INCORPORATING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION ON LANDSLIDE INTO SPATIAL PLANNING CASE STUDY: TARAKAN ISLAND Setiawan B. , Fad Z.G. 1
2
ABSTRACT: In many cases of climate change risk, both of adaptation and disaster risk and reduction (DRR) have evolved independently. However, Tarakan Island is integrating and introducing these agendas to spatial planning in order to manage the climate change landslide risk. Assessment of landslide risk induced climate change is increasing in Tarakan Island. Projection of previous study shows 0.72 km2 area is categorized as a high risk, which is predicted on May and December. The high landslide risk area is spreading in the Tarakan Island, including settlement area, road and public facilities. This study attempted to apply the landslide risk map into spatial planning of Tarakan Island to validate the landslide risk area by referring to Guidance of Spatial Planning on Landslide Disaster (Ministry of Public Work Regulation No. 22/PRT/M/2007). The evaluation of result map is assessing by field and aerial imagery map survey. In order to reduce the losses and damage due to the landslide, adaptation strategies is proposed by using 4 (four) engineering works by Landslide Risk Assessment and Mitigation (LARAM-2000) and policy of development planning and landslide management guideline in local and national level. Keywords: Climate change, landslide risk, adaptation, disaster and risk reduction, spatial planning
INTRODUCTION Climate change and disaster risk reduction (DRR) could be synchronized in order to manage climate change risk. Typically, in developing countries, adaptation and strategy have separate institutions and budget allocation, especially in national level. Despite of that, Tarakan City Government initiated the integration of adaptation and DRR, successfully coordinating intersectoral group by sharing similar challenges and goals. Scientific and engineer analysis have been used in order to assess climate change risk and adaptation of landslide in Tarakan Island. Using those of data, policy have been able to introduced landslide risk adaptation and DRR to the spatial planning. METHODOLOGY
Climate Change Induced Landslide
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) environment has been employed to obtain landslide risk projection map, using thematic layers of landslide, slope, geology and ground water table map as climatic driven factor, while the vulnerability consists of indicators: population and land use as indicators of its exposure component; role of infrastructure as indicator of its sensitivity components, and population welfare as indicator of its adaptive capacity component (Budhi et al. 2011). Figure 2 shows the framework to assess climate change induced landslide risk map. In this study, adaptation strategies are referring to Landslide Risk Assessment and Mitigation (LARAM-2000), by using 4 (four) engineering works i.e. modified slope geometry, drainage, retaining wall, internal reinforcement. Projection of risk assessment are synchronized with the policy of development planning of Tarakan Island i.e. land use and the spatial planning guidance of landslide disaster (Regulation of Public Ministry No. 22/PRT/M/2007).
Lecturer, Geological Engineering Department, University of Sriwijaya, Email:
[email protected], INDONESIA Research Assistant, Geotechnical Engineering Research Group, University of Sriwijaya, Email:
[email protected], INDONESIA 1 2
Figure 1. Framework of assessing climate change induced landslide risk Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Integration
Climate change and disaster risk reduction Adaptation and DRR have much in common, both aim to reduce the impacts of shocks by anticipating risks and addressing vulnerabilities (Mitchell et al. 2008). These two agendas have conceptual overlap, sharing similar goals as seen in figure 2. Main convergence of adaptation and DRR is the management of hydro-meteorological hazards, where adaptation build resilience to their impact and DRR take into account the changing of hazard. However, both of them are evolving independently and struggling to be mainstreamed into regular development planning (Mitchell et al. 2008).
Adaptation Convergence Disaster Risk and Reduction Figure 2. Convergence of adaptation and disaster risk reduction Climate change adaptation: An adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climate stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits benefit opportunities (IPCC, 2007). Disaster risk reduction: The broad
development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout society, through prevention, mitigation and preparedness (Twigg J., 2004) DISCUSSION: INCORRPORATING ADAPTATION AND DRR TO THE SPATIAL PLANNING
Landslide risk projection analysis divide the risk into 4 (four) levels, very low, low, moderate and high risk. In 2030, high risk level projected on May and December, with area 0,72 km2, spreading in several district, Tarakan Barat District 0,24 km2, Tarakan Tengah District 0,23 km2, Tarakan Timur District 0,16 km2 and Tarakan Utara District 0,09 km2. Figure 3 shows landslide projection map on May. Figure 4 shows integration application of landslide risk and policy and strategies of Tarakan Island. Dark blue color is a strategic development area which have requirement of reducing landslide risk. Those areas including housing, airport, social and public facility, industrial, military, governmental, service and commercial, warehousing, fishery, farming and tourism. In total 3432 houses are affected to the high landslide risk as represented by black color on the map and the red color show high landslide risk. Based on the adaptation and DRR analysis, 40 sites needs management of landslide risk.
Figure 3. Landslide risk map of Tarakan Island in 2030 (Bappeda Kota Tarakan, 2011) Analysis of management sites are validated to the actual conditions afterwards, before incorporating to the spatial planning. Validation are addressed to the ground checking using aerial photo, surveys of slope stability, current counter measure, and geological layer. Looking forward to the spatial planning, high landslide risk area projected on road facilities 9,53 km2, constructed area 55,80 km2, refinery 0,08 km2, recreational facilities 0,10 km2, social facilities 9,71 km2, and fish ponds 1,85 km2. Based on the projection, 40 sites are analyzed by considering damage and loss of physical and access to social facilities due to landslide. Design of landslide risk management based on combination of two or three engineering works that are objected to moderate slope instability, while for high slope instability, limitation of activities or relocation. Limitation activities and relocation are carefully examined considering it sensitivity to the social aspect and development planning. Limitation such as restriction of houses construction are assigned on 5 (five) sites. Meanwhile 9 (nine) sites are assigned for the relocations, where these policy may require further complimentary policies such as public incentives stimulation. As the result consideration among relocation, incentive and engineering should be considered the economical aspect.
Figure 4. Application of adaptation and disaster risk reduction (Bappeda Kota Tarakan, 2011)
CONCLUSSION
Both adaptation strategy and DRR can deal with current climate change variability, but so far there has been limited integration for both of them. It cause duplication effort that leads to the incoherence and ineffective use of resources. These agenda do not converge due to several reason ranging from lack of political will, different home institutions, separated funding and more on the technical level. Government of Tarakan City has been successfully integrated adaptation strategy and DRR by coordinating intersectoral group by sharing similar challenges and goals. Adaptation strategies are referring to Landslide Risk Assessment and Mitigation (LARAM-2000), then the integration with the DRR has been synchronized with the policy of development planning of Tarakan Island i.e. land use and the spatial planning guidance of landslide disaster (Regulation of Public Ministry No. 22/PRT/M/2007).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper was written based on study of Landslide Risk Management of Tarakan Island. The authors acknowledge and greatly appreciate the Bappeda Kota Tarakan for granting the opportunity to involve in this study. REFERENCES
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