Background. – Anthropogenic materials and energy flows. • Industrial ecology. –
Loop closure, stocks and flows. • Future challenges and the role of engineers.
Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Management of Materials Sangwon Suh Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California in Santa Barbara
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Content • Background – Anthropogenic materials and energy flows
• Industrial ecology – Loop closure, stocks and flows
• Future challenges and the role of engineers – Designing the future
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Background
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Anthropocene • Proposed by Crutzen and Stoermer (2000) • A new epoch characterized by human domination – Composition of the atmosphere / stratosphere • CO2 , O3
– Alteration in biophysical cycles • Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Carbon, Water
– Flora and founa • NPP under human influence, biodiversity Crutzen, P. J., and E. F. Stoermer (2000). The ‘Anthropocene’. Global Change Newsletter 41: 17–18.
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CO2 concentration
Keeling, C.D., Whorf, T.P., Wahlen, M., Plicht, J. (1995) Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980, Nature, 1995
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Human use of materials 25
Iron (100Mt) 鉄(億ト ン) 20
セメ ント(億ト ン) cement (100Mt)
Production 生産量
アルミ (百万トン) aluminum (Mt) 15
プラスチック(千万ト plastics (10Mt) ン)
10
5
0 1850
1900
1950
2000
年 year
Source: Halada (2006) Hidden material flow of metal behind economics, Tokyo, Japan.
How much is 75 million barrels of daily crude oil production?
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Nutrient flows and hypoxia
Source: Vitousek, P. M., Matson, P. A. (1993) Agriculture, the global nitrogen cycle, and trace gas flux. The Biogeochemistry of Global Change: Radiative Trace Gases. R. S. Oremland. New York, Chapman and Hall
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Industrial ecology
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Industrial ecology • Derived from “industrial ecosystem” coined by Frosch and Gallopoulos (1989). • Field of study concerns stocks and flows of materials and energy in human‐nature complexity.
Frosch, R.A.; Gallopoulos, N.E. (1989). Strategies for Manufacturing. Scientific American 261 (3): 144–152
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Industrial Ecology: closing the loop • In principle, adverse impacts by humans can be prevented from the source by closing the materials cycle within the technosphere.
Extraction
Technosphere
Emission
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W pure water WW wastewater influent OW organic wastewater WT WW effluent WR WW reusing
ULSAN METROPOLITAN CITY
PW
ULSAN NAMGU FOOD WT
KUMHO PETROCHEM.
ULSAN PACIFIC Corp. IWIW SS
Total Recycling
BG
HALLA Corp. SK CHEMICAL Corp.
BG
ULSAN
WW
WR
S LANDFILL GAS RECYCLING
RM
WW WT
OW
SS
farm
SK Corp.
WW
O WWT SS
SS
TS Corp.
EAST SEA
WT
W
WS WS
SGR Tech.
AE
EAST SEA
WW H WWT
TAEYOUG INDUSTRY Corp.
KUNYOUNG
OS
Y WWT
OIS
WCS
KOREA RECYCLIG
BG
SS SSANGYONG CEMENT Corp.
alternative energy biogas recovery fuel production steam production & sale catalysis valuable metal recovery carbide of sludge slag
WCS
KCC
RF
AE BG RF SS C RM CS SL
HYUNDAI MOTOR Corp.
ENERGY Corp.
RF
IW industrial waste PW wasted plastic WS wasted sludge OS organic sludge OIS oil sludge WCS wasted casting sand WIM wasted fireproof material
WW KOENTEC Corp.
OW LS-NIKKO Corp.
CS IW
RM
KOREAZINC Corp.
RM
WIM
SL SAMSUNG PRECISION
KUMKANG RESOURCES
SS
HANKUK PAPER Corp.
LG CHEMICAL
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The “Buy‐To‐Fly” Problem Material Utilization Case Study: Ti-6Al-4V Structural Forging Forging Weight [kg] Machined Part Weight [kg] Buy-to-Fly Ratio Scrap
154 28 ~6 82%
forging envelope machined part
Source: Sanjay Shah, “Isothermal and Hot-Die Forging,” ASM Metals Handbook, Vol.14 (Forming and Forging), 2nd Ed., ASM International, 1998.
Most of the input mass is lost to scrap From: Don Lipkin (GE Global Research): personal communication
Urban mining
=
150 g
1 ton 100 kg
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Recycling rate • Little is known • Only a few metals exceed 50%, many