Inhalt

Archiv für Naturschutz und Landschaftsforschung Band Heft März

45 1 2006

Inhalt Autor Jörg Gelbrecht Dominik Zak Thomas Rossoll

Titel Dynamik gelöster Stoffe und Phosphorrückhalt in wiedervernässten Mooren des Peenetals (MecklenburgVorpommern)

Pim de Klerk

A pollen diagram from the Teufelssee near Potsdam (C Brandenburg, NE Germany) from the legacy of Klaus Kloss

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Pim de Klerk

Lateglacial and Early Holocene vegetation history near Hennigsdorf (C Brandenburg, NE Germany): a new interpretation of palynological data of Klaus Kloss

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Maja Willis Stefan Zerbe Werner Breitung

Habitat survey, mapping, and assessment in the Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong (China)

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Juliane Rühl Salvatore Pasta Martin Schnittler

A chronosequence study of vegetation dynamics on abandoned vine and caper terraces of Pantelleria Island (Sicily)

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Publikationshinweis

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Archiv für Naturschutz und Landschaftsforschung, März 2006

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A pollen diagram from the Teufelssee near Potsdam (C Brandenburg, NE Germany) from the legacy of Klaus Kloss Pim de Klerk Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Grimmer Straße 88, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, [email protected] Keywords: Brandenburg, Holocene, NE Germany, pollen analysis, Weichselian Lateglacial

Abstract This paper discusses a previously unpublished pollen diagram of K. Kloss from the Teufelssee near Potsdam that encompasses the largest part of the Weichselian Lateglacial and the Early Holocene. The vegetation development follows mainly the general trend for central Brandenburg and Berlin but shows some interesting peculiarities, including local presence of Asteraceae during the Early Lateglacial, and the registration of Open vegetation phase II (“Older Dryas”) and the open vegetation phase of the Early Holocene (“Piottino”/”Rammelbeek”/ ”Preboreal Oscillation”) that in general do not occur in pollen diagrams from central Brandenburg and Berlin. The aquatic environment in the basin terrestrialised during the early Holocene Corylus phase. The middle Holocene is badly represented in the pollen diagram due to slow peat accumulation, or due to one or more hiatuses. The increase in agriculture during the late Holocene is clearly recorded. Deforestation around the study area caused the deposition of a sand layer above the analysed section. Gyttja was again deposited during a period with more stable soils. Schlüsselwörter: Brandenburg, Holozän, NO Deutschland, Pollenanalyse, Weichselspätglazial

Zusammenfassung: Ein Pollendiagramm vom Teufelssee nahe Potsdam (Zentral-Brandenburg, NO Deutschland) aus dem Nachlass von Klaus Kloss Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert ein bisher unveröffentlichtes Pollendiagramm von K. Kloss vom Teufelssee bei Potsdam, welches den größten Teil des Weichselspätglazials und frühen Holozäns umfasst. Die Vegetationsentwicklung folgt hauptsächlich den generellen Trends von ZentralBrandenburg und Berlin, zeigt jedoch einige interessante Besonderheiten, wie z. B. die lokale Anwesenheit von Asteraceae während dem frühen Spätglazial, und die Registrierung der Offene Vegetationsphase II (“Ältere Dryas”) und der offenen Vegetationsphase des frühen Holozäns (“Piottino”/”Rammelbeek”/”Preboreal Oscillation”), welche normalerweise nicht in Pollendiagrammen aus Zentral-Brandenburg oder dem Berliner Raum auftreten. Das Gewässer im Becken verlandete während der Corylus-Phase des frühen Holozäns. Das mittlere Holozän ist im Pollendiagramm schlecht repräsentiert wegen sehr geringer Torfakkumulation oder mehrerer Hiaten. Deutlich registriert ist die Zunahme von Ackerbau im späten Holozän. Entwaldung um das Untersuchungsgebiet ist verantwortlich für die Ablagerung einer Sandschicht oberhalb der analysierten Schichten. Nachdem die Böden sich stabilisierten, wurde erneut Gyttja abgelagert.

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1

Introduction

Much of the palynological data of the late Klaus Kloss of the “Brandenburgisches Landesmuseum für Ur- und Frühgeschichte” was never published. It was recently decided to digitalise part of this material and to make it available to the scientific audience (DE KLERK 2004a, b, 2005, 2006; JAHNS in prep.-a, -b). Kloss palynologically investigated several sites in the area Ravensberge south of Potsdam. The present study presents and interprets the pollen diagram “Ra 93/1” from the small lake Teufelssee (Figs. 1, 2). Though at present many pollen diagrams are available for the regions of central Brandenburg and Berlin that cover (part of) the Weichselian Lateglacial and early Holocene (e.g. MÜLLER 1965, 1970, 1971; BRANDE 1980a, b; BÖCKER et al. 1986; BRANDE et al. 1990; BÖSE et al. 1993; W OLTERS 1999, 2002; BÖSE & BRANDE 2002; DE KLERK 2006; cf. the inventory of DE KLERK submitted), the Teufelssee diagram is a valuable supplement to this data.

Fig. 1 Location of the study area (RTS) in central Brandenburg. Abb. 1 Lage des Untersuchungsgebiets (RTS) in ZentralBrandenburg.

Fig. 2 Location of the Teufelssee between Potsdam and Wilhelmshorst. Abb. 2 Lage des Teufelssees zwischen Potsdam und Wilhelmshorst.

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2

Description of the study area

The Teufelssee (52°16´06´´ N, 12°58´30´´ E) is a kettle-hole in the Ravensberge forest between Potsdam and Wilhelmshorst (Fig. 2). The area belongs to a small terminal moraine between the major Brandenburgian and Frankfurtian terminal moraines (cf. STACKEBRANDT et al. 1997; W EIßE 2000). The Teufelssee has a size of approximately 100 x 60 m. The water depth of the lake at the time of coring was around 6.5 m; the mineral subsoil was reached at 10.5 m below the water level. A test coring in 1991 from the central part of the basin revealed some thin gyttja deposits above a sand layer at ca. 7 m depth, of which pollen samples (not presented in this paper) th th reflect the 19 and 20 century (according to an unpublished report of Kloss). The palynologically analysed core “Ra 93/1” was derived in 1993 in a somewhat more marginal location than the 1991-core, and revealed below the sand layer a sequence of several m of aquatic sediments with some peat (cf. Fig. 3). A basal basin fill of gyttja is covered with brownmoss-sedge peat and fine detritus gyttja with wood remains. A further differentiation of the basal gyttja as well as the position of the Laacher See tephra (LST; cf. VAN DEN BOGAARD & SCHMINCKE 1985; THEUERKAUF 2003) was not indicated in the material of Kloss.

3

Methods

It is unknown how the core was taken; an unpublished report mentions that coring was carried out by the Geographical Institute of the Humboldt University (Berlin). Pollen sample preparation included treatment with KOH, gravity separation with ZnCl2, and acetolysis (S. Jahns pers. comm. July 2004). KLOSS (1989) provides further information on his palynological methods. For revision of the data, the original pollen counting lists were used. In order to differentiate clearly between pollen types and plant taxa, the former are displayed in the text in SMALL CAPITALS (cf. JOOSTEN & DE KLERK 2002). In the pollen diagram and the text of this paper, pollen type nomenclature is not according to the rather outdated pollen type names of the original counting lists (using names like CYPERALES and AMMIACEAE), but the nomenclature as generally followed by Kloss in his publications was adopted (e.g. KLOSS 1991, 1993, 1994); some German terms were translated in more appropriate English terms (e.g. TYP = TYPE, GETREIDE = CEREALIA, GETREIDEART. = CEREALIA-LIKE, KRAUTIGE = UNDIFF.). As the publications do not present a consistent pollen type nomenclature (e.g. using different kinds of abbreviations), the pollen type names in this paper should be considered as a practical attempt to present pollen data, not as morphologically unambiguously defined morphotypes. Kloss presented numbers of URTICA(LES) without suffix, or with the suffices C, H or U to differentiate between CANNABIS, HUMULUS, and URTICA respectively (S. Jahns pers. comm. June 2004). In the publication of KLOSS & W ECHLER (1987) the curve of “GETREIDEART.TYP” (encompassing probably both the GETREIDE-TYP - that does not occur in the Teufelssee pollen counts - and GETREIDEART.) was additionally named “BROMUS-AGROPYRON-POLLENTYP”; this type is probably identical with the HORDEUM GROUP of MOORE et al. (1991) that also encompasses pollen of wild grasses (cf. DE KLERK 2006).

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Fig. 3(a/b)

Pollen diagram “Teufelssee Ra 93/1” (RTS). Pollen curves are displayed with actual values (closed curves) and a 5-times exaggeration (open curves with depth bars).

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Abb. 3(a/b) Pollendiagramm “Teufelssee Ra 93/1” (RTS). Die Kurven sind dargestellt mit wirklichen Werten (geschlossene Kurven) und einer 5-fachen Überhöhung (offene Kurven mit Tiefenlinien).

28 For calculation and presentation of the data the computer programs TILIA 1.12, TILIA GRAPH 1.18, and TGView 1.6.2 were used (GRIMM 1992, 2004). Pollen frequencies were calculated relative to a pollen sum including pollen types attributable to trees and shrubs (AP) and upland herbs (NAP). The NAP values are an indication for the relative openness of the upland vegetation. Pollen types that might originate from both upland and wetland herbs (e.g. POACEAE and CYPERACEAE) were excluded from the sum since (extra)local effects (sensu JANSSEN 1973) might erroneously indicate an opening of the upland vegetation when in reality a change in the wetland vegetation occured (cf. JANSSEN & IJZERMANS-LUTGERSHORST 1973; DE KLERK 2004c). CEREALIA, including pollen grains attributable to cereals, was included in the sum, whereas CEREALIA-LIKE was excluded since this type also includes grains of wild grasses (see above). Pollen percentages in the pollen diagram (Fig. 3) are presented with actual values (closed curves) and a 5-time exaggeration (open curves with depth bars). Pollen types are ordered stratigraphically in order to facilitate a successional interpretation. The diagrams are divided into Site Pollen Zones (SPZ’s) that are a combination of informal acme zones and informal interval zones sensu HEDBERG (1976) and SALVADOR (1994) (cf. DE KLERK 2002). In order to avoid the widespread confusion with respect to the stratigraphic and geochronologic terminology of the Weichselian Lateglacial (cf. ERIKSEN 2002; DE KLERK 2004c; TERBERGER et al. 2004), the part of the pollen diagram covering the Weichselian Lateglacial and early Holocene is interpreted in terms of “Vegetation phases of Vorpommern” (DE KLERK 2002) that allow the interpretation of pollen diagrams independent of the existing terminology, and that appear to be valid also for the regions directly south of Vorpommern (cf. DE KLERK submitted). A correlation of these vegetation phases with the “traditional” stratigraphic and geochronologic terminology is presented by DE KLERK (2002 p. 297; 2004d p. 32) and TERBERGER et al. (2004 p. 140). For readers not familiar with the vegetation phases of Vorpommern, in the text additionally the traditional terminology is mentioned.

4

Discussion: interpretation of the pollen diagram

4.1

SPZ RTS-A: Hippophaë phase (later part of the “Meiendorf”, or “Bølling”)

The lowest zone of the pollen diagram is characterised by simultaneous peaks of HIPPOPHAE and SALIX pollen followed by a peak of PINUS pollen. This zone is therefore correlated with the Hippophaë phase sensu DE KLERK (2002) that corresponds with the later part of the “Meiendorf”, or “Bølling”. Large dense stands of sea-buckthorn probably dominated the still predominantly open upland vegetation. The peak of SALIX pollen indicates that willow might also have been prominent in the upland vegetation surrounding the Teufelssee or in a fringe of wetland vegetation along the basin margins. The types excluded from the pollen sum show in the bottom sample minor peaks of EQUISETUM, TUBULIFL. ASTERACEAE, and EPILOBIUM, and in the upper sample a conspicuous peak of LIGULIFL. ASTERACEAE spores and pollen. The values of the former types are too low to definitely conclude whether they stem from upland plants or wetland plants within the basin, but the peak of the latter type is so high (in comparison with values in other pollen diagrams from central Brandenburg and Berlin, cf. studies mentioned in the ‘introduction’) that (extra)local pollen sources (sensu JANSSEN 1973) must be assumed: Asteraceae taxa producing the LIGULIFL. ASTERACEAE pollen type must have been present within the investigated basin, possibly along the basin shores. The recognition of wetland taxa along basin margins in the Early Lateglacial is extremely rare. Unfortunately the pollen type LIGULIFL. ASTERACEAE is produced by such a large variety of Asteraceae taxa that the palaeoecological information is limited.

29 4.2

SPZ RTS-B: Open vegetation phase II and beginning of Lateglacial Betula/Pinus forest phase (“Older Dryas” and beginning of “Allerød”/“Bølling/Allerød complex” sensu USINGER 1985)

SPZ RTS-B is characterised by higher values of BETULA pollen than in the underlying zone, relatively high values of JUNIPERUS pollen, and by peaks of SALIX and ARTEMISIA pollen in its lowest sample. The lowest sample of this zone is, therefore, interpreted to represent the Open vegetation phase II (“Older Dryas”) - a minor opening of the upland vegetation after the Hippophaë phase - which is thought to represent a climatic cooling (DE KLERK 2002). This phase occurs prominently in pollen diagrams from northern Vorpommern but is only incidentally found in pollen diagrams from regions further southward (cf. DE KLERK 2002, 2004e, submitted; DE KLERK & STOLZE 2002; TERBERGER et al. 2004). The high and increasing values of BETULA pollen in SPZ RTS-B point to the expansion of birch forest on the upland that mark the beginning of the Lateglacial Betula/Pinus forest phase (“Allerød”). The types excluded from the sum show minor peaks in the lowest sample of EPILOBIUM, POACEAE, APIACEAE, RUBIACEAE, POTAMOGETON-TYPE and THALICTRUM pollen that indicate a minor expansion optimum of the associated plant taxa. It is, however, not possible to determine with certainty whether these were upland taxa or wetland taxa. Only the presence of POTAMOGETON-TYPE pollen allows the conclusion that Potamogeton species must have inhabited the lake within the basin. 4.3

SPZ RTS-C: Lateglacial Betula/Pinus forest phase (“Allerød” or “Bølling/Allerød complex” sensu USINGER 1985)

SPZ RTS-C is characterised by relatively high values of PINUS pollen. This is typical for the later part of the Lateglacial Betula/Pinus forest phase (“Allerød”) in the pollen diagrams from southern Mecklenburg, Brandeburg and the Berlin area (cf. DE KLERK 2002, submitted; DE KLERK & STOLZE 2002; THEUERKAUF 2003; cf. also the studies mentioned in the ‘introduction’). Birch had lost its importance in the upland vegetation and pine had expanded greatly. In many pollen diagrams from Central Brandenburg a re-increase in the values of BETULA pollen occurs towards the end of the Lateglacial Betula/Pinus forest phase that is interpreted to represent an (extra)local expansion of birch carrs along the margins of many basins (cf. WOLTERS 2002; THEUERKAUF 2003; DE KLERK 2006). Since such a re-increase of BETULA pollen does not occur in the Teufelssee pollen diagram, birch carrs were probably absent along the shores of the investigated basin. All types excluded from the sum occur with too low values to positively reconstruct an (extra)local wetland vegetation. 4.4

SPZ RTS-D: Open vegetation phase III (“Younger Dryas”)

SPZ RTS-D is characterised by slightly higher NAP-values than previously (which are mainly due to rises in ARTEMISIA values), by lower values of PINUS pollen, and higher values of BETULA and SALIX pollen than in the previous zone. Because of the higher NAP-values, this zone is correlated with Open vegetation phase III, the last cold phase of the Weichselian Lateglacial classically known as “Younger Dryas” (cf. ISARIN 1997). Since NAP-values are only slightly higher, the vegetation did not open conspicuously, but (mainly birch and pine) trees remained prominently present in the landscape and probably formed “park-like” stands. From the types not included in the sum no reconstruction can be made of an (extra)local wetland vegetation. The continuous occurrence of particles of volcanic glass in zone RTS-D probably reflects the Laacher See tephra (LST) that was washed-in into the basin from the surrounding basin

30 slopes. Unfortunately the notes of Kloss do not mention whether the LST was found in the investigated core (see ‘description of the study area’). 4.5

SPZ RTS-E: End of Open vegetation phase III (“Younger Dryas”) or beginning of the Early Holocene Betula/Pinus forest phase (“Preboreal”)

The two samples that form SPZ RTS-E are characterised by conspicuous higher values of PINUS pollen and prominent lower values of BETULA pollen than in the preceding zone. HELIANTHEMUM and JUNIPERUS pollen are present in both samples with low values. ARTEMISIA values are low in the bottom sample, but high in the top sample. It is complicated to interpret this zone. Two possibilities exist. The first possibility is that this zone represents the end of Open vegetation phase III (“Younger Dryas”). This interpretation is favoured by the presence of HELIANTHEMUM and JUNIPERUS pollen, but is contradicted by the prominent low values of ARTEMISIA pollen in the lowest sample. If this hypothesis is true, pine trees expanded around the Teufelssee-basin at the end of Open vegetation phase III. The other possibility is that this zone correlates to the beginning of the Early Holocene Betula/Pinus forest phase (“Preboreal”), which is in accordance with the decrease of NAPvalues at the lower zone boundary. In that case, the observation of JUNIPERUS and HELIANTHEMUM pollen point to the temporal presence of a Lateglacial relict vegetation around the study area. The peak of ARTEMISIA pollen in the top sample might represent the short-lived open vegetation phase during the Early Holocene known as Piottino, Rammelbeek, or Preboreal Oscillation (cf. BEHRE 1966, 1967, 1978; VAN GEEL et al. 1981; BJÖRCK et al. 1996, 1997). In pollen diagrams from NE Germany, however, this fluctuation is generally not present (cf. DE KLERK 2002; JAHNS 2004): an exception is another pollen diagram of Kloss from the surroundings of the Kalksee in northern Brandenburg (DE KLERK 2004b). 4.6

SPZ RTS-F: Early Holocene Betula/Pinus forest phase (“Preboreal”)

SPZ RTS-F is distinguished from the underlying zone by low NAP-values, decreasing values of PINUS pollen, slightly rising values of BETULA pollen and somewhat higher values of SALIX pollen. This zone can therefore be unambiguously correlated with the Early Holocene Betula/Pinus forest phase. Presence of CF. POPULUS pollen indicates that poplar was also present in the upland forests, whereas low values of CORYLUS, ULMUS, ALNUS and QUERCUS pollen indicate immigration and gradual expansion of hazel, elm, alder and oak. Among the types excluded from the sum a small peak of POLYPODIACEAE spores might indicate expansion of ferns in the investigated basin. 4.7

SPZ RTS-G: Largest part of the middle Holocene

Zone RTS-G is characterised by relatively high values of CORYLUS, ULMUS, QUERCUS, and at a somewhat higher level of TILIA and ALNUS pollen. The top sample contains low values of CARPINUS and FAGUS pollen. This indicates that this zone encompasses the largest part of the middle Holocene from the Corylus phase up to (far?) after the elm decline. Represented in only four samples, it is not possible to directly link the Teufelssee pollen diagram with other pollen diagrams from central Brandenburg or Berlin covering the Holocene because typical palynostratigraphic features are obscured. The major part of this zone corresponds with a layer of brownmoss/sedge peat that shows that the investigated spot had terrestrialised. Peat accumulation must have been extremely slow considering the total time covered by this layer, or one or more hiatuses occur. Continuous presence of TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA-TYPE pollen and incidental occurrence of TYPHA LATIFOLIA pollen show that Typha and possibly Sparganium (producing the same pollen type as

31 Typha angustifolia, cf. MOORE et al. 1991) inhabited the peatland. Occurrence of NYMPHAEA pollen in the peat indicates presence of spots with open water, possibly in the deeper central part of the basin. 4.8

SPZ RTS-H: Late Holocene Fagus phase

This zone is distinguished from the underlying zone because of the higher values of FAGUS and CEREALIA pollen, whereas values of CARPINUS pollen rise in the second sample. Relatively high values of FAGUS pollen are in central Brandenburg and Berlin typical for the period 14 between ca. 3200 and 900 C years B.P. (cf. BRANDE 1994; BEHRE et al. 1996; W OLTERS 2002). The continuous presence of CEREALIA pollen demonstrates expanding agriculture. The pollen types excluded from the sum do not allow any inferences of a wetland vegetation within the basin. This zone corresponds with a layer of fine detritus gyttja rich in wood remains. In an unpublished report on the Teufelssee site Kloss mentions that it is hard to differentiate between completely decomposed wood peat and fine detritus gyttja, and combined with relatively high values of ALNUS pollen he assumed the presence of an alder carr in the investigated basin. To the opinion of the present author, however, values of ALNUS pollen are not high enough to conclude that alder inhabited the investigated basin (though it cannot be ruled out either); it is also possible that the wood remains stem from branches from upland trees surrounding the basin. In that case, the gyttja deposit point to a rise in water level that drowned the peatland at the beginning (or even shortly before the onset) of this vegetation phase. 4.9

SPZ RTS-I: Late Medieval and afterwards

The upper SPZ RTS-I is distinguished by its high values of CEREALIA, PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA, SECALE, SCLERANTHUS, and POLYGONUM AVICULARE-TYPE pollen that indicate an increase of agricultural areas in the region. This zone is therefore correlated with the increase in agriculture in the late Medieval and the period afterwards (cf. W OLTERS 2002). The types excluded from the pollen sum show somewhat higher values of POACEAE and RUMEX ACETOSA-TYPE pollen that are however too low to infer the (extra)local presence of associated plant taxa within the investigated basin e.g. in a reed girdle, though this cannot be ruled out. Possibly these types are connected to the increased agriculture on the upland. The layer of sand that covers the analysed section indicates large soil erosion around the Teufelssee that was probably caused by deforestation of the Ravensberge area. After the soils th stabilised (probably under influence of reforestation) gyttja was deposited in the 19 and/or th 20 century as is indicated by pollen samples not displayed in the present paper (see ‘description of the study area’).

5

Concluding remarks

The pollen diagram Ra 93/1 from the Teufelssee near Potsdam encompasses the largest part of the Weichselian Lateglacial and the Early Holocene. It shows the typical pollen picture for the regions of central Brandenburg and Berlin, with some interesting pecularities, including local presence of Asteraceae in the Early Lateglacial, and the record of Open vegetation phase II (“Older Dryas”) and the open vegetation phase of the Early Holocene (“Piottino”/”Rammelbeek”/”Preboreal Oscillation”). The basin was a lake up to the early Holocene Corylus phase, after which the cored location terrestrialised. The middle Holocene is badly represented in the pollen diagram which points at extremely slow peat accumulation or one or more hiatuses.

32 The increase in agriculture in the late Holocene is clearly recorded. Over the analysed section, a sand layer reflects deforestation of the area, after which gyttja was again deposited th th when in the 19 or 20 century aforestation stabilised the soils.

Acknowledgements The “Brandenburgisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologisches Landesmuseum” gave access to the original data of K. Kloss and permitted publication; S. Jahns is kindly acknowledged for intermediation. H. Joosten provided valuable comments on the text. A. Prager corrected the German texts.

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