69
Genetic Resource Conservation Strategies for Timber Trees in the Philippines EDWINO S. FERNANDO Dept of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of the Philippines – Los Baños, College, 4031 Laguna, Philippines
[email protected]
Abstract. Timber production forests in the Philippines are now less 2 million ha. These are under various kinds of agreements between the government and private sector. Natural forests under license agreements for timber production represent the majority of these remaining areas. About 600,000 ha are tree plantations established mainly with four species for pulp and paper. The extent of the genetic diversity within and between populations of the commercial timber species in the plantations, and much less, in the natural forests, remains largely unknown. A few companies are involved in limited tree improvement programs for plantation species. Some tree plantations and natural forest stands have been designated by the government as seed production areas to serve as primary sources of quality seeds for tree plantations. The network of protected areas serve as in situ conservation areas for many forest trees; however, these usually do not contain genetic resources of the commercial timber trees (e.g. dipterocarps) characteristic of the lowland rain forests. Some specific measures are being developed for conservation of genetic resources of timber trees in areas subjected to commercial logging. Despite great natural diversity of species and habitats, resources for conservation in the Philippines remain limited.
Introduction The Philippines ranks 8th on the world’s list of 25 megadiversity countries (Mittermeier et al. 1999) owing to its impressive record of species diversity and endemism. However, it is also considered a “hotspot” (Myers1988, Myers et al. 2000). As such, its species and habitats are among the most endangered in the world and face imminent threat of destruction. In 1997, the actual forest cover in the Philippines was a mere 5.4 million ha or just 18% of the total land area, despite the fact that 15.8 million ha were still classified by the government as forestlands (FMB 1997). Only 25 years before, at least 15.6 million ha of the archipelago were still covered with forests (BFD 1972). Hence, during the last 2½ decades alone, the Philippines lost more than 10 million ha of its forests. Of the remaining 5.4 million ha under forest cover, 66% are lowland dipterocarp forests with about 805,000 ha classified as old-growth forests and 2.7 million ha as residual forests. The remaining forest types are categorized by the Forest Management Bureau (1997) as follows: pine forest, 227,900 ha;
70 sub-marginal forest (includes the limestone and ultramafic forests), 475,100 ha; mossy forests (includes the upper montane and subalpine rain forests), 1.04 million ha; and mangrove forest, 112, 400 ha (Table 1). Table 1. Land-use and area of forest types in the Philippines (after DENR UNEP 1997). Land use / Forest type
Area (in hectares)
Percentage of total area
Forest
5,391,717
17.9
Dipterocarp
3,536,017
11.7
O ld- growth
804,000
2.6
2,731,117
9.1
Pine
227,900
0.7
Submarginal (includes the limestone and ultramafic forests)
475,100
1.5
1,040,300
3.4
Mangrove
112,400
0.3
Brushland
2,232,300
7.4
O ther land use
22,375,983
74.5
Total
30,000,000
100.0
Residual
Mossy
The Philippine lowland dipterocarp forests have been regarded, at least in the early part of this century, as the richest of their kind in the world, especially those on Negros and Mindanao (Wyatt-Smith 1954). Those in Surigao in Mindanao, in particular, have been considered ‘amongst the grandest in the world’ (Cox 1990). Timber production in the Philippines Some 1.9 million ha of production forests have been declared by the Forest Management Bureau (FMB) as of 1997. These include natural forests (mainly residual forests) under timber license agreements (TLAs) with private corporations, and forest plantations under industrial forest plantation management agreements (IFMA) or industrial tree plantation lease agreements (ITPLA),
71 and tree farms. The annual log production by TLAs often does not exceed the annual allowable cut granted to them. The overall volume of log production for the entire Philippines has generally dropped from about 6.5 million m3 in 1980 to 0.5 million m3 in 1997. Natural forests About 1.3 million ha or 50 % of the residual dipterocarp forests have been leased under timber license agreements to 26 private logging companies with a total annual allowable cut of 854,252 m3. About 72% of this area is on the island of Mindanao. At least 360,670 ha (or 27% of country total) are in the province of Surigao del Sur in eastern Mindanao. In 1997, this province alone contributed 43% of the total volume (555,917 m3) of timber production for the entire country. Forest plantations and tree farms Nearly 600,000 ha of the production forests are industrial forest plantations and tree farms currently established mainly for pulp and paper. The species commonly cultivated in the plantations are Paraserianthes falcataria, Gmelina arborea, Endospermum peltatum, and Eucalyptus deglupta. The last two are indigenous species that occur naturally in the lowland dipterocarp forests. Some plantations and tree farms include other exotic species such as Acacia mangium, Pinus caribaea, and Eucalyptus urophylla. About 75% of the forest plantations and tree farms are in Mindanao. Three of the large companies with forest plantations and tree farms are discussed further below. Timber tree species in the Philippines There are an estimated 3500 species of trees indigenous to the Philippines (Salvosa 1963); about 10% of these have economic importance as a timber source (Meniado et al. 1974). The bulk of the commercial timber extracted from Philippine forests, however, belongs to species of Dipterocarpaceae. The Dipterocarpaceae is the pre-eminent timber family of the Asian tropics (Newman et al. 1996) and about 45 species of this family occur in the Philippines (Ashton 1982, Newman et al. 1996, Table 2).
72 Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp species indigenous to the Philippines and their trade names (after Newman et al. 1996). Only species known to attain timber size (45-50 cm diameter) are included in this list. Species marked with an asterisk (*) are endemic to the Philippines. Philippines Light ha r dwoods (air dry density c. 450- 720 kg./m3) a. Red lauan (Philippine red mahogany * Shorea negrosensis Foxw. Shorea ova t a Dyer ex Brandis * Shorea polysper ma (Blanco) Merr.
Indonesia and Malaysia (nearest equivalent)
Seraya/Dark red meranti
b. White lauan (Philippine light red mahogany) Shorea a lmon Foxw. * Shorea cont or t a Vidal * Shorea pa losa pis (Blanco) Merr. P a r a shorea ma la a nona n (Blanco) Merr.
Seraya/Light red meranti White seraya (Sabah)
c. Manggasinoro Shorea a ssa mica Dyer ssp. koorder sii (Brandis) Symington Shorea a ssa mica Dyer ssp. philippinensis (Brandis) Symington * Shorea polit a Vidal Shorea virescens Parijs
Seraya/Yellow meranti Melapi/White meranti
d. Palosapis * Anisopt er a a urea Foxw. Anisopt er a cost a t a K orth. * Anisopt er a t hur ifer a (Blanco) Blume ssp. t hur ifer a
Pengiran/Mersawa
M e dium ha r dwoods (air dry density c. 720- 880 kg./m3) a. Apitong Dipt eroca r pus a la t us Roxb. ex G. Don * Dipt eroca r pus ca uda t us Foxw. ssp. caudatus Dipt eroca r pus eur hynchus Miq. Dipt eroca r pus gr a cilis Blume Dipt eroca r pus gr a ndiflor us (Blanco) Blanco Dipt eroca r pus ha sselt ii Blume Dipt eroca r pus ker r ii K ing Dipt eroca r pus kunst ler i K ing * Dipt eroca r pus or bicula r is Foxw. Dipt eroca r pus va lidus Blume b. Manggachapu * Hopea a cumina t a Merr. H e a vy ha r dwoods (air dry density c. 880- 1120 kg./m3) a. Yakal * Hopea ba sila nica Foxw. Hopea pla ga t a (Blanco) Vidal * Shorea a st ylosa Foxw. * Shorea fa lciferoides Foxw. ssp. fa lciferoides * Shorea ma liba t o Foxw. Shorea seminis (de Vriese) Slooten
K eruing
Merawan
Giam Balau
b. Guijo Shorea guiso (Blanco) Blume
Red balau
c. N arig * Va t ica pa chyphylla Merr.
Resak
73 Among other families that include commercially important timber species are Sapotaceae, Burseraceae, Anacardiaceae, Leguminosae, Meliaceae, Combretaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae and the conifer families Pinaceae and Podocarpaceae. Several species have been protected by law from cutting for some time, viz., Sindora supa, Albizia akle, Afzelia rhomboidea, Intsia bijuga, Vitex parviflora, and Agathis dammara. The cutting of Pterocarpus indicus is also strictly regulated. More recently, some species have been considered as endangered or potentially threatened (see Table 3). Table 3. Endangered and potentially threatened timber tree species in the Philippines (after Tan et al. 1986, Florido 1993) Species
Family
Afzelia r homboidea (Blanco) Vidal
Leguminosae
Aga t his philippinensis Warb.
Araucariaceae
Da cr yca r pus imbr ica t us (Blume) de Laub.
Podocarpaceae
G lenniea philippinensis (Ra dlk.) Leenh.
Sapindaceae
Her it ier a sylva t ica Vidal
Malvaceae
Hopea ma liba t o Foxw.
Dipterocarpaceae
Int sia bij uga (Colebr.) O . K tze.
Leguminosae
Lit sea leyt ensis Merr.
Lauraceae
P inus mer kussii Jungh. & De Vr.
Pinaceae
P odoca r pus cost a lis Presl.
Podocarpaceae
Sindor a supa Merr.
Leguminosae
Tect ona philippinensis Benth. & Hook. f.
Lamiaceae
Toona ca la nt a s Merr. & Rolfe
Meliaceae
Xa nt host emon verdugonia nus N aves
Myrtaceae
74 Government policy initiatives and programs for forest tree genetic resource conservation Ex situ and in situ conservation are generally regarded as complementary, rather than mutually exclusive strategies. Both strategies have since been applied in the Philippines. Except perhaps for the protected areas, there has not really been a sustainable genetic resource conservation program for timber trees in the Philippines. Garcia (2000) even noted that ‘conscious efforts on genetic conservation have been nil’. Many of the efforts were implemented as ad hoc programs or projects, and any research was often largely fragmented. Some of these ad hoc projects formed the core of current ex situ conservation projects, but many have simply been abandoned for lack of government support. Ex situ conservation Ex situ conservation strategy refers to the collection and maintenance of species germplasm outside their natural habitats. For timber trees in the Philippines this generally involves field gene banks or plantations for provenance and species trials. Species provenance trials and seed orchard establishment have historically been conducted by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) for species of Pinus, Acacia, Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Gmelina, and other multi-purpose trees species (Garcia 2000). Many of these projects faltered with changes in leadership and institutional reorganizations and the government’s lack of sustained support (Ordinario 1992). Some of the provenance trial plots later served as the seed sources for the younger plantations by DENR and private planters. PICOP Resources Inc., (PICOP), Provident Tree Farms Inc. (PTFI), and Bukidnon Forests Incorporated (BFI) have been practicing ex situ conservation activities through provenance introduction and multiplication of phenotypically superior industrial forest plantation species such as Paraserianthes falcataria, Gmelina arborea, Endospermum peltatum and Eucalyptus deglupta. PICOP Resources, Inc. PICOP Resources, Inc. of Mindanao is one of the first few organizations that established, early in the 1970s, large-scale forest plantations in the Philippines to support its pulp and paper mill. There are six species in PICOP’s plantations, including Swietenia macrophylla, Pinus caribaea, Gmelina arborea, Acacia mangium, Paraserianthes falcataria, and Eucalyptus deglupta. The last
75 two species are the most commonly planted. In 1987, PICOP’s industrial tree plantations totaled more than 46,000 ha of mainly Paraserianthes falcataria and Eucalyptus deglupta (Reyes 1987). PICOP used to have a decent and active forest research and tree improvement program for its plantations that included species provenance trials, progeny testing, and parent tree selection. However, several changes in company ownership during the last decade have put all these at a stand still. Provident Tree Farms, Inc. Provident Tree Farms, Inc. (PTFI) began in 1966 as a collaborative project with the Philippine Match Company (Phimco) to establish plantations of Endospermum peltatum for matchwood production. By 1992 PTFI had an industrial forest plantation agreement with the government covering some 20,770 ha in Agusan del Sur, Mindanao (Anonymous 1992). PTFI’s plantations currently include Endospermum peltatum, Acacia mangium, Anthocephalus chinensis, Gmelina arborea, Eucalyptus deglupta and Xylopia sp. Its focus is mainly for matchwood, and other special wood uses such as toothpicks and chopsticks. PTFI has an active tree improvement program that includes species provenance trials, progeny testing, and parent tree selection. Bukidnon Forests Incorporated Bukidnon Forests Incorporated (BFI), also in Mindanao, started in 1989 as a tree plantation project between the Philippines’ DENR and the Government of New Zealand. BFI now covers a total land area of 39,000 ha under a government scheme through an Integrated Forest Management Agreement (IFMA). Its net plantable area is about 21,000 ha. BFI has been regarded as a model project in the domestication of exotic tropical acacias (Arnold et al. 1998), eucalypts, and pines, and in site-species matching and practical plantation silviculture in the Philippines (Wilcox 1996). The species planted in BFI are mainly exotics such as Acacia mangium, Pinus caribaea, and Eucalyptus urophylla. Eucalyptus deglupta, an indigenous species, is also among the most commonly planted species by BFI. By 1998, BFI had successfully established about 6,300 ha of forest plantations of various ages. To date BFI has been undertaking provenance trials of 58 species/provenances mainly from Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia and supplied by the Australian Tree Seed Centre. BFI also started, in 1997, trial plantings of Philippine indigenous species such as Shorea contorta, Anisoptera thurifera, and Vitex parviflora.
76 Seed orchards The Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau of DENR has recently implemented the UNDP/FAO Regional Project on Improved Productivity of Man-made Forests through the Application of Technological Advances in Tree Breeding and Propagation (FORTIP). This project, in cooperation with the Australia Tree Seed Centre, has established about 10 ha of seed orchards of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus urophylla in Cavite Province (Luzon Island) and Mindoro, and Acacia crassicarpa in Bukidnon (Mindanao Island). Gmelina arborea seed provenances and improved clones were also brought from Thailand and Sabah, Malaysia. Seed production areas In 1995, the DENR, having finally realized the value of establishing a good and sustained forest genetic resources for the country’s reforestation efforts, initiated through Administrative Order No. 9 the identification, establishment, maintenance, and protection of Seed Production Areas (SPAs) throughout the Philippines. The objective was to make the SPAs the primary sources of seeds for forest plantations. As embodied in the order, SPAs may be established in government tree plantations, industrial tree plantations, private forest tree plantations, and in natural forest stands. These identified plantations and natural stands should meet the following criteria: (1) for established plantation of similar species, the minimum area should not be less than 10 ha; (2) for contiguous natural stands of mixed species, the area should not be less than 10 ha; and (3) all identified mother trees shall be marked on the site, recorded in the inventory form, and plotted on a map. All established SPAs, except those on private lands, were to be delineated and proclaimed as permanent SPAs, subject to re-evaluation every 5 years. Commercial timber harvesting within the proclaimed SPA inside public forest was also to be strictly prohibited. Private landowners with at least 2 ha of forest plantation may also apply for accreditation with the DENR as seed production area (SPA). The National Forest Tree Seed Committee For the proper implementation of the SPAs, the DENR created the National Forest Tree Seed Committee (NFTSC) under the Chairmanship of the Director of the Forest Management Bureau (FMB), and the Regional Forest Tree Seed Committees (RFTSC) in each DENR Regional Office in the country.
77 The RFTC, together with PENRO / CENRO is responsible for the identification, evaluation and documentation of SPAs and potential SPAs. This information was to be processed by the FMB and stored in the Forest Genetic Resources Information Database System (FGRID) of the DENR for policy formulation and other relevant purposes, such as the development of an integrated management plan for SPAs. The DENR requires that seeds designated for forest plantation purposes shall be collected only from selected trees within established SPAs by trained and authorized DENR personnel. If seed collection is undertaken in private plantations, it shall be done under the supervision of DENR authorized personnel, until such time that owners shall have been trained by DENR experts in seed collection and handling. For this purpose, the DENR was set to establish at least eight seed storage and testing centers in strategic regions of the country. This is to ensure that collected seeds would be tested promptly and stored properly until their distribution. These centers were also asked to conduct periodic seed testing and provide an updated list of seeds sourced from certified SPAs. Once these storage and testing centers are established, according to DENR plan, all forest tree seeds shall only be sourced from said centers to eliminate the risk of using inferior planting materials, which may cause the failure of a forest plantation. However, like many typical government projects, the implementation of this seed orchards project and National Forest Tree Seed Center has moved very slowly and is likely to be abandoned again. To date, only one seed storage and testing center at the DENR Central office has been established. Botanic Gardens and Arboreta The Makiling Botanic Gardens (MBG) in Los Baños maintains an arboretum of Dipterocarpaceae representing more than half of all the species known from the Philippines (see also Table 2). It also has plantations of Swietenia macrophylla representing probably the earliest seed lot of this species, first introduced in the Philippines in June 1913 from the Royal Botanic Gardens in Calcutta, India (Ponce 1933). MBG’s collections of commercial timber trees in its approximately 5-ha site also include, among others, Vitex parviflora, Pterocarpus indicus, Afzelia rhomboidea, Intsia bijuga, Sindora supa, Madhuca betis, Petersianthus quadrialatus, Agathis philippinensis, Tectona grandis, Tectona philippinensis, Cedrela odorata, and Endospermum peltatum.
78 In situ conservation This conservation strategy involves the maintenance of genetic diversity of species in their original or natural habitats. In the Philippines, this remains the principal strategy for genetic resource conservation of timber trees, despite the rapid deforestation rate in the country. Network of protected areas for in situ conservation The focal response of the Philippines government to conserving its biodiversity – and forest tree genetic resources – is the establishment of a network of protected areas – the national integrated protected areas system - or NIPAS which was formally established in 1992. This network of protected areas includes national parks, watershed forest reserves, wilderness areas, game refuges and bird sanctuaries, and mangrove swamp forest reserves (see Table 4). The NIPAS is the major legal instrument requiring in situ conservation of forest tree genetic resources and biodiversity in general (Catibog-Sinha 1994) and forms a significant component of the Philippine National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (PAWB-DENR 1998). Like many protected areas in the S.E. Asian region, the establishment of NIPAS in the Philippines was not determined on forest tree genetic resource considerations. But these, nonetheless, serve as de facto genetic resource areas or genetic reserves for many commercial timber species. Protected areas provide the best means for conserving genetic resources of forest trees (Ledig 1988). The Philippines has one of the oldest national park systems in S.E. Asia, established in the early 1900s. The 4,244 ha Makiling Forest Reserve on Luzon Island was one of the earliest, having been established since 1910. This and other national parks established before 1992 became the initial components of NIPAS. Currently, there are 294 of these in the NIPAS with a total area of more than 4 million ha, including some marine parks and reserves and mangrove swamps (Table 4). The great majority, are however, terrestrial ecosystems representing different types of forest formations ranging from a small 1-ha forest park to the large 72,000-ha national park.
79 Table 4. Categories of protected areas in the Philippines (after DENR-UNEP 1997) Category National parks, national marine parks and reserves
Number
Area (in hectares)
67
455,314
8
924,150
Wilderness areas
16
3,297
Watershed forest reserves
85
1,200,129
Mangrove swamp forest reserves
27
undetermined
Tourist zones and marine reserves
56
undetermined
Protected areas declared through administrative and memorandum orders
14
127,749
Newly proclaimed protected areas under NIPAS category
21
1, 4 10 , 2 6 1
294
4 , 12 0 , 9 0 0
Game refuges and bird sanctuaries
TOTAL
For nearly a decade now, the government of the Philippines has banned timber harvesting in old-growth forests, mossy forests, and forests above 1000 m elevation and with 50% slope. Many of these areas now form part of the national integrated protected areas system (NIPAS). In situ conservation in logging areas Despite the expansion of the network of protected areas in the Philippines, these remain very limited in their coverage, especially for many commercial timber trees of the lowland dipterocarp forests. A consensus has been growing that protected areas alone will not be sufficient to effectively conserve biodiversity and forest tree genetic resources in the Philippines. For example, the great bulk of the genetic resources of commercial timber trees (e.g. dipterocarps) are not found in currently declared forest reserves or protected areas. These timber species are usually restricted to the lowland rain forests where much of the large-scale commercial logging in the Philippines has been undertaken for many decades. The challenge, therefore, has been to include
80 biodiversity conservation measures, even as timber is harvested from natural forests. Many around the world have begun to develop measures to maintain biodiversity within the practice of forestry (see for example Aplet et al. 1993). In the Philippines, the Surigao Development Corporation (SUDECOR), a private logging company in eastern Mindanao, in cooperation with the government’s Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), has been undertaking a research project implemented by the Sustainable Ecosystems International Corporation (SUSTEC) and funded by the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). The overall objectives of the research project are to collect information useful in assessing the biodiversity present in the area and to develop conservation measures for integration in a sustainable forest management (SFM) plan for the logging company. Can forests managed for timber production contribute to the overall effort of conserving biodiversity in general, and forest tree genetic resources in particular, in the Philippines, without impairing their capacity to yield commercial timber? The sustainable forest management plan and the guidelines that integrate biodiversity and genetic resource conservation measures with timber production, are currently being developed. The plan includes, among others, very specific management strategies for the timber production zone within the logging concession. There are proposed strict standards in pre-logging inventory and tree marking (of trees to be cut) and felling. Among the specific guidelines being designed are the following: (a) Tree marking will be governed not only by the volume, number, class-size of the trees, and replacement growth rates, but also by the species and its biodiversity and genetic resource conservation value. For instance, tree species characterized by small populations or restricted distribution (e.g. rare species) will be marked as trees to be left. (b) Adherence to the minimum 60 cm diameter breast height requirement for trees to be cut. The Philippines follows a selective logging limiting the diameter of trees to be cut to 60 cm and above. (c) Deviation from high grading or cutting the largest or best trees all the time. This is to ensure that the phenotypically superior trees in the site are not completely depleted; and (d) Exclusion from marking for cutting both individual flowering and fruiting trees and those in the priority list for conservation. (e) Directional felling to minimize damage to saplings, especially those of timber species with high commercial value or in priority list for conservation. (f) At least one mother tree of not less than 40 cm dbh per timber tree species per hectare will be marked as residual. This is to guarantee that prelogging timber tree species will continue to exist in the area and at the
81 same time promoting a better distribution of tree species across all cutting areas. This will be on top of the tree-marking goal estimated for the area. This concept of sustainable forest management plans that also integrate biodiversity and genetic resource conservation measures with timber production is similar to that being developed for the Berau Forest Management Project in East Kalimantan (Tyrie & Natadiwirya 2000). The Kalimantan SFM plan allows forestry practices to continue while at the same time maintaining environmental quality. Summary and Conclusions The genetic resource conservation strategies for timber trees in the Philippines include both ex situ and in situ methods. The timber production forests currently total less than 2 million ha, including about 600,000 ha of forest plantations and tree farms. Some private companies are involved in limited tree improvement programs for plantation species. Although tree plantations and natural forest stands have been identified by the government as seed production areas to serve as primary sources of quality seeds for tree plantations, these remain largely undeveloped and undocumented. Despite the Philippines’ rapid decline of its forest habitats, in situ conservation through the protected areas system remains its best hope for conserving genetic resources of timber trees. The protected areas, however, are still limited in their scope, often excluding lowland dipterocarp forests that harbor the majority of the commercial timber trees. Sustainable forest management systems involving integrated and careful planning of timber harvesting operations that incorporate genetic resource conservation measures offer a promising strategy. The extent of the genetic diversity within and between populations of the commercial timber species in the plantations, and much less, in the natural forests, remains largely unknown. Although there is a high diversity of species and habitats in the Philippines, the financial resources for genetic conservation remain limited. References Anonymous. 1992. PTFI: a pioneer in industrial tree plantation. Philippine Lumberman 38(1): 16-18. Aplet, G.H., Johnson, N., Olson, J.T. & Sample, A.V. (eds.). 1993. Defining Sustainable Forestry. Island Press, Washington DC. Arnold, R., Gonzales, A. & Abarquez, A. 1998. Domestication of exotic Acacia species in Bukidnon Province, Philippines. In: Proceedings of an International Workshop, Hanoi, Vietnam, 23-30 October 1997. ACIAR Proceedings No, 82, 383 p. Ashton, P.S. 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, 9: 237-552.
82 Bureau of Forest Development. 1972. Philippine Forestry Statistics. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines. Catibog-Sinha, C. 1994. Implications of the NIPAS law for the conservation of genetic resources in the Philippines. In: Drysdale, R.M., John, S.E.T. & Yapa, A.C. (eds.). Proceedings: International Symposium on Genetic Conservation and Production of Tropical Forest Tree Seed ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre Project, Muak-Lek, Thailand. pp: 214-220 Cox, R. 1990. Philippines. In: Collins, N.M., Sayer, J.A. & Whitmore, T.C. (eds.). The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Asia and the Pacific, Macmillan Press, Ltd., pp. 192-200 DENR-UNEP. 1997. Philippine Biodiversity: an Assessment and Action Plan. 298 p. Bookmark Inc., Makati, Philippines. EMB-DENR. 1996. Philippine Environmental Quality Report, 1990-1995. 379 p. Environmental Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines. Florido, H. 1993. Some endangered Philippines tree species (based on CITES list). Research Information Series on Ecosystems (Philippines) 5(6). 14 p. Forest Management Bureau. 1997. Philippine Forestry Statistics. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines. Garcia, M.U. 2000. State-of-the-art Review on Genetic Conservation of Forest Tree Species in the Philippines. 42 p. (unpublished). AIFM-ITTO Project PD 31/94 Rev. (F). Ledig, F.T. 1988. The conservation of diversity in forest trees. BioScience 38: 471-479. Meniado, J.A., Valbuena, R.R. & Tamolang, F.N. 1974. Timbers of the Philippines. Manila. Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Gil, P.R. & Mittermeier, C.G. 1999. Hotspots: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. Cemex, Conservation International, and Agrupacion Sierra Madre, Monterey, Mexico. Myers, N. 1988. Threatened biotas: hotspots in tropical forests. Environmentalist 8(3): 187208. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., de Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858. Newman, M.F., Burgess, P.F. & Whitmore, T.C. 1996. Manuals of Dipterocarps for Foresters, Philippines. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh and Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor. Ordinario, F.F. 1992. ERDB launches tree improvement program. Philippine Lumberman 38(1): 26-28. PAWB-DENR. 1998. The First Philippine National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines. Ponce, S.S. 1933. Mahogany as a reforestation crop. Makiling Echo 12 (1): 13-21. Reyes, M.R. 1987. PICOP revisited. Philippine Lumberman 33(7): 16-18, 32, 34-35. Salvosa, F.M. 1963. Lexicon of Philippine Trees. Bulletin No. 1, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines. Tan, B.C.., Fernando, E.S. & Rojo, J.P. 1986. An updated list of endangered Philippine plants. Yushania (Taiwan) 3(2): 1-5. [Reprinted in PESAM Bulletin (Philippines) 7(1): 8-9, 12 (1987)]. Tyrie, G. & Natadiwirya, M. 2000. Supporting sustainable forest management in Indonesia. GEO Asia Pacific. October/November 2000. pp. 29-31. Wilcox, M. 1996. Tree Improvement Plan for the Bukidnon Industrial Plantation Project. Report No. 151/1996. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Professional Forestry Services and Groome Poyry Ltd. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1954. Forest memories of the Philippines. Malayan Forester 17: 135-143.
Edited by Bart A. Thielges Setijati D. Sastrapradja Anto Rimbawanto
GMU
ITTO
Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University
International Tropical Timber Organization
In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees
Edited by BART A. THIELGES Oregon State University SETIJATI D. SASTRAPRADJA Naturae Indonesiana (NATURINDO) and ANTO RIMBAWANTO Center of Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement
Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University GMU
International Tropical Timber Organization
Yogyakarta, 2001
Proceedings of the International Conference on ex situ and in situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees, held on 11-13 June 2001, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
This publication was made possible by a generous grant of funds from the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) – Yokohama, Japan
Published by ITTO Project PD 16/96 Rev. 4(F) Faculty of Forestry, GMU Yogyakarta, Indonesia Tel./Fax. 62-274-545 639 E-mail:
[email protected]
Available from Department of Forest Science Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada Univesity Yogyakarta 55281
ISBN: 979-96652-0-5 Cover design: Polydoor Printed in Indonesia
Contents Foreword
1
Report of The International Conference
5
In situ Conservation In situ Forest Conservation: A Broader Vision for the 21st Century Peter Kanowski
11
The Role of in situ Conservation in Sustainable Utilization of Timber Species Setijati D. Sastrapradja
37
Status of in situ Conservation of Commercial Tree Species in Malaysia Nor Aini Ab. Shukor
53
Genetic Resource Conservation Strategies for Timber Trees in the Philippines - Edwino S. Fernando
69
In situ Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources in Thailand Rungnapar Pattanavibool
83
Conserving Tropical Forests: Brazil’s Pilot Program - Josef Leitmann
101
Ex situ Conservation Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees: strategies, options and constraints - Erik D. Kjaer, Lars Graudal and Iben Nathan
127
The Status of ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tree Species in Indonesia Soekotjo
147
The Status of ex situ Conservation of Dipterocarp in Malaysia in Serving Breeding Programs - Ab. Rasip Ab. Ghani, Mohd Noor Mahat and Norwati Muhammad
161
The Status of in situ and ex situ Conservation of Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. in Thailand - Boonchoob Boontawee
171
Ex situ Conservation of Dipterocap Species in West Java and Banten Atok Subiakto, Hendromono and Sunaryo
183
Practical Experience with ex situ Conservation of Tropical Pines - Ida Theilade, Soren Hald, Alvin Yanchuk, Christian Pilegaard Hansen and Lars Graudal 193 Genetical Studies for Conservation of Tropical Timber Species in Indonesia - Ulfah J. Siregar
207
Genetic Conservation to Serve Breeding Programmes Genetic Conservation in Applied Tree Breeding Programs Randy Johnson, Brad St. Clair and Sara Lipow
215
Current Status of Tree Improvement in Indonesia Oemi Hani’in Suseno
231
Ex situ Conservation of Pinus merkusii in Java, Indonesia- Eko B. Hardiyanto and Sri Danarto
263
The Benefits of Tree Improvement Cooperative to Serve Breeding and ex situ Conservation Programs of Gmelina arborea Roxb. F. Suhartono Wijoyo
271
Ex situ Genetic Conservation of Acacia mangium for production plantation forests in South Sumatra - Sabar T.H. Siregar
289
Potential of Combining A Tree Improvement Program with ex situ Gene Conservation of Duabanga moluccana - Arif Purwanto
295
Current Status and Potential Use of Biotechnology Molecular Approaches to Conserving Tropical Forests for Sustainable Forestry -Yoshihiko Tsumura
299
Genetic Structure of Natural Populations of Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. (Dipterocarpaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia Using Microsatellite DNA Markers - L.S. Lim, Wickneswari Ratnam, S.L. Lee and A. Latiff
309
A Study of Genetic Variation Using AFLP Technique in Population of Kandelia candel in Ryukyu Islands and Southern Japan Ko Harada and Takanori Azechi
325
Genetic Divergence of Shorea leprosula in a Single Population Revealed by Microsatellite Markers - Anto Rimbawanto and Keiya Isoda
331
Genetic Variation of Lophopetalum multinervium (Celastraceae) in the Sebuku Sub-Population - Mohammad Na’iem
339
Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dipterocarpus alatus Genetic Resources in Thailand using Isozyme Gene Markers - Suchitra Changtragoon
349
Genetic Markers for Assesing Diversity and Improvement of Several Tropical Forest Tree Species to Support Conservation Program - Enny Sudarmonowati, N.S. Hartati, B.H. Narendra, M. Basyuni, U.J. Siregar and D. Iriantono 355 Mating System Parameters of Drybalanops oblongifolia Dyer. (Dipterocarpaceae) Planted in Peninsular Malaysia – Kevin K.S. Ng, S.L. Lee and S.L. Look 369 Estimation of Genetic Variation of Shorea leprosula in the Hedge Orchard of the PT. INHUTANI I Dipterocarp Center, East Kalimantan Using DNA Markers Keiya Isoda, Irsyal Yasman, Anto Rimbawanto and Istiana Prihatini 377 Forest Plantation Commercial Plantation Strategy to Reduce Pressure on Tropical Forest Resources D. Baskaran Krishnapillay and M.A.A. Razak 387 Dipterocarp Plantation: the Strategy and the Approaches of PT. INHUTANI I Irsyal Yasman and Muhandis Natadiwirya
405
Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Trees: An experience of PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma in Forest Concessionaire - Nana Suparna 411
Establishment of Meranti Trial Plantations in Indonesia - Chikaya Sakai
419
Potential of Carbon Sequestration After Reforestation and Grass Establishment on Tropical Degraded Soils - Iin P. Handayani, P. Prawito, P. Lestari and M.S. Coyne 427 Possibility of Timber Estate Development on Degraded Coal-Mined Lands in Sumatra Region - Hery Suhartoyo and Ali Munawar
439
Strengthening Tree Farming Activities to Reduce Pressure on Natural Forests and Support Sustainable Timber Production – Mulawarman and James Roshetko
449
Miscellaneous Conservation of Soil Microbial Diversity from the Tropical Rain Forests: Its Importance to Plantation Forestry Development and for Future Biotechnology Oka Karyanto 459 Additional Activities to ex situ Conservation of Paraserianthes falcataria: Development of Its Rhizobial Symbiont - Oka Karyanto, Muhammad Nai’em and Suhardi
481
Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in an Over-burned Tropical Rain Forest in East Kalimantan - Handojo Hadi Nurjanto and Suhardi
491
Population Genetic Study of Shorea leprosula using RAPDs (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs) - Istiana Prihatini, Anto Rimbawanto and Keiya Isoda
503
Study on the Reproductive Phenology of Eucalyptus pellita: Flowering Pattern, Breeding System, and Pollination Mechanism of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell Growing on the Wanagama Education Forest of Yogyakarta - Yeni Widyana Nurchahyani Ratnaningrum, Muhammad Naiem and Sri Danarto 509 Revolving Cutting Techniques (RCT) for Producing Cutting Material of Meranti Without Establishing Hedge Orchard - Atok Subiakto,Chikaya Sakai, Hani Nuroniah and Sunaryo 525 Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake Against the Leaf Blight Disease - Sri Rahayu
529
Plantations in Experimental Forests for Ex Situ Conservation - Kade Sidiyasa, Slamet Riyadhi Gadas and Nina Juliaty
535
Plantation Forests In East Kalimantan - Riskan Effendi, Slamet Riyadhi Gadas and Abdurachman 543 In situ Conservation of Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) - Merryana Kiding Alo Appendix List of Participants Steering Committee and Organizing Committee Project Steering Committee and Project Executing Team
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