in the Great Plains

r

range.Review of thepublished literaJoel6. Jorgensenformer tureandspecimen record,however, indicates Department ofBiology thatthisspecies hasonlyrecently become a regularbreederin the GreatPlains;thus,reUniversity ofNebraska atOmaha

breeding records fromthelate1800sandearly 1900sappears to haveledto thesupposi-

tionthatthecurrentrangeexpansion representsa rcoccupation of a formerregular breeding range(AOU1983,Ryder andMan-

centpatterns ofsummering andnesting birds in theregionarebestconsidered a rangeex- ry 1994,Sharpeet al. 2001, Dinsmoreet al. Currently. thisspecies is increasing 1984). It is morelikely,however,that the (emaih [email protected])pansion. Omaha, Nebraska 68182

in the Great Plains,where it is an uncommon

currenl range expansionis unprecedented

migrant and local breeder. Extralnmtal

and that the species' dynamicstatusin the

records of thisspecies arcalsoincreasing, Great Plains is linked

Stephen J.Dinsmore both alongthe AtlanticCoastand the Gull

to fluctuations of core

breeding populations elsewhere. Thisarticle documents thespecies' patternof expansion Department ofNatural Resource Coast,probablyindicativeo[ the healtho[ the mid-continental breedingpopulation. in theGreatPlains, compares thespecies' hisEcology andManagement Ihc statusof thisspecies in theGreatPlains toricaland modernstatus,andsuggests exforthesechanges. IowaState University appearslinkedto fluctuationso[ corebreed- planations ingpopulations, especially thosein theInter339 ScienceII

mountain

West.

Ames, Iowa50014

Background

(email: [email protected]) In the past50 years,populations ot White[acedIbis (Plcgadischihi) have increased ABSTRACT throughoutthe GreatPlains,and this inRecent increasesof White-faced Ibis (Plecreasehasrecentlyaccelerated. Priorto this gadischihi) in the Great Plainshave been increase,the species wasveD'scarcein the considered a "rcoccupation" of the species' Great Plains. Ihe existence o[ a few historical

376

Statusinthe GreatPlains,1891-1925 Thereare threeearly(prc-1925)breeding records of White-laced Ibis from the Great Plains. Ihe first two were nests found at

HeronLake,Jackson County,Minnesota in 1894 and 1895 (Peabody1896);the other wasfoundin anareanowdesignated theHarvardWaterfowl Production Area,ClayCounty,Nebraska m 1910(Swenk1918).Ihesearc

NORTH

AMERICAN

BIRDS

the only early breeding records north of Texas and

and

Table I First nesting records ofWhite-faced Ibisat"new" colonies 1970-1986.

thus

the

limited

amountof datafrom many

(county initalics) eastoftheRocky Moun- Year Location

Source

rains. Even in central and

Andrews andRighter (1993)

regions of the GreatPlains makeassessing theregular-

northTexas, theonlybreed- 1910 Bowdoin N.W.R., Phillips, MT

Lokemoen (1979),Lenard et al.(2003)

ity of breedingat manylo-

ingrecords priorto 1900 1973 Lake Tucumcari, Quay, NM

Hundertmark (1974)

were

from

McLennan

County(Obcrholser 1974).

1910

1975

LowerLatham Reservoir, Weld,CO

Ellis,TX

Pulich (1988)

SandLakeN.W.R., Brown, SD

SDOU (1991)

Nonbreeding records prior 1978

cales difficult.

larly at morelocalesthan indicated here, and so•ne

to 1925 alsoindicatethat

Lake N.W.R., Burlei9h, ND 1978 Long

Schmidt (1980)

thespecies wasrarein the

Sar9ent, ND 1979 KraftSlough,

Schmidt (1980)

GreatPlains.The only Oklahomarecordwasa speci-

McLean, ND 1982 LakeNettieN.W.R., 1982 Kininvie, Alberta

R.Martin,pets.comm. Goosen et al.(1995)

mentaken in 1897(Sutton 1984

Whitewood Lake andLake Preston, Kingsbury, SD 1967), and it was "not cited 1984 Valentine N.W.R., Cherry, NE by earlyobservers" in the wetland near Hart, Castro, TX Texas Panhandle (Seyffert1985Playa Jemmerson Slough, Dickinson, IA 2001).Douthitt (1918)not- 1986

In short,

breedingmay occur regu-

SDOU (1991)

sitesthoughtto be "regular" may have only intermittent breeding,and in fact, the majority of sites where breedinghas been recordedarenot usedregu-

Ducey (1984) 5eyffert (2001)

larly The speciesis well adapted to finding new Dinsmore andDinsmore (1986) nestingareas(Ryderand Manry 1994), and condied that it "rarelywandered throughout theGreatPlains 1975,although breeding maywellhaveoc- tionsatwetlands overKansas," whineBruneret aL (1904) hst are dynamic.A mixedrookeryof WhitethreeearlyNebraska records andconsidered curred earlier than 1982 (Gaassen et al. ibis),and nesting in FallRiverCoun- facedIbis,CattleEgrets(Bubulcus it a "straggler fromthesouth." Theonlydefi- 1995).Reported ty, SouthDakota,in 1978 by Johnsgard Black-crownedNight-herons(Nycticorax niteIowarecord wasa specimen takenfroma nycticorax) was discovered at a playa in error(SDOU1991;D. flockof 13ibism 1891,although another P/e- (1979)isanapparent Meade County, Kansas after a seven-inch rain Swanson, pets comm.). During the last gadis specimen wastakenin 1905(Kentand thatfilledtheplayato recordlevels(Flowers Dinsmore1996).Thereareno earlybreeding quarterof the twentiethcentury,the inrecords for North Dakota or eastern Montana

crease in reportsof breeding birdsin the

(RyderandManry1994),andtherewereno Great Plains accelerated,as evidencedby confirmed sightrecords for SouthDakota numerous(29) additionalnestingrecords from1987through2001 (Table2). Addi(SDOU 1991), Manitoba,Saskatchewan, or havenot, however, Albertaduringthisperiod(Gaassen et al. uonalbreedingrecords 1995).

Statusin the twentieth

1998).White-faced Ibiswerefoundbreeding

at a playain ClayCounty,Nebraska in June 2001following heavysnowmelt. Thiscolony wasunsuccessful, however,due to declining

summerwaterlevels(JGJ,pets.obs.).Vari-

been recorded from Iowa, Minnesota, or

able water levels at reservoirs on the eastern

New Mexico,andbreeding hasneverbeen

plains ofColorado limitoptimal nesting conditions(R. Levad,pers.comm.).Regular breeding locales arealsosusceptible to vari-

documented from Saskatchewan.

Asof 2001,therewerestillonlya Jewsites

century after1925

Thesecond quarterof thetwentieth century in the GreatPlainswhereregularbreeding sawa handful of reports ofWhite-faced Ibis occurs(Table3). However,annualsurveysor otherunambiguous informauon thatwould in the GreatPlains,followedby a slow inbreeding arenot availcrease in reportsbeginning in 1951.During confirmcontinuing is considered theyears1926-1950, therewerenobreeding ableforallsiteswherebreeding Thisisespecially truein theDakorecordsin the GreatPlains,and the species "regular." andwhere wasscarce.In Nebraska, for example,there tas,wheretherearefewobservers wasonlya single reportofa Plegadis ibisbe- birdsmovefromyear to year to favorable tween 1930 and 1949 (Fichter 1946) and wedands thataredispersed overa largearea. none for Minnesota between 1911 and 1956 Thereareat least11 breedingrecordsfrom (GreenandJanssen 1975).In 1951,breeding wasdiscovered at Cheyenne Bottoms,Kansas

(Thompson andEly1089)andagaintherein 1962 (Zunanich 1963) and 1965 (Ryder 1967).Since1965,it hasap• .•

central North Dakota (R. Martin, pets.

able water conditions:CheyenneBottoms,

for example, driedup completely in thelate 1980s(Grzybowski 1989)andwasnotused byibisduringthoseyears. In additionto breedingrecords,larger numbersof nonbreeding White-facedIbis andincreases in the frequency of its occurrence have been noted on the Great Plains

andadjacentareas.The dramaticchangein status in SouthDakotaisperhaps thebestillustration: followingthefirststaterecordin

comm.,G. Knutsen, pets.comm.,Schmidt 1962, it was described as "rare to uncommon"by1991(SDOU1991),andby2001,xt 1980),andbreeding mayoccurregularly in thatregion.Thelimitednumberof observers was considered "1ocall common" (Tallman /

parendy beena regular breeder at Cheyenne Bottoms

(Thompson and Ely 1989), which remained the only

breedingsite in the Great Plains until 1970.

Since 1970, additional

breedingsiteshavebeendiscoveredthrough1986(Table l). The first confirmed nest-

ing recordfor Canada wasat Kininvie, Alberta, in 1982

(Table l; Gaassen et al. 1995). This is contrary to Salt and Salt (1976), who in-

1926-1950

Prc-1925

59

(2005)

1976-2001

Figure 1.Breeding locations ofWhite-faced Ibis intheGreat Plains, 1900 topresent, in25-year increments. Blue squares indicate regular breeding sites; reddots indicate isolated records.

correctly cited the year as

VOLUME

1951-1975

NUMBER

3

377

earlybreedingrecordsfromMinnesota and

Nebraska areisolated, notonlyfromregular breeding areas butalsospattally andtemporallyfromeachother.Extralimital breeding records in Florida--inthe sameyearsas breeding tookplacein Minnesota (Brewster

1896,Ryder andManry1994)--perhaps suggestwandering fromregular breeding locales in thoseyears.Occasional extralimital breedingbyciconiids isofcourse bynomeans unusual. The historical status of White-faced

Ibisin theGreatPlainsmaybesimilarto the

currentstatusof Tricolored Heron(Egretta tricolor)in this region,for instance.This specieshas nestedon severaloccasionsin

Kansas (Thompson andEly 1989),on three occasions in SouthDakota (Martin 2001), and at least once in North Dakota (Lokemoen 1979). However,it is otherwisecasual

throughout theGreatPlains, withonlythree accepted records forNebraska (Sharpe et al. 2001, Grzybowski2001a, 200lb), four for Iowa(KentandDinsmore1996;J. Dinsmore, pers.comm.),and fewerthan 10 for South

Dakotathrough2001.

TheGreatPlains clearly didnotsupport a Figure 1.White-faced Ibis has shown aremarkable pattern ofcolonization intheGreat Plains, especially since the1970s.

significant breedingpopulationof Whne-

through This expansion appears toberecent rather thana re-occupation offormer range. Imagesin this article arenfadult White-faced facedIbisin the late nineteenth middletwentieth centuries. lts patterns of Ibis atEqnner Wildlife Area, Warren, Iowa, photographed 3October 2004 byJay 6illiarn. occurrence there,both historicand recent,

et al. 2002). Similarly,in Nebraska, Johnsgard(1980) described the species as "ex-

County, North Dakota in 2002 [Martin

where"aslateasmid-century [ca.1950]it

2003]).It isnotclearwhether highconcentrations andincreased frequency in peripheral areasrepresentactual increasesor whether localbirdsareaugmented bybirds displaced from other areas. In 2002,

was consideredrare," it is now "uncommon

andTexas andin theIntermountain region of the westernUnitedStates(Ryderand

400-500 White-faced Ibis were recorded in

Manry 1994,AOU 1983). The NorthAmer-

to common" (Seyffert 2001). In Iowa,

Day County,SouthDakota15 September icanbreeding rangealsoincludesmuchof (Martin 2003). White-faced Ibis has become Mexico(AOU 1983), wherethe species'

tremelyrare"in 1980,but twodecades later,

Sharpe et al. (2001)considered it a "fairly commonmigrant."In the TexasPanhandle,

White-faced Ibis was listed as "accidental"

in the early1980s(Dinsmoreet al. 1984), but just overa decadelaterit wasconsidered"regular"bul "rare"(Kentand Dinsmore1996).Recentcountsof thespecies in

theGreatBasinhavebeenimpressive: 2000

"almost annual" at a few sites in the south-

fewdecades agotheappearance of a single

(RyderandManry1994).White-faced lbis are locallycommonin Texas,but numbers

Discussion The supposition that the GreatPlainswas

White-faced Ibis was considered extraordi-

oncepart of the regular,historicbreeding nary (Brinkley2002). rangeofWhite-faced Ibisappears tobebased Since 2001, the Great Plains have been on threeearl} breeding records; however, markedlydrierthanthe decadeprior,and thisconclusion isnotjustified in thecontext portionshaveexperienced persistent severe ofthespecies' overallhistoric occurrence. All drought (seeGrzybowksi 2002,Grzybowski otheravailable information suggests thatthe and Silcock 2004a, 2004b, Martin 2003). species wasscarce orabsent in theregionunShiftsin local abundanceof White-facedIbis til themiddletwentieth centuryandthatit are unquestionably influencedby climate hasincreased in thisregiononlyrecently. and resultinghabitatconditions. In recent White-faced lbisaredistinctive andnotparyears,breeding activityappears tohavebeen ticularly secretive, sothepresence ofa regulimitedto largeand relativelystablewetlar breeding population shouldhaveprolands,suchas thosein the Dakotas(e.g., ducedadditionalsightings,including nesting confirmedat Lake Bertha, Cass

breeding distribution isratherpoorlyknown

2004),withan"astounding 85"atWhitewater Lake,Manitoba21 August2004 (Koes andTaylor2005);thespecies nestedat this sitein July2005 (R.EKoes,pers.comm.).

rencehasalsobeenreported alongtheAtlantic Coastof the United States,wherea

Ibis are found in coastal areas of Louisiana

ern Prairie Provinces(Koes and Taylor

were at CheyenneBottomsand Quivira N.W.R.on 1 September 1996 (Grzybowski Reportscontinueto be regularin western sections of both Minnesota and lowa. The 1996),and400wereat a singlewetlandin NorthDakota11 August2001 (R. Martin, overall trend of increase in the Great Plains pers.comm.).Increased frequency ofoccur- appearsto continue.

378

aremostlikelytiedto trendsin thespecies' corebreeding areas.In NorthAmerica,the corebreedingpopulations of White-faced

migrants,by earlyobservers. Moreover,the

havebeengenerally decreasing there.Oberholser(1974)noted"formerly (priorto ca. 1916)morenumerous generally, withbreed-

ingcolonies inland."Breeding at several inlandcounties hadceased bytheearly1900s (Oberholser 1974).TheTexas coastal populationhascontinued to decrease, by "about 65%from1969to 1973"(King1980,Webster1975)and"from6,500to 2,300pairs

between 1981to 1990"(RyderandManry 1994). Likewise,in adjacentLouisiana,

White-faced Ibisnmnbers dropped byabout 50% betweenthe years 1976 and 1990,

downto 6225 pairs (Ryderand Manry 1994). The Intermountain West also record-

eddecreases in nesting White-faced Ibisdur-

ingtheearlyandmiddletwentieth century (Ryder1967,Ryser1985),but therewasan impressiveincreasedocumentedin the re-

gionbeginning in thelate1970s(Ryderand Manry 1994, Kingery 1980, Ryser 1985,

Sabo1992). The populationin the Great

Basin, forinstance, nearlytripledin theperiod 1985-1997,despite yearsof drought HORTH

AMERICAN

BiRD

Table2. Additional White-fared Ibisbreeding records intheGreatPlains, 1987-2001. Alberta

Pakowki Lake

onenestin1986,3 pairs in1996

GoDssen etal.(199S), Roes andTaylor (1996)

Stirling Lake Southeast ofCalgary

2nests in1992 Nested in1999

GoDssen etal.(199S), Koes andTaylor (1992) Roes andTaylor (1999)

25-60individuals in 199B

TruanandPercival (1998)

20+ nestsin 1997

Flowers(1998)

Colorado (eastern plains) NeeNoshe Reservoir, Kiowa Co. Kansas

Lakeview, MeadeCo Montana

Benton LakeN.W.R., Cascade Co.

Firstdiscovered in 1994

Berkey (1995)

Medicine LakeN.W.R., Sheridan Co.

Firstdiscovered in 2000

Martin(2000)

Crescent Lake N.W.R., Garden Co.

First discovered in1987,nested again in1998

Kissinger Basin W.M.A., Clay Cc•

2001 nesting attempt, 25pairs, unsuccessful

Huber 1988, Sharpe etal.(2001) pers. ohs.

Stony Slough, Burleigh Co. J.Clark Sawyer H.W.R., McHenry Co.

Nestedin 1988

R.Martin, perscomm.

Nesting confirmed inearly 1990s, birds present in2000 and2001

R.Martin,pers.comm.

Lake Alice N.W.R., Ramsey Co.

Severalnestsin 2000

Martin(2000)

Dewaid Slough, Ridder Cc• 11 kmsouth ofTappan, Kidder Cc• McKenzie Slough, Burleigh Co.

comm. 4-6pairs in2001, birds present since 1988, perhaps regular breeder R.Martin,pers.

Nebraska

North Dakota

LakeBertha, Cass Co.

Logan Co.

Possibly 2 pairs in1999, unconfirmed Possible nesting in2001, unconfirmed Possibly 2pairs in2001, unconfirmed Possibly 3-5pairs in2000, unconfirmed

R.Martin,pers. comm.

Nested in 2000,40+ nests

J. Arterburn, pers. comm. Grzybowski (2001) J.Arterburn, pers. comm.

R.Martin,pets.comm. R.Martin,pers. comm.

R.Martin, pers. comm.

Oklahoma

Near Hennessey, Kingfisher Cc• Hackberry Flat, Tillman Co. West ofHarper Co.-Beaver Co. line,Beaver Co.

Nestedin 2001

Nested in2001,approx. 25nests

•xas (north andpandhandle) Rails Sewage Ponds, Crosby Co.

Nested1987

MidlandCc•

Nestedat 2 locations in 1987

Playa, near Plainview, Hale Co.

Nested 1989, "small" colony

Playa, 26kmsouth oftheabove site, Hale Co.

Nested 1989,SO+pairs

DallasCo.

Nestedin 1990

Playa, near Spearman, Hansford Co. Playa, near Claude, Armstrong Co.

Nested 1997,atleast2 pairs

Buffalo LakeN.W.R., Randall Co.

15 nestsin 1999

6-7ibiscarrying nesting material in1997

Seyffert (2001) Williams (1987)

Seyffert (2001) Seyffert (2001) Lasley andSexton (1990) Seyffert (2001) Seyffert (2001) Seyffert (2001)

andflooding (Earnst etal. 1998).In theSan LuisValleyof Colorado, thebreeding populationincreased from200-300pairsin the

GulfCoast,wherewetlands qualityandextent may have been reducedin recent

matic increase in numbers of White-faced Ibis in the Intermountain West mirrors the

decades. Pesticideshave also been blamed

increase,in timing and fashion,of the

mid-1980sto an estimated4500 pairs in

for thedeclines in numbers throughout the species' range(RyderandManry1994,Ry-

species ontheGreatPlains, thesource ofrecentpioneering birdson the GreatPlains

2001(R. Levad,pers.comm.).In the early twentiethcentury,the withdrawalof the species frominlandbreeding areasin Iexas coincidedwah the decreasedoccurrencefarther north on the Great Plains.Thus it seems

reasonable to concludethat the early extralimitalrecords, includingthe few breed-

ingrecords, werelinkedto theGulfCoast populations, fromwhichwandering individuals(perhaps spurred by drought or other stimuli) moved northwardand discovered

favorable conditions for breeding. Therecentincrease in breedingactivityin the GreatPlainsmay indicaterecruitment from White-facedIbis populations of the

VOLUME

59 (2005)

NUMBER

der1985,Kingetal. 1980).It isconceivable seemsmostlikely derivedfrom the West that the Gulf Coastpopulations havesuf- rather than the Gulf Coast.(An exception maybethefewbirdsthatbredat Cheyenne fereddeclines because of theuseof the pesBottoms in 1951andsubsequently. Ihe geoticideAldrinto treatrice,animportant Gulf source ofthese fewpioneering birds Coast crop(Kingetal. 1980,Webster 1975); graphic useof thispesticide wasdiscontinued after could be either from the west or south;we in thatcase.) 1974.Thebanningof organochlorine pesti- haveno basisfor speculation cides such as DDT and DDE is believed to be Finally,globalclimatechange, whichaptohaveradically changed coastal wetpartially responsible [ortherecentincreases pears lands'composition, extent,and salinityin in the Intermountain Westpopulations of the species (RyderandManry 1994,Ryser recentyearsin Louisianafor instance (Davis-Wheeler2004), shouldbe consid1985),butEarnstet al. (1998)question the ereda possible factorin thechanging distriimportance of pesticide bansasa factorin ibispopulation increases. Because thedra- bution of White-faced Ibis.

3

379

1904ß A Preliminary Review of theBirdsof Nebraska,with Synopses. Klopp and Bartlett,Omaha,Nebraskaß Davis-Wheeler,C. 2004. Louisiana Coastal

LandLoss. .

Dinsmore, J.J., T. H. Kent,D. Koenig,E C. Petersen, and D. M. Roosa. 1984. Iowa

Birdsß IowaStateUniversity Press, Ames, Iowa.

Dinsmore, S., and J. J. Dinsmore. 1986.

White-faced Ibis nestingin Dickinson County.IowaBirdLife56: 120-121.

Douthitt,B. E 1918.Migrationrecords for KansasbirdsßWilson Bulletin 30:100-111.

Ducey,J. E. 1984.CattleEgretandWhite-

facedIbisnestat Valentine Refugeß Nebraska Bird Review 52: 76.

Earnst,S.L., L. Neel,G. L. Ivey,andT. Zimmerman. 1998. Status of the White-faced

Ibis: breedingcolonydynamicsof the GreatBasinpopulation. 1985-1997.Colonial Waterbirds 21: 301-313.

Faanes,C. A. 1982.The NestingSeason: NorthernGreatPlainsregionß American Birds 36: 990-992.

--.

1985.TheNestingSeason: Northern GreatPlainsregion.American Birds39: 929-931.

Fichter,E. 1946.Possible sightrecords of EasternGlossyIbisin Nebraska. Nebraska Bird Review 14: 44.

Flowers,T. L. 1998. Rookeryin Meade County. Kansas Ornithological Society Bulletin 49 (3): 33-38.

Figure 2.This adult White-faced Ibis was likely afallmigrant moving southward after breeding

Goossen, J. E, D. M. Ealey, H.Judge,andD. C. Duncan. 1995. Distribution and breed-

somewhere inthenorthern Great Plains. Fallnumbers intheGreat Plains areontheincrease, andeach year afewaredetected instates totheeast, most inSeptember andOctober. Conclusions

ingstatus oftheWhite-faced Ibis,Plegadis chihi, in Canada.CanadianField-Natural-

ist 10c•: 3c•1-402. Grover,DaveHilley,RonMartin, Gregg Based ona reviewof specimens andreports Knutsen, RudolfE Koes,TonyLeukering, Green,J. C., and R. B. Janssen1975 Min-

of thespecies 1891-2001,we conclude that

RichLevad,BobLuterbach, DuaneNelson,

nesota Bi•d:Where, When,HowMany.Uni-

White-faced Ibiswasnevera regnlar breeder Jeffrey S. Palmer,Tom Shane,William versityof Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, Minnesota. in the GreatPlainsandwashistorically Schultze, DavidSwanson. PeterTaylor, and scarce there.Recent population increases in EugeneYoung.JamesJ. Dinsmoreand W. Grzybowski, J.A. 1988.Ihe Nesting Season: theregionareprobably unprecedented. The RossSilcockprovidedmanyvaluablecomSouthern GreatPlainsregion.American expansionof White-facedIbis in the Great Birds 43: 1134-1136. mentsto earlierdraftsof thismanuscript. Plainsappears to coincide withpopulation We extend thanks to all. ß1989.Ihe Spring Migration: Southern fluctuations in corebreeding areas; h•stonGreatPlainsregion.American Birds43:

cally,suchincreases seemed linkcdto fluctuationsof Gulf Coastpopulations,while morerecentincreases appearto be relatedto

theexplosive growthof populations in the Intermountain West.In orderforchangc• in this species' breedingdistributionto be trackedaccuratelyin the future, birders

shouldkeepcarefulrecords of extralimital

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--.

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Brinkley, E. S.2002.TheChanging Seasons: --.

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Swenk,M. H. 1918. Revisorynoteson the birds of Nebraska. Wilson Bulletin 30: 112-117.

Sutton,G. M. 1967. OklahomaBirds.Univer-

sity of OklahomaPress,Norman,Oklahoma. Martin,R. 2000.TheNestingSeason: Northern GreatPlainsregion.NorthAmerican Tallman. D. A., D. L. Swanson,and J. S. Kingery,H. E. 1980.The NestingSeason: Birds 54: 396-397. Palmer2002.BirdsofSouthDakota.MidMountainWestregion.Anlerican Birds34: 914-916. states/QualityQuick Print, Aberdeen, ß2001. The NestingSeason: Northern South Dakota. GreatPlainsregion.NorthAmerican Birds . 1984. The SpringMigration:Moun55:447-449 Truan, V. A., and B. K. Percival.1998. The tain West region. AmericanBirds48: 1044-1046 NestingSeason:MountainWest region. --. 2003. The Fall Migration:Northern Field Notes 52: 482-484. Great Plains. North American Birds 57: --. 1988.The NestingSeason: Mountain 77-79. Webster, E S.,Jr_1975_The NestingSeason: West region. American Birds 42: 1321-1323. SouthTexasregion.American Birds29: Oberholser, H. C. 1974. BirdLife of Texas, 1003-1006. Volume 1. Universityof TexasPress, Koes,R.E, andPT. Taylor.1990.TheSpring Austin, Texas. Zunanich,J. R. 1963.White-facedIbis nestMigration: Prairie Provinces region. American Birds 44: 445-447. ingat Cheyenne Bottoms. Kansas OrnithoPalmer,J. E 1996.Seasonal reports:the 1996 summer season. South Dakota Bird Notes logical Societ) Bulletin 14:11.• --. ]992 The Nesting Season:Prairie Naturalist 11: 97-110.

Southwestern Naturalist 25: 225-239.

Table 3. Regular White-faced Ibisbreeding locales intheGreatPlains. Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton, KS

First in1951, currently anestimated 100pairs breed regularly

Ouivira N.W.R., Stafford, KS

Estimated 50pairs First recorded 1970,regular; current numbers notknown

Bowdoin N.W.R., Phillips, MT

K.Graver, Field Superwsor, C.B.W.A., per•comm. D.Hilley, pers. comm. Lakemean (1979)

Long Lake N.W.R., Burleigh, ND

First discovered in1995, breeding hascontinued since, 750counted inJune 2002 8-13pairs in2001, also nested in2000, perhaps aregular breeder

Grzybowski (1995), J.Arterburn, pers. comm. R.Martin, G.Knutsen, pers. comm.

SandLakeN.W.R., Brown, SD

First nested in1978.150 pairs recorded in1996

SDOU (1991),Palmer (1996)

SaltPlains N.W.R., Jet,OK

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