well as on its concentration in the atmosphere. Annotate the following diagram to explain which radiation is long-wavelength and which is short. Also describe the role of greenhouse gases with long-wavelength radiation.

3. How do scientists measure the concentration CO2 from the past?

a. How does global carbon dioxide concentration relate to global temperatures?

b. Look at the data-based question on p.233. Are the measurements of carbon dioxide concentration from ice cores consistent with direct measurements at Mauna Loa?

c. What else can be affected by higher temperatures?

d. Outline the relationship between climate change and the industrialization

4. Why do claims that humans are not causing climate change continuing?

5. Read about the threats to coral reefs. What is it about increased CO2 levels that is harmful to them?