and ISO are two of the leading Standards bodies that are active in the
development of .... An abridged view of the lifecycle of an engineering asset is
shown Figure 2 below: ..... ISO-13374 - Condition Monitory and Diagnostics of
Machines.
INTEGRATION THROUGH STANDARDS – AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR ENGINEERING ASSET MANAGEMENT Andy Koronios Daniela Nastasie Vivek Chanana Abrar Haider CIEAM- The Cooperative Research Centre for Integrated Engineering Asset Management School of Computer and Information Science, University of South Australia Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
ABSTRACT Contemporary engineering organizations are increasingly becoming reliant on advanced computing technology and information systems to ensure the effective management of their engineering assets. Ensuring the reliability, maintenance and management of assets is dependent on the integration and interoperability of their information systems. A plethora of standards have emerged to assist the horizontal and vertical integration of such systems. Within the asset management field several leading bodies and consortiums are focusing on standards development. MIMOSA and ISO are two of the leading Standards bodies that are active in the development of such standards. Although a number of ‘Open’ standards have been developed such standards are not being taken up as rapidly as expected due mainly to the significant investment required in adoption and inertia to change. This not only has implications for interoperability as assets become more complex and difficult to maintain, but also the storage and retrieval of quality data over its lifecycle. This paper provides a comprehensive review of standards relevant to the integration of asset management systems and discusses the directions of the development of these standards and comments on the implications of these advances.
KEYWORDS Asset Management, Interoperability, Standards
INTRODUCTION Broadly speaking, standards support common agreements that enable communication across a range of systems for a variety of user requirements with the goal to increase economic efficiency ([1], [2], [3]). Standards detail specifications, processes, formats and procedures so that quality and safety can be monitored consistently. One way to categorise standards is by their ownership- who created them and under what Intellectual Property rights. From this point of view, standards can be classified into open- free for public use, development and inspection and proprietary- protected by Intellectual Property laws.
1
The purpose of open standards is to support common agreements that enable communications open to all [2]. Krechmer [2] also questions the very term ‘open standards’ and argues that Standards Setting Organisations (SSOs) rarely meet the criteria of an open standard and those that do are at varying levels of support. Kemmerer [4] argues that a methodology for the evaluation, testing and validation from the perspectives of conformance, interoperability and implementation is required. On the other hand, proprietary standards might not always be in the best interest of enterprises, as they constitute the foundation of proprietary systems which could lead to financial losses for vendors in a particular market "...multiple proprietary systems catering to a single market often lead to financial loss for vendors in that space." ([5], p. 85). Standards are generally defined at a national or international or company level, but in the last decade there has been a clear movement towards international standards [1]Figure 1: "Only when buyers and sellers actually use the standards to conduct day-to-day business can they realise the competitive advantages of the standards....Standards adoption, in fact, can transform industries, and often signifies the maturation of those industries as a whole." (Bloomberg and Schmelzer [5], p. 84)
Figure 1 – Movement toward International Standards- Source: [1]
A further method of classification of standards is by their originating body, into ‘de jure” -standards created by authoritative standardization bodies and “de facto”standards that arise from particular industries or market places and become widely implemented and used. Standards could also be categorised by the level of detail they present. Bloomberg and Schmelzer [5](p.82) separate them into LCD (Least Common Denominator) standards, describing standards that include only those elements that all parties manage to agree upon, and at the other end of the spectrum, the “kitchen-sink” standards, those that contain all the suggestions of all the parties usually “too large for everyone and not specific enough for anyone". 2
An insightful perspective is given by Bengtsson [6] who suggests that standards are an important environmental and energy saving tool: “Standardization should be looked upon as a tool for a rational, environmentally sound and energy saving development of production, distribution and utilization of commodity, processes, systems and services” He defines the purpose of standardization as reaching “the optimal technical and economical solution to recurrent problems”. This paper explores the general issues of standards and focuses on a domain classification of standards for Engineering Asset Management (EAM) standards. It further investigates widely used standards in particular areas of EAM, and in particular standards relevant to the integration of asset management systems.
ASSET MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW The Cooperative Research Centre for Integrated Engineering Asset Management, (CIEAM) is an organisation created with the main purpose of optimising asset management systems, study innovative technologies, processes and programs in order to enhance the infrastructure cost effectiveness, productivity and longevity of the Australian engineering infrastructure. CIEAM defines Asset Management as “the process of organising, planning and controlling the acquisition, use, care, refurbishment, and/or disposal of physical assets to optimise their service delivery potential and to minimise the related risks and costs over their entire life through the use of intangible assets such as knowledge based decision-making applications and business processes.” Physical (or Engineering) Assets, such as buildings, roads, machineries, and hardware, are distinguished from intangible assets such as knowledge, software, intellectual property, and financial assets. [7] In line with the objectives of CIEAM, this study focuses on EAM standards, even though some of the findings might be of use to the Intangible Assets area as well.
The Engineering Asset Core Lifecycle (EACL) An abridged view of the lifecycle of an engineering asset is shown Figure 2 below:
Figure 2 - Simplified View of Engineering Asset Lifecycle (EACL) Source: Developed by the authors
The diagram above will be used to anchor the discussion on the activities and processes related to the lifecycle of an asset and as a pattern for analysing the 3
standards required throughout the asset lifecycle. For the purposes of this discussion this diagram will be referred to as the EACL (Engineering Asset Core Lifecycle) diagram, in order to better understand. Asset lifecycle begins with design and creation/acquisition stages, moves into operation and maintenance stages, and finally into its eventual divestment or retirement stage. An area of particular interest in the lifecycle of an asset is the Operation and Maintenance block, represented in the EACL diagram by a rectangle, where most of the effort is concentrated with some organisations reporting that up to 70% of the total cost of ownership of an asset is consumed at this stage. The maintenance block is important, but communication is required along the whole lifecycle of assets and standards to regulate these interfaces (the design, creation, retirement) as well as operation and maintenance, need to be considered in order to facilitate the interoperability and integration inside the lifecycle of the asset. Assets also depend on other assets or they constitute parts of a bigger ensemble, so when discussing interoperability between assets the external as well the internal connections between assets are considered (For example when managing a road asset, the sub-ensembles of lighting or signage on that road need to be also considered, but also we need to integrate the road into the bigger picture of how it fits into the infrastructure network of the whole area).
Integrated Engineering Asset Management (IEAM) Haider [8] argues that “asset management entails preserving the value function of an asset during its lifecycle and maintaining it to as designed or near original condition through maintenance, upgrade, and renewal until sustainable retirement of the asset due to end of need or technology refresh”. Asset Management definition is largely dependant on the perspective from which we are analysing the assets and the purpose of the study. For example, Woodhouse defines Asset Management as “the set of disciplines, methods, procedures and tools derived from business objectives aimed at optimising the whole life business impact of costs, performance and risk exposures associated with the availability, efficiency, quality, longevity and regulatory/safety/environmental compliance of an organisation’s assets” [9]. Therefore, from a business perspective, Asset Management refers to attributes such as: assets health, availability/reliability and performance (HARP) and the aim is to reduce costs, increase reliability, performance and return on investment (ROI) in order to increase customer satisfaction [10]. Asset Management in the Business arena deals with the dynamic impact of HARP values on to each other and is mainly interested in the financial value of the assets. [11]. Business Asset Management mainly uses data from business, financial, human resource, inventory and maintenance systems, such as Facility Management Systems (FMS) or Financial Systems (FS). These systems store static data about the physical assets and cannot acquire or use dynamic data relevant to the operation or performance of the asset. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) is also included in this area, which we will call the Business Management area. From a technical point of view, Asset Management refers to gathering critical (very often real-time, dynamic) data, along the life-cycle of the asset, monitoring the assets and collecting data in order to perform intelligent diagnosis to support their maintenance and performance. This part of Asset Management is based on systems
4
like system control, data acquisition, condition monitoring and condition maintenance management. We will call this area the Engineering Management domain. From an information perspective the Asset Management refers to collecting and storing data about the assets using various application software and integrating them into Information Management systems, storing them into Data Warehouses and retrieving information as needed for various purposes. These systems could include critical and/or non-critical data, could be either fully developed systems or particular technologies designed with a specific focus in mind (such as systems used to record dynamic snapshots for control and monitoring-e.g.: SCADA- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). We will call this area the Information Management domain. The problem with all these systems from various domains is that they do not communicate to each other, they use different technologies, store data in separate databases, and use different data structure formats. It comes as a consequence that efforts are now aimed at designing Integrated Asset Management systems, and to be able to achieve this goal, open (international) standards need to be created and implemented. Referring to the current status of systems integration MIMOSA president, Alan Johnston, remarks that “what organizations have not done is to establish proper systems integration between their real-time oriented plant floor systems and their transaction-processing oriented business systems.” [12] Johnston uses the concept of vertical and diagonal integration of data into information systems and considers that the integration should start with collaboration between key standards organizations in order to ensure efficient, effective, and interoperable standards.[12] The “Theoretical Framework for Integrated Asset Management” designed by CIEAM [13] distinguishes 12 functions (modules) pertaining to an Integrated Asset Management Framework: 1. 2 3 4 5 6
Strategic Planning Asset Ownership Risk Management Budgeting and Costing Data Management Condition Monitoring
7 8 9 10 11 12
Tactical Planning Human Resources Asset Usage Life Cycle Performance Measures Information Systems Financial Management
For the purpose of having a generic view of engineering asset management standards, we will group the CIEAM asset management modules into three main areas as per the layers identified above (Business Management, Engineering Management and Information Management) and create a graphical representation of an Integrated Asset Management system, with the following components (Figure 3):
5
BM
EM
IM EM - Engineering Management BM - Business Management IM - Information Management
Figure 3- Integrated Engineering Asset Management (IEAM) Diagram Source: Developed by the authors
1. Business Management: Strategic Planning, Risk Management, Financial Management, Budgeting and Costing, Asset Ownership 2. Engineering Management: Assets Usage Life Cycle, Performance Measures, Tactical Planning, Condition Monitoring 3. Information Management: Information Systems, Data Management, Human Resources The Information Management domain has a special role in the IEAM diagram. The IM is the support layer of integration between the EM and the BM domains, and its role increased in time with the evolution of Information Technology discipline (Figure 4). Initially, the Information Management was concerned with managing information and communication between the EM and BM areas via “point-to-point” interfaces between individual systems intra or inter EM and BM domains (Figure 4 A). The evolution of Information Technology and the increased role of Internet lead to a more mature and robust IM infrastructure which is currently able to support not only static, but also dynamic integration between systems, on a larger scale and from a variety of disparate sources (Figure 4 B). In order to perform an analysis of standards related to the integration of asset management systems we need to investigate not only the standards and evolution of trends inside the two main domains, EM and BM, but we need also to be aware of the developments in the IM area and the directions and opportunities created by the latest research in the IM realm.
6
Information Technology
Business
Eng
Business
Information Technology
Eng
A
B
Figure 4 - Information Management Layer evolution: A-IT incipient level B-IT mature level Source: Developed by the authors
Interoperability levels on the IEAM diagram In the IEAM diagram the core of the IEAM diagram shows an overlapping area between EM, BM and IM. This is the area of most importance in the discussion of integration of asset management systems (Figure 5). This area would represent the achievement of complete interoperability among systems from the EM and BM domains, based on the most mature and robust IM models and architectures. The level of maturity of the IT is an important factor in the functionality of an Information System, as it defines the characteristics of the system as a whole and it dictates the level of interoperability with other systems. Therefore, the standards that belong to the core of the IEAM diagram are standards that support this high level of integration. For example, the B2MML standard (see Appendix) is situated in the EM-BM-IM area, because it covers both the EM and BM areas and is based on XML format for data exchange; hence it has the potential of integrating systems over the Internet. The corresponding standard ISA-SP95 (with its international version ISO/IEC 62264) is not at the same level of interoperability, as it does not provide a proper data exchange structure (hence the need to create an XML version for it). BatchML on the other hand, even though it is an XML version of another ISA standard (ISA-88), it is not situated in the EM-BM-IM area because it lacks the BM component. In this research we are investigating the standards that are currently available to support the integration of asset management systems. Depending on the number of overlapping layers on the IEAM diagram, three main categories of areas of standards are shown in Figure 5 below:
7
BM
EM-BM
BM-IM
EM-BM-IM
EM
IM EM-IM
Figure 5 - Integrated Engineering Asset Management (IEAM) Standard Types Source: Developed by the authors
The first category is a “single layer” type of domain, i.e. the EM, BM or the IM realms (blue on the IEAM diagram in Figure 5); in these areas we will place standards concerned only with a particular domain. These standards impact on the communication inside the domain, they define procedures and specifications for internal activities. An example could be the UML specification which deals with issues specific to the IM domain. Even though UML can be at the foundation of other standards used in other domains, the UML in itself is part of the IM domain, as it deals with issues specific to the IM area. The second type of area is a “double layer” domain, i.e. the EM-BM, BM-IM or the EM-IM. Standards in this area interconnect activities from two domains. Examples could be the ISA-95 for the BM-EM area, PAS-55 for the BM-IM area or OSA-CBM for the EM-IM area. The third and most complex area is the “three layer” domain, covering activities from all three domains: EM-BM-IM. An example of such a standard is the MDA (Model Driven Architecture). Even though MDA could be considered an IM standard in the first instance, due to its universality and the fact that it can be applied across platforms and domains, it belongs to the EM-BM-IM, due to its potential of interoperability. Basically, we can say that standards that will define full interoperability between the three domains will need to be based on IM architectures similar to MDA, SOA or OPC-UA. Even though these architectures do not cover BM and EM areas explicitly, their universality include these domains, as well as any other, so we could conclude that these architectures are the first step towards building fully integrated systems in the future. The information architecture dictates the level of interoperability and its design is the first step towards interoperability. Only after a flexible and extensible information architecture is in place, we can further look at various parts of the asset management lifecycle and discuss their level of interoperability.
8
It can thus be concluded that on the IEAM diagram, the more layers a standard covers the more useful to the goal of integration it is, and following this criterion we will assign existing standards to specific areas on the diagram.
Distribution of standards on the IEAM diagram A better view of the distribution of activity in the standardization space can be gleaned by populating the IEAM diagram with the corresponding standards for each of its domains. This has been done and is shown in Figure 6 below. For a brief description of each of the standards discussed please see the Appendix.
The EM-IM area This area is by far the most populated area with standards at this stage. Standardisation efforts of ISA (The Instrumentation, Systems and Automation Society), the ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation), MIMOSA (Machinery Information Management Open Systems Alliance), IAI (International Alliance for Interoperability), OMG (Object Management Group), OPC (Open Connectivity Foundation), IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and WBF (World Batch Forum) all have standards included in this area. These standards use various IM technologies in order to increase interoperability between various systems dealing with various aspects of the lifecycle of an asset, especially the Operation and Maintenance block. Examples of standards in this area include the WBF’s BatchML, based on the ISA-88 standard that defines models and terminology for batch processing industry. BatchML is an important standard in this area, due to its XML format that allows easier data exchange across platforms. STEP-Standard for the Exchange of Product model data (ISO 10303) is another important standard in this area, covering data exchange throughout the lifecycle of the assets. Efforts are underway to make STEP information universally available using XML and UML standards. MIMOSA’s OSA-CBM (Open System Architecture for Condition Based Maintenance) and OSA-EAI (Open Systems Architecture for Enterprise Application Integration) are also included in the EM-IM area.
The EM-BM area The integration between the EM and BM areas is much less represented by international standards. ISA created the ISA-95, a standard for the integration of enterprise and control systems, and IEC brought it to an international level, via IEC 62264. The PLCS-Product Life Cycle Support is an ISO 10303 Application Protocol 239 supported by OASIS (Organisation for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards) that develops and publishes the PLCS Data Exchange Sets (DEX). PLCS is an attempt to cover both EM and BM areas in a single integrated information model. PLCS standard is built on a modular architecture in order to construct a single integrated information model.
9
BM
PAS-55 IEC 62264/ ISA-95 PLCS
EM
B2MML OPC-UA SOA MDA CRIS STEP OSA-CBM OSA-EAI
FpML UML XML
IM
Web Services
OMA IEEE 1451 IFC ISO-13374 DNP IEC 870 BatchML IEEE 1232 OPC-DA ISA-88 ISA-SP99 Figure 6 – Standards distribution on the IEAM diagram Source: Developed by the authors
The BM-IM area The main standards that cover the BM-IM area are PAS-55 (from IAM-Institute of Asset Management, UK and BSI-British Standards Institution), a business standard consisting of 21-point requirements, and the FpML standard from the FpML.org organisation that focuses upon business information exchange standards based on XML.
The BM-EM-IM area One current international standards that could fall into the BM-IM-IM category is the B2MML (Business to Manufacturing Markup Language) from WBF. Based on ISA95 which already focused on the integration between the EM and BM domains, B2MML takes a further step towards the full integration of the three domains, by designing an XML interface to it, so it could be situated in the IEAM core area. Other useful standards for complete integration of the BM and EM domains are the universal architectures developed in the IM arena recently. The MDA (Model Driven Architecture) developed by OMG (Object Management Group) is based on OMG’s other useful technologies (UML, MOF and OMA- see Appendix for details). MDA aims to separate the business and application logic from
10
the details of how the system operates in order to increase interoperability between systems. OPC UA (OPC Unified Architecture) is an attempt from the Open Connectivity Foundation to unify the data exchange by exposing information models via services. OPC UA is closely related to the SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), which attempts to define business and application needs using the idea of services. In a SOA, services play the main role in the design of an enterprise architecture as they are used, updated or replaced according to business needs.
General Remarks Several observations from this meta-analysis of standards research: 1. There is high activity towards the creation of standards in areas of overlapping domains, such as EM-IM, EM-BM and BM-IM, with the area covered the most being the EM-IM. Such standards support interconnectivity between EM and BM systems to a certain degree. 2. Some of the existing standards have been translated or are currently in the process of being translated into XML format in order to make them more flexible and allow better interoperability between systems. An example of this trend is the US ISA-95 standard, adopted internationally as IEC 62262 and “translated” into XML by WBF as B2MML; the US ISA-88 was adopted internationally as IEC 61512 and turned into XML format as BatchML by WBF. This is because the more advanced IT standards are used (e.g. XML or UML), the more advanced interoperability between systems it can deal with. The tendency towards the creation of standards in XML format is quite evident in all overlapping areas so that standards can support data exchange via the Internet, using the Web Services technologies and support the SOA (Service Oriented Architectures) or similar architectures 3. Recent efforts in the IM domain have been concentrated towards creating universal architectures to support integration from disparate domains (for example the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) from OMG or the OPC-UA from OPC foundation). In order to provide full interoperability in between systems, new types of Asset Management architectures need to be developed based on these highly flexible structures.
CONCLUSION AND LIMITATIONS This paper reported the initial stages of ongoing research in identifying, classifying and evaluating the efficacy of standards in the area of Engineering Asset Management. It provided initial thinking towards the development of a generic view of the integration of Engineering Asset Management through a three domain integration diagram, the IEAM. A review of current standards was undertaken in an attempt to classify them according to the domains of the IEAM. It is evident that international efforts are currently concentrated in the “double layer” areas of overlapping domains but the core of the diagram contains already some flexible universal IM architectures that could be built upon to achieve full interoperability of the IEAM domains. It is also clear that much work is currently done towards the adoption of Web Services and the Service Oriented Architectures initiatives. This promises enhanced interoperability and integration of EAM information systems. Finally it is noticed that significant gaps exist in this area of research and further research is required.
11
FUTURE WORK The purpose of this paper was to have a comprehensive view on standards that would promote and facilitate the integration of the Asset Management systems. In an Asset Management system we can distinguish at least three layers of integration - a System level interconnection (using standard protocols such as TCP/IP), a Data level integration and an Application integration level. Our goal in the first instance was to look at interoperability of various Asset Management systems within the organisation (internal interoperability), and in future studies to expand the research to external interoperability (in between organisations). The interoperability between systems from different stages of the Asset Management lifecycle (such as the interconnection between CMS and the ERP or GIS from within the same institution) raises many issues, starting with the most obvious one that different systems store different data in different structure formats, hence using different metadata and metadata schemas. The recent developments in Internet and the Web allow now information systems to “open up” to the world (or their private network) using new web technologies such as XML syntax for representing web-accessible metadata and the RDF and/or XSLT for expressing semantic equivalences. SOA and Web Services will allow a level of integration and interoperability between systems that was not possible in the past and their potential needs to be leveraged to create the required interoperability level between Asset Management systems. According to Jeff Pollock, Senior Director with Oracle’s Fusion Middleware group, the big issue is understanding the difference between interoperability and integration [14]. “Interoperability-based approaches focus on the exchange of meaningful, contextdriven data between autonomous systems, whereas EAI [Enterprise Application Integration] approaches typically attempt to build a monolithic view of the enterprise, integrating processes and applications at the event & message level so that multiple systems become one logical unit. The two approaches can be complimentary, but interoperability solution would usually focus on how to exchange the minimal amount of information (not just data) to make two or more systems interoperable. In contrast, traditional EAI focuses on making two or more systems integrate by sharing APIs, messages, or tightly coupled workflow.” This paper presented a very general view on various standards from different layers of interoperability between Asset Management systems, mapping them to the three main domains of the IEAM diagram. Future work needs to concentrate in the first instance on re-designing Asset Management information architectures according to the new views of integration vs. interoperability in order to provide the loosely coupled environment in which Application Interoperability could take place. Once the architectures are defined, only then appropriate standards could be investigated and promulgated.
12
References 1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
8. 9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Kemmerer, S.J.(1999) STEP: The Grand Experience. NIST Special Publication 939 Date Accessed: 01 March, 2007; Available from: http://www.mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/stepbook.pdf. Krechmer, K. (2005). Open Standards Requirements. in Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii. Available from: http://www.csrstds.com/openstds.pdf. Tassey, G. (2000) Standardization in technology-based markets. Research Policy, Vol. 29, No. 4, Pg: 587-602(16) Available from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00487333/2000/00000029/000000 04/art00091 Kemmerer, S.J.(2005) Exchanging Technical Product Data, The Story of ISO TC 184/SC4. NSF NSDL/CODATA Workshop on International Scientific Data, Standards and Digital Libraries, Denver, CO, June 10-11 Date Accessed: 02 March, 2007; Available from: http://www.mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/ISOprocess.pdf. Bloomberg, J. and R. Schmelzer (2006) Service Orient or Be Doomed: How Service Orientation Will Change Your Business: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bengtsson, M. (2003). Standardization Issues In Conditioned Based Maintenance. in Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management - Proceedings of the 16th International Congress. Växjö University, Sweden: Växjö University Press. Available from: http://www.idp.mdh.se/forskning/amnen/Produktprocess/projekt/cbm/publikat ioner/Standardization_Issues.pdf. Stapleberg, R.F. (2006) Risk Based Decision Making in Integrated Asset Management: From Development of Asset Management Frameworks to the Development of Asset Risk Management Plan. Professional Skills Training Courses: CIEAM - Cooperative Research Centre for Integrated Engineering Asset Management. Haider, A. (2007) IS based engineering asset management: Operational Interpretations. PhD Thesis, University of South Australia, Adelaide Woodhouse, J.(2001) Asset Management. Date Accessed: 30 March, 2007; Available from: http://www.iamuk.org/downloads/AM%20basic%20intro3.pdf. Dolezilek, D.J. and L.M. Ayers. (2001). Using Dynamic Real-Time Substation Information To Reinvent Asset Management in Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: IEEE/PES. Available from: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7665/20942/00971359.pdf?tp=&arnumber=971 359&isnumber=20942. Vanier, D.J. (2001) Why industry needs asset management tools NRCC-44702. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 1, Pg: 35-43 Available from: http://irc.nrccnrc.gc.ca/pubs/fulltext/nrcc44702/nrcc44702.pdf Johnston, A.T. (2005) Making a difference with information standards. Plant Engineering Magazine, Vol., No., Pg: Available from: http://www.plantengineering.com/article/CA526430.html Stapelberg, R.F. (2006) Assessment of Integrated Asset Management. Professional Skills Training Courses: CIEAM- Cooperative Research Centre for Integrated Engineering Asset Management.
13
14.
Pollock, J.T. (2001) The Big Issue: Interoperability vs. Integration-A Modulant White Paper. eAI Journal, Vol. 2007, No. 25 May, Pg: pp.48-52 Available from: http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/fetch/1287650/2426503/XML_semantic_interoperabilityIntegration_Pollock_1.pdf?nodeid=2425856&vernum=0 15. Baldwin, R.C. (2006) Enabling an E-Maintenance Infrastructure Maintenance Technology, Vol., No., Pg: Available from: http://www.mtonline.com/newarticles2/1201_mimosa.cfm 16. Mathew, A., et al. (2006) Reducing maintenance cost through effective prediction analysis and process integration. Advances in Vibration Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 2, Pg: 87-96 Available from: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/archive/00004842/01/4842.pdf 17. Lubell, J., et al. (2004). STEP, XML, And UML: Complementary Technologies. in ASME 2004 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference September 28–October 2. Salt Lake City, Utah USA. Available from: http://pdesinc.aticorp.org/downloadable_files/STEP_XML_UML_paper.pdf. 18. Coats, J.(1999) Comparison of DNP and IEC 870-5-101. Date Accessed: 21 March, 2007; Available from: http://www.trianglemicroworks.com/DNPvs870-5/main.htm. 19. MIMOSA.(2001) Overview of Machinery Information Management Open Systems Alliance (MIMOSA). Date Accessed: 16 March, 2007; Available from: http://www.eng.uc.edu/icams/projects/oaicbm/mimosa.pdf. 20. Miller, J. and e. Jishnu Mukerji.(2003) MDA Guide Version 1.0.1. Date Accessed: 05 March, 2007; Available from: http://www.omg.org/docs/omg/03-06-01.pdf.
14
APPENDIX - INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND MAIN STANDARDISATION BODIES Some of the international standardisation bodies and their most commonly used standards are described next briefly.
MIMOSA-Machinery Information Management Open Systems Alliance http://www.mimosa.org/ MIMOSA is one of the main standardisation bodies in the EM-IM arena. Founded in 1994 as a “not-for-profit trade association”, its main objective is developing and encouraging the implementation of open information standards for Operations and Maintenance (O&M) in manufacturing, fleet, and facility environments. Talking about enabling an e-maintenance infrastructure (“a network that integrates and synchronizes the various maintenance and reliability applications to gather and deliver asset information where it is needed, when it is needed”), Baldwin, [15] argues that one of the main benefits of open protocol standards such as those developed by MIMOSA, is access to various information systems holding different information types (e.g.: work history, reliability data, vibration analysis, infrared thermography, oil analysis, control device monitors, etc.), via a unified view. Some of most used MIMOSA standards are:
OSA-EAI v. 3.0g- Open Systems Architecture for Enterprise Application Integration (http://www.mimosa.org/portal/34/downloaddescription.aspx?documentID=34) The OSA-EAI has been developed by MIMOSA to fulfil an industry need to enable interconnectivity of the islands of maintenance and reliability information in an enterprise collaborative maintenance network. OSA-EAI is concerned with data exchange between seven asset management (AM) areas: asset register management; work management; diagnostic and prognostic assessment; vibration and sound data; oil, fluid and gas data; thermographic data; and reliability information. The interfaces are defined as XML schema and the implementation model is based on CRIS. OSA-EAI provides the architecture for static data archiving and storage and it targets inter-system interfaces. The OSA-EAI supports both a HTTP client/server model and file import/export model. On the IEAM diagram this standard covers the EM-IM area, as it covers technical aspects of asset management and issues of interconnectivity between systems defining an architecture for data exchange and interfaces between systems. It does not contain any Business Management aspects, so it belongs to the EM-IM area.
CRIS Common Relational Information Schema (CRIS) is an asset management standard model for data fields. It was developed by MIMOSA in more than 5 years and represents a static view of the data produced by a CBM (Condition Based Maintenance) system. It contains “standard site, asset and functional service segment identification nomenclature”. CRIS provides also a method for standard measurement location identification across various technologies (dynamic, scalar, binary and sampling), allows communication of diagnostic, health and prognosis, models maintenance and production work requests and provides the information framework for storing reliability data. MIMOSA has begun adapting CRIS to XML. [15]
15
On the IEAM diagram CRIS is located on the EM-IM area, as it covers issues from the EM domain (the data fields related to the technical aspects of asset management) and provides an information framework for storing data, hence it belongs to the IM domain as well. It does not relate to any Business activities, so it belongs to the EMIM area.
OSA-CBM v3.1L- Open System Architecture for Condition-Based Maintenance (http://www.mimosa.org/downloads/39/specifications/index.aspx) The OSA/CBM is a standard architecture/ framework for monitoring and diagnostic of assets. It integrates all Condition-Based Maintenance processes, from data acquisition to decision making. [16] OSA-CBM focuses on the six functional blocks of CBM systems (Data Acquisition, Data Manipulation, Condition Monitoring, Health Assessment, Prognostics and Decision Making) and the interfaces between those blocks. It has built in meta-data to describe the processing that is occurring and it is defined using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). OSA-CBM is based on the ISO-13374 functional specification and it adds data structures and defines interface methods for the functionality blocks defined by the ISO standard. OSA-CBM uses the CRIS model as its core infrastructure and the goal is to have OSA-CBM map into OSA-EAI. OSA-CBM belongs to the EM-IM domain, as it focuses on the technical aspects of Condition Based Maintenance and it also adds data structure and defines interface methods, thus belonging to the Information Management area as well.
IAM -The Institute of Asset Management http://www.iam-uk.org/ IAM is an independent organisation dedicated to enhancing the knowledge and understanding of Asset Management. It was founded in 1977, initially as the “Computer Aided Maintenance Management Group”, but later on the name was changed to reflect the growing importance of Asset Management. IAM provides an international forum for sharing Asset Management best practices between sectors (industries, academic institutions, and vendors). It creates standards for terminology, methods, information systems and IT applied to Asset Management.
PAS 55- Publicly Available Specification http://www.squidoo.com/pas55/ The Publicly Available Specification (PAS 55) is a 21-point requirements specification submitted to the British Standards Institution (BSI) in 2002. PAS aims to be aligned or integrated with other related business system standards, so the PAS specification was designed in the form of a specification and based on the BS ISO format (comparable with widely adopted standards such as ISO 14000- a series of international standards on environmental management and ISO 9000:2000 the international standard for quality management). This standard sits in the BM-IM area of the IEAM diagram.
ISO International Organization for Standardization http://www.iso.org/
16
ISO a non-governmental organization aiming "to facilitate the international coordination and unification of industrial standards". ISO acts as a bridging organization between the public and private sectors in which a consensus can be reached on solutions that meet both the requirements of business and the broader needs of society. Some of the ISO standards of interest to the Engineering Asset Management community are:
ISO-13374 - Condition Monitory and Diagnostics of Machines ISO 13374 focuses on software specifications related to data processing, communication, and presentation of machine condition monitoring and diagnostic information. It is the foundation of the OSA-CBM standard developed by MIMOSA and it could be consider its precursor. On The IEAM diagram ISO-13374 is located on the EM-IM area.
ISO 10303 - STEP ISO 10303 – “STEP-Standard for the Exchange of Product model data” is a standard covering data throughout the lifecycle of the product. STEP has an associated modelling language, EXPRESS also established as a standard (ISO 10303-11) that defines the objects and the associations between objects in a STEP data exchange model. STEP data are usually exchanged using an ASCII character based syntax defined in ISO 10303-21 and the main disadvantage using this syntax is that it can be understood only by software supporting STEP. Efforts are currently underway to make STEP information available in universal formats, such as XML and UML. ISO/DIS 10303-28 focuses on XML representations of EXPRESS schemas and data, and ISO/TS 10303-25 specifies a mapping from the EXPRESS data specification language into the Unified Modeling Language (UML), for the purpose of generating files conforming to the OMG XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) standard. This will allow STEP to provide support for more flexible Web Services applications and STEP databases to become an important resource in identifying compatible products and processes on the Web. [17] “STEP allows companies to effectively exchange information with their worldwide partners, customers and suppliers, as well as internally. … Product development strategies, such as concurrent engineering, enterprise integration, electronic commerce and quality function deployment, will significantly benefit from the use of STEP -- allowing them to have a broad impact within enterprises. By removing the barriers that prevent maximum flexibility in design, manufacture, and support, STEP will enable manufacturers to achieve new, higher levels of quality and productivity while reducing costs and time-to-market.” [12] On the IEAM diagram STEP is located on the EM-BM area.
IEEE-SA (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association -Standards Association) http://standards.ieee.org/sa/index.html The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association (IEEESA) is the leading developer of global industry standards with more than 20,000 participants. IEEE-SA standards cover a broad-range of industries, including: Power and Energy, Biomedical and Healthcare, Information Technology, Telecommunications, Transportation, Nanotechnology, Information Assurance.
17
IEEE 1451(http://ieee1451.nist.gov/) IEEE 1451 is a universally accepted set of open standards for sensors and actuators used by smart transducer interfaces. The objective of this project is to “make it easier for transducer manufacturers to develop smart devices and to interface those devices to networks, systems, and instruments by incorporating existing and emerging sensorand networking technologies.” IEEE 1451 is situated in the EM-IM area of the IEAM diagram.
IEEE AI-ESTATE (IEEE 1232)- IEEE trial-use standard for Artificial Intelligence Exchange and Service Tie to All Test Environments (AIESTATE): data and knowledge specification http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?tp=&isnumber=16174&arnumber=749036 &punumber=6048 The IEEE 1232 standard defines formal software interfaces to system diagnosis tools and applications. It designs services to manipulate information models and to control a diagnostic reasoner and includes a new information model to manipulate dynamic information obtained during the process of system diagnosis. The IEEE 1232 standard is located in the EM-IM area of the IEAM diagram.
IEC-The International Electrotechnical Commission IEC is the leading global standards organization for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. The IEC standards serve as a basis for national standardization and as references for international tenders and contracts.
IEC 60870 (IEC 870) -Telecontrol equipment and systems This is one of the communication protocol standards used by SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems, especially in Europe and Middle East. North America and Australia use instead the DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol), which is based on the IEC 60870-5 but not identical [18]. DNP3 and IEC 60870-5 are two of the most widely recognised open standards by the SCADA vendors. The IEC 870 and DNP3 are situated in the EM-IM area.
IEC 61512 IEC 61512 is the international equivalent of the US standard ISA-88 and it is one of the most widely adapted standards for manufacturing control systems in the U.S. and Europe. IEC 61512 is concerned with batch control activities and defines models and terminology, data structures, guidelines for languages and a general and site recipe models and representation that can be used to describe and define batch manufacturing systems. The IEC 61512 is situated in the EM-IM area on the IEAM diagram.
IEC 62264 - Enterprise Control System Integration This standard is the international equivalent of the US standard ISA-95 for the integration of enterprise and control systems. It contains models and terminology, as well as object model attributes. The IEC 62264 standards are situated in the EM-BM area of the IEAM diagram.
ISA - The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society
18
Founded in 1945 as the “Instrument Society of America”, ISA changed its name to “Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society” in 2000 when its role as a leading international organisation in setting the standard for automation was widely recognised and it was considered that its technical scope had grown beyond instrumentation. ISA is a “not for profit” organisation and has over 30,000 world wide members. We include the ISA organisation in this review as two of its standards have become international standards of significant importance in the Asset Management sector, the ISA-88 and ISA-95.
ISA-88 (IEC 61512) http://www.isa-88.com/ The ISA-88 (initially called S88) is the US standard for batch processing industry, focused on increasing flexibility in production. It defines models and terminology for structuring the production process and for developing the control of equipment. ISA88 can be applied in fully automated, semi automated and even in completely manual production processes. ISA-88 defines data structures and guidelines for languages and provides a detailed description of production records, including an object model of production record contents. ISA-88 is situated in the EM-IM area on the IEAM diagram.
ISA-95(IEC 62264) standard for the integration of enterprise and control systems http://www.isa-95.com/ ISA-95 (initially called S95) is the US standard for the integration of enterprise and control systems. ISA-95 consists of models and terminology and its objective is to reduce the cost, risk and errors associated with implementing interfaces between enterprise and production control systems. The ISA-95 standard information is structured in UML models and it can be used as a guide for selection or development of MES (Manufacturing Execution Systems) and databases. ISA-95 is located in the EM-BM area of the IEAM diagram.
ISA-SP99 - Manufacturing and Control Systems Security http://www.isa.org/MSTemplate.cfm?Section=Home964&Site=SP99,_Manufacturing _and_Control_Systems_Security1&Template=/ContentManagement/MSContentDispl ay.cfm&ContentID=59053 ISA-SP99 is another ISA standard of interest to the Asset Management community. It defines procedures related to the security of manufacturing and control systems. Its guidelines are provided for the benefit of designers, implementers or managers of manufacturing and control systems, but apply also to users, system integrators, security practitioners, and control systems manufacturers and vendors. On the IEAM diagram ISA-SP99 is situated in the EM-IM area.
OMG- Object Management Group http://www.omg.org/ OMG is an international “not for profit” computer industry consortium focused on the design and implementation of middleware standards and profiles, based on the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA).
19
OMA - Object Management Architecture OMA is a framework concerned with distributed systems and their individual parts. Together with CORBA, specifies types of connectors and the rules for their use. OMA enables objects to make and receive requests and responses. OMA is situated in the IM area on the IEAM diagram, as it does not refer specifically to the Asset Management sector.
CORBA - Common Object Request Broker Architecture Proprietary data formats used in various applications that control and maintain an enterprise require a form of translator or wrappers around applications to facilitate communication at the enterprise level. [19] CORBA is a middleware architecture providing interoperability among clients and servers distributed over a heterogeneous environment. CORBA could be also considered a framework for implementing distributed systems. On the IEAM diagram CORBA could be situated in the IM area as it does not refer specifically to any of the EM or BM domains.
UML-Unified Modeling Language http://www.uml.org/ UML is the OMG’s most-used specification. It provides a modeling language for application structures, behaviors, architecture, as well as business processes and data structures. It is situated in the IM domain on the IEAM diagram.
MOF-Meta Object Facility http://www.omg.org/mof/ The Meta Object Facility is a specification at the foundation of the OMG's industrystandard environment. It specifies the rules of intercommunication between systems via models that can be “exported from one application, imported into another, transported across a network, stored in a repository and then retrieved, rendered into different formats …transformed, and used to generate application code”. MOF is situated in the IM domain on the IEAM diagram.
MDA-Model Driven Architecture http://www.omg.org/mda/ MDA is based on the idea of separating business and application logic of a system from the details of how the system uses its platform technology. The MDA architecture aims to increase portability, interoperability and reusability and it represents an approach to using models in software development. MDA is based on OMG’s established standards: UML, OMA, and MOF technology such as CWM, the Common Warehouse Metamodel. [20] Platform independent models can be realised through MDA on any platform, proprietary or open (Web Services, .NET, CORBA, etc.). This flexibility makes MDA an excellent candidate to support interoperability between the three areas of the IEAM diagram, as it is generic enough to cover all three IEAM domains, and it is specific enough to cater for each individual domain needs. MDA is situated at the core of the IEAM diagram, in the EM-IM-BM area.
20
XMI- XML Metadata Interchange XMI is an OMG standard for exchanging metadata information via XML. There two main objectives of the XMI standard: to enable easy exchange of metadata between UML-based modeling tools and MOF-based metadata repositories in distributed heterogeneous environments; and to use XMI as a way for passing models from modeling tools to software generation tools as part of model-driven engineering. XMI is situated in the IM domain on the IEAM diagram.
OPC (Open Connectivity) Foundation http://www.opcfoundation.org/ OPC is concentrating its efforts to endorse “open connectivity via open standards”. OPC is focused on interoperability in automation industry via creation and maintenance of open standards. Two of the main OPC standard specifications are OPC DA and OPC UA.
OPC Data Access (OPC DA) http://www.opcfoundation.org/Default.aspx/01_about/01_whatis.asp This standard specification is a result of collaboration between Microsoft and various automation suppliers. It was originally based on Microsoft's OLE COM (component object model) and DCOM (distributed component object model) technologies. The specification is used to facilitate interoperability in process control and manufacturing automation applications. These specifications are also known as “OPC COM” specifications. OPC DA is situated in the EM-IM area.
OPC Unified Architecture http://www.opcfoundation.org/Default.aspx/01_about/UA.asp?MID=AboutOPC#Arti cles This is a new generation standard developed as a consequence of evolving technologies in the IT arena. Due to the current trend towards Web Services platforms and Service Oriented Architectures (SOA), OPC considered changing the interoperability standards as well, especially because OPC vendors are now interested in a single set of services to expose the OPC data models (unification of OPC data models), and they also need the ability to implement OPC on non-Microsoft systems. In response to this demand, OPC created the OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA). OPC-UA is based on open, internet-based communication standards such as: TCP/IP, HTTP, SOAP, and XML. As a consequence OPC-UA can be implemented on a much wider scale, from embedded field devices through to Unix or mainframe-based enterprise applications. OPC UA aims to unify the transfer of data by exposing information models via a base set of services. The OPC UA is located in the BM-EM-IM area of the IEAM diagram.
OASIS-Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards http://www.oasis-open.org/ OASIS is a not-for-profit, international consortium that concentrates on the development of e-business standards. OASIS develops most of the Web services
21
standards in addition to standardisation efforts for security in the public sector and private sector.
OASIS PLCS TC and ISO 10303, Application Protocol (AP) 239 Product Lifecycle Support (PLCS) http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=plcs The OASIS PLCS TC works to establish structured data exchange and sharing capabilities for use by industry to support complex assets throughout their complete life cycle. PLCS defines structured data exchange specifications to support complex engineering assets throughout their total life cycle. The Data Exchange Specifications (DEX’s) are based upon ISO 10303 (STEP). PLCS concentrates on Support Engineering, Resource Management, Configuration Management (multiple product views) and Maintenance and Feedback. PLCS is situated in the EM-BM area, as it focuses upon application protocols and data models that make relevant parts of ISO 10303 STEP useful in the ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and PDM (Product Data Management) areas. PLCS provides the high-level data model, together with business rules and usage guidelines as well as reference data types that can be directly incorporated into applications.
WBF - World Batch Forum http://www.wbf.org/ WBF - The Forum for Automation and Manufacturing Professionals is a non-profit, professional association for manufacturers and suppliers associated with industries where the automation processing is a common manufacturing method, such as: chemical, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, and food and beverage industries. WBF focuses on the exchange of information related to the management, operation and automation of batch process manufacturing.
B2MML-Business to Manufacturing Markup Language http://www.wbf.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=45 B2MML is an XML implementation of the ISA-SP95 (internationally known as IEC/ISO 62264). It is intended for companies interested in following ISA-95 for integration projects to integrate business systems such as ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and supply chain management systems with manufacturing systems such as industrial control systems (ICS) and manufacturing execution systems (MES). It is situated in the EM-BM-IM zone of the IEAM diagram, as it covers the integration between the EM and BM domains and it uses an IM interoperability standard, XML.
BatchML- Batch Markup Language http://www.wbf.org/ BatchML is an XML implementation of the ISA-88, internationally known as IEC 61512. It is a tool for exchanging ISA-88 data, which deals with batch processes. BatchML is situated in the EM-IM area of the IEAM diagram.
IAI- International Alliance for Interoperability http://www.iai-international.org/
22
IAI is an alliance of organizations focused on the improvement of productivity and efficiency in the construction and facilities management industry. The IAI is the creator of the Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs) a common language of a new interoperable infrastructure, the basis for sharing information throughout the building and construction project life cycle, across disciplines and technical applications. The IAI mission is to “to develop a standard universal framework to enable and encourage information sharing and interoperability throughout all phases of the whole building life cycle.”
IFC-Industry Foundation Classes http://www.iai-na.org/technical/faqs.php The IFC data model is a neutral and open specification developed by the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) to facilitate interoperability in the building industry. It is an object oriented file format with a data model, and is commonly used for Building Information Modeling (BIM). “Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs) are data elements that represent the parts of buildings, or elements of the process, and contain the relevant information about those parts.” IFC is situated in the EM-IM area of the IEAM diagram.
FpML.org http://www.fpml.org/ FpML.org objective is to develop and promote the “Financial products Markup Language” as an XML-based common exchange format for derivatives trading.
FpML (Financial products Markup Language) FpML is the business information exchange standard for electronic dealing and processing of financial derivatives instruments. It establishes a new protocol for sharing information based on XML. All categories of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives will eventually be incorporated into the standard. The standard, which is freely licensed, is intended to automate the flow of information across the entire derivatives partner and client network, independent of the underlying software or hardware infrastructure supporting the activities related to these transactions. FpML is of value when the direct communication of derivative trade descriptions and environment information between two firms is desired. Ultimately, it will allow for the electronic integration of a range of services, from Internet-based electronic dealing and confirmations to the risk analysis of client portfolios. FpML is situated in the BM-IM area on the IEAM diagram.
W3C - World Wide Web Consortium http://www.w3.org/ Even thought W3C doesn’t deal directly with the Asset Management sector, its standards constitute the main foundation for some of the newest technologies used to enable intercommunication between Asset Management information systems and are widely included in the work of other standardisation bodies that concentrate on the exchange of information between all three areas of the IEAM diagram. Some of the most widely used W3C standards are:
23
XML- Extensible Markup Language (XML) XML is a text format standard derived from SGML (ISO 8879) that enables datadriven Web representations. XML is playing an increasingly important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web and elsewhere. XML versions of main international standards are currently developed by various organisations (e.g. WBF World Batch Forum) in order to promote the exchange of information related to the management and operation of assets on a global scale. We could place XML in the IM area of the IEAM diagram.
Web Services (including Web Services architecture) Web Services are pieces of software designed to support interoperability between systems over a network. Usually they are Web APIs (application programming interfaces) that can be accessed over the Internet and executed on a remote system. Web Services are at the core of the SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) and are situated in the IM area of the IEAM diagram.
Service Oriented Architecture-SOA SOA is an architecture created in response to the increased complexity of the IT infrastructures. It aims to redefine the IT infrastructure in order to eliminate duplicate and overlapping processes so that it could adapt faster to business changes, increasing the flexibility of enterprises. SOA is based on the idea of services that can be leveraged across applications and can be changed, updated or replaced in order to suit the new business needs faster and at lower costs. One of the advantages of SOA is that it can be implemented using a variety of technologies, such as DCOM (Microsoft), CORBA (OMG) or Web Services (W3).
24
