Impact of outdoor landscape on students' social and ...

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landscape design. (Nancy M. Wells, 2003). The landscape is the design of outdoor spaces with vegetation, water features or any other landscape elements, ...
Impact of outdoor landscape on students’ social and Environmental behaviour A methodology conceptualisation [RADWA MEDHAT, INJI KENAWY] Landscape defined as the design of outdoor areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve better environmental and social-behaviour, so the absence of landscape in schools is a big fault, which affect the social and environmental behaviour of the students.

Abstract— Students in schools are subjected to a great level of stress due to the schoolwork and the pressure of assignments. The huge stress that students feel leads to decrease in the academic performance and increasing the inappropriate behaviour between students and teachers. Simultaneously, a large number of researches related the stress reduction to the natural views and landscape design. (Nancy M. Wells, 2003). The landscape is the design of outdoor spaces with vegetation, water features or any other landscape elements, as well as landmarks and structures that help achieving better and healthy sustainable environment to surround the human and provide the best quality for life.

School landscape can play a significant role in delivering these outcomes, providing safe, stimulating environments where students can study, explore, regardless of their educational needs. From researches, we identify that students are having less opportunities for safe, challenging, dynamic and collaborative environment. Absence of these opportunities can cause health issues, social and behavioural issues. School landscape can help increase achievement and confidence, improve behaviour and health, in addition it helps students to develop an extensive range of skills.

The purpose of this study is to ensure that the presence of landscape in schools is important for helping in reduction the stress and tension which affect the students through their day at school and increasing the academic performance moreover students benefit behaviourally and environmental from school grounds. Moreover, the study aims to show the impact of outdoor physical environment in schools on the students.

Studies now suggest that the effect of green areas in schools become more important than pervious. The impact of outdoor environment on students ‘social and environmental behaviour a number of researches carried out to illustrate the connection between nature and natural features on social behaviour. With the importance of interaction bond with green environment positively influence on psychological health, decrease stress and promote physical activity (4).

This research will go through theoretical studies and practical studies; first part is the literature review while the second part is the case studies, as quantitative and qualitative analysis using questionnaire and observations

Research will illustrate the benefits of the nature view on the mental and physical Performance of the students. And the indication of health effects related to the observing these landscape. (28) The best view from classrooms and cafeteria windows or outdoor area positively related to the students’ behaviour, beside that it will discuss the effect of outdoor landscape on the interaction of students to the environment around them. (28)

The results will show the impact of the outdoor physical environment on the students’ academic performance and social behavior as well as the interacting with the nature. Keywords: landscape, high school, stress, nature window view, students’ performance, benefits of nature, attention restoration.

I.

Radwa Medhat El- Maghraby The British University in Egypt Egypt [email protected]

Introduction

Students spend most of their time in schools under stress that decreases their academic performance and increase level of immoral behaviour especially in high schools. High school students are subjected to attention fatigue as they force themselves to concentrate to a certain things and it cause mental effort. Mental fatigue causes interruption, decrease student performance, tension, negative emotions and violence in the behaviour (45).

DR. Inji Kenawy Lecturer Architectural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt Egypt Inji. Kenawy @bue.edu.eg

Natural landscape can be a solution for high school students to overcome and recover from stress and mental fatigue. In addition, it reflects positively on the social behaviour and environmental performance of the students moreover it increases the academic achievement.

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ground landscape design. From these principles are inclusiveness, context and character. (24) (35)

II.

Literature Review

B.

This part is reviewing the literature related to the schools outdoor physical environment as many researches have spotting the light on the indoor features of school buildings and classrooms. Most of the related studies concentrated on the indoor characteristics including ventilation, lighting, temperature, acoustic features, building age and the maintenance of all these characteristics; however, very few studies tackled the influence of outdoor area on the students' behaviour. Well-designed outdoor environment rich of green areas and other landscape elements help reducing the stress that surrounds the students and by its turn, enhance their academic performance and their social behaviour. It is accordingly crucial to start with designing of the outdoor campus, going through the design principles that are important for creating a suitable learning environment, knowing the guidelines for the different categories that occupy the school. The second part of the literature is determining the factors that have a huge influence on the students’ performance and how these factors affect negatively the pupils’ academic and social performance. After that, this literature shows the benefits of contact with the nature on the students’ performance and their health, contacting with the nature helps in reducing the stress and cure the mental fatigue that affects negatively on the students achievement. Moreover, the outdoor physical environment affect positively on the student’s social behaviour and increasing the academic performance whether there is a direct interaction with the nature or through the classroom window view. A.

Factors affect the students’ performance

The students' academic performance may be subjected to various external factors other than their personal physical characteristics. For the progress of a society, it becomes essential to provide quality education to its people. (1) Most studies investigating the effect of school factors on school student performance have looked at matters other than those concerning a school’s physical environment (28). Factors that have the most influence on student performance contain the following:  Student background and socio-economic  School size  Class size  Teachers quality 1)

Student background and socioeconomic

Student background and socio-economic is one of the strongest factors that affect the student performance, social an academic performance. Studies have settled that student socioeconomic status and family background are the strongest interpret of student performance including educational achievement (38) (39) (43) grades and student misconduct. Some researchers resist that school resources and expenses on students have minor effects on their achievement after paid the fees. Socio-economic status and family background have been measured by student participation in the activities. 2) School size:

Outdoor campus design

Most studies noted that small schools are advantageous for student academic achievement, grades, attendance, social behaviour, positive attitudes toward school in general, selfconfidence and sense of belonging. (28) 3) Class size:

Designing outdoor landscape in schools campus is very important for the students’ health to face many of health problems nowadays, including the behaviour and attention fatigue. (8).The nature affects the student’s mental and physical health beside that it affects the students’ academic performance as it helps in stress reduction and calming the mind to be able to understand and concentrate again in the academic learning. (30) Most of Studies focused on the interior spaces and buildings characteristics, a few researches discussed the impact of the natural environment on the student’s behaviour. Another studies conversed alternative outdoor settings such as playgrounds in schools. However, these researches are not wide as the indoor places researches. (46) (28) The group of Heschong Mahone discussed a study that concentrated on the effect of the view from a classroom window on the performance of the students. They conducted this study on 500 fundamental school classrooms in thirtysix schools. Sufficient numbers of windows have the view of primarily trees or a playground, parking area could positively affect the performance of the students. (28) (8). Other than this study, there are studies that investigate that there are guiding principles that are important for schools'

Linking class size to student performance is much less decisive as compared to school size (15) (16) Researches has found that very small classes are useful for younger students from kindergarten through third grade (5) specifically those have special needs. These benefits include higher test scores, decreased class disciplinary problems, and improved student confidence. (23) (34) (28) 4) Teacher quality Researchers have exposed that teacher quality has a major impact on student academic accomplishment. Students absorb more from teachers with more than limited years of experience, high academic abilities, and precise training in the field in which they clarify (2) (6) (29) (32). Moreover, teacher quality has been found to differ in reliable forms. (2) (6) (28)

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Researchers have also observed that students spend hours in classrooms; therefore, classrooms are the most important physical feature in schools (14). In addition, other factors may affect the performance. The categories that may affect the performance are the following:  Lighting  Noise  Indoor air quality and thermal comfort  Building age and condition 1)

Researchers have found that natural views are related to the productivity of the employees within workplaces as these views reduced the stress and tension levels and increase the sense of belonging and ability to work. (19) (20) A large number of researchers found that the ability to look over natural views id desired by the employees and an important factor that affect their workability. (12) (29).workers with a window view is more productive than others who are remoted far from windows. Moreover, there are studies that founds that workers prefer daylight as the main source of lighting as daylight has positive influence on the employee’s attitude giving sense of relaxation. (7) (29) (19) (25). There are studies on the residential areas that have shown that to be near and exposed to natural views have a positive influence on residents’ cognitive skills and sense of belonging increased. (20) (7) Moreover Evans and Wells have discovered that being surrounded by natural views decreases the stress on children and increases social interaction between neighbours, decreases the violent behaviour, (Wells, 2003) in addition natural views having positive impact on human physical health. (28) (45)

Lighting

There are many studies that confirm about the quality of lighting in the classroom more than any other building features, (Earthman, 2004)lighting is important for student performance and it is necessary to know the amount of light that be suitable for the student without any negative effects on the vision (Evans, 2006) (NationalResearchcouncil, 2006) 2)

Noise

1) Behaviour Benefits Researchers have always focused on the school buildings and interior spaces when designing schools, only few researches have discussed the schools' physical elements and the natural environment of the campus landscape. These few studies proved how that landscape could influence the student behaviour and performance (28). They focused on plays capes in kindergarten and found that it has impact on the children social interaction and creative thinking also it affects the emotions and help in self-development (33) (18) (17) (28). The contact with nature affects the social interactions, academic performance, mental and physical health, students’ satisfaction and environment behaviour by providing students’ attention to green spaces, which help them to have a clear thinking and reduce life stress (31). Contact with nature has a positive influence on students' health as plants reduce blood pressure and lower the tension related to the stress as well as reduces the anger and fear beside that researchers set up that A.D.D (Attention Deficit Disorder) symptoms in children are reduced after contact with green areas. (1) (28) (3) (10) Chen Chen recommends that there are three stages of contact with nature. The first stage is viewing nature from a window or seeing pictures. The second level is being in contact with nature, possibly while joining in another activity, sitting on a seat in a gardens while reading a book, talking to friends in an outdoor space or biking along a green bike path on the way to work. The third level contribution is more active in its involvement with nature, such as gardening, farming, running or other physical exercising (36). Stimulatingly, researchers have set up that all of the levels of interaction with nature can have psychological benefits. Chen found that no evidence that support understanding the relationship between natural window views and students’ stress recovery. Because of the study loads, high school students spend most of their time in classrooms, not in the outdoor green space. Therefore, it is even more important to consider the benefits of visual contact with nature through

The noise that surround the learning environment could vary from road traffic, aircrafts, elevated trains and playgrounds all of these factors of noise could affect the students’ performance and the quality of teaching the lessons through the education day. So the classrooms acoustics should be studied well during the design phase. (Evans, 2006) (Krueger, 2000) (Wells, 2003) (Earthman, 2004) (Borman, 2005) (Matsouka, 2008) 3)

Temperature and air quality

Poor indoor air quality, and short and high humidity levels and temperature have been related to increase student nonattendance and reduced educational achievement. (Earthman, 2004) (Evans, 2006) (NationalResearchcouncil, 2006) (Agency, 2000) (Mendell, 2005) 4)

Building age

Buildings have been related to the student academic behaviour as the newer, modern, well maintained buildings with attractive façade are useful for students educational achievement, health in addition it increases attention and the motivation and sense of belonging also it affects the interaction between the teachers and students. (Matsouka, 2008) (NationalResearchcouncil, 2006) (Kumar, 2008) (Schneider, 2002) (Uline, 2000). A large number of research outside the environment of the school setting has revealed that contact with nature can deliver many emotional, mental, and health benefits for persons while at work, home. While research in the framework of the school environment has been few, it looks sensible to suppose that contact with nature would also benefit school students. C.

The benefits of contact with nature

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the window of the classroom than direct interacting with outdoor green environment. (9)

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urban secondary schools, this research is to the most ideal interactive settings in the outdoor environment that affect the students social behaviour as well as academic performance (42). This research is limited to identify the effectiveness of the outdoor environment in lifting a positive impact on the social behaviour through well-planned design to the site location and the landscape settings. Social behaviour is represented in the interaction between students as well as teachers, response to the school rules, place sense of belonging and privacy. (42) In this research, two governmental secondary schools in Shah Alam, Selangor were selected for case studies. The main reason behind selecting these two case studies was the difference of the layout design. School one layout is cluster and enclosed as the buildings are looking to the centre where the services placed, the design of the second school layout is uniform buildings.

Health Benefits

Nowadays the society is in front of many challenges that cause stress, which leads to many diseases; increasing the knowledge about the effect of landscape on health can help in decreasing or mitigating the stress level and increasing the brain capabilities in restoration. The relations between health and landscape have been spotted for a long time in more than a culture or society. The fact is being in contact with vegetation, water features and other many natural elements can reduce the stress and tension. (26). This relationship increased and become in the field of research for the last 25 years, a lot of researches and studies discussed the impact of landscape on human health. Stress recovery theory explained by Ulrich (37) states that natural view could help reducing the stress while setting all the time in the built environment delay the stress recovery. Moreover, there is another theory carried to explain the effect of contact with green landscape on pupil’s performance; this theory is ART (Attention restoration theory) (Kaplan&Stephen, 1995) (22) landscape theories explains the advantages of natural views as it satisfy the human biological and psychological needs. (26) (11). The theory of attention restoration confirms that interacting with nature helps in restoration the brain attention capabilities. As attention fatigue happened when the brain became fully occupied so the level of concentration and focusing reduced and this happened when the students exposed to a huge stress (28) (45). This affects negatively the social behaviour as students may act in a violence way being impolite with their teachers beside that this mental fatigue reduces the ability of concentration in classes, which affect the academic performance (28) (20). This fatigue could be heeled by surrounding the students by a suitable environment where the one is trying to relax and calm his brain down (21) (28) (45).

D.

Figure 1 School 1 layout

Figure 2 School 2 layout In addition, there is another reason for selecting these two schools as they have similar socio-economic status and the academic performance in the public examination (42). In this research the quantitative and qualitative analysis pass through 3 stages the first is a questionnaire survey, the second is field observation and focus group interview. The result goes under three headlines starting with the preferred behavioural settings based on the questionnaire survey and the focused interview and the field observation, the second headline is determining the reason behind the impact of the outdoor physical environment on the students’ behaviour, ending with how the outdoor environment affect the students social behaviour (42). School ground charity learning through landscape conducted a survey on 10 of June 2003 indicated that better surroundings improved the student Self-esteem having a positive influences on the students educational performance and enhance their attitude towards learning. Moreover, gardening has many benefits from this benefits communicating and contribution of knowledge, improving life skills, social behaviour, beside that instilling the respect of nature and increase the interaction between students and the environment (25).

Outdoor landscape in schools affects the social behaviour and academic performance.

Schools as learning organization should generate encouraging learning environment for students to achieve academic behaviour and social skills. The school is a place where it forms a framework to teach, educate and bring up children (14). To establish a successful learning environment the interior spaces as well as exterior environment should be well designed to raise the academic performance, social behaviour, increases self-confidence, creating healthier environment and enhance sense of belonging for students. Shuhana Shamsuddin, Hanim Bahauddin and Norsiah Abd Aziz in their research focused on creating a relationship between the outdoor physical environment and the social behaviour for the students in the

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Blair conducted research in the U.S. on school gardening and its relationship to children’s academic performance and behaviour. She starts her research by expressing the motives of existing school gardens, which contain children experiences with natural ecosystems, improving children’s understanding of food systems, helping children improve environmental attitudes and behaviour (4) (8). Moreover, Blair then held quantitative and qualitative analysis on the effect of school gardening on children’s academic performance and behaviour. The quantitative analysis was 12 studies and she found that nine of the twelve studies initiate positive influences of gardening regarding to assessment procedures, which involved children’s academic achievement and food consumption behaviour. Blair found a number of similarities among studies' conclusions in which the students were appreciating and extremely encouraged by gardening; as it improved their connection, teamwork skills, and education opportunities (4). Furthermore, she went through studies that assessed principals’ and teachers’ opinions around school gardens., and specified that, existing research shows that gardening can have a positive influence on student achievement and behaviour based on her review of the literature (4) (8). Matsouka in his research observed the relationship between the academic and social behaviour of high school students and the natural views. To ensure this relationship, he studies the features of landscape in hundred and one high school campuses in the south of Michigan, beside that he measures the access of the students to these features through the building characteristics and the policies of schools. Matsuoka also collected information about all school academic performance. While analysing the results he found that landscape were strongly associated with the academic performance and social behaviour of the students. For example he founds that the bigger the windows have more views of nature the grade rate gets higher and a great number of students aiming to apply for college and fewer number of students that act in impolite way. Moreover, he found that when students are allowed to eat outside had higher grades than others did while examining the features of landscape Matsouka found that trees and shrubs need to be close to the students to create environment interaction. (8) (28). Akshatha Venkatesha research mainly focused on the type of landscape that the students preferred. The research was based on a photo-questionnaire done by high school students. The results of the analysis found that the high school students prefer school campus with best management landscape to traditional or barren landscape; the students prefer also higher density of green areas in school campus landscape (45). III.

analysis of the collected data (40). Those stages were used to formulate the research to conduct this dissertation. Owing to the nature and characteristics of the research, that aims to draw the attention to the impact of landscape on human behaviour specially school students, in addition to its effect on the their social, academic and environmental behaviour. The descriptive approach of this research aims to deliver a deep background about the research topic, considering the previous researches conducted in the same area. It precisely describes the topic in depth through a critical literature review that involved related ideas in the topic concerned. It concentrates on one main question and three sub questions and adopts the quantitative and qualitative techniques. The aim of the research is to investigate the role of landscape in schools towards improving the students’ social and environmental behaviour through delivering suitable sustainable environmental campus designs. IV.

Case Study

Rodney Matsuoka, (2008) in his research studied 101 schools that are public located in the southeast of the state of Michigan they were selected from different six countries. These schools were selected according to the similarity in the school campus layout, building design, policies, climate conditions, and culture and socio economic status. (28) Rodney collected all the data regarding to the academic achievement according to three variables, that are Michigan Merit Award and it, is standardized test was taken by all the students in the state of Michigan. (Education, 2006) (28)The second variable is the graduation rate of each school; the last variable is the percentages of seniors of each school tend to continue a four-year college (28). He also measured the student behaviour through two variables the first was the disorder conduct of the student as each school is required to make a report on eleven student that have a discipline problem at the school campus and bus. The second variable is the student criminal action where each school has to prepare a report on twenty-two student and the type of criminal action they could be made. (15) (28) From these measurements, he concluded the strong relationship between the students’ academic performance a social behaviour with the landscape design in the school and its positive effect that enhance the educational achievement and social behaviour to the student’s teachers and with their parents at home.

V.

Summary of Findings

This paper highlighted the effect of landscape on human specially on the students and emphasise on the importance of landscape existing in schools and its impact on the academic, social and environmental behaviour beside that it shows its benefits on health and interacting with nature.

Methodology

The research process is a systematic process representing guidelines for what the research includes. It involves accomplishing findings, data collection, analysis and development of data and obtaining a conclusion. This process aims to increase the human knowledge through the collection of data. The research process requires clarification of the research topic, literature review, data collection, and

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Conclusion and Recommendation

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This paper has demonstrated why landscape should be integrated in schools and the relationship between the outdoor physical environment and the performance of the students whether academic performance or social behaviour. The architects must put into their consideration the design of the outdoor environment as well as the school buildings or the interior of the classroom, creating a suitable environment that help the students to relax and concentrate on the educational curriculum and having a clear mind with brilliant thoughts to help their society to be developed in the future. Also, instil the respect of the environment and the nature generating a sustainable context, which helps in creating healthier life.

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Acknowledgment I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Inji Kenawy for her supervision and support throughout the study.

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About Authors:

Studying Architecture Engineering in the British university, Egypt Interested in landscape, human behavior, interior designs, and environmental aspects.

Dr. Kenawy is a lecturer in the Architectural Engineering Department, the British University in Egypt. She obtained her B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Architectural Engineering from Cairo University, Egypt; and was awarded her Ph.D. from the school of Architecture and Built Environment, Deakin University, Australia. During her studies at Deakin University in Australia, she was lecturing for Masters Students, held the position of the research support officer for Higher Degree by Research (HDR) students and the International Student Support Coordinator. In 2012, she was also awarded the Graham Treloar prize for the best higher degree by research student with a published paper on sustainability and a finalist in the Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment’s three minutes thesis competition. Inji had participated in several conferences, attended workshops and training courses and had widely published in different national and international conferences as well as academic journals. She was also part of the organising committee of the Association of Architectural Schools of Australia 2011 Conference, Deakin University and the First International Conference on Sustainability and the Future 2010, the British University in Egypt.

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