International Conference on Enterprise Informatio

Book of industry papers, poster papers and abstracts of the CENTERIS 2015 – International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems / ProjMAN 2015 - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist 2015 - International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies

7-9, October 2015, Vilamoura, Portugal

Editors: Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal João Varajão, University of Minho, Portugal Ricardo Martinho, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Rui Rijo, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Petra Schubert, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Albert Boonstra, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Ricardo Correia, University of Porto, Portugal Alexander Berler, Gnomon Informatics, Chair of HL7 Hellas, Greece

ISBN 978-989-97433-6-6 (printed) Book of abstracts of the CENTERIS 2015 – Conference on Enterprise Information Systems / ProjMAN 2015 – International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist 2015 – International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies

Full title: Book of industry papers, poster papers and abstracts of the CENTERIS 2015 - Conference on Enterprise Information Systems / ProjMAN 2015 - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist 2015 - International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies

Editors: Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal João Varajão, University of Minho, Portugal Ricardo Martinho, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Rui Rijo, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Petra Schubert, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Albert Boonstra, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Ricardo Correia, University of Porto, Portugal Alexander Berler, Gnomon Informatics, Chair of HL7 Hellas, Greece

Main supporting entitites: AIS - Association for Information Systems Winning Management Consulting IPMA/APOGEP - International Project Management Association/Associação Portuguesa de Gestão de Projetos PMI/PC - Project Management Institute/Portugal Chapter Publisher: SciKA Graphic Design: João Varajão and Manuela Cunha Editing and Finishing: Emanuel Peres Printing: 300 Legal deposit: ISBN: 978-989-97433-6-6 (printed) Websites: http://centeris.scika.org | http://hcist.scika.org | http://projman.scika.org Price: 40€

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CONFERENCES Main supporting entities AIS - Association for Information Systems Winning Management Consulting IPMA/APOGEP - International Project Management Association/Associação Portuguesa de GP PMI/PC - Project Management Institute/Portugal Chapter

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Keynote Speaker Rodney Turner, SKEMA Business School, Université Lille Nord de France, France

CENTERIS 2015 Organization CENTERIS General Chairs: Petra Schubert, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave, Portugal

CENTERIS Advisory Board Chair: João Varajão, University of Minho, Portugal

CENTERIS Organization Chair: Dulce Domingos, University of Lisbon, Portugal

CENTERIS Workshops Chair: Delfina Sá Soares, University of Minho, Portugal

CENTERIS Proceedings Chair: Emanuel Peres, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal

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CENTERIS Program Chair: João Varajão, University of Minho, Portugal

CENTERIS Advisory Board: Helmut Krcmar, Technical University of Munich, Germany João Varajão, University of Minho, Portugal Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal Niels Bjørn-Andersen, Copenhagen Business School, Danmark Philip Powell, Birkbeck University of London, UK Philip Yetton, The University of South Wales, Australia

CENTERIS Organising Committee: António Trigo, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra Emanuel Peres, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Delfina Sá Soares, University of Minho Filipe Sá Soares, University of Minho João Varajão, University of Minho Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal Ricardo Martinho, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria Vitor Fernandes, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria

CENTERIS Scientific Committee: Abdel-Badeeh Salem, Ain Shams University, Egypt Adamantios Koumpis, University of Passau, Germany Agostino Poggi, DII - University of Parma, Italy Ahmed Elragal, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Arthur Tatnall, Victoria University, Australia Ashraf Khalil, Abu Dhabi University, United Arab Emirates Bernard Grabot, LGP-ENIT, France Bhimaraya Metri, IMI New Delhi, India

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Björn Johansson, Department of Informatics, Lund University, Sweden Carlos Páscoa, Portuguese Air Force Academy, Portugal Carmen De Pablos-Heredero, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain David Romero, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico Dieter Uckelmann, HFT Stuttgart, Germany Dulce Cristina Santos Iria Gonçalves, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria - Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Portugal Emad Abu-Shanab, Yarmouk University, Jordan Esra Kurt Tekez, Sakarya University, Turkey Essam Shehab, Cranfield University, United Kingdom Ethel Mokotoff, Universidad de Alcalá, Spain Faiez Gargouri, Mir@cl Laboratory. University of Sfax, Tunisia Fernando Moreira, Universidade Portucalense, Portugal Gabriela Henning, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina George Jamil, Informacoes em Rede Consultoria e Treinamento, Brazil Gilliean Lee, Lander University, United States Giorgio Bruno, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Heiko Duin, BIBA - Bremer Instut für Produktion nd Logostik GmbH an der Universität Bremen, Germany Ip-Shing Fan, Cranfield University, United Kingdom Jens Esshenbächer, PHWT Vechta, Germany João Varajão, University of Minho, Portugal Klara Antlova, Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic Laura Anna Ripamonti, Università di Milano, Italy Lazar Rusu, Stockholm University, Sweden Luís Ferreira, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave Ljubo Vlacic, Griffith University, Australia Lorna Uden, staffordshire University, United Kingdom Manuel Perez-Cota, University of Vigo, Spain Marco Painho, NOVA Information Management School, Portugal Maria Argyropoulou, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal Maria Tortorella, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Italy Marielba Zacarias, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal Meira Levy, University of Shenkar, Israel Michal Žemlička, University of Finance and Administration, Czech Republic Nicolaos Protogeros, University of Macedonia, Greece Nuno Alberto Ferreira Lopes, Instituto Politécnico do Cávado e do Ave, Portugal ÖZALP VAYVAY, Marmara University, Turkey Patricia Goncalves, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal

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Patricia Jiménez, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain Paulo Ávila, ISEP, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Rafael Corchuelo, University of Sevilla, Spain Rui Dinis Sousa, University of Minho, Portugal Sahbi Zahaf, MIRACL Laboratory, Tunisia Samo Bobek, University Maribor, School of economics and business, Slovenia Sana Bent Aboulkacem Guetat, Le Mans University, France Seifedine Kadry, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait Snezana Pantelic, Mihailo Pupin Institute, Serbia Stefan Klink, Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University, Germany Sven Carlsson, Lund University School of Economics and Management, Sweden Takao Ito, Hiroshima University, Japan Tariq Mahmoud, Oldenburg University, Germany Valentina Janev, The Mihajlo Pupin Institute, Serbia Vítor Carvalho, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal Vojko POTOCAN, University of Maribor, Faculty of Economics and Business, Slovenia Wai Ming Cheung, Northumbria University, United Kingdom

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ProjMAN 2015 Organization ProjMAN General Chairs: Albert Boonstra, University of Groningen, The Netherlands João Eduardo Quintela Varajão, University of Minho, Portugal

ProjMAN Advisory Board Chair: Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal

ProjMAN Program Chair: Hans Georg Gemünden, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany

ProjMAN Organization Chair: Dulce Gonçalves, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal

ProjMAN Publications Chair: Gabriela Fernandes, University of Southampton, UK

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ProjMAN Organising Committee: Albert Boonstra, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Emanuel Peres, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Dulce Gonçalves, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria Gabriela Fernandes, University of Southampton João Varajão, University of Minho Manuela Cunha, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave Rui Rijo, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria

ProjMAN Scientific Committee: Alexandra Tenera, UNL/FCT, Portugal Lerina Aversano, University of Sannio, Italy Charles Ryder, University of Chester, United Kingdom Christophe Bredillet, Société Française pour l’Avancement du Management de Projet (SMAP), France Darren Dalcher, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom Dietmar Nedbal, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Austria Dr. Muhammad Ehsan Khan, Inseyab Consulting and Information Solutions LLC., United Arab Emirates Eduardo Solteiro Pires, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal Erling S Andersen, BI Norwegian Business School, Norway Francisco Ortega, Universidad de Oviod, Spain Gabriela Fernandes, University of Minho, Portugal George Draghici, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania Isabel Moura, University of Minho, Portugal Jos Van Hillegersberg, University of Twente, Netherlands Janne Harkonen, University of Oulu, Finland Jose Verdun, UPM, Spain Jairo Dornelas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil João Varajão, University of Minho, Portugal Kathryn Cormican, NUI Galway, Ireland Alexey Kizim, Volgograd State Technical University, Russian Federation Liane Haak, Hochschule Osnabrück / University of Applied Science Osnabrück, Germany Lachana Ramingwong, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand Lincoln Kirsten, United States

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Mahmood Ali, University of Business and Technology, Saudi Arabia Maciej Nowak, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal Vicente Rodriguez Montequin, University of Oviedo, Spain Moutaz Haddara, Westerdals- Oslo School of Arts, Comunication & Technology / Luleå University of Technology, Norway Mirjana Pejic-Bach, Faculty of Economics & Business - Zagreb, Croatia Nikolay Kazantsev, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation Ritesh Chugh, Central Queensland University, Australia Caroline Dominguea, University pf Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal Ramayah T., Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Roberto Razzoli, University of Genova, Italy Ricardo Colomo-Palacios, Høgskolen i Østfold, Norway Ricardo Vargas, United Nations (UNOPS), Denmark Robert Pellerin, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Canada Sakgasit Ramingwong, Chiang Mai University, Thailand Salem Ben Dhaou Dakhli, Paris-dauphine University, France Sohail Chaudhry, Villanova University, United States Vitor Santos, Nova Information Management School da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal Benita Zulch, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Carolina Santos, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal

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HCIST 2015 Organization HCist General Chairs: Ricardo Correia, University of Porto, Portugal Alexander Berler, Gnomon Informatics, Chair of HL7 Hellas, Greece

HCist Advisory Board Chairs: Rui Rijo, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Ricardo Martinho, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal

HCist Program Chair: Domingos Alves, University of São Paulo, Brazil

HCist Organization Chair: António Cunha, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal Duminda Wijesekera, George Mason University, USA

HCist Organising Committee: António Cunha, Univerity of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro João Varajão, University of Minho Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal Ricardo Martinho, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria Ricardo Correia, University of Porto Rui Gomes, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca Rui Rijo, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria

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HCist Scientific Committee: Agostino Poggi, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy Alejandro Garcia Ramirez, Univali, Itajaí, Brazil António Cunha, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal Athina Lazakidou, University of Peloponnese, Greece Bert-Jan van Beijnum, University of Twente, Netherlands Catarina I. Reis, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Dallas Thornton, University of California San Diego, USA Daniele Riboni, Universitá Degli Studi Di Milano, Italy David Mendes, Évora University, Portugal Emanuel Peres, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal Filipe Portela, University of Minho, Portugal Frederico Lopes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil Gang Luo, University of Utah, USA Giovani R. Librelotto, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil Helena Lindgren, Umeå University, Sweden Hélia Guerra, University of Azores, Portugal Henrique Santos, Minho University, Portugal Iris Thiele Isip Tan, University of the Philippines, Philippines Isabella Scandurra, Aprigroup, Sweden Jan Havlik, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic Josep M Monguet, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech, Spain Juan-José Boté, University of Barcelona, Spain Kostas Kolomvatsos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Lenka Lhotska, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic Leonidas Anthopoulos, T.E.I. of Thessaly, Greece Luigi Gallo, Institute of High Performance Computing and Networking (ICAR-CNR), Italy Manuele Kirsch Pinheiro, Université Paris 1 - Panthéon Sorbonne, France Marcela D. Rodríguez, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexico Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal Martin J Chorley, Cardiff University, United Kingdom Mas Sahidayana Binti Mokhtar, University of Malaya, Malasya Mauro Giacomini, Università di Genova, Italy Maziar Goudarzi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran Meira Levy, Shenkar University, Israel Moacyr Francischetti-Corrêa, Federal University of São Carlos (UFScar), Brazil Mohammed Abuhelaleh, University of Bridgeport, United States of America Mohd Fareq Abd. Malek, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia

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Nuno Marques, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal Paula Faria, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Paulo Cortez, Minho University, Portugal Pedro Arezes, Minho University, Portugal Rajesh Kumar Sinha, Manipal University, India Rita Ascenso, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Ronald Buyl, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Venka Simovska, Aarhus University, Denmark Víctor Torres-Padrosa, Universitat de Girona, Spain Werner Schneider, Uppsala universitet, Sweden Wilfred Bonney, University of Dundee, United Kingdom Xiaoping hu, Emory University, USA

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WORKSHOPS 2015 Organization CRIISE2015: Creativity and Innovation in Information Systems and Engineering CHAIR: Vitor Santos, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: Ana Boa-Ventura, University of Texas at Austin, USA Arminda Guerra, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, Portugal Federico Peinado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Manuel Pérez Cota, Universidad de Vigo, Spain Pablo Gervás, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Patrícia Gouveia, Noroff University College, Norway Veronica Orvalho, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Portugal Andy Hooper, University of Leeds, UK Antonio Ruiz, University of Jaén, Spain Cecile Lasserre, Institut des Sciences de la Terre, France Daniele Perissin, Purdue University, EUA Eric Fielding, JPL-Caltech/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, EUA João Catalão, University of Lisbon, Portugal Luisa Bastos, University of Porto, Portugal Michelle Crosetto, Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, Spain Jordi Mallorqui, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain Petar Marinkovic, PPO.labs, The Netherlands Ramon Hanssen, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands T. Strozzi, Gamma Remote Sensing AG, Gumligen, Switzerland Zbigniew Perski, Polish Geological Institut, Poland

Multicriteria Decision Making CHAIR: Iryna Yevseyeva, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Michael Emmerich, Leiden University, Netherlands Alessio Ishizaka, Portsmouth Business School, UK

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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: Lavoslav Čaklović, University of Zagreb, Croatia André Deutz, Leiden University, Netherlands Martin Josef Geiger, Helmut Schmidt University, Germany Salvatore Greco, University of Catania, Italy, and University of Portsmouth, UK Christina Hopfe, Loughborough University, UK Hisao Ishibuchi, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan Nanlin Jin, Northumbria University, UK Igor Linkov, US Army, USA Philippe Nemery, SAP, China Iurii Mishcheriakov, Kharkov National University of Radioelectronics, Ukraine Danielle Morais, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brasil Gu Pang, Newcastle Business School, UK Ofer Shir, Tel-Hai College, Israel Tommi Tervonen, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Heike Trautmann, University of Münster, Germany Zhiwei Yang, Leiden University, Netherlands

Big Data Analytics CHAIR: Samuel Fosso Wamba, NEOMA Business School, France SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: Samuel Fosso Wamba, NEOMA Business School, France Ygal Bendavid, The Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Canada Shahriar Akter, University of Wollongong, Australia Thomas Tatietse, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroun Jean Kamdjoug. Université Catholique d'Afrique Centrale, Cameroun Peter Mkhize, University of South Africa, South Africa Eric Ngai, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Fred Riggins, North Dakota State University, USA Gary Graham, University Business School, UK Wojciech Piotrowicz, University of Oxford, UK

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Digital Marketing CHAIR: Vera Silva Carlos, University of Beira Interior, Portugal Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues, NECE-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Portugal SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: Vera Carlos, University of Beira Interior, Portugal Ricardo Rodrigues, University of Beira Interior, Portugal Fragkiskos Filippaios, University of Kent, UK Paul Asunda, Southern Illinois University, USA Kamel Boulos, University of Plymouth, UK Betty Collis, University of Twente, The Netherlands Hak Kim, Hofstra University, USA Sonja Grabner-Kräuter, Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Austria Raymond Sparrowe, Washington University Josep-Maria Fabregas Torrens, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain Adrián Segovia, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain Blanca Lopez Catalán, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain

Search-Based Software Engineering CHAIR: Vitor Basto Fernandes, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Rafael Z. Frantz, Unijuí University, Brasil SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: Carlos Grilo, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Carlos Molina-Jiménez, Cambridge University, UK Carlos Rabadão, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Carlos R. Osuna, University of Idaho, United States Fabricia Roos-Frantz, Unijuí University, Brasil Hassan A. Sleiman, The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, France Inmaculada Hernández-Salmerón, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile Iryna Yevseyeva, University of Newcastle, UK José Carlos Ribeiro, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Leandro Krug Wives, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

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Manuel Binelo, Unijuí University, Brazil Michael Emmerich, University of Leiden, The Netherlands Moncho Mendez, University of Vigo, Spain Rafael Corchuelo, University of Seville, Spain Sandro Sawicki, Unijuí University, Brazil Gustavo Reis Wilke, Intel Corporation, USA

ICT Trends CHAIR: Fernando Moreira, Universidade Portucalense, Portugal SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: George Dragoi, University of Bucarest, Romania Olaf Bassus, University of Technology, Business and Design, Germany Arnaldo Martins, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal Dimitra I. Kaklamani, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Fawzy Soliman, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Giorgio Bruno, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Kathryn Comircan, National University of Ireland, Ireland Manel Pérez Cota, Universidade de Vigo, Espanha Matjaz Mulej, University of Maribor, Slovenia Samo Bobek, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Mobile Web Portals CHAIR: Fernando Moreira, Universidade Portucalense, Portugal SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: Chad Lin, Curtin University of Technology, Australia Christian Bonnet, Mobile Communications Department of Eurocom, France Hassan Karimi, University of Pittsburgh, USA Claudia Winegarden, Georgia Tech, USA Nabeel Ahmad, Columbia University, USA Carl Chang, Iowa State University, USA

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Vincenzo Pallota, University of Fribourg, Switzerland Hideyuki Takahashi, Tohoku University, Japan Ramiro Gonçalves, UTAD Joaquim Sousa Pinto, Universidade de Aveiro

Organizational Risk Management CHAIR: José Ângelo Pinto, PBS / ESTGF.IPP.PT, Portugal

Organizational Project Management: Towards Organizational Improvement CHAIR: José Ângelo Pinto, PBS / ESTGF.IPP.PT, Portugal

PjSuccessFPA - Project Success in the Public Administration Sector CHAIR: Carolina Isabel Santos, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: João Varajão, University of Minho, Portugal Vitor Santos, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal Hugo Soares, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET) and Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) Lerina Aversano, University of Sannio, Italy António Tavares, Health Regional Administration of Lisbon and Tagus Valley (ARSLVT) and National School of Public Health (ENSP), Nova University of Lisbon Vicente Rodríguez Montequín, University of Oviedo, Spain Jose Verdun, UPM, Spain Francisco Ortega, Universidad de Oviod, Spain

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Industry-Academia Projects and Partnerships CHAIR: Gunnar Widforss, Mälardalen University, Sweden Malin Rosqvist, Mälardalen University, Sweden Caroline Blomberg, Mälardalen University, Sweden SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: Marta Agostinho, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal Christian Reinisch, TTTech, Austria Jurgen Vinju, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Eindhoven, The Netherlands RM&A for Public-Private and Public-Public Partnerships & Global Collaboration, The Netherlands Lotte Jaspers, Yellow Research, The Netherlands Ronit Shamay, RS TechMarketing, Israel Armelle Domas, CEA, France Peter Wallin, VCE, Sweden, Peter Selegård, MDH, Sweden Biotza Gutiérrez, Gestión de proyectos en ASCAMM Foundation, Spain Maria Moncada Saracibar, Innovation Manager Fundación General de la Universidad de Valladolid, Spain

Healthy and Secure People (HSP) CHAIR: Manuel Filipe Santos, Algoritmi Research Centre, University of Minho, Portugal Carlos Filipe Portela, Algoritmi Research Centre, University of Minho, Portugal José Machado, Algoritmi Research Centre, University of Minho, Portugal António Abelha, Algoritmi Research Centre, University of Minho, Portugal SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: Athina Lazakidou, Health Informatics, University of Peloponnese, Greece Daniele Riboni, University of Milano, Italy Frederico Lopes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil Helena Lindgren, Umeå University, Sweden Helia Guerra, University of Azores, Portugal Henrique Santos, University of Minho, Portugal Kostas Kolomvatsos, University of Athens, Greece

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Leonidas Anthopoulos, TEI of Thessaly, Greece Manuele Kirsch Pinheiro, University of Paris 1, France Marcela D. Rodríguez, Autonomous University of Baja, California Martin J Chorley, Cardiff University, UK Mas Sahidayana Binti Mokhtar, University of Malaya, Malaya Maziar Goudarzi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran Mohammed Abuhelaleh, Alhussein Bin Talal University, Jordan Paulo Cortez, University of Minho, Portugal Pedro Arezes, University of Minho, Portugal Venka Simovska, Aarhus University, Denmark Wilfred Bonney, University of Dundee, Scotland

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Preface CENTERIS'2015, ProjMAN’2015 and HCist’2015 were co-located, providing an excellent conference environment for sharing best practices among researchers, academics and professionals from both generic Enterprise, Project Management and specific Healthcare Information Systems research areas. CENTERIS – Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems – is an international conference addressing the largely multidisciplinary field embraced by Enterprise Information Systems (EIS), from the social, organizational and technological perspectives. ProjMAN – International Conference on Project MANagement – addresses the application of knowledge, skills, methods, techniques and tools to the activities of a project, aiming to satisfy its requirements and achieve success at several levels. A plethora of valuable technical and business opportunities and solutions are created and developed all the time only thanks to good practices of project management. HCist – International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies – intends to gather Healthcare Information Systems and Technologies professionals and academics to share and discuss current challenges, developments, case studies, integrated and practical solutions, as well as new products, findings and approaches to leverage the use of Information Systems and Technologies in healthcare. The CENTERIS’2015/ProjMAN’2015/HCist’2015 editions were held in Vilamoura, Portugal. This was the place where, during October 7-9, 2015, under the leitmotiv of Enterprise Information Systems, Project Management, and Health/Social care Information Systems, academics, scientists, information technologies/information systems professionals, managers and solution providers from all over the world had the opportunity to share experiences, bring new ideas, debate issues, introduce the latest developments, from the social, organizational and technological perspectives. More than 280 manuscripts were submitted to CENTERIS/ProjMAN/HCist, coming from all over the world. About 155 papers for presentation and inclusion in the conference proceedings were selected, and nearly 30 industry and poster papers were also accepted for presentation. The selected papers represent more than 400 authors from academic, research institutions and industry, from 36 countries. These proceedings are intended for use by academics and practitioners that want to be aware of what is currently in the Information Systems agenda, from research to everyday business practice. Finally, on behalf of the organization, we would like to express our gratitude to all the authors, for their visions and excellent contributions to the conferences, as well as to the scientific committee members, who acceded to share their insights, prompt collaboration and constructive comments in the reviewing process. We are also grateful to all who submitted valuable and high quality contributions

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but unfortunately and due to several constraints, could not see their work accepted for presentation and publication. Please enjoy your reading! October 2015, The editors, Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha João Varajão Rui Rijo Ricardo Martinho Petra Schubert Albert Boonstra Ricardo Correia Alexander Berler

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Acknowledgements Organizing a conference is a very hard but compensating and enriching experience, as it involves a complex set of different activities, from the design of the conference, the establishment of the scientific commission, contacts with authors, organization of the review process, discussion and exchange of ideas and experiences, process management, organization and integration of contents, and many other, with the permanent objective of preparing an event that meets the participants expectations. And this task cannot be accomplished without a great help and support from many sources. As conference co-chairs, we would like to acknowledge the help, support and believe of all who made possible the creation of CENTERIS/ProjMAN/HCIST. We are grateful to all the authors who have chosen CENTERIS/ProjMAN/HCist 2015 to present their work, thank you, you made both conferences happen! Our gratitude goes also to all the authors that submitted their proposals but were not able to see their work accepted, due to several constraints. The Scientific Committees of CENTERIS, ProjMAN and HCist integrates now more than 200 individualities, most of them who shared their knowledge and gave their constructive comments indispensable to the decision-making associated with the selection process, to whom we express our gratitude. We are also grateful to the conference sponsors that played a very relevant role and to the scientific journals who offered the chance to publish enhanced versions of selected papers: BSRJ - Business Systems Research Journal IJBAN - International Journal of Business Analytics IJHCITP - International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals IJIMS - International Journal of Internet Manufacturing and Services IJISPM - International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management IJISSC - International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change IJISSCM - International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management IJISSS - International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector IJITPM - International Journal of Information Technology Project Management IJPE - International Journal of Production Economics IJPM - International Journal of Project Management IJWP - International Journal of Web Portals JEIM - Journal of Enterprise Information Management JTAER - Journal of Theoretical and Applied electronic Commerce Research PMJ - Project Management Journal SAG - Simulation & Gaming: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Theory, Practice and Research

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Finally a word of appreciation is due to the members of the organising committee for their prompt and friendly support. The Conference Chairs, Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha João Varajão Petra Schubert Albert Boonstra Ricardo Correia Alexander Berler

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Table of contents

CENTERIS PAPERS A Bayesian Approach to Portfolio Selection in Multicriteria Group Decision Making .......... 1 A cloud and ubiquitous architecture for effective environmental sensing and monitoring ...... 2 A Compliance Analysis of Agile Methodologies with the ISO/IEC 29110 Project Management Process ................................................................................................................ 3 A Literature Review on Challenges and Effects of Software Defined Networking ................. 4 A Transformation Framework Proposal for Managers in Business Innovation and Business Transformation Projects-An information system’s atomic architecture vision ........................ 5 A Transformation Framework Proposal for Managers in Business Innovation and Business Transformation Projects-Intelligent atomic building block architecture .................................. 6 ‘Accounting’ for data quality in enterprise systems ................................................................. 7 Adding Structure to Enterprise Collaboration Systems: Identification of Use Cases and Collaboration Scenarios ............................................................................................................ 8 Adoption Reasons for Enterprise Systems as a Service - A Recap of Provider Perspectives .. 9 An EAI based integration solution for science and research outcomes information management ............................................................................................................................ 10 Approach based on web services for business process adaptation ......................................... 11 Barriers for the implementation of knowledge management in employee portals. ................ 12 Benchmarking analysis of social media strategies in the Higher Education Sector ............... 13 Big data logistics: a health-care transport capacity sharing model ......................................... 14 Business Process and Practice Alignment Meta-model.......................................................... 15 Can IS/IT Governance contribute for Business Agility? ........................................................ 16 CF4BPMN: a BPMN extension for controlled flexibility in business processes ................... 17 Cloud Configuration Modelling: a Literature Review from an Application Integration Deployment Perspective ......................................................................................................... 18

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Comparison between Light-Weight and Heavy-Weight Monitoring in a Web Services Fuzzy Architecture ................................................................................................................. 19 Computerization of a ‘controlled language’ to write medical standard operating procedures (SOPs)..................................................................................................................................... 20 Consideration of Embodied Expertise Transfer Process in Manufacturing-site21 -Through the development example of wheelchair for the Physically Disabled Users- .............................. 21 Cooperation Networks in the Tourism Sector: Multiplication of Business Opportunities ..... 22 Cost-effective and lightweight mobile units for MixAR: a comparative trial among different setups ....................................................................................................................... 23 Data flow and human tasks in business process models......................................................... 24 Defining a framework for the development of ICT services “nearshoring” in Portugal ........ 25 Detection of road accident accumulation zones with a visual analytics approach ................. 26 Discovering TV contents in a second screen app: perspectives from Portuguese and Brazilian markets .................................................................................................................... 27 Document Centric Modeling of Information Systems ............................................................ 28 Ensuring mobile device security and compliance at the workplace ....................................... 29 Enterprise System Implementation in a Franchise Context: an Action Case Study ............... 30 Evaluation of process modeling paradigms enabling flexibility ............................................ 31 FCASM2T: The Tools and functionalities / features identification process ........................... 32 Forming Enterprise Recruitment Pattern Based on Problem-Oriented Conceptual Model .... 33 Governance: Decision-making Model and Cycle ................................................................... 34 GuiMarket specification using the Unified Modeling Language............................................ 35 IT Governance in a Public Organization in a Developing Country: A Case Study of a Governmental Organization ................................................................................................... 36 Key Metrics and Key Drivers in the Valuation of Public Enterprise Resource Planning Companies .............................................................................................................................. 37 Managing cannibalization of perishable food products in the retail sector ............................ 38

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Measuring and querying process performance in supply chains: An approach for mining big-data cloud storages ........................................................................................................... 39 Measuring customer data protection in nearshores ................................................................ 40 MixAR Mobile Prototype: Visualizing Virtually Reconstructed Ancient Structures In Situ . 41 Mobile RHS: a mobile application to support the “River Habitat Survey” methodology ...... 42 Model Driven Upstream and Downstream Artifacts .............................................................. 43 Modeling information systems sociomateriality and its impact on organizational cooperative environment development ................................................................................... 44 Organizational Configuration Map, Taxonomy of BEING .................................................... 45 Organizational Operating Systems, an approach .................................................................... 46 Planning and scope definition to implement ERP: The case study of Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) ................................................................................... 47 Proposal of Utility Tree for Health Education Systems based on Virtual Scenarios: a case study of SABER Comunidades ............................................................................................... 48 Reliability of BPMN Business Processes ............................................................................... 49 Representing the “Qualification” concept in Business Processes .......................................... 50 Representing the Attributes of an Organizational Position in Business Processes ................. 51 Requirement meta model of a cooperative information system oriented viewpoints ............. 52 SECTOR: Secure Common Information Space for the Interoperability of First Responders ................................................................................................................................................ 53 Selecting optimal subset of security controls ......................................................................... 54 Service-Based Socio-Cyberphysical Network Modeling for Guided Self-Organization ....... 55 Social Business Documents .................................................................................................... 56 Software Business Models from a distribution perspective: A Systematic Mapping Study .. 57 The application of available technologies for the utilization and commercialization of resources and benefits obtained from solar energy................................................................. 58

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The Architecture Facet of Information Governance: The Case of Urbanized Information Systems ................................................................................................................................... 59 The ecosystem of services around Smart cities: An exploratory analysis .............................. 60 The ERP surge of hybrid models - an exploratory research into five and ten years forecast . 61 The impact of Business Intelligence on the quality of decision making – a mediation model ................................................................................................................................................ 62 The Portuguese National Registry for Hemophilia: Developing of a web-based technological solution ............................................................................................................. 63 The Readiness of ERP Systems for the Factory of the Future................................................ 64 The success or failure of the requirements definition and study of the causation of the quantity of trust existence between stakeholders.................................................................... 65 Towards Sustainability Information Systems ......................................................................... 66 Understanding Enterprise Open Source Software Evolution ................................................. 67

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ProjMAN PAPERS A conceptual model for exploring the relationship between sustainability and project success .................................................................................................................................... 71 A DMAIC project to improve warranty billing’s operations: a case study in a Portuguese car dealer ................................................................................................................................ 72 A Program and Project Management Approach for Collaborative University-Industry R&D Funded Contracts .................................................................................................................... 73 A residual Grey prediction model for predicting S-curves in projects ................................... 74 A Study about Project Management for Industry-University Cooperation Dilemma ............ 75 A systematic review of Foresight in Project Management literature...................................... 76 A time driven RCCP model with two levels of planning and a reactive planning approach for tactical project planning .................................................................................................... 77 Assessment of Large-Scale Projects Based on CBA .............................................................. 78 Automatic Conversion of Software Specification into a Gantt-Chart subject to Organization's Constraints ...................................................................................................... 79 Blisstrail: an agile project business case study ....................................................................... 80 Comparison of Labor Productivity Perspectives of Project Managers and Craft Workers in Turkish Construction Industry ................................................................................................ 81 Culture-Based Behaviors in Global IT Projects – An Investigative Study with Indian Managers of Outsourcing Projects ......................................................................................... 82 Determination of the Lifespan of Construction Company with Respect to its Market Value (CR 1991-2014) ...................................................................................................................... 83 Establishment of Automatization as a Requirement for Time Management Input Modules in Project Management Information Systems for Academic Activities – A Game Theory Approach ................................................................................................................................ 84 Examining the Effects of Post Tender Negotiation in UK’s Public Sector Procurements: An Empirical Study ................................................................................................................ 85

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Exploring functionality of mobile applications for project management ............................... 86 Gap analysis for incorporating sustainability in project management .................................... 87 Hints to Improve Motivation in Construction Companies ..................................................... 88 Identifying useful actions to improve team resilience in information systems projects ......... 89 Impact of competition on prices in public sector procurement .............................................. 90 Implementation of pre-defined potential scope reductions in projects ................................... 91 Importance-Performance Analysis applied to a Laboratory Supplies and Equipment Company................................................................................................................................. 92 Intellectual information support for operation of technical systems based on ontological engineering ............................................................................................................................. 93 Key elements to an effective building design team ................................................................ 94 Leadership in ITC Project Management in Japan................................................................... 95 Managerial style profiles of successful project managers: a survey ....................................... 96 Narrowing impact factors for Innovative Software Project Management .............................. 97 PMO as a key ingredient of public sector projects’ success – position paper ........................ 98 Prevention and Risk Management in RTD European Projects Developed by UniversityCompany’s Consortiums ........................................................................................................ 99 Problems Associated With Defining Project Success .......................................................... 100 Professionalization and dissemination of Project Management in Italy. Structuring an organizational field. .............................................................................................................. 101 Project Evaluation Holistic Framework – Application on Megaproject Case ...................... 102 Project management efficiency of a Portuguese electricity distribution utility using data envelopment analysis............................................................................................................ 103 Project management on Multimedia Projects: preliminary results on communication, interaction and team work dynamics .................................................................................... 104 Project risk time management – a proposed model and a case study in the construction industry ................................................................................................................................. 105

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Proposal of risk management metrics for multiple project software development .............. 106 Quality: the third element of earned value management ...................................................... 107 Redundancy resource allocation for reliable project scheduling: A game-theoretical approach ............................................................................................................................... 108 Risk and Efficiency of Bicycle Paths ................................................................................... 109 Simple Method Proposal for Cost Estimation from Work Breakdown Structure ................ 110 Strategies to Improve Performance at a High-Turnover Engineering Organization ............ 111 Technical product innovation in building material industry in the Czech Republic ............ 112 The Impact of Key Parameters Change on Economic Development of the Company ......... 113 The Importance of Risk Assessment in the Context of Investment Project Management: a Case Study ............................................................................................................................ 114 The Project Office as Project Management Support in Complex Environments ................. 115 The Secret of my Success: An exploratory study of Business Intelligence management in the Norwegian Industry ........................................................................................................ 116 Towards effective knowledge transfer in high-tech project environments: Preliminary development of key determinants ......................................................................................... 117 Towards identifying success factors for cross-cultural project customer engagement: A literature review .................................................................................................................... 118 When Stakeholders Shape Successes or Bring Failures – A Case Study of an Algerian Megaproject .......................................................................................................................... 119

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HCist PAPERS A standardized SOA based solution to guarantee the secure access to EHR ....................... 123 A User Study to Assess the Situated Social Value of Open Data in Healthcare ................. 124 A web-based platform for quality management of elderly care: usability evaluation of Ankira® ................................................................................................................................ 125 Abbreviations and symbols in a large sample of medicinal package leaflets: automatic detection and comprehension assessment............................................................................. 126 Acoustic Analysis of Vocal Dysphonia ................................................................................ 127 Advanced temperature control for innovative HIPEC equipment ........................................ 128 Ambulatory Electrocardiogram Prototype............................................................................ 129 An approach to physical rehabilitation using state-of-the-art virtual reality and motion tracking technologies ............................................................................................................ 130 Analysis of Clinical Discussions Based on Argumentation Schemes .................................. 131 Anonimity in health-oriented social networks ...................................................................... 132 Assistive Mobile Applications for Dyslexia ......................................................................... 133 Automatic crackle detection algorithm based on fractal dimension and box filtering ......... 134 Categorizing and Describing the Types of Fraud in Healthcare ........................................... 135 Combining Data Imputation and Statistics to Design a Clinical Decision Support System for Post-Operative Pain Monitoring ..................................................................................... 136 Complexity Analysis of a Business Process Automation: case study on a Healthcare Organization ......................................................................................................................... 137 Computerised Lung Auscultation – Sound Software (CLASS) ........................................... 138 Developing an Enterprise Architecture proof of concept in a Portuguese hospital .............. 139 DICOM metadata Access, Consolidation and Usage in Radiology Department Performance Analysis. A non-proprietary approach.................................................................................. 140 Effect of Home Telehealth Data Quality on Decision Support System Performance .......... 141

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Electroencephalogram Cepstral Distances in Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis .................... 142 Health and Social Care – Towards an Understanding of Wellness Management and the Role of IS .............................................................................................................................. 143 Health Twitter Big Bata Management with Hadoop Framework ......................................... 144 HelpWave: an integrated web centred system ...................................................................... 145 HIV AIDS length of stay outliers ......................................................................................... 146 Improving Patient Safety Through Human-Factor-Based Risk Management ...................... 147 Intelligent Decision Support to predict patient Barotrauma risk in Intensive Care Units .... 148 Is ‘patient’s online access to health records’ a good reform? – Opinions from Swedish healthcare professionals differ .............................................................................................. 149 Language independent tokenization vs. stemming in automated detection of health websites’ HONcode conformity: An Evaluation .................................................................. 150 Mobile SICO – Mobile E-Death Certification...................................................................... 151 Mysterious Bones Unearthed: development of an online therapeutic serious game for children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder .......................................................... 152 Neural-based machine translation for medical text domain. Based on European Medicines Agency leaflet texts .............................................................................................................. 153 Platform of Services to the Support and Development of Applications for Care Activities 154 Predicting Type of Delivery by Identification of Obstetric Risk Factors through Data Mining .................................................................................................................................. 155 Selecting an Open-Source Framework: A practical case based on software development for sensory analysis .................................................................................................................... 156 Step Towards a Patient Timeline in Intensive Care Units .................................................... 157 The influence of documents, users and tasks on the relevance and comprehension of health web documents ..................................................................................................................... 158 The Influence of Information Systems in the Management of Patients Service in the Hospital of Leiria .................................................................................................................. 159

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The love-hate relationship of physical therapists with Electronic Patient Records .............. 160 The Rare Disease Person’s Card Implementation Strategy In Portugal ............................... 161 Usability evaluation of a health care application based on IPTV ......................................... 162 User involvement in the co-design of self-care support systems for heart failure patients .. 163 Wearable Weight Estimation System ................................................................................... 164 Web Platform for Serious Games’ Management .................................................................. 165

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INDUSTRY PAPERS A graph-based approach for validating the effective use of ECM solutions ........................ 169 A multicriteria model for solving a real cutting layout problem in publishing industry ...... 178 Bringing IT services to life - Insights into the challenges of IT service identification ........ 190 Contributions for best practice in social recruitment – pilot study in the Northern Region of Portugal ............................................................................................................................ 199 Critical success factors to achieve effective peer-to-peer learning through a virtual world in a military setting ............................................................................................................... 207 Data storage in cloud computing - risks, data protection and user/identities ....................... 216 iZiTraN Mobile Fleet Management ...................................................................................... 229 Laboratory performance evaluation of wi-fi ieee 802.11a open four-node point-tomultipoint links ..................................................................................................................... 238 Mechanical and Electromagnetic Waves and the Principle of the Telecommunications ..... 245 Quantification of the Portuguese Air Force's product .......................................................... 254 Time-shift services: a taxonomy and techno-business impacts of Catch-up TV .................. 263 Automatic Conversion of Software Specification into a Gantt-Chart subject to Organization's Constraints .................................................................................................... 275 Determination of the Lifespan of Construction Company with Respect to its Market Value (CR 1991-2014) .................................................................................................................... 283 Key elements to an effective building design team .............................................................. 290 Key Issues In Global Projects Risk Management................................................................. 298 Prevention and Risk Management in RTD European Projects Developed by UniversityCompany’s Consortiums ...................................................................................................... 306 Quality: The Third Element of Earned Value Management ................................................. 315 Risk and Efficiency of Bicycle Paths ................................................................................... 326 Technical product innovation in building material industry in the Czech Republic ............ 334

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SI.VIDA – HIV epidemiological surveillance and clinical monitoring software ................. 342 GoGest: architecture to support any ERP on a mobile device.............................................. 350

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POSTER PAPERS A Semantic web approach for systems integration – a practical approach .......................... 354 Analysis of the performance areas of action points from a course of distance education in Brazilian public health .......................................................................................................... 358 Creativity in Information Systems ........................................................................................ 362 CAMES (Corporate Action Methodology for Enterprise Systems): a system to transform project interactions and reduce project failure...................................................................... 367 Towards a Knowledge Based View of Project Management ............................................... 371 What are the main philosophical assumptions underpinning management science methods for project management? ...................................................................................................... 377 Analyzing the Financial Impact of Pirate-Edited Video Sites on the US Japanese Animation Market ～A case study on a website’s conversion from piracy to legality and profit.......... 381 Diabetes Telemedicine Project Comparing Specialty Care to Primary Care ....................... 385 Mobile applications for self-management in psychotic disorders ........................................ 389

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CENTERIS papers


A Bayesian Approach to Portfolio Selection in Multicriteria Group Decision Making Michael T. M. Emmericha, André H. Deutza, and Iryna Yevseyevab a

LIACS, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333-CA Leiden, The Netherlands Centre for Cybercrime and Computer Security, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK

b

Abstract In the a-posteriori approach to multicriteria decision making the idea is to first find a set of interesting (usually nondominated) decision alternatives and then let the decision maker select among these. Often an additional demand is to limit the size of alternatives to a small number of solutions. In this case, it is important to state preferences on sets. In previous work it has been shown that independent normalization of objective functions (using for instance desirability functions) combined with the hypervolume indicator can be used to formulate such set-preferences. A procedure to compute and to maximize the probability that a set of solutions contains at least one satisfactory solution is established. Moreover, we extend the model to the scenario of multiple decision makers. For this we compute the probability that at least one solution in a given set satisfies all decision makers. First, the information required a-priori from the decision makers is considered. Then, a computational procedure to compute the probability for a single set to contain a solution, which is acceptable to all decision makers, is introduced. Thereafter, we discuss how the computational effort can be reduced and how the measure can be maximized. Practical examples for using this in database queries will be discussed, in order to show how this approach relates to applications.

Keywords: Multicriteria Decision Analysis, Multiobjective Optimization, Weighted Hypervolume Indicator, Desirability Functions, Set Performance Indicators, Group Decision Making.

Full paper available online at SciVerse ScienceDirect (www.sciencedirect.com). 1

ISBN 978-989-97433-6-6 (printed) | 978-989-97433-5-9 (e-book) Book of abstracts of the CENTERIS 2015 – Conference on Enterprise Information Systems / ProjMAN 2015 – International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist 2015 - International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies

A cloud and ubiquitous architecture for effective environmental sensing and monitoring Ferreira, L.a, Putnik, G. D.b,c, Lopes, N.a, Lopes, A.a, Cruz-Cunha, M. M.a,c a

Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, 4750-810 Vila Frescaínha S. Martinho, Portugal b University of Minho, 4810- 053 Campus de Azurém, Portugal c Algoritmi Research Centre, University of Minho, 4810- 053 Campus de Azurém, Portugal

Abstract Building a Smarter Planet with smarter energy are increasing concerns that touch all existing and known human areas, being them social, scientific, cultural, economical or political. Environmental sensing and monitoring initiatives will be gratified by new Information System (IS) architectures and collaboration protocols arising with Cloud Computing (CC) paradigm. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to: a) demonstrate that getting an efficient control and monitoring of Environmental Sensing, requires a Big Data processing and analysis capacity; b) enrich an existing proposal of a platform based on open source technology; and c) evidence the relevance of human aligned communication channels to assure the effectiveness of all system. Objectively, this paper proposes an innovative monitoring platform for Environmental Sensing, supported by a cloud and ubiquitous architecture, using Big Data processing capacity, towards an efficient, effective, sustainable and passive eco-environment, where human-tohuman relations allows the essential co-creation and co-decision in this business area.

Keywords: ubiquitous architecture; cloud systems; sensing; monitoring; environmental sensing; environmental monitoring; Big Data; eco-environment; co-creation; co-decision.



A Compliance Analysis of Agile Methodologies with the ISO/IEC 29110 Project Management Process Sergio Galvana, Manuel Morab, Rory V. O’Connorc, Francisco Acostad, Francisco Alvareze a

Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Universidad s/n, Zona de la Cultura, Col. Magisterial, C.P. 86040, Vhsa., Tabasco, México b Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad No. 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags. México c Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland d Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Universidad s/n, Zona de la Cultura, Col. Magisterial, C.P. 86040, Vhsa., Tabasco, México e Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad No. 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags. México

Abstract Software process standards (e.g. ISO/IEC 12207, ISO/IEC 15504) and models (e.g. CMMI) provide a set of best practices and guidelines for improving the quality of the software process and products resulting from that process. However, they do not prescribe a particular software development methodology (i.e. RUP, MSF), and thus software development teams face a compliance problem between the selected development methodology and a pursued particular standard or model. In this research, the particular issue of compliance of Agile Software Development Methodologies (SCRUM, XP, and UPEDU) and the new ISO/IEC 29110 standard is studied. Because the new standard is focused on the software process in very small software development companies or small software project teams in the range from 1 to 25 people, and the Agile Software Development Methodologies (ASDMs) are primarily for same targets, this study is important. The ISO/IEC 29110 standard contains two processes: Project Management and Software Implementation. This study is focused on the first process. The main findings indicate that the UPEDU and SCRUM methodologies present and high compliance level with the ISO/IEC 29110 Project Management process, while XP has a moderate level. Thus, software developer teams interested in achieving compliance with the ISO/IEC 29110 Project Management process can count with two ASDMs. However, a full compliance study (with both Project Management and Software Implementation) is still missing.

Keywords: ISO/IEC 29110; SCRUM; UPEDU; XP; agile software development methodology; compliance to ISO/IEC standards.



A Literature Review on Challenges and Effects of Software Defined Networking Raphael Horvatha, Dietmar Nedbala, , Mark Stieningera a

University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wehrgrabengasse 1-3, 4400 Steyr, Austria

Abstract Network technologies have always been a crucial part of success for technologies like cloud computing. But due to the slow development of a scalable IT infrastructure, this can lead to issues in competitiveness. Software defined networking (SDN) can thereby counteract such issues by giving new functions to the whole network topology. With SDN, administrators have the possibility to abstract the underlying network infrastructure for applications and network services. The paper reports on the main outcomes of a systematic literature review on challenges and effects of SDN. It shows that most papers address the implementation of software defined networking as a challenge, including factors like vendor lock-in and the general risk of changing traditional network architectures. Attention is also given to security issues arising with software defined networks and the permanent high demand from the end-user combined with the fear of changing traditional networks. Issues dealing with specialized knowhow were identified as another challenge category. Effects of SDN are discussed by defining unique features of SDN like decoupling hardware from the software and the global view of the whole network architecture. SDN furthermore affects the management of the network, including changes in deployment of policies, the programmability and maintenance of the network. Economic factors, such as cost efficiency and reduction of costs, are also discussed.

Keywords: cloud computing; software defined networking; SDN; software defined network; literature review.



A Transformation Framework Proposal for Managers in Business Innovation and Business Transformation ProjectsAn information system’s atomic architecture vision "Antoine Trad" "Webster, Geneva, Switzerland [email protected]"

Abstract A fundamental architecture element in transforming a traditional business environment and its business information system into an innovative automated and lean business platform is the role of the information system’s building vision; that should be crafted in an applicable framework. This framework should include easy to integrate patterns. The proposed just-in-time framework can change the information system’s architecture and its implementation outcomes. The atomic information system architecture’s role and applied the patterns are of crucial importance for the implementation phase of the complex business transformation projects; where these patterns can be adapted in a just-in-time manner, using atomic building blocks1,2,26. There is also a need to govern (or control) the atomic information system architecture’s patterns for business transformation projects; unfortunately an adaptable atomic information system architecture pattern for such projects is inexistent. An atomic information system architecture pattern can be also used in the enterprise’s production activities which comes after the finalization of the implementation phase of business transformation project (business transformation project), to control and govern the resultant business system. The atomic information system architecture’s pattern main component is the atomic building block that manages the implementation of autonomous business service transactions. In this article the author presents a set of atomic information system architecture recommendations in the form of reusable patterns to promote an optimal information system’s architecture.

Keywords: Atomic information system architecture, the vision, atomic business blocks, just-enough architecture and optimal business integration.



A Transformation Framework Proposal for Managers in Business Innovation and Business Transformation ProjectsIntelligent atomic building block architecture "Antoine Trad" "Webster, Geneva, Switzerland [email protected]"

Abstract Today’s dynamic global economy forces business companies to struggle for survival; where such companies must be competitive and loosely interconnected in a wide networked business market. It is not a secret that a solid business environment that wants to insure its sustainable business future must adapt itself to frequent business transformation processes, to adapt to such a situation a building block based solution is proposed to support the business transformation project. Such a building block strategy for frequent business transformation changes is translated in a set of recommendations that support the company’s business resources in order to optimize the companies’ various business and information technology resources. Unfortunately, most of business transformation projects fail, because of the very difficult business transformation project’s “decoupled and technical” implementation or re-engineering phase. The author recommend a re-engineering phase that is based on atomic building blocks architecture; where the business transformation manager must have the right skills to model and prototype the most important Atomic Business Blocks, in order to insure the successes of business transformation projects. It is recommended to apply the adequate atomic business architecture and the needed modeling concepts. Such concepts are based on a one to one mapping pattern that is in turn based on enterprise architecture standards. Business transformation projects should apply an Atomic Business Blocks driven implementation phase that will help the implementation capability of the business transformation project; such an approach needs a specific a set of integration, modeling and prototyping skills1,2,3.

Keywords: Atomic Building Blocks, Business Transformation, Enterprise Architecture, Modelling and Implementation Phase.



‘Accounting’ for data quality in enterprise systems Tony O’Brien Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street,Sheffield SW1 1WB, UK (a.o’[email protected])

Abstract Organisations are facing ever more diverse challenges in managing their enterprise systems as emerging technologies bring both added complexities as well as opportunities to the way they conduct their business. Underpinning this ever-increasing volatility is the importance of having quality data to provide information to make those important enterprise-wide decisions. Numerous studies suggest that many organisations are not paying enough attention to their data and that a major cause of this is their failure to measure its quality and value and/or evaluate the costs of having poor data. This study proposes an integrated framework that organisations can adopt as part of their financial and management control processes to provide a mechanism for quantifying data problems, costing potential solutions and monitoring the on-going costs and benefits, to assist them in improving and then sustaining the quality of their data.

Keywords: Data Quality; Enterprise Systems; Accounting Information Systems; ERP; SCM; CRM; Big Data.



Adding Structure to Enterprise Collaboration Systems: Identification of Use Cases and Collaboration Scenarios Petra Schuberta , Johannes H. Glitscha a

University of Koblenz-Landau, Universitaetsstr. 1, 56070 Koblenz, Germany

Abstract In recent years we have seen the emergence of a new type of collaboration software, the so-called “Enterprise Social Software”. The “social features” of this software type have stimulated a renewed interest in Enterprise Collaboration Systems (ECS). In this paper we present findings from a longitudinal research project on the introduction and use of ECS in companies. We argue that ERP Systems and ECS are inherently different and that the process-paradigm that is common to ERP cannot be applied identically to ECS. To address this issue, we developed and tested the IRESS framework which supports companies in their requirements analysis for ECS projects. From the literature and 14 case studies we identified typical use cases and collaboration scenarios that can serve as blueprints for ECS introduction projects. The longitudinal objective of our research is to assist companies with their ECS initiatives and to provide them with a catalogue of existing use cases and collaboration scenarios from various industry settings.

Keywords: IRESS, Enterprise Social Software, Collaboration Scenarios, CSCW.



Adoption Reasons for Enterprise Systems as a Service - A Recap of Provider Perspectives Björn Johanssona Pedro Ruivob, Jorge Rodriguesb, a

Department of Informatics, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, SE-223 63 Lund, Sweden b NOVA IMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal

Abstract In 2003 the concept of Application Service Provision (ASP) as a way to provide Enterprise Systems (ES) to Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs), “hyped”. In 2013 we saw the same “hype” but now with the Software as a Service (SaaS) model. Even if labelled differently, these concepts seem to mean the same and so, in this paper, we explore if providers perspective for the adoption of external provision of ES as services has changed and, if so, which changes could be seen between the two studies conducted in 2003 (an ASP study) and 2013 (a SaaS study). The main question this paper addresses is: Which changes can be seen from the provider of ES as services point of view as influential reasons to the decision for adopting such services. From the analysis of the two studies, the main conclusion is that providers still emphasize cost as an important factor for adoption, but, there was a change from ”having cost control” to “decreasing actual cost”.

Keywords: Application Service Provision, ASP, Software as a Service, SaaS, Small and Medium sized Enterprises, SME.



An EAI based integration solution for science and research outcomes information management Fernando Rosa Sequeiraa, Rafael Z. Frantzb, Iryna Yevseyevac, Michael T. M. Emmerichd, Vitor Basto-Fernandese a

School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal b UNIJUÍ University, Department of Exact Sciences and Engineering, Ijuí, Brazil c Cyber Security Research Institute, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK d Multicriteria Optimization, Design, and Analytics Group, LIACS, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333-CA Leiden, The Netherlands e School of Technology and Management, Computer Science and Communications Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal

Abstract In this paper we present an Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) based proposal for research outcomes information management. The proposal is contextualized in terms of national and international science and research outcomes information management, corresponding supporting information systems and ecosystems. Information systems interoperability problems, approaches, technologies and tools are presented and applied to the research outcomes information management case. A business and technological perspective is provided, including the conceptual analysis and modelling, an integration solution based in a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) and the orchestration engine to execute the proposed solution. For illustrative purposes, the role and information system needs of a research unit is assumed as the representative case.

Keywords: Enterprise Application Integration; Domain-Specific Language; Information Management.



Approach based on web services for business process adaptation Afef Awadida, Sonia Ayachi Gnannouchia a

RIADI Laboratory, ENSI Manouba University,2010 Manouba, Tunisia

Abstract Business process lifecycle is chiefly divided into two phases namely modeling and execution. Therefore, flexibility of business process can be taken into account either at build-time or at runtime. The first kind is well supported mainly by declarative modeling paradigms. Nevertheless, many challenges are posed by the second kind of flexibility (such as at which level of abstraction can flexibility be expressed and by what criteria should it be performed) as well as by the business process adaptation when we consider the implementation phase of business process. In this context, our aim in this paper is to propose an approach based on web services in order to support business process adaptation during its implementation. The proposal is to implement as web services the manners in which activities are executed and that can be subject to change. Each manner refers to the actions implementing the current activity. It can then be adapted to execute the same business process in another organization.

Keywords: Business process instances; flexibility by adaptation;web service;imperative modeling paradigms.



Barriers for the implementation of knowledge management in employee portals. Héctor M. Pérez Feijooa, Mercedes García Ordaza, Francisco J. Martínez Lópeza a

Univesity of Huelva GITICE, Facultad de CC. Empresariales Plaza de la Merced 11, Huelva, 21071, Spain

Abstract Employee portals are an opportunity to develop knowledge management inside organizations. In this context is crucial to determine the barriers that could potentially prevent the implementation of these systems. The study aims to establish the barriers that influence the intention of use of employee portals that embed knowledge management. We’ve used structural equation modeling to conduct an empirical study of four models, based on the main categories of barriers pointed in the scientific literature: characteristics of the innovation, properties of employees, properties of job and organizational factors. We choose the educational public sector in Spain, where knowledge management is a key factor. The results have found evidence on these barriers with the exception of some of them related to properties of individuals’ category. We conclude the study with a set of recommendations for the developers that could help in avoiding the effects of such barriers.

Keywords:employee portals; knowledge management; implementation barriers; public sector.



Benchmarking analysis of social media strategies in the Higher Education Sector Luciana Oliveiraa, Álvaro Figueirab b

a CICE-ISCAP & FCSC - University of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s/n, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain CRACS & INESC TEC – University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal

Abstract The adoption of social media networks by organizations has been increasing, mainly by using more social networks but also by constantly increasing on the number of messages and received comments posted on these channels. Interestingly, this process apparently has not been accompanied by a carefully planned and strategically design process to provide the essential alignment with organizational goals. This study is framed in the tertiary sector, the Higher Education Sector (HES), which despite its peculiarities, is no exception to the above limitations, and is facing an increased competitive environment. In this paper we present a sector benchmarking process, and the respective analysis, to provide insights on the sector’s tendency, as well as a threefold classification of the sector’s social media strategies being pursued. The analysis builds upon a regulatory communication framework and respective editorial model. We describe the results of our automatic text-mining and categorization information system, specifically developed to address and analyze the seven categories of HES’ social media messages. Our results show that social media strategies have been focusing essentially on mediatization and building/maintaining the organizational image/reputation as well as on advertising educational services, but completely neglecting the dialogical dimension intrinsically linked to social media environments.

Keywords: benchmarking analysis; social media strategy; text categorization system; higher education sector.



Big data logistics: a health-care transport capacity sharing model Rashid Mehmooda, Gary Grahamb a

King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

b

Abstract The growth of cities in the 21st century has put more pressure on resources and conditions of urban life. There are several reasons why the health-care industry is the focus of this investigation. For instance, in the UK various studies point to the lack of failure of basic quality control procedures and misalignment between customer needs and provider services and duplication of logistics practices. The development of smart cities and big data present unprecedented challenges and opportunities for operations managers; they need to develop new tools and techniques for network planning and control. Our paper aims to make a contribution to big data and city operations theory by exploring how big data can lead to improvements in transport capacity sharing. We explore using Markov models the integration of big data with future city (health-care) transport sharing. A mathematical model was designed to illustrate how sharing transport load (and capacity) in a smart city can improve efficiencies in meeting demand for city services. The results from our analysis of 13 different sharing/demand scenarios are presented. A key finding is that the probability for system failure and performance variance tends to be highest in a scenario of high demand/zero sharing.

Keywords: future city, Big data; transport operation management; healthcare information systems; integrated systems; shared resources.



Business Process and Practice Alignment Meta-model Paula Ventura Martinsa,b , Marielba Zacariasa,b a

Research Centre of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, Universidade do Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal b Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal

Abstract Business Process Modelling (BPM) is one of the most important phases of information system design. Business Process meta-models allow capturing informational and behavioural aspects of business processes. Unfortunately, standard business process meta-modelling approaches, such as the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) Meta-model, Quality-Oriented Business Process Meta-Model (QOBPM) and Transactional Meta-Model for Business Process (TMBP) focus just on process description, providing different business process models. According to these meta-modelling approaches, it is not possible to compare and identify related daily practices in order to improve business process models. This lack of information recognizes that further research in Business Process (BP) meta-model is needed to reflect the evolution/change on software processes. Considering this limitation in BP meta-modelling, this paper presents a comparative study of the most recognized business process meta-models approaches and introduces a new BP meta-model designed by Business Process and Practice Alignment Meta-model (BPPAMeta-model). Our intention is to present observed problems in existing approaches and propose a business process meta-model that addresses features related to the alignment between daily work practices and business process descriptions.

Keywords: Business Process; daily practices; business process modelling; meta-model.



Can IS/IT Governance contribute for Business Agility? Eduardo Sá Coutoa, M. Filomena Castro Lopesb, Rui Dinis SousaC a

Instituto Universitario da Maia, UNICES, Portugal b Universidade Portucalense, Portugal c IS Department & ALGORITMI R&D Centre, Universidade do Minho, Portugal

Abstract Business agility is the ability to answer quickly to internal and external changes, either reactively or proactively, in an efficient and effective way. Therefore, it is no surprise that business agility has become one of the top 10 most important organizational concerns for IT management. To achieve business-IT alignment, organizations need to set up processes to support decision making regarding the effective and efficient use of information systems and information technology, i.e., IS/IT Governance. Governance means rules, organizational procedures, supervision, monitoring and control. On the other hand, agility requires degrees of freedom to decide and make changes in the business processes. The possible tension between IS/IT Governance and business agility may be a result of the conflict between adaptation versus anticipation. While governance requires planning, anticipation, supervision and control, agility requires high degrees of adaptation, many times under unforeseen circumstances. In this work, we propose a conceptual model to look into the relationship between IS/IT Governance and business agility.

Keywords: Business Agility; IS/IT Governance; IS/IT Alignment; Business Performance.



CF4BPMN: a BPMN extension for controlled flexibility in business processes Ricardo Martinhoa,b, Dulce Domingosc, João Varajãod,e a

School of Technology and Management, Polytecnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal b CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research c LaSIGE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal d Department of Information Systems, University of Minho, Portugal e Centro Algoritmi, University of Minho, Portugal

Abstract The need for flexibility in business process languages and tools has evolved over the past few decades, from totally rigid approaches, to totally flexible ones. The need to allow process designers to control this flexibility has risen due to the fact that, in the everyday practice, people do not wish for total flexibility. They rather prefer to be guided, even when they feel the need to change some part of business process. In this paper we propose CF4BPMN, a BPMN language extension to allow modeling and execution of controlled flexibility in business processes. Using this extension, process designers can express how a certain process element can or cannot be changed in execution time, taking into account their experience or other organizational restriction. Then, other process participants can visually learn and follow the advised changes onto a business process in a controlled manner.

Keywords: Business processes, BPMN, controlled flexibility, BPMN extension.



Cloud Configuration Modelling: a Literature Review from an Application Integration Deployment Perspective Inma Hernándeza, Sandro Sawickib, Fabricia Roos-Frantzb, Rafael Z. Frantzb a

Department of Languages and Information Systems, ETSI Informática, University of Seville, Avda. Reina Mercedes, s/n, 41012. Seville, Spain. b Department of Exact Sciences and Engineering, Unijuí University. Rua do Comércio, 3000. Ijuí 98700-000, RS, Brazil.

Abstract Enterprise Application Integration has played an important role in providing methodologies, techniques and tools to develop integration solutions, aiming at reusing current applications and supporting the new demands that arise from the evolution of business processes in companies. Cloud-computing is part of a new reality in which companies have at their disposal a high-capacity IT infrastructure at a low-cost, in which integration solutions can be deployed and run. The charging model adopted by cloud-computing providers is based on the amount of computing resources consumed by clients. Such demand of resources can be computed either from the implemented integration solution, or from the conceptual model that describes it. It is desirable that cloud-computing providers supply detailed conceptual models describing the variability of services and restrictions between them. However, this is not the case and providers do not supply the conceptual models of their services. The conceptual model of services is the basis to develop a process and provide supporting tools for the decision-making on the deployment of integration solutions to the cloud. In this paper, we review the literature on cloud configuration modelling, and compare current proposals based on a comparison framework that we have developed.

Keywords: Enterprise Application Integration; Optimisation; Cloud-computing; Cloud Service Model; Service Variability.



Comparison between Light-Weight and Heavy-Weight Monitoring in a Web Services Fuzzy Architecture Anderson Francisco Talona, Edmundo Roberto Mauro Madeiraa a

Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Av. Albert Einstein, 1251, Campinas, 13083-852, Brasil

Abstract Web services are a reality for many businesses nowadays. The rules of these services are described on e-contracts (ECs). Therefore, monitoring is essential to ensure that the quality of service will be higher than agreed in the EC. This paper proposes an architecture for business process execution, where the monitor uses a fuzzy approach to predict an EC failure, and take actions to avoid it. With this prediction, the architecture changes service priority by running services with higher possibility (higher priority) of failure first. Nevertheless, if a failure happens, the architecture has a recovery module to recovery the service. Using the architecture, it is possible to observe an increase in the EC accomplishment (+40.41%), and a decrease in the average response time of EC (-42.64%). This paper compare two types of monitoring: light-weight monitoring (LWM) and heavy-weight monitoring (HWM). The results show that HWM is better than LWM in terms of performance. There was an improvement of 11.88% in the EC accomplishment. The problem using the HWM is the reliability. It is not reliable. If the monitor fails, no monitoring is processed by the architecture. The results show that the architecture is promising.

Keywords: Web Services Monitoring; Light-Weight Monitor; Heavy-Weight Monitor; Fuzzy Monitoring; e-Contract Violation.



Computerization of a ‘controlled language’ to write medical standard operating procedures (SOPs) Izabella Thomasa, Lucie Larochea,b, Blandine Plaisantin-Alecub, Marie-Laure Betbederc, Estelle Seillèsd,e, Julie Renahya,b, Oleg Blagosklonove,f and Dominique Angèle Vuittonb,d. a

Research center in Linguistics and in Natural Language Processing Lucien Tesnière; University of Franche-Comté, Besançon 25030, France; b Prolipsia, Temis Innovation, Besançon 25030, France; c Joint UFC-CNRS Research Unit FEMTO-ST, Laboratory of computer science, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon 25030, France; d Research Federation « Cell and Tissue Biology and Engineering » FED 4234, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon 25030, France; e Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS; National Blood Bank Organization) Bourgogne/Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France; f Dept of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Besançon 25030, France.

Abstract Accreditation of hospitals includes items regarding the existence of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs); but these documents can be sources of misunderstanding and patient’s safety may be jeopardized. We proposed a solution based on the Controlled Language (CL) concept and developed software services to make CL user-friendly to writers. We carried out: 1) deep linguistic analysis of SOP corpora in two medical domains; 2) language modelling to establish two adapted CLs, 3) improvement of home-made CL Authoring Software by developing software modules and a collaborative corpus-based web-accessible platform for the building of terminological and non-terminological resources, 4) evaluation through focus groups and computer-aided CL-writing test sessions. Health professionals and linguists cooperated closely in a field that is quite new to the health domain. The optimized Prolipsia CL Authoring Software appeared to be a good compromise between users’ needs and CL requirements. All actors agreed that benefits would be gained by using the proposed tools, in terms of patient safety and of work organization, institutional cohesion, and decreased liabilities. They also suggested that software solutions able to analyse the quality of existing texts and help correct them would better fit the situation of institutions which have already got a large corpus of (unsatisfactory) texts at their disposal. Such software is currently at an advanced stage of development, with a first version available.

Keywords: standard operating procedures; controlled language; authoring software; quality management; linguistics; computeraided writing; automated translation.



Consideration of Embodied Expertise Transfer Process in Manufacturing-site -Through the development example of wheelchair for the Physically Disabled UsersShogo Kameia,Masakazu Ohashib,Mayumi Horic TAMA Graduate School of Business, 2-14-14,Konan,Minato-ku,Tokyo,108-0075,Japan，b Chuo University, 742-1 Higashinakano,Hachioji-shi, Tokyo,192-0393, Japan, C Hakuoh University, 1117 Daigyouji,Oyama-shi,Tochigi,3238585,Japan a

Abstract This paper examines the embodied expertise transfer process between disabled persons and developers in the electric wheelchair manufacturer’s development workshop for disabled persons. What we found in this study is listed as follows. 1) The embodied expertise of able-bodied persons is metacognitively verbalized through the “intercorporeality (intercorporéité)” between able-bodied and disabled persons. 2) The embodied expertise that has been metacognitively verbalized is transferred from the craftsmen to the tools used by the disabled persons. The embodied expertise not yet metacognitively verbalized by the disabled persons and the embodied expertise already transferred have and maintain a complementary relationship. 3) The embodied expertise not yet metacognitively verbalized by the disabled persons further accelerates the process of metacognitive verbalization of the embodied expertise of able-bodied persons through the intercorporeality between able-bodied and disabled persons.

Keywords: embodied expertise transfer process; metacognitively verbalized; intercorporeality; complementary relationship.



Cooperation Networks in the Tourism Sector: Multiplication of Business Opportunities Vítor Mendonça a, João Varajão b, Paula Oliveira c a

Departamento de Informática e Comunicações, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Mirandela, Portugal b Centro Algoritmi, Department of Information Systems, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal c Departamento de Engenharias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

Abstract Inter-organizational strategic alliances, in which networks of cooperation stand out, have proved to be a good model to provide more competitive organizations. However, there are still shortcomings concerning models and supporting technologies that help the creation of inter-organizational arrangements. This paper presents a conceptual model for the establishment of cooperation networks, an information system that supports the proposed model and, finally, the results of a case study in the tourism sector.

Keywords: cooperation networks; business opportunities; tourism.



Cost-effective and lightweight mobile units for MixAR: a comparative trial among different setups Luís Páduaa, David Narcisoa, Telmo Adãoa, Antonio Cunhab, Emanuel Peresb, Luís Magalhãesc a

b

University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Engineering Department, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal INESC TEC (formerly INESC Porto) and UTAD – University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal c ALGORITMI Center, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal

Abstract Cultural heritage has arousing the interest of the general public (e.g. tourists), resulting in the increasing number of visitations to archaeological sites. However, many buildings and monuments are severely damaged or completely destroyed, which doesn’t allow to get a full experience of “travelling in time”. Over the years, several Augmented Reality (AR) approaches were proposed to overcome these issues by providing three-dimensional visualization of reconstructed ancient structures in situ. However, most of these systems were made available through heavy and expensive technological bundles. Alternatively, MixAR intends to be a lightweight and cost-effective Mixed Reality system which aims to provide the visualization of virtual ancient buildings reconstructions in situ, properly superimposed and aligned with real-world ruins. This paper proposes and compares different AR mobile units setups to be used in the MixAR system, with lowcost and lightweight requirements in mind, providing different levels of immersion. It was propounded four different mobile units, based on: a laptop computer, a single-board computer (SBC), a tablet and a smartphone, which underwent a set of tests to evaluate their performances. The results show that mobile units based on laptop computer and SBC reached a good overall performance while mobile units based on tablet and smartphone did not meet such a satisfactory result even though they are acceptable for the intended use.

Keywords: Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality, Archeological visitations, Augmented Reality mobile units, mobile devices, MixAR.



Data flow and human tasks in business process models Giorgio Bruno Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy [email protected]

Abstract In contrast with the traditional view that represents business processes as flow charts of tasks, the artifact-centric one stresses the importance of the data flow, as the main responsible for the activation of the tasks. This viewpoint leads to reconsider the interactions between the process and its tasks as well as the execution mode of the tasks. The greatest benefits concern human tasks; they should no longer be considered only as services implemented by people but they may enable their performers to make choices. Two kinds of human choices are considered in this paper: the choice of the inputs to be acted on, and the choice of the course of action to be taken. The execution mode of human tasks is also examined and three categories are illustrated: performer-driven tasks, process-driven tasks and macro tasks. These categories come with a number of patterns, which are exemplified in this paper.

Keywords: business processes; artifacts; human tasks; data flow.



Defining a framework for the development of ICT services “nearshoring” in Portugal Pedro Ruivoa, Jorge Rodriguesa, Miguel Netoa,Tiago Oliveiraa, Björn Johanssonb a

b

NOVA IMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal Department of Informatics, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, SE-223 63 Lund, Sweden

Abstract This paper presents a framework for policies development enabling growth of Nearshore in information and communications technologies (ICT) services inside European Community (EC), which are based in Portuguese companies, emphasizing what is needed to explore the huge opportunity to develop exportations, employability and the national economy. In a market of ICTs Outsourcing services forecasted in 2017 to be larger than 1000 Billion Euros, it is necessary that Portugal accelerates developments in areas such as People, Policies, Infrastructures and Education, according to the proposed framework, which supports the growth from the 50th location worldwide and 2nd in Western Europe, regarding attractiveness for providing Outsourcing services, in order to become a preferential destination for the development of a “Nearshore” in EC.

Keywords: Nearshore, Outsourcing, Services, ICT, Portugal.



Detection of road accident accumulation zones with a visual analytics approach Luís Ramosa, Luís Silvab, Maribel Yasmina Santosa, João Moura Piresb a

ALGORITMI Research Centre, University of Minho, Azurém Campus, 4804-533 Guimarães , Portugal b NOVA LINCS Lab, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal

Abstract Nowadays, road accidents are a major public health problem, which increase is forecasted if road safety is not treated properly, dying about 1.2 million people every year around the globe. In 2012, Portugal recorded 573 fatalities in road accidents, on site, revealing the largest decreasing of the European Union for 2011, along with Denmark. Beyond the impact caused by fatalities, it was calculated that the economic and social costs of road accidents weighted about 1.17% of the Portuguese gross domestic product in 2010. Visual Analytics allows the combination of data analysis techniques with interactive visualizations, which facilitates the process of knowledge discovery in sets of large and complex data, while the Geovisual Analytics facilitates the exploration of space-time data through maps with different variables and parameters that are under analysis. In Portugal, the identification of road accident accumulation zones, in this work named black spots, has been restricted to annual fixed windows. In this work, it is presented a dynamic approach based on Visual Analytics techniques that is able to identify the displacement of black spots on sliding windows of 12 months. Moreover, with the use of different parameterizations in the formula usually used to detect black spots, it is possible to identify zones that are almost becoming black spots. Through the proposed visualizations, the study and identification of countermeasures to this social and economic problem can gain new grounds and thus the decision-making process is supported and improved.

Keywords: Road traffic accidents; black spots; visual analytics.



Discovering TV contents in a second screen app: perspectives from Portuguese and Brazilian markets Jorge Abreua, Pedro Almeidaa, Telmo Silvaa, Rita Oliveiraa a

Department of Communication and Art, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Abstract The actual trends in the TV ecosystem present considerable social, organisational and technological challenges in the value-chain of Pay-TV operators. Among these is the global increase in bandwidth, the shifting of the storage capacity in the cloud, and the affordability of traditional content providers when facing the competitiveness of OTT content. In this framework, Pay-TV operators are presenting their customers with a huge offer of contents available from linear-TV, Catch-up TV and VoD services. However, this overloaded TV ecosystem is likely to lead viewers to get lost and face difficulties when deciding what to watch on TV. To overcome these difficulties and be competitive, operators need to provide innovative and trustable solutions, alternative to traditional EPGs, enabling users to discover the right content for a specific context. To target this problem, a second screen application (GUIDER) was developed to offer an original user interface, based on a multidimensional spatial representation of TV contents for those mindless zapping situations where viewers do not know, in advance, what they are in the mood to watch. This paper reports on the evaluation of the GUIDER App, aiming to determine the level of interest in the several features implemented and in the filtering criteria available; identify usability issues; and predicting the future uses of the App in domestic scenarios. The evaluation was made in Portugal and Brazil with a convenience sample of 20 participants in each country. Despite the differences in the TV ecosystems, both countries appear to be promising markets for this new kind of second screen applications, with Brazilians showing a higher perception of the added value of GUIDER.

Keywords: value-chain; second screen; discovery; EPG; recommendation; evaluation.



Document Centric Modeling of Information Systems Bálint Molnár a, András Benczúr a a

Information Systems Department, Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary

Abstract Most recently, the concept of business documents has started to play double role. On one side, a business document (word processing text or calculation sheet) can be used as specification tool, on the other side the business document is an immanent constituent of business processes, thereby essential component of business information systems. The recent tendency is that the majority of documents and their contents within business information systems remain in semi-structured format and a lesser part of documents is transformed into schemas of structured databases. The semi structured documents can be stored and processed in the modern database management systems, in compliance with the requirements of business processes. In order to keep in hand the emerging situation, we suggest the creation (1) a theoretical framework for modelling business information systems; (2) and a design method for practical application based on the theoretical model that provides the structuring principles. The modelling approach that focuses on documents and their interrelationships with business processes assists in perceiving the activities of modern information systems. The interrelationships between documents-centric modelling, the Enterprise Architecture and systematic approach for design provides an opportunity for a unified modelling.

Keywords: Information System, Document Centric Process and Data Modeling, Process Algebra, Information System Architecture, Web services, Service-Oriented Architectures, Zachman Framework.



Ensuring mobile device security and compliance at the workplace Carsten Kleiner, Georg Disterer University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Ricklinger Stadtweg 120, 30459 Hannover, Germany

Abstract End users urgently request using mobile devices at their workplace. They know these devices from their private life and appreciate functionality and usability, and want to benefit from these advantages at work as well. Limitations and restrictions would not be accepted by them. On the contrary, companies are obliged to employ substantial organizational and technical measures to ensure data security and compliance when allowing to use mobile devices at the workplace. So far, only individual arrangements have been presented addressing single issues in ensuring data security and compliance. However, companies need to follow a comprehensive set of measures addressing all relevant aspects of data security and compliance in order to play it safe. Thus, in this paper at first technical architectures for using mobile devices in enterprise IT are reviewed. Thereafter a set of compliance rules is presented and, as major contribution, technical measures are explained that enable a company to integrate mobile devices into enterprise IT while still complying with these rules comprehensively. Depending on the company context, one or more of the technical architectures have to be chosen impacting the specific technical measures for compliance as elaborated in this paper. Altogether this paper, for the first time, correlates technical architectures for using mobile devices at the workplace with technical measures to assure data security and compliance according to a comprehensive set of rules.

Keywords: Mobile Device, Mobile Applications, Consumerization, Security, Compliance, Mobile Device Management.



Enterprise System Implementation in a Franchise Context: an Action Case Study Anne Kristin Ajera, Eli Hustada a

University of Agder, N-4604 Kristiansand, Norway

Abstract This research paper reports on a study focusing on a franchise relationship that utilizes an enterprise system (ES) to optimize its supply chain. The ES is in its post-implementation phase; however, the franchisee has challenges with inventory management due to poor data quality, which causes problems with vendor analysis and revenue control. An action case study was carried out to identify and diagnose the source of the problem, and interventions were implemented and evaluated. The findings demonstrate that several of the challenges related to poor data quality in the supply chain were influenced by problems of a socio-technical character. These included a lack of understanding of the system, a shortage of training, workarounds, opportunistic behaviors and a lack of effective control mechanisms for the franchisor. Implications for the franchisor include the need for greater emphasis on good communication routines with franchisees, so problems in the system can be identified early and resolved. Franchisees must try to establish a good relationship with the franchisor and to be aware that knowledge and training can be the keys to realizing the benefits of the ES.

Keywords: Enterprise systems; ERP post-implementation; SCM; franchise; action research; action case; opportunism; data quality; interorganizational challenges; retail.



Evaluation of process modeling paradigms enabling flexibility Asma MEJRIa, Sonia AYACHI GHANOUCHIa,b, Ricardo MARTINHOc,d a

Laboratory RIADI-GDL, ENSI, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia b High Institute on Management of Sousse, Tunisia c School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal d Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Portugal

Abstract Many process modeling paradigms enabling flexibility have been proposed over the last decades, creating a demand for theory to assist in the comparison and evaluation of these paradigms. This paper comparatively assesses four popular process modeling paradigms in order to provide insights on the extent of flexibility they provide. Our study also reveals and compares flexibility in eight Business Process Management Systems (BPMS), based on a questionnaire proposed to senior researchers and developers of these systems.

Keywords: comparative study ; process modeling paradigms ; questionnaire ; flexibility ; BPMS.



FCASM2T: The Tools and functionalities / features identification process Fernando Moreiraa, Isabel Serucaa,b, Maria João Ferreiraa,b a

Universidade Portucalense, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 541, 4200 Porto, Portugal b ISTTOS, Centro Algoritmi, Minho University, Portugal

Abstract The huge popularity and evolution of the Web in the last decade, and the rapid advances in ICT allowed an exponential growth of the volume and diversity of data produced by social media. The widespread use of social media has encouraged citizens to give their opinions more freely and actively participate in several aspects of modern life. The data provided in this context can have a great impact on business, where often opinions of customers may contribute to the success of a product or service, or destroy the reputation of a brand or a company. The effective and full use of social media by organizations require that they are able to monitor and analyse the high volumes of heterogeneous data that are produced by these media, so as to obtain relevant information and valuable insights for decision making and for conducting their business. Due to the diversity of social media monitoring tools available and wide range of features offered, the FCASM 2T (Framework for classification and adoption of social media monitoring tools) was proposed to classify and guide the process of adoption of such a tool (or set of tools) by an organization. This paper addresses the first stage of the framework, the Tools and functionalities/features identification process, describing its rationale and way-of-working.

Keywords: Social media, Social media monitoring tools, Framework, Thresholds.



Forming Enterprise Recruitment Pattern Based on ProblemOriented Conceptual Model Saleh Alamro, Huseyin Dogan, Keith Phalp Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK

Abstract Technological advances combined with the tightest labor market have led many organizations to change the range of tactics used to recruit new talent. Recruitment patterns can help analysts to tackle repetitive and piecemeal recruitment problems. However, they have been criticized for being applied in isolation and not easy to integrate. Therefore, enterprise recruitment pattern is recommended when building recruitment systems. When defining such pattern, support from enterprise recruitment architectures (ERAs) is needed to facilitate the reuse of that pattern in different recruitment development processes. For this reason, we present a problem-oriented conceptual model developed by the authors with the purpose of addressing the key architectural elements of the recruitment system, as well as their interdependence, in a high level of abstraction. The essence of the model is that when such architectural elements and their relationships are combined in a coherent manner, enterprise recruitment patterns can be formed based on this. The pattern here is defined by using a template where its elements correspond to the elements of the ERA depicted in the conceptual model. Our approach is demonstrated via application to an exemplar.

Keywords: recruitment system; enterprise recruitment architecture; enterprise recruitment pattern.



Governance: Decision-making Model and Cycle José Gorgulhoa,b, Jorge Tavaresa, Carlos Páscoaa,c,José Triboletb,c a Department of Education, Portuguese Air Force Academy, Sintra, Portugal Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal c CODE – Center for Organizational Design & Engineering, INOV, Rua Alves Redol 9, Lisbon, Portugal b

Abstract The uncontrollable dynamics within organizations are a challenge for their agents. Currently, one encounters the non-stop optimization of business processes which translates into an undeniable competitive edge between organizations. To guarantee a correct and efficient application of resources, methods and models, able to align decisions with managerial objectives, must exist. However, the complexity involved in decision-making on a strategic level requires effective deliberation. The current paper contextualizes the decision-making process of the Portuguese Air Force Headquarters using the Harrison Cycle, categorising it in programmed and non-programmed situations, and suggests the introduction of a new method, based on the individual analysis. This method is a form of multi-criteria analysis called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which allows for a more cohesive course of action in the elaboration of a Headquarters Study.

Keywords: Organization; Agents; Decision-Making Process; Cycle; Analytic Hierarchy Process.



GuiMarket specification using the Unified Modeling Language Ferreira, L. a, Miranda, I.b, Simoes, R.a,d, Cruz-Cunha, M. M.a,c a

Polytechnc Institute of Cávado and Ave, Campus do IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal b Câmara Municipal de Guimarães, 4800 Guimarães, Portugal c Algoritmi Research Centre, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal d Institute for Polymers and Composites – IPC/I3N, Guimarães, Portugal

Abstract GuiMarket is an e-Marketplace of health care, social care services developed as a pilot project in a Northern Portuguese Municipality, with the main objective of improving the well-being of elderly people and people with special needs staying at home, or their caregivers. This paper makes a brief introduction of this platform, explains its overall implementation and operation using an IDEF0 (Integration DEFinition) diagram, and presents the specification of the main services of the e-Marketplace using UML (Unified Modeling Language).

Keywords: GuiMarket; electronic marketplace; health care; social care; helth care services; social care services; UML; IDEF; IDEF0; 3. Information Systems modeling.



IT Governance in a Public Organization in a Developing Country: A Case Study of a Governmental Organization Najla Al Qassimia and Lazar Rusua a

Stockholm University, Borgarfjordsgatan 12, 164 07 Kista, Sweden

Abstract The application of Information Technology Governance (ITG) was motivated by the private sector in the 90s, as a way to achieve excellence, provide new services, and increase profitability of IT investments. Therefore the organizations from the public sector has shortly followed those from the private sector realizing the benefits of having an effective ITG implementation that could better serve the implementation of IT plans, projects and programs in their organizations. Reviewing the research literature in this field, we have found a shortage of studies regarding ITG implementation into the public sector organizations in developing countries. Research has been conducted mainly in organizations from the private sector and specifically in the developed countries and very few in the public sector organizations in developing countries. Therefore this research has focused on the application of ITG in a public organization particularly in a governmental organization in a developing country by analysing ITG practices in place. The research method used in this study was interpretive case study and the data collection was done through interviews as primary data together including secondary data collected from progress reports, policies and procedure reports of the governmental organization. The results of this research concluded, that there was an unintentional implementation of ITG in the studied governmental organization and that there is a need to improve the ITG structures, processes and relational mechanisms that will promote accountability of the IT projects and contribute to an effective ITG implementation in this organization.

Keywords: IT governance, public organization, govermental organization, structures, processes, relational mechanisms, developing country.



Key Metrics and Key Drivers in the Valuation of Public Enterprise Resource Planning Companies Adelin Trusculescua, Anca Draghicib, Claudiu Tiberiu Albulescub a goetzpartners, Prinzregentenstr. 56, Munich 80538, Germany Politehnica University of Timisoara - Faculty of Management in Production and Transportation, Remusstr. 14, Timisoara 300191, Romania

b

Abstract As an industry matures, company valuations shift from a revenue driven valuation to a profitability driven valuation. Despite operating in a relatively mature industry, companies in the enterprise resource planning (ERP) software segment are still influenced by revenue driven valuations. The nature of the industry, with low delivery costs and high personnel costs, and the on-going switch from packaged software revenues towards “as a service” revenues protect the importance of revenues in this segment. With the development of the sector, the valuation drivers (key operating performance indicators) shift from revenue growth to profitability. In the ERP software segment top line growth remains the key driver especially with emergence of the Internet of Things and the concept of “Industry 4.0”, where an increasing number of devices are interconnected and can communicate with each other. The article analyses through regression analysis the current revenue and operating profitability based valuation levels of thirteen publicly listed in the ERM software segments against several key operating performance indicators. The results of our research show that future expected revenue growth remains the most important key operating performance indicator and both revenue and profitability driven valuations remain relevant. These findings are especially important for investors in the ERM software segment which are looking to sell their companies or to raise additional capital.

Keywords: Valuation of ERP companies; valuation drivers; valuation metrics; ERP.



Managing cannibalization of perishable food products in the retail sector Hans-Henrik Hvolby and Kenn Steger-Jensen Centre for Logistics, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University Fibigerstrede 16, DK 9220, Denmark. E-mail:[email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract The paper discusses possible scenarios of cannibalization and how they challenge the retailer’s operations. We focus especially on cannibalization of the same product in terms of quality and price. Scenarios of quality and price strategies are presented and based on these a conceptual replenishment model is developed. The paper concludes that the two main challenges for retailers are to optimize profit and to reduce waste. A possible strategy to obtain this may be to introduce dynamic pricing and replenishment decisions.

Keywords: Perishability, Cannibalization, Product quality, Pricing, Food-Retail.



Measuring and querying process performance in supply chains: An approach for mining big-data cloud storages Alejandro Vera-Baqueroa, Ricardo Colomo-Palaciosb, Owen Molloy c a

Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. Universidad 30, Leganes (Madrid) 28911, Spain b Østfold University College, B R A Veien 4, Halden 1783, Norway b National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

Abstract Survival in today’s global environment means continuously improving processes, identifying and eliminating inefficiencies wherever they occur. With so many companies operating as part or all of complex distributed supply chain, gathering, collating and analyzing the necessary data to identify such improvement opportunities is extremely complex and costly. Although few solutions exist to correlate the data, it continues to be generated in vast quantities, rendering the use of highly scalable, cloud-based solutions for process analysis a necessity. In this paper we present an overview of an analytical framework for business activity monitoring and analysis, which has been realized using extremely scalable, cloud-based technologies. It provides a low-latency solution for entire supply chains or individual nodes in such chains to query process data stores in order to deliver business insight. A custom query language has been implemented which allows business analysts to design custom queries on processes and activities based on a standard set of process metrics. Ongoing developments are focused on testing and improving the scalability and latency of the system, as well as extending the query engine to increase its flexibility and performance.

Keywords: Business Process Analytics; Business Performance Management; Big Data.



Measuring customer data protection in nearshores Pedro Ruivoa, Tiago Oliveiraa,Vítor Santosa a

NOVA IMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal

Abstract Customer’s data protection and nearshores aspects are currently experiencing an increasing interest from both the academic, governments and business communities. This paper empirically test 12 factors of customer data protection in regards to three nearshores locations. Testing was performed based on a 127 data set web survey across three nearshore locations (Egypt, Portugal and Romania) of a large multinational software company. Our study report high scores for Data Classification and Passwords, moderate scores for Encryption, Approved tools, Access controls, How many access data, Data minimization and Escalation issues, and low scores for Testing data, Data retention, Readiness and training, and Geographic rules. The major finding is that a specialized team on data protection matters is needed as part of the operating model of the nearshores. This study contributes to the IS literature, in particular how customer data protection is been handled by nearshores professionals. Unlike the typical focus on outsourcing IT literature, this study focuses on the specificity of nearshores locations.

Keywords: Data protection; nearshore; privacy; security; ICT; support; services.



MixAR Mobile Prototype: Visualizing Virtually Reconstructed Ancient Structures In Situ David Narcisoa*, Luís Páduaa, Telmo Adãoa, Emanuel Peresb, Luís Magalhãesc b

a University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Engineering Department, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal INESC TEC (formerly INESC Porto) and UTAD – University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal c ALGORITMI Center, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.

Abstract Archeology and related areas have a special interest on cultural heritage sites since they provide valuable information about past civilizations. However, the ancient buildings present in these sites are commonly found in an advanced state of degradation which difficult the professional/expert analysis. Virtual reconstructions of such buildings aim to provide a digital insight of how these historical places could have been in ancient times. Moreover, the visualization of such models has been explored by some Augmented Reality (AR) systems capable of providing support to experts. Their compelling and appealing environments have also been applied to promote the social and cultural participation of general public. The existing AR solutions regarding this thematic rarely explore the potential of realism, due to the following lacks: the exploration of mixed environments is usually only supported for indoors or outdoors, not both in the same system; the adaptation of the illumination conditions to the reconstructed structures is rarely addressed causing a decrease of credibility. MixAR [1] is a system concerned with those challenges, aiming to provide the visualization of virtual buildings augmented upon real ruins, allowing soft transitions among its interiors and exteriors and using relighting techniques for a faithful interior illumination, while the user freely moves in a given cultural heritage site, carrying a mobile unit. Regarding the focus of this paper, we intend to report the current state of MixAR mobile unit prototype, which allows visualizing virtual buildings – properly aligned with real-world structures – based on user’s location, during outdoor navigation. In order to evaluate the prototype performance, a set of tests were made using virtual models with different complexities.

Keywords: Mixed Reality; Augmented Reality; Augmented Virtuality; Virtual Heritage.



Mobile RHS: a mobile application to support the “River Habitat Survey” methodology António Cunhaa, Pedro Gonçalvesb, João Barreirab, António Trigoc,d, Samantha Jane Hughese a

University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal and INESC TEC - INESC Technology and Science (formely INESC Porto) b University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal c Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ISCAC, Quinta Agrícola, Bencanta, 3040-316 Coimbra, Portugal d Centro ALGORITMI, University of Minho, Portugal e Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal

Abstract The Fluvial Ecology Laboratory at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (LEF-CITAB) uses the River Habitat Survey (RHS) methodology a Water Framework Directive accepted method for assessing the character and habitat quality of rivers, which involves the use of a paper questionnaire, GPS and photographic camera for the collection of data in the field, which can be very cumbersome. In order to make this a more efficient and rapid process LEF-CITAB suggested the creation of a mobile application to record field data. This paper outlines the development of the proposed mobile application – Mobile RHS.

Keywords: River Habitat Survey; Paperless Forms; Mobile Cloud Architecture; Android.



Model Driven Upstream and Downstream Artifacts Adnan Javeda,b, Farooque Azama, Amjad Umarb a

National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan b NGE Solutions,Inc., Elizabethtown, PA, USA.

Abstract It is important for a systems architect to be able to "zoom in" and "zoom out" different levels of details, i.e., to see the enterprise and business level views as well as to go into details of systems and different components of systems. The enterprise knowledge and information systems are two fundamentally different disciplines. An intermediary approach that can connect the two bi-directionally can be very useful in such scenarios. This short paper proposes an intermediary modeling approach that can provide means to computer assisted creation of higher-level business architectural artifacts, that can hold business meaning for the upper management, as well as information system meta-model descriptions that can be used for MBSE (Model Based System Engineering) approaches to develop concrete software systems. This would allow enterprise planning at intermediary level to provide upstream and downstream independence. This preliminary research uses a computer aided planning environment that has repository of multi-disciplinary patterns at different levels of detail for rapid development of these models, capturing various views and viewpoints in a step by step manner.

Keywords: Enterprise Modeling; Decision Support System; Enterprise Architecture Frameworks; Model Based System Engineering.



Modeling information systems sociomateriality and its impact on organizational cooperative environment development José L.R. Sousaa,b, Teófilo T. Branco Jr.c, B.S.R. Amorimd a

b

i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal c Centro ALgorithmi, Universidade do Minho, Guimarães, Portugal d Requimte-Rede de Quimica e Tecnologia, Universidade do Porto, Porto Porugal

Abstract In a commoditized world of information technology, organizations aim to achieve a unique behavior, able to empower its sustainability and development. Understanding that sociomaterial entanglement of information technology and organizational users is a practice and research challenge in the information systems community. In this paper, we address that challenge trough the modelling of the information systems virtual organization emergent from the enactment of the information systems sociomateriality. This approach highlights the unique nature of the information systems enactment, its sociomaterial emergent virtual organization and its contribute to a modelling conceptualization of the organizational cooperative environment. We develop that the emergent models, gathered from sociomaterial data, can contribute to a unique organizational development even in a commoditized world of information technology.

Keywords: Modeling, Sociomateriality, Information Systems, Cooperative environments, Emergent.



Organizational Configuration Map, Taxonomy of BEING José Gorgulhoa,b, Diogo Pretoa, Carlos Páscoaa,c,José Triboletb,c a Department of Education, Portuguese Air Force Academy, Sintra, Portugal Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal c CODE – Center for Organizational Design & Engineering, INOV, Rua Alves Redol 9, Lisbon, Portugal b

Abstract An organization is a reflection of its agents, so the understanding and acceptance of organizational identity is guaranteed through the harmony between agents and organizations, which, effectively, translates into organizational success. Since agents are an active part of the base structure of an organization’s business and processes, they should be able to fully understand that structure. The present paper studies the Portuguese Air Force regarding the Organizational Engineering concept of ‘BEING’, by identifying their elements and creating a framework which establishes the relationships between those elements and relates them to the potential value it has for its stakeholders. This approach constitutes a useful tool in the strategic management of the organization and contributes to increase the Organizational Self-Awareness, while at the same time improves Agility, Flexibility and Adaptability.

Keywords: Organizational Configuration map, BEING, Taxonomy, Business model, Governance, Organizational Engineering, Organizational Self- Awareness, Flexibility and Adaptability.



Organizational Operating Systems, an approach Carlos Páscoaa,c,José Triboletb,c a Department of Education, Portuguese Air Force Academy, Sintra, Portugal Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal c CODE – Center for Organizational Design & Engineering, INOV, Rua Alves Redol 9, Lisbon, Portugal b

Abstract Like working with the computer, managing organizational resources and using them optimally is also an exceedingly challenging job. Therefore organizations are also equipped with an Organizational Operating System whose purpose is to provide resources with a better, simpler, cleaner model of the organization and providing the means to successful management. Starting from the computer example and its operating system description and by comparison with the organizational configuration concepts, as an initial approach to this important organizational subject, we characterize the organizational operating system, using DEMO, by defining its basic operations, devices, basic utilities (resources), structure and basic concepts.

Keywords: Organizational Configuration, Flying the Organization, Computer, Operating System, Organizational Operating System, DEMO.



Planning and scope definition to implement ERP: The case study of Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) Sandro Luís Freire de Castro Silvaa, Saulo Barbará de Oliveirab ab

Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465 KM7-Seropédica -Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000, Brazil

Abstract The effects of Information Technology (IT) in the organizational performance have motivated research about its impact in business actions, as well as the benefits of attending necessities of business units with technology. Recently, universities have been influenced by global trends of performance needs and management efficiency to invest on ERP systems. However, it is important to mention that it is difficult to identify the benefits that come from these applications in terms of performance results and organizational services. The objective of this study is to present and discuss the challenges found during the process of scope definition in the planning step to acquire an ERP for Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the influence of this choice in the institutional and IT strategic plan. The main evidences of this study, were: eliminating the manual processes is the main tangible benefit wished with the ERP acquisition; the acquisition plan must preview the discontinuously of the existent systems, replacing all of them for the new management tool to be acquired.

Keywords:Planning, Scope Definition, ERP .



Proposal of Utility Tree for Health Education Systems based on Virtual Scenarios: a case study of SABER Comunidades Camila Diniza,b, Júlio Menezes Jra, Cristine Gusmãoa.b a

SABER: Tecnologias Educacionais e Sociais Research Group, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil Department of Biomedical Engineering, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências (CTG), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil

b

Abstract Distance education has been growing significantly in health areas, especially in primary care. One way to represent common daily situations in distance education is through the use of virtual scenarios as an educational resource. These systems require several and specific features and quality attributes. Quality attributes are also known as nonfunctional requirements, but in many cases non-functional requirements are described poorly, and one way to solve this lack is through the usage of scenarios based on quality attributes. In this light, this work aims to present the development of a Utility Tree that represents a set of requirements to modeling health education systems based on virtual scenarios, studying the specific case of SABER Comunidades.

Keywords: Quality Attributes, Distance education, Virtual scenarios.



Reliability of BPMN Business Processes Ana Respícioab, Dulce Domingosac a

Departamento de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande,1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal b Centro de Matemática, Aplicações Fundamentais e Investigação Operacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande,1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal c Lasige, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande,1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract Organizations increasingly use business processes and the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) to model them. Taking into account the relevance of Quality of Service (QoS) aspects in business processes, we can find in the literature some proposals that already calculate reliability of structured workflows and service compositions, as well as some proposals that extend BPMN to include cost, availability, and reliability, among others QoS aspects. In this paper we focus on reliability and we calculate the reliability of the overall BPMN process starting from the reliability value of its activities. We use the Stochastic Workflow Reduction method, which applies a set of reductions rules to process blocks. To accomplish this, we extend BPMN with reliability information and we identify the BPMN process blocks for which we can apply a reduction. We apply our approach to a use case concerning a simplified paper reviewing process. In addition, we identify the limitations of our proposal, which are intrinsic to the BPMN non-block structure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first proposal to compute the reliability of BPMN business processes.

Keywords: BPMN, reliability, business process, QoS.



Representing the “Qualification” concept in Business Processes Ana Telhaa,b, Nelson Ribeiroa, Carlos Páscoaa,c,José Triboletb,c a Department of Education, Portuguese Air Force Academy, Sintra, Portugal Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal c CODE – Center for Organizational Design & Engineering, INOV, Rua Alves Redol 9, Lisbon, Portugal b

Abstract Current times are characterized by constant changes. Organizations, as essential elements in society, are subject to difficulties and adversities they must respond to. The business processes of an organization constitute the reality of what is truly made by its individuals. The Portuguese Air Force, in order to become an increasingly effective and efficient organization, should seek to know its processes, keep them updated and promote a constant alignment between them and the organization itself. Qualifications are a decisive factor for a person to occupy an Organizational Position and fulfill the corresponding functions. Currently, qualifications for each position are described in the organization manuals but are not represented in the processes. This can be a source of misalignment. This document reflects a study on the concept of qualifications/competencies of Organizational Positions and their relation to the business processes of the organization. The purpose is to promote the alignment between the organization’s structure and business processes, through the concept of competence required both to fulfill the position and to execute activities.

Keywords: Organization; Processes; Qualifications; Competencies; Alignment; Organizational Position; Organizational Engineering.



Representing the Attributes of an Organizational Position in Business Processes Ana Telhaa,b, Nuno Andradea, Carlos Páscoaa,c,José Triboletb,c a Department of Education, Portuguese Air Force Academy, Sintra, Portugal Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal c CODE – Center for Organizational Design & Engineering, INOV, Rua Alves Redol 9, Lisbon, Portugal b

Abstract Organizations work in a constantly changing environment. It is extremely important that they adapt to these changes, in order to get the best performance and advantage of its available resources. Modern society is, thus, filled with competition and competitiveness, where only the fittest, agile and flexible organizations with well laid out objectives and strategies, can succeed. In order to manage an organization, it is mandatory to identify not only its processes, but also those who carry them out. It is through the comparison of business processes and what is described in the organizational manuals, that a correct alignment can be promoted. This alignment concurs to a higher Organizational self-awareness rendering the most efficient and effective organizations. This work emerges from the need to check the alignment between the attributes of an Organizational Position represented in the organizational manuals and their representation in business processes, based on a set of knowledge of Organizational Engineering.

Keywords: Organization; Processes; Alignment; Organizational Engineering; Organizational Self-Awareness; Organizational Position; Attributes.



Requirement meta model of a cooperative information system oriented viewpoints Kahina KESSIa, Zaia ALIMAZIGHIa, Mourad OUSSALAHb a

kkessi, [email protected], LSI laboratory, USTHB university, BP 32 AL ALIA, BAB EZZOUAR ALGIERS 16111, ALGERIA b [email protected], LINA Laboratory, Nantes university, 2, rue la Houssinière BP 92208,Nantes cedex 3, 44322, FRANCE

Abstract A cooperative information system (CIS) development process includes two main steps: Requirements Engineering (RE), that includes the following two phases: (organizational reality and the conception solution) and the step of Systems Engineering that involves the implementation phase of the solution. In this paper we focus on one of the critical steps of the development process of a CIS which is RE. CIS is a complex system; it involves the cooperation of many stakeholders in a common purpose and each with its own viewpoint. This complexity makes more difficult the design; RE phase is therefore a crucial phase of the development life cycle of a CIS. This leads us to propose a meta-model which allows defining the RE phase of a CIS. We used for that a notion of software engineering: the viewpoints, in order to decompose and partition the needs of a CIS according to the viewpoint of each stakeholder, to simplify its modeling and overcome their complexity. This model-driven approach which is based on a requirements meta-model of a CIS using viewpoints, will allow us to instance the necessary viewpoints to define the needs and requirements of a CIS.

Keywords: viewpoints, needs analysis, requirements engineering, cooperative information system.



SECTOR: Secure Common Information Space for the Interoperability of First Responders Marcello Cinquea, Christian Espositoa, Mario Fiorentinoa, Jana Mauthnerb, Łukasz Szklarskic, Frank Wilsond, Yann Semete, Jean-Paul Pignonf Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per l’Informatica (CINI), Via Cinthia, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy b Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Arbeitswissenschaft und Technologiemanagement, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany c ITTI Sp. z o.o., ul. Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland d Stichting Studio Veiligheid (SSV), Saturnusstraat 60, 2516 AH Den Haag, Netherlands e Thales Research & Technology, Campus Polytechnique, avenue Augustin Fresnel 1, 91767 Palaiseau Cedex France f Thales Communications & Security SAS, 4 Avenue des Louvresses, 92622 Gennevilliers Cedex, France a

Abstract The ever-growing human, economic and environmental losses due to natural and/or man-made disasters demand a systematic, holistic, inter-governmental and multi-disciplinary approach to the management of large-scale crisis. However, crisis management is usually coordinated by local authorities, supported by a variety of different national and international crisis management organizations, all acting relatively autonomously. Coordination actions usually adopt non-interoperable information management tools, due to the heterogeneity of the involved organizations, limiting or even hindering the coordination efforts. This paper introduces the efforts conducted in the context of the EU-funded project called SECTOR, which aims at establishing the foundations of future Collaborative Crisis Management (CCM) Information Spaces by expanding the European scientific knowledge base on (cross-border) multi-agency processes and their complications when setting-up and designing the enabling information systems.

Keywords: Collaborative Crisis Management; Common Information Space; Interoperable Systems



Selecting optimal subset of security controls Iryna Yevseyevaa, Vitor Basto-Fernandesb, Michael Emmerichc, Aad van Moorsela a

Centre for Cybercrime and Computer Security, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom b School of Technology and Management, Computer Science and Communications Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal c Leiden Institute of Advanced Computing Science, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333-CA Leiden, The Netherlands

Abstract Choosing an optimal investment in information security is an issue most companies face these days. Which security controls to buy to protect the IT system of a company in the best way? Selecting a subset of security controls among many available ones can be seen as a resource allocation problem that should take into account conflicting objectives and constraints of the problem. In particular, the security of the system should be improved without hindering productivity, under a limited budget for buying controls. In this work, we provide several possible formulations of security controls subset selection problem as a portfolio optimization, which is well known in financial management. We propose approaches to solve them using existing single and multiobjective optimization algorithms.

Keywords: multicriteria optimisation; security; subset selection; portfolio optimization.



Service-Based Socio-Cyberphysical Network Modeling for Guided Self-Organization Alexander Smirnova,b, Nikolay Shilova,b a SPIIRAS, 39, 14 Line, 199178, St.Petersburg, Russia ITMO University, 49, Kronverkskiy pr., 197101, St. Petersburg, Russia

b

Abstract Socio-cyberphysical networks tightly integrate humans, real-world objects and IT infrastructure. In some cases of cyberphysical networks, their configuration can be done in a centralized way (e.g., automated production line configuration). However, for socio-cyberphysical networks the centralized control is not possible due to the independence and autonomy of the network members (e.g., employees of an enterprise). The paper proposes an approach to model such network via a set of interacting socio-inspired services. Such services are capable to model behavior of the network participants taking into account their preferences, strategies and social norms. The interoperability of the services is achieved due to the usage of common standards (such as WSDL and SOAP) at the technological level, and common ontology at the semantic level. The developed conceptual model of socioinspired service is presented together with behavior patterns and methods for their processing.

Keywords: socio-cyberphysical system; socio-inspired service; service-based modeling; behavior modeling; behavior pattern.



Social Business Documents Verena Hausmann, Susan P. Williams Institute for Information Systems Research, University of Koblenz-Landau

Abstract Information is one of the key sources of organizational value. As information carriers, documents, in some form, store the majority of business information. With the widespread introduction of social software in companies, much information is now created in social applications; leading social content to become one of the fastest growing content types. As with other content types, social content must be managed in order to realize its value and to minimize information risks. However, there is a lack of understanding about what social documents really are, what distinguishes them, and how they should be differentiated from other social content. Therefore this study examines social business documents by differentiating between social content and social documents and analyzes the characteristics of social documents. From this a working definition of social business documents is developed and challenges for their management are outlined.

Keywords: social business documents; digital documents; management issues; EIM, enterprise collaboration systems.



Software Business Models from a distribution perspective: A Systematic Mapping Study Alberto Heredia a, Ricardo Colomo-Palacios b , Antonio de Amescua a a

Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. Universidad 30, Leganés 28911, Spain b Østfold University College, B R A Veien 4, Halden 1783, Norway

Abstract Business models (BMs) describe how a company creates and delivers value to customers, the products or services that it offers and the compensation for them. Software companies need to be able to adopt different BMs to be successful in modern economy. Despite the number of publications on the field, there is still not a clear picture of software BMs. The purpose of this study is to structure and characterize the state of the art on software BMs with focus on sales and distribution models to help discover possible research gaps. The authors of this study conducted a systematic mapping study using relevant keywords to identify primary studies in the existing literature related to software BMs from a business management perspective. The search strategy returned 1871 papers and 51 were selected as primary studies. The analysis of results helps clarify the picture of software BMs and highlights the most relevant sources of papers. Results also reveal the broad interest of researchers on this topic. Most of the primary studies were related to service-based BMs, and to a lesser extent on product-based or open-source-based BMs; there is also an increase in the attention of researchers towards models built around mobile apps. While many authors report experience papers, only some authors validate or evaluate new proposals of sales and distribution models.

Keywords: software business models, systematic mapping, on-premise software, SaaS, open-source software, mobile apps.



The application of available technologies for the utilization and commercialization of resources and benefits obtained from solar energy Daniel Gonzalez Peñaa, Carmen de Pablos Herederob, Antón Rafael García Martinezc a,b

Rey Juan Carlos University, Paseo de los Artilleros s/n, Madrid 28032, Spain c Cordoba University, 5 Avd. Medina Azahara, Cordoba 14071, Spain

Abstract The objective of this study is to analyze the limits of, both, medium and long-term economic competitiveness of solar energy in Spain, studying the level of development that this form of energy production would presumably have, and the role that companies and the government should play to become competitive with fossil fuels, and other emerging developing sources. Using grounded theory and the study of cases, an analysis of the solar industry in Spain, focused on solar technology, was developed. Moreover, as tools to characterize the sector PESTEL analysis, Porter's five forces and Porter’s Diamond model were used. The conclusions of the analysis show that Spain could become a world reference model if the involved agents have coordination of value amongst them.

Keywords: solar energy, business model, optimization model.



The Architecture Facet of Information Governance: The Case of Urbanized Information Systems Sana Bent Aboulkacem Guetata, Salem Ben Dhaou Dakhlib a Le Mans University, avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085, Le Mans, France Paris-Dauphine University, Place du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 75016, Paris, France

b

Abstract Nowadays, information is considered as one of the main intangible assets of modern organizations since it plays a critical role in their competitive advantage and survival. In particular, information underpins any decision within organizations at both the daily operational and the tactical and strategic decision levels. As a result, information quality, and security requirements are exacerbated, in order to maximize operational efficiency, and respect the constraints imposed by the ever-changing legal and regulatory environment. However, information is not yet managed with the same rigor or the same means as other organizations resources, including capital and human resources. Information governance has been proposed by many authors as a necessary prerequisite for the establishment of an information valorization process. Many information governance approaches and frameworks have been proposed by academics and practitioners. Nevertheless, outcomes of these solutions are below expectations. This paper has three objectives. First, it proposes a framework which considers information architecture as a driver of information governance. Second, it describes the architecture facet of information governance by presenting an information architecture model. Third, it demonstrates how urbanized information systems take into account the architecture facet of information governance.

Keywords: information; information governance; information architecture; information architectural dimension; urbanized information system; architecture rule



The ecosystem of services around Smart cities: An exploratory analysis Alberto Abellá-Garcíaa, Marta Ortiz- de-Urbina-Criadob, Carmen De-PablosHerederoc a,b,c

Rey Juan Carlos University, Paseo de los Artilleros s/n, Madrid 28032, Spain

Abstract Publication of data from smart cities is nurturing a growing ecosystem providing added value services to the surrounding society. The open collaboration between ecosystem’s actors (citizens, businesses, organizations and the city managers) allows the development of new data-driven services. Therefore, data of interest for the ecosystem’s actors is key for the reusability of the released information and could condition the degree of citizens’ final satisfaction.

Keywords:smart city, open data, apps, MELODA, innovation.



The ERP surge of hybrid models - an exploratory research into five and ten years forecast Pedro Ruivoa, Jorge Rodriguesa, Tiago Oliveiraa a

NOVA IMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal

Abstract This study focuses in analysing firm strategies and planning to transition the usage of ERP on-premises to software as a service (SaaS), including hybrid models. The participants in this study where 53 C-level executives (such as CIO, COO and CEO) from EMEA region surveyed at the CEBIT 2014 event in Germany. Accordingly with these executives the move to ERP as SaaS is underway, and by 2025 only a minority of firms will stay with a single onpremises. However, these firms still have very limited plans on how to prepare the change in personnel readiness, business processes (re)engineering and technology architecture and SLAs. Also, the lack of clarity in vendors’ roadmaps is a major constraint to increased adoption of ERP as SaaS, when at the same time the main driver is the management pressure to reduce IT spend. Accordingly with the majority of the interviewed the hybrid ERP is strongly positioned for adoption in the next five years. However, moving all business functions to the cloud is something that is considered to be forecasted mainly in a ten years period. Moreover, outsourcing all ERP components is minor. This study also provides implications and recommendations on moving from traditional ERP on-premise to an ERP as SaaS.

Keywords: Cloud, Hybrid cloud, SaaS, ERP.



The impact of Business Intelligence on the quality of decision making – a mediation model Bernhard Wieder, Maria-Luise Ossimitz University of Technology Sydney, POBox 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia

Abstract Business Intelligence (BI) systems have been a top priority of CIOs for a decade, but little is known about how to successfully manage those systems beyond the implementation phase. This paper investigates the direct and indirect effects of BI management quality on the quality of managerial decision making using PLS analysis of survey responses of senior IT managers in Australia. The results confirm this overall relationship (total effect), but also reveal mediating effects of data/information quality and BI solution scope. The study contributes to both academia and industry by providing first time evidence of direct and indirect determinants of managerial decision support improvements related to BI solutions scope and active management of BI.

Keywords: Business Intelligence; BI management; information quality; BI benefits; quality of decision making.



The Portuguese National Registry for Hemophilia: Developing of a web-based technological solution Leonor Teixeira a,c, Vasco Saavedra a , João Pedro Simões d, Beatriz Sousa Santos b,c, Carlos Ferreira a,c a

Department of Economics, Management and Industrial Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal b Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal c IEETA - Institute of Telematics and Electronic Engineering of Aveiro, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal d Truphone, Lisbon, 2740-120 Oeiras, Portugal

Abstract The crucial role that patient records have in the management of the rare and chronic diseases greatly increases the need to create mechanisms to facilitate the identification and management of the patient’s data. Hemophilia is an X-linked congenital bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of coagulation factor that affects the population on a ratio of 1 case for 10,000 people born. Currently, there are several countries with technological platforms to support the National Patients’ Registries (NPR) of Hemophilia and other Congenital Coagulopathies (HoCC), due to its benefits in the management of the disease. This work presents the technological platform developed in a joint initiative between the University of Aveiro (UA) and the Portuguese Association of Congenital Coagulopathies (PACC), with the purpose of creating the first NPR with HoCC in Portugal. This web application is hosted in the data center of the University of Aveiro, and is being used by the clinicians of the different Hemophilia Treatment Centers (HTC) across the country.

Keywords: National Pacients Registry, Web-application, Hemophilia, Congenital Coagulopathies.



The Readiness of ERP Systems for the Factory of the Future Moutaz Haddaraab, Ahmed Elragala a

Luleå Department of Computer Science, Electrical, and Space Engineering, Univeristy of Technology, Luleå, Sweden. b Department of Technology, Westerdals- Oslo School of Arts, Communication, and Technology, Olso, Norway

Abstract In 2011, at the Hanover Fair, the term Industry 4.0 was first coined. In October 2012, the Working Group on Industry 4.0, presented a set of implementation recommendations to the German government. The term Industry 4.0 initiates from a project in the high-tech strategy of the German government. Such project advocates the computerization of the manufacturing industry. It is also known as the 4th industrial revolution. Precisely speaking, industry 4.0 is based on the technological concepts of cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things (IoT), which enables the Factory of the Future (FoF). Within the modular structured smart factories of Industry 4.0, cyberphysical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions. Over the IoT, Cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and with humans in real time. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are considered the backbone for the Industry 4.0. Thus, this paper attempts to answer the research question: “Are today’s ERP systems ready for the FoF?”. We have conducted interviews with manufacturers, ERP vendors, and partners in order to seek their feedback on the readiness of ERP systems for the FoF. Our results show that ERP systems are ready for the FoF.

Keywords: ERP; Factory of the future; Industry 4.0; Multiple case study.



The success or failure of the requirements definition and study of the causation of the quantity of trust existence between stakeholders Keisuke Kiritania, Masakazu Ohashib ab

Graduate School of Policy Studies, Chuo University Ichigaya Tamachi 1-18 Shujukuku Tokyo、162-8478、JAPAN

Abstract Requirements definition that is an important work process for a project and may determine the success or failure of system development project tends to draw an ambiguous conclusion, which will lead directly to the failure of such a system construction. To optimize the requirements definition process we present a model that the trust management process is integrated into the requirements definition process, as measures to minimize the gap between requirements caused due to a lack or discrepancy in communication that is produced easily in requirements definition and to use a negotiation method for solving problems in the following processes provided by the gap between requirements including tacit ones. We discuss a matter that building trust between the stakeholders in the requirements definition process is effective to optimize the requirements definition, which has been produced by the special characteristics of Japanese firms in the information system development, and we also describe the necessity and effectiveness of information system in Japan.

Keywords: requirements definition; trust relationship building; social capital; social uncertainty;quantity of trust existence.



Towards Sustainability Information Systems Prof. Dr. Horst Junkera, Tabassom Farzadb a University of Applied Sciences, Leibnitzstr. 11-13, 10625 Berlin, Germany Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114 - 118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany

b

Abstract Companies have to submit the postulate of sustainability. Therefore, they necessarily need comprehensive support by efficient information for remaining competitive taking sustainability into account. But such type of information systems are neither existing in practice nor are they treated scientifically in a comprehensive manner. Merely, concerning sustainability mission statements and reporting knowledge and results are available. But this will describe but not support or force sustainability. Sustainability is defined as the optimization of not only its three components but also its mutual integration. Strategic information management suggests strategic situation analysis, strategic target planning, strategy development and strategic information system planning as sequence of process steps for developing corporate relevant portfolio of information systems. Precondition for an individual design of such a portfolio is the availability of a common sustainability target system. Therefore, it will be necessary to prepare a hierarchical target system for each of the three components of sustainability and to examine the relationships between all identified target elements in how far they are harmonic or whether it will be possible to harmonize them. By the availability of such a harmonized integrative sustainability target system precondition are given to develop a portfolio of sustainability information systems.

Keywords: Sustainability; sustainability information systems; information management.



Understanding Enterprise Open Source Software Evolution Lerina Aversano, Marco Di Brino, Daniela Guardabascio, Marcello Salerno and Maria Tortorella Department of Engineering University of Sannio P.zza Roma 21, 82100 Benevento, Italy

Abstract Enterprise Open Source Software is continuously gaining acceptance in business organizations. This is essentially due to the understanding of the potential benefits deriving from the adoption of OSS project solution. Indeed, Open Source Software solutions offer great opportunities for cost reduction and quality improvement, especially for small and medium enterprises that typically have to address major difficulties due to the limited resources. In this direction it is relevant understand and gain knowledge regarding the evolution of such software over systems the time. This paper report results of an empirical study aimed at analyzing the evolution of most relevant ERP open source system during their lifetime.

Keywords: Software evolution; Empirical study; Open Source Software; Enterprise Resource Planning.



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PROJMAN papers


A conceptual model for exploring the relationship between sustainability and project success A.J.Gilbert Silviusab, Ron Schipperb a

LOI University of Applied Sciences, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands b Van Aetsveld, Amersfoort, the Netherlands

Abstract Sustainability is one of the most important challenges of our time. How can we develop prosperity, without compromising the life of future generations? Companies are integrating sustainability in their marketing, communication and their actions. Sustainability has more recently also been linked to project management. The logic behind this link is that sustainability needs change and projects are realizing change. Several studies explored how the concept of sustainability impact project management. The research project reported in this paper elaborates on these works by studying how sustainability affects the perception of project success. Project managers, logically, strive for project success and considering sustainability may influence the perception of success. Despite studies that show a positive business case of considering sustainability in business strategy, paying attention to sustainability aspects in projects is generally still perceived as ‘costing time or money’ and therefore as not supportive to project success. The conceptual model developed in this paper provides a more detailed understanding of how considering different dimensions of sustainability may affect the individual criteria of project success. The empirical part of the study is still in progress. This paper reports the literature review and the development of the conceptual model.

Keywords: Sustainability; triple bottom line; project management; project management success.



A DMAIC project to improve warranty billing’s operations: a case study in a Portuguese car dealer Carmen Cunhaa, Caroline Dominguezb a

Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de de Lisboa, 2829-510 Caparica, Portugal b Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal

Abstract This article describes and analyzes how a big Portuguese car dealer group successfully used all the stages of a SixSigma DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) project to improve the warranty billing process (paid by Car Brands). It shows that the project allowed car dealers managers to understand that financial metrics in use did not control compliance standards for Car Brands, in warranty services, or assure a good cash-flow for the car dealers. Necessary changes and new metrics (% time compliance to do the service and bill it, % time compliance reception, % time to find a defective part in an audit) generated time benefits and consequently a more controlled cash flow. These new metrics may be common to any car dealer with warranty services.

Keywords: Project; DMAIC; car dealer; warranty; metrics; improvement; time compliance.



A Program and Project Management Approach for Collaborative University-Industry R&D Funded Contracts Gabriela Fernandes, Eduardo B. Pinto, Ricardo J. Machado, Madalena Araújo, António Pontes School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal

Abstract This paper presents a new program and project management (PPM) approach especially devoted to support collaborative university-industry R&D funded contracts. While the literature provides some advice on how to embark on designing such PPM approach, university-industry collaboration contexts require specific guidance. The research described in this paper aims to make some contribution to theory as well as to practice by discussing the PPM approach adoption in a case study collaborative university-industry R&D funded contract between the University of Minho and Bosch Car Multimedia Portugal S.A., named – HMIExcel. The results show that emphasis should be given to structured objective setting, good progress monitoring and effective communication. The research study is ongoing through the use of a questionnaire and focus groups, in order to improve the presented PPM approach conceptualization.

Keywords: Program and project management; University-industry collaboration, R&D funded contracts.



A residual Grey prediction model for predicting S-curves in projects José Ramón San Cristóbal, Francisco Correa, María Antonia González, Emma Diaz Ruiz de Navamuel, Ernesto Madariaga, Andrés Ortega, Sergio López, Manuel Trueba ETS de Náutica, University of Cantabria, Santander 39004, Spain

Abstract S-curves are usually taken as expression of project progress and have become a requisite tool for project managers through the execution phase. The common methodology for predicting S-curve forecasting models is based on classifying projects into groups and producing a standard S-curve for each group using multiple linear regression techniques. Traditional regression models taken to fit individual projects require a large amount of data and make many strict assumptions regarding statistical distribution of the data. The grey system theory, however, is well suited to study the behavior of a system with incomplete information or limited amount of discrete data. Easy of use and accuracy, two significant criteria for project managers when choosing a forecasting model, are considered two additional attributes of the grey system theory. This paper proposes a residual Grey prediction model to forecast the actual cost and the cost at completion of a project based on the grey system theory. Results show that the accuracy of the forecasting model is highly efficient.

Keywords: S-curves; Forecasting; Grey model.



A Study about Project Management for Industry-University Cooperation Dilemma Macro Takao Nomakuchia, Masakazu Takahashib a

Wakayama University Faculty of EconomicsDepartment of Business Management, Sakaedani 930, Wakayama-City 640-8510, Japan Graduate School of Innovation and Technology Management, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai,Ube- City 755-8611, Japan

b

Abstract As for strategic theory, industry-university cooperation is defined as an essential core functionality of industrial clusters. Industry-university cooperation has been recognized as an important strategy to make innovation happen in an industrial society today. Industry-university cooperation to organize a team that functions organizationally with a fixed-term at a university and the company, and can be defined as a project to address a purpose and values different from the past. Therefore, all those who have an interest in industry-university cooperation must be selftransforming. However, the need for self-transformation of individuals has not been strongly recognized up until now. In industry-university cooperation, conflicts of interest often exist. Therefore, those individuals interested in industry-university cooperation are faced with a dilemma. The purpose of this study is to reveal differences in values of the individuals in the company and that of the academic individual that produce such dilemmas. On top of that, the promotion of industry-university cooperation, project management methodologies on elimination of dilemmas arising from the difference in values are considered.

Keywords: Stakeholder Management; PMBOK; Dilemma Eliminate; Change Agent.



A systematic review of Foresight in Project Management literature Marisa Silva University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom

Abstract Projects, like companies, do not fail overnight. When a company fails, this is often not much related to operational aspects but to an inability to think holistically about the driving forces that may change its business landscape in a disruptive way. Based on this, organizations are nowadays seeking different approaches to cope with uncertainty, and as a result, Foresight as a supporting tool to long range planning is gaining popularity at corporate and governmental level. Given that projects share with Foresight the same orientation towards the future and both lead with uncertainty, it is thus relevant to ask whether Foresight can be used to improve Project Management practice. In order to research into these questions, this paper conducted a systematic review on the topic of Foresight in leading Project Management literature. The review revealed that an explicit relationship between Foresight and Project Management exists, and although with limitations, evidence suggests that there is value in adopting Foresight. This study makes a contribution to the body of empirical works in this field and is intended to be primarily used by Project Management practitioners and practically-oriented academics who are interested in developing fresh insights into new approaches for better management of projects.

Keywords: Project Management; Foresight; systematic review.



A time driven RCCP model with two levels of planning and a reactive planning approach for tactical project planning Kaouthar Cherkaouia, Robert Pellerina, Pierre Baptistea, Alain Haïtb a École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, H3C 3A7, Canada University of Toulouse, Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace, 10 av. Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse, France

b

Abstract This paper proposes a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) time driven RCCP model that handles different planning levels by varying the length of the time periods. The model is based on the continuous time representation of work packages’ start and end events and the discrete time representation of resource constraints. The model considers shorter period lengths at the beginning of the planning horizon to produce a detailed plan, while further periods cover a larger span. The proposed model is compared to a RCCP model with fixed period lengths. Both models were tested on medium-sized project instances. The computational results proved that the proposed model performs considerably better in terms of computational times. A reactive planning approach is also proposed to analyze the performance and robustness of both models. The results analysis showed that reducing resource capacities of aggregated periods by a percentage of 20% allowed us to obtain comparable results for the two models.

Keywords: Rough-Cut Capacity Planning; reactive project planning; aggregation.



Assessment of Large-Scale Projects Based on CBA Jana Korytárová, Petra Papežíková Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineerig, Veveří 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Abstract CBA is a very important and strong tool for economic effectiveness evaluation of public investment projects. The outputs (NPV, IRR and BCR) are dependent on correctly set input data. As has been proved recently, an inaccuracy in forecast occurs very often. This paper deals with analysis of particular benefits, which help to create the total benefit for evaluation of road infrastructure projects and megaprojects based on CBA according to the Czech methodology. Moreover, it considers the overall inaccuracy of the project regarding the partial inaccuracies and their shares. Monte Carlo simulation has been applied in order to determine the share of particular benefits and the closest similar probability distribution of these shares to the total benefit of the project. Research results have confirmed that the largest share and the most severe inaccuracy in the total benefit is represented by savings in travel time costs. They have revealed that the share of this benefit has the logistic probability distribution with mean of about 77% and 20.72% of standard deviation. The inaccuracies of the particular benefits have been studied in international research. As a result, very large differences were found. That means that there is still a large space for exploration.

Keywords: Road infrastructure projects, cost-benefit analysis, benefits, probability distribution.



Automatic Conversion of Software Specification into a Gantt-Chart subject to Organization's Constraints Dayani M., Gelbard R. Information Systems Program, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5900, Israel

Abstract The current work introduces a model that integrates organizational constraints and policies when converting software specifications into a Gantt chart of the development process planned for that software specification. Typically, a system analyst and a software development project manager interact through software specifications, which are usually involved using a CASE tool in modeling the system. The project manager re-analyzes the model, extracts a work breakdown structure (WBS), and edits it to obtain a new Gantt chart incorporating resource allocations, cost considerations concerning outsourcing, matching each task to an appropriate qualification, setting priorities for each task, assigning safety buffers for each resource or task, setting dependencies between tasks, considering task risk assessments, identifying tasks that can be broken down into parallel subtasks, and determining organizational constraints that have to be taken into consideration.

Keywords: Software project management; software specifications; software engineering; Gantt chart; software development policy; project constraints.



Blisstrail: an agile project business case study Bruno Antunes, Diogo Santos, Eurico Lopes, Filipe Fidalgo, Paulo Alves Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Empresário, Campus da Talagueira 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal

Abstract Today's software development environment dictates speed, flexibility and a people-centered focus. Virtual teams represent a new organizational form that does not provide for same proximity collaboration. In this paper we propose a solution approach of a virtual team, as well as show some examples of using the Microsoft Visual Team Foundation Server 2013 tools to address these challenges.

Keywords: Scrum; MS Visual Studio Team Foundation; Travel planning.



Comparison of Labor Productivity Perspectives of Project Managers and Craft Workers in Turkish Construction Industry Aynur Kazaz, Turgut Acıkara Civil Engineering Department,Engineering Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07058, Turkey

Abstract The success of a construction project mainly depends on the management of the highly correlated inputs like laborforce, materials and capital. Since labor-force varies from region to region, it contains many uncertainties. Therefore, among these inputs labor-force is the most difficult one to manage. In this sense, it is important to determine the factors affecting labor-productivity to manage labor-force effectively. In the literature there are many studies in which the factors were identified from the managers’ perspectives. In this study, it was argued that craft workers have the biggest impact on labor productivity and hence, their opinion should also be considered during identifying these factors. According to this argument in this study it was aimed to compare labor productivity perspectives of managers and craft workers. In this context, a previously used questionnaire to evaluate construction managers’ perspectives by Kazaz et.al [1] was applied to craft workers. The results revealed that, despite the difference of the priorities of managers and craft workers, the most influential factors that affect labor productivity were grouped under organizational factors.

Keywords: Labor productivity, Turkish construction industry, Motivational factors, Relative Importance Index, Comparative study, Craft worker’s perspective, Site management.



Culture-Based Behaviors in Global IT Projects – An Investigative Study with Indian Managers of Outsourcing Projects Richard Amstera, Christina Böhmb Webster University – Vienna Faculty, Praterstraße 23, Vienna 1020, Austria / USA University of Vienna – Faculty of Computer Science, Währinger Straße 29, Vienna 1090, Austria a

b

Abstract The success or failure of global IT projects is highly influenced by culture-based behaviors. But, research has primarily focused on belief and value systems which are more abstract than behaviors. This paper presents a study that analyzed cultural behavioral differences between Indian project managers and their counterparts in other countries. The conducted qualitative, semi-structured interviews revealed insights into cross-cultural challenges and shed light on the complex ways that culture-based behaviors impact IT projects. The study identified 127 behaviors that significantly affected project success and cross-cultural cooperation between Indian managers and managers from all over the world. These behaviors were grouped into 19 behavior clusters. Understanding these behavior clusters can help to improve project collaboration, and inform cross-cultural training strategies. Finally, based on the study’s results, the paper suggests four important components that should be added to cross-cultural training programs for international project managers.

Keywords: project management; cross-cultural; behavior; diversity; training; skills.



Determination of the Lifespan of Construction Company with Respect to its Market Value (CR 1991-2014) Bohumil Puchýř, Liudmyla Solodilova Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Structural Economics and Management, Veveří 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Abstract Economic climate of each country can be overviewed easily by the development in the construction market. It especially concerns the subjects providing construction activities, e.g. in the development of construction companies in the given sector. Based on the available sources, the research into the lifespan of individual construction subjects in the Czech Republic was carried out, where the basis was mainly classification of construction activities (CZ-NACE). This research builds on the charts plotting founded and defunct companies acting in the construction branch.

Keywords: lifespan of a company; business valuation; construction company; classification of construction activities.



Establishment of Automatization as a Requirement for Time Management Input Modules in Project Management Information Systems for Academic Activities – A Game Theory Approach Sérgio Tenreiro de Magalhãesa,b, Maria José Magalhães b, Vítor J. Sáa,b Algoritmi – University of Minho, Guimarães, 4804-533 Guimaraes, Portugal Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais – Catholic University of Portugal, Braga, 4710-362 Braga, Portugal a

b

Abstract Academics are expected to engage in several works in several different domains, namely research and development, general management and services to the community, while lecturing a set of courses. Academics might differ in their preference for some of these activities and also in their corresponding performance. Quality assurance in academic institutions implies monitoring performance, what is frequently done by measuring a set of quantitative results at the end of a certain period. Project Management best practices can change this frequent practice, introducing, for instance, the concept of cost efficiency, allowing for objective comparisons between different types of activities. For this to happen there is a need to monitor the time spent by each academic in each activities or, at least, in each set of activities of the same type. The challenge is to know how to do that. Game Theory has been studying decision making in competitive environment, which is increasingly the case in academic institutions. Therefore, there is a primary need to verify if a relevant percentage of the academics have a perception that there is an incentive to lie in their timesheets, due to competitive thinking. This paper presents a pilot study that allowed concluding that time management input modules in project management information systems for academic activities must be automated, eliminating the human factor in timesheet fillings.

Keywords: Academic Activities; Project Management; Project Management Information Systems; Game Theory.



Examining the Effects of Post Tender Negotiation in UK’s Public Sector Procurements: An Empirical Study Peter Frimpong Mansoa, Athanasios Nikasb Healthcare4Africa, 67 – 68 Hatton Gardens, London EC1N 8JY, United Kingdom b University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

a

Abstract The use of Post Tender Negotiation (PTN) procedure in the United Kingdom (UK) public sector procurements is restricted to exceptional cases. The proponents of these restrictions, including the European Union (EU) and the UK’s Office for Government Commerce (OGC) cite ethical reasons. They argue that the procedure could stifle competition as the actions of the buyer could be unethically tilted in favour of certain suppliers. This paper argues that the restrictions deprive public sector buyers from reaping the benefits associated with the procedure and recommends relaxation of the restrictions. This is because findings from this study indicate positive effects of PTN for both buyer and supplier. The buyers can use the PTN procedure to negotiate for VFM procurement, while the suppliers can modify a bid to negotiate for contract which is within their resource capabilities to execute. Furthermore, the ethical reasons cited for the restrictions are narrowly premised as evidence in literature suggests that individual’s ethical behaviour may be due to cultural beliefs and not necessarily rules set by authorities. Keywords: Procurement; Tendering; Post Tender Negotiations; Savings; Value for Money; Competition.



Exploring functionality of mobile applications for project management A.J.Gilbert Silviusa, Céline M. Silviusb a

LOI University of Applied Sciences, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands b De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom

Abstract Mobile devices and applications are changing the way individuals gather, process and share information. A development which also applies to project management. This paper reports an explorative study on the functionality of 50 project management apps. The apps were analyzed on the variables: type of functionality, project management processes supported, methodology/standard supported, topics covered, website support, languages supported, project roles supported, number of team members supported and number of projects supported. Our analysis showed that the professionalism, functional and technical support of the apps differ hugely, with some being developed as entrepreneurial experiments and others as professional products. From the summary of our findings we concluded that the functionality of project management apps today is mainly focused on two application areas: (A) Supporting the role of the project manager individually in the planning/organizing processes of the project and (B) Supporting team communication and team collaboration. Lacking in functionality seems to be the communication/collaboration with project sponsor and other stakeholders. Based on our study we recommend project managers to be selective when starting to use project management apps. The most professional apps that appeared in our study were developed as additions to web based project management tools or collaboration platforms.

Keywords: Project management; project manager; mobile; apps; tooling; communication; collaboration.



Gap analysis for incorporating sustainability in project management Andreas Økland Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway

Abstract The concept of sustainability in project management is likely to increase in importance over the coming years. Sustainability issues and the ways in which sustainability considerations may be incorporated in project management are already well documented in academic literature. There still exist a gap between what is suggested in the literature and what is carried out in practice. This article documents a literature review of sustainability in project management and briefly looks into sustainability in PM standards, stakeholder analysis, governance frameworks, performance indicators and measuring schemes. Several authors point out that following their proposals would indicate new paradigms in project management. As these seems not to have been triggered yet, additional research into mental models of projects and sustainability is recommended in order for sustainability to become truly incorporated in project management.

Keywords: Sustainability; CSR; Literature review; Project Management.



Hints to Improve Motivation in Construction Companies Pedro Cardosoa, Caroline Domingueza, Anabela Paivaab a Universidade de Alto Douro e Trás os Montes, Quinta de Prados,5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal C-MADE, Universidade da Beira Interior, Calçada Fonte do Lameiro, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal

b

Abstract Motivation in work teams has a key role to play for the survival and competitiveness of businesses in the harsh environment of economic recession. This paper characterizes motivation in small and medium-sized construction companies in Portugal. It draws on data collected from in-person surveys which were carried out to employees of 32 companies. Results reveal the presence of some motivating factors specific to the profession such as the fact that the work requires a wide range of skills and is not very routine. Also, although employees in general feel a sense of equity and recognize that managers provide constant feedback, results show the need for improvement in motivation’s management, particularly in regard to more autonomy and participation in setting goals.

Keywords: motivation, management, civil construction.



Identifying useful actions to improve team resilience in information systems projects António Amaral a , Gabriela Fernandes b, João Varajão c a

Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Valença, Portugal Centro Algoritmi, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal c Centro Algoritmi, Department of Information Systems, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal b

Abstract Due to today’s business environment demands organizations need to create teams to perform work in projects, with quality, within time and budget. Therefore, teams play a very important role in the organizational development, by creating conditions that enable to overcome difficulties and to promote the improvement of the organizational overall performance. Hence the relevance of studying the project teams resilience, identifying the actions that can influence the project development and its final outcomes. The resilience of a team can be defined as the team's ability to deal with problems, overcome obstacles, or resist the pressure of adverse situations, without entering into rupture. This research, focused on team resilience, firstly involved a literature review, followed by brainstorming sessions, resulting in a preliminary list of useful actions to improve project team resilience. Then, a survey was administered in order to identify the most useful actions perceived from the identified list. Completed questionnaires were received from 115 team members of information technologies/information systems projects being developed in an academic setting. By identifying the most useful actions perceived, as those having the highest potential for increasing project team resilience, practitioners and organizations can set their priorities towards improving team resilience. The results showed that the top ten list of useful actions identified is composed by very well-known and recognized actions, such as the promotion of collaboration and solidarity among project team members, and the recognition, appreciation and use of the talents and competencies of each team member.

Keywords: project teams’ resilience; information systems; projects; organizational resilience.



Impact of competition on prices in public sector procurement Tomáš Hanák, Petra Muchová BrnoUniversity of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Veveří 95, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic

Abstract Efficient use of public resources should be supported by quality management of the tender procedure to achieve competitive tender prices. This paper examines the issue of competitive environment within public works contracts and explores the influence of the number of bidders on the tender results. A research sample of 256 public tenders was investigated in order to evaluate two research hypotheses. Data evaluation was supported by interval plot, scatter plot and correlation analysis. It has been found that the number of bidders in the tender depends on the type of the subject matter of the tender; however, this difference does not have a significant impact on the level of competition. Another research finding supports the assumption that the number of bidders influences the relative difference between expected price and award price. It was concluded that contracting authorities must not only require a sufficient range of qualifications, but should also take any steps required to motivate a sufficient number of applicants to participate in the tender procedure to achieve competitive prices.

Keywords: competition; construction project; price; public procurement; structure.



Implementation of pre-defined potential scope reductions in projects Nils O.E. Olsson Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Valgrinda, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway

Abstract The paper maps the use of reduction lists in major railway investment projects. The reduction lists consist of scope reductions that are not desirable, but that can be implemented in large Norwegian governmental investments if there is a risk of cost overrun. This study analyzes volume and characteristics of actual implementation of the potential scope reductions of railway projects. The study is based on major Norwegian railway investments finished during the last 10 years. Information about use of reduction lists is obtained from direct contact with project managers. We have data for seven rail projects, and detailed information for one of them. Five of the projects had reduction lists established in the front-end phase. Three of the projects did implement reductions listed on the reduction lists, but none implemented the full reduction list. Findings indicate that the reduction lists have limited use as an active tool for controlling costs, because the saved amounts are small compared to the total budget for the projects. Contingencies appear to be a stronger tool for cost control than reduction lists. The findings are of interest related to cost control of investment projects, both in railways and other sectors.

Keywords: Reduction lists; scope reductions; value engineering; cost control.



Importance-Performance Analysis applied to a Laboratory Supplies and Equipment Company Hélder Pires Ferreiraa, Paula Odete Fernandesa,b a

Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Sta Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal b UNIAG; NECE (UBI), Portugal

Abstract With this study, we intended to implement a management tool to assess the degree of importance and performance of the Critical Success Factors (CSF), from the customers’ perspective. For this purpose, it was used the Importance vs. Performance Matrix proposed by Martilla and James [1]. This allows through a representation on a Cartesian system identify the CSF where an organization should focus, reduce or maintain their efforts and also evaluate the CSF where the largest deviations occur between what is important to the client and which he is receiving. For data collection, it was used a questionnaire applied randomly to 225 company customers and it was assumed a sampling error of 5.8 % and a significance level of 5%. The results allowed to observe that the CSF: Price Competitiveness and Strategic Management of the Company, are well positioned in the Quadrant where it is suggested that the company should continue the good work, which is a good indicator for the company.

Keywords: Importance-Performance; Critical Success Factors; Customer perception.



Intellectual information support for operation of technical systems based on ontological engineering V.V. Panteleev, A.V. Kizim, A. V. Matohina, V. A. Kamaev Volgograd State Technical University, Lenin avenue 28, Volgograd, 400005, Russia

Abstract The software, information, methodical and intellectual support of the equipment operation provision is a critical issue to guarantee the success of enterprises. This paper devoted to the more efficient use of expert knowledge in the field of maintenance and repair of equipment, through the development of ontologies of different technical systems and algorithms to work with them. Developed ontology of road construction machinery, office equipment, maintenance services and contractors shown. Described the process of combining classifiers for industrial equipment. Showed generating circuit files of ontology-based text analysis classifier of fixed assets. The algorithms use methods and derived models. After construction and filling of the respective ontologies were formulated a set of tasks to work with them, and we get algorithms work with them. This paper brings a contribution to increasing of performance of equipment maintenance.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; ontological engineering; decision support; maintenance and repair; equipment maintenance; life cycle modeling.



Key elements to an effective building design team Fredrik Svalestuena,b, Kristoffer Frøystadb, Frode Drevlanda,Saad Ahmada, Jardar Lohnea, Ola Lædrea a

Department of Civil and Transport Engineering,The Norwegian University of Technology and Science, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway. b Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway.

Abstract The building design phase requires intense collaboration between the participants. However, achieving this can prove difficult. The project often has a short time span, at the same time as the participants have limited experience from working together. This paper reports on the experience with teambuilding and collaboration from several Norwegian building design participants. The ambition has been to find out what characterizes a highly efficient building design team. In addition to a literature review and interviews with five key participants, a survey in a large Norwegian contractor firm was carried out. The findings identify twelve key elements that influence the performance of a building design team. The three most important elements are good collaboration between all project leaders, identifying the design team members’ role and trust between the team members, respectively. Having a highly efficient team is important for the collaboration between participants in the building design phase, and knowing what elements that influence the performance can help the industry to develop design teams on their projects.

Keywords: Design process; Building design team; Team theory.



Leadership in ITC Project Management in Japan Michiko Miyamotoa a

Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita, 015-0055, Japan

Abstract This paper presents a framework and empirical analyses for the survey data from 1,678 managers and professionals working in a collaborative environment for Japanese software houses to understand managerial roles played by the project leaders. The results of the research model using SEM show that there are significant, very strong positive relationships between leadership and those managerial roles, such as human relations, internal process, as well as open system, while the relationship between leadership and goals is negative and significant.

Keywords: Leadership, a collaborative work environment, SEM.



Managerial style profiles of successful project managers: a survey VR. Montequina, AG. Nieto, F. Ortegaa, J. Villanuevaa a

Project Engineering Area,University of Oviedo, C/Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain

Abstract This study examines the managerial style profiles of successful project managers in different types of projects. The research is carried out by means of a survey addressed to project management practitioners of different countries. This questionnaire includes thirteen questions about managerial preferences, and each question inquiries two opposite options (e.g., preference for making decisions based more on logic or on emotions). This questionnaire was developed based on Jung’s personality theory. The answer to each question is gathered by means of a 5-point Likert scale. Seventy eight responses were collected from project managers with a minimum experience of 3 or more years in different fields or industries. Out of these data, it was concluded that most successful project managers have common core traits as extroversion, rational judging and structured behaviors. Differences by project field and years of experience were also accounted for further categorization and research.

Keywords: Project Manager; Profiles; Personality; Leadership.



Narrowing impact factors for Innovative Software Project Management Robson Maranhão, Marcelo Marinho, Hermano de Moura Informatics Center (CIn), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife – PE, Brazil

Abstract A large number of project management approaches do not consider the impact that innovations have on projects. Innovation is one of the keys to success in organization, however, the threats identified by innovation in a project day-to-day are real and expectations in a project are often high. Innovative Software Project has a high level of uncertainty and complexity, leading us to suggest that we need a specific approach to manage these threats. The use of management innovation in project can be a determining factor in project success. This paper discusses main impact factors related to Innovative Software Project Management (ISPM) from the findings of systematic literature review about ISPM, aiming to understand how these factors can affect ISPM and contribute to the improvement and success of software projects.

Keywords: Software Project Management; Systematic literature review; Innovation in Projects Management; Innovative Software Projects.



PMO as a key ingredient of public sector projects’ success – position paper Vítor Santosa,b, João Varajãoc,d a

NOVAIMS, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal b MagIC, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal c Department of Information Systems, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal d Centro Algoritmi, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal

Abstract The requirements of public administration institutions are increasing and projects becoming progressively challenging. Managing a project is a complex activity, in particular when it involves many people working over long periods of time and many different stakeholders. This increasing complexity requires management practices and tools that assure an efficient use of resources. In this context, a Project Management Office (PMO) can be of great value. In this position paper we discuss several scenarios for PMO implementation in the public administration sector, as a promoter of project success and a key ingredient for a better resources usage.

Keywords: Public Administration; Project Management Office; Project success.



Prevention and Risk Management in RTD European Projects Developed by University-Company’s Consortiums A.A. Baptistaa,b,c, F. Charrua-Santosa,b, J.C. Páscoaa,b University of Beira Interior Department of Electromechanic Engineering, Calçada Fonte do Lameiro, P-6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal b Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST), P-6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal c Project Manager Institute (PMI), Rua do Niassa, 133 - Sala 3 4250-331 Porto, Portugal

a

Abstract This study aims to demonstrate the usefulness of a simple methodology to manage and prevent the risk in co promotion projects financed by the European Union through operational programs. The risk prevention is a key factor in the project success, whether singular or plural, research or development. Our focus was directed to present the methodology applied to three Research and Technological Development (RTD) European projects, where companies and universities had to work hand in hand towards the success of the project. Socio-cultural differences between different countries, different methods and work’s rhythms between universities and companies alongside the issues of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), are some of the sensitive points in all the projects. It is where Project Management has the duty to act proactively in order to control small outbreaks of contention, while maintaining the smooth functioning of the project execution.

Keywords: Project Management, European RTD Projects, methodology.



Problems Associated With Defining Project Success Bassam A. Hussein, Saad B.S. Ahmad, Youcef J-T. Zidane NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.

Abstract The paper establishes the relation between the problems associated with defining the project success criteria at the project initiation phase to the potential challenges when it comes to the project execution and close out. A targeted literature review identified; 1) basing the definition on narrow set of criteria, 2) using ambiguous criteria, 3) having competing or conflicting criteria, 4) in adequate or incomplete set of criteria, 5) using unrealistic criteria and 6) Considering all the criteria as equally important (not-ranked criteria) as the most important problems in defining the success criteria. The study relates and analyse the effects of these problems and their inheritance in the execution and evaluation phases of the projects. A web-based survey in the Norwegian industry initiated to investigate the effect of six success criteria definition problems on the: (1) Lack of top management support (2) Lack of alignment in the project organization to project success criteria during execution phase. (3) Subjectivity of measuring the achievement of the targeted success criteria at closeout and evaluation phase. The survey managed 155 respondents with a very high data reliability. The survey revealed and further testified the literature findings that there is very strong correlation between these problems related to defining project success criteria. The research also indicated that these problems are mostly related to poor or inadequate stakeholder`s involvement during initiation phase, lack of alignment of the organizations to project success and poor top management support.

Keywords: project success criteria; project success; success factors; statstical correlation.



Professionalization and dissemination of Project Management in Italy. Structuring an organizational field. Giuseppe Calabrese, Piero Mastroberardino University of Foggia, Via Caggese, Foggia, 71121, Italy

Abstract The prevailing view looks at Project Management (PM) as a neutral and objective corpus of managerial knowledge. This perspective explains its growing popularity as an adaptive response by the organizations related to some significant environmental changes and the consequential changes in the strategies and organizational structures. This paper aims to propose an alternative vision - called Situationist - of the processes of professionalization and dissemination of PM. Through this different lens new elements emerge – institutional processes and power dynamics – suggesting different considerations. With respect to them, the work shows the preliminary results of an ongoing larger qualitative research program about the structuration of an organizational field in Italy.

Keywords: professionalism; project management; situationist perspective; institutionalization; organizational field.



Project Evaluation Holistic Framework – Application on Megaproject Case Youcef J-T. Zidanea, Agnar Johansenb, Anandasivakumar Ekambaramb a NTNU, Trondheim, Norway SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway

b

Abstract This paper is about developing a holistic framework for project evaluation; it is applied in a case study of an Algerian highway megaproject. This project has attracted the attention of all the local media and even many of the international media. Several media discussions on the project are limited to the completion of the project itself seen in a short-term perspective. In this regard, the discussions were notably associated with delays and expenditures coming in over budget, which is project efficiency signified by aspects such as time, cost and the scope. One reason that made the media focus only on these aspects is that they can easily be measured and are usually the first criteria against which the project can be assessed. The relevance of the project and its effects, whether it attains its goals and objectives measured in terms of effectiveness, including impact and sustainability – all these four measures can only be verified at a later stage, after the project has delivered its results. These are much broader aspects and are therefore difficult to measure. This paper is about developing an ex-post evaluation framework model. This is achieved by going through the different definitions of the measures of project success or failure and then reflecting on them with respect to the whole project life cycle by considering all the process groups in the project (i.e., conception phase, front-end analysis phase, planning and design phase, engineering phase, procurement phase, construction phase, closing phase and operating phase). This would provide us with a holistic way of evaluating projects.

Keywords: Evaluation, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Relevance, Impact, Sustainability, Megaproject.



Project management efficiency of a Portuguese electricity distribution utility using data envelopment analysis Diogo Trindadea, Ana Paula Barrosob, Virgínia Helena Machadob a Direcção de Marketing e Vendas B2C, EDP Comercial, 1070-050 Lisboa, Portugal UNIDEMI, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Industrial, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal

b

Abstract In this paper a model to assess the efficiency of project management by a Portuguese company responsible for the electricity distribution is proposed. The main objectives of the model is to assist the company in three areas: Assess the efficiency of twenty five Operational Areas developing remote control projects of the distribution network, making more transparent the benefits of an integrated project management methodology; identify possible actions to improve the efficiency of those Operational Areas; and prepare the company to use the model for evaluating the efficiency of other projects. Data envelopment analysis is used to assess the ability of this utility in converting inputs into outputs upon remote control projects in the distribution network during a period of time. The most important findings of this study regard the identification of inefficient Operational Areas, further showing how much the Operational Areas should reduce their resources usage and which Operational Areas are performing at best level, setting the best practices to be benchmarked.

Keywords: Project management; efficiency analysis; DEA; electricity distribution utility.



Project management on Multimedia Projects: preliminary results on communication, interaction and team work dynamics Carolina Seabra, Ana Margarida Almeida University of Aveiro, Department of Communication and Art, 3810 - Aveiro, Portugal.

Abstract Multimedia projects are a unique type of developing innovative products and services, with a distinctive set of team members, knowledge and methods. Studies around agile development, centered in software engineering projects, are not specifically oriented to some of its particularities. Nevertheless, it’s possible to develop and manage a multimedia project using agile methodologies, although studies remain to ascertain if these projects can be ruled by some of these methods. The purpose of this research is both to (i) analyze and understand agile development methodologies, instruments, tools and methods considering the particularities of multimedia projects development and to (ii) analyze data collected in a real development environment, observing practices and events of a specific project, confronted with existent methodologies, in order to gather information to design and propose an agile development support model. In this paper, some preliminary results of this on-going research are presented, mainly concerning ‘communication’, ‘interaction’ and ‘team work dynamics’.

Keywords: multimedia; project management; agile; communication; interaction; team work.



Project risk time management – a proposed model and a case study in the construction industry Barbara Gładysza, Dariusz Skorupkab, Dorota Kuchtaa, Artur Duchaczekb a

Wrocław University of Technology, ul. Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland The General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military Academy of Land Forces, ul. Czajkowskiego 109, 51-150 Wrocław, Poland

b

Abstract This paper proposes a mathematical model supporting the management of project risk. The model distinguishes between risks which have to be accepted and risks which can be eliminated at some cost, helping to decide which risks should be eliminated so that the customer requirements with respect to project completion time can be satisfied at minimal cost. The model is based on a modification of the PERT method and can be reduced to a mixed linear programming problem. The model is illustrated by means of a real world case concerning a construction project.

Keywords: project time management; risk elimination; PERT method.



Proposal of risk management metrics for multiple project software development Miguel Wanderleya,b, Júlio Menezes Jr.a,b, Cristine Gusmãoa,c, Filipe Limaa,b a

SABER Tecnologias Educacionais e Sociais Research Group, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil b Centro de Informática, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil c Department of Biomedical Engineering, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

Abstract Multiple project management currently is a reality in software development environments. In tactical and strategic context, the management of only one single project does not exist, and it is necessary the execution of projects simultaneously in order to achieve organizational objectives. In the case of software projects, some characteristics are highlighted, such as, constant changes in levels of scope or product, software complexity and aspects related to human resources, such as technical knowledge and experience, among others. We may consider these characteristics as risk factors that should be managed. In this aspect, a tactical management requires the usage of better-structured information, which leads us to think about the usage of a metrics-based strategy as a support tool for multiple project managers with emphasis on risk factors. In this context, a metric called “Risk Point”. This work presents and discusses the metric “Risk Point”, identifying some points of adjustments. Also, this paper shows an application of the metrics in an environment of multiple projects of software development with the goal of analyzing its applicability and utility as support tool for decision-making and risk monitoring during project life cycle.

Keywords: risk management; metrics; multiple project management; software engineering.



Quality: the third element of earned value management Marcelo Dodsona, Guilherme Defavarib, Vitor de Carvalhoc a

Argosy University, 5250 17th St, Sarasota, FL 34235, United States of America b Environmental Engineer, Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, SP, Brazil c Undergraduate student, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

Abstract This paper aims to contribute to studies seeking to add the quality component into earned value management method using as background a case study in agricultural operation. Thus, this case study considered harvesting soybean in a farm located in Brazil as a project. A methodology for calculating the Quality Earned Value (QEV) is proposed. It is proposed formulas to estimate the Quality Variance (QV), Quality Index Number (QIN), and Quality Performance Index (QPI). It was identified five quality indicators for harvesting soybean that were used to illustrate the proposed method. Also, it was evaluated the possibility of using the EVM to assess the operational performance of crops. The lack of quality resulted in a QIN as 0.67 (average), and an accumulated QEV as R$ 7,074.12. The results indicated a SPI as 0.07, the total cost as R$ 10,470.60, average CPI as 0.46, and an expense of R$ 2,519.25 higher than planned budget (R$ 7,950.90). The results indicated that it is possible to add the quality component in EVM method and that EVM can be used to measure the performance of harvesting soybean, however, further assessments are needed.

Keywords: project management, earned value management, quality, agriculture.



Redundancy resource allocation for reliable project scheduling: A game-theoretical approach M. Rohaninejada, R. Tavakkoli-Moghaddamb, B. Vahedi-Nouric a MAPSA Company, Project Management R&D Department, Tehran, Iran School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Optimization Research Group, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran c Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

b

Abstract The redundancy allocation problem is among the most interesting and difficult problems in the system reliability design. In this paper this concept is considered to enhance reliability in projects network scheduling with stochastic activity duration. In order to determine the optimal manner of redundancy allocation, a new mathematical model is developed. Then, by simulating the problem in the form of a game-theoretical pattern, it is shown that the Nashequilibrium points of the problem are very close to optimal solutions of original model. Therefore, an algorithmic approach is developed for the calculation of Nash equilibria. Finally, several computational experiments are executed and their results are analysed. The comparison of equilibrium outcomes with the optimal policy justifies the efficiency of Nash equilibria for increasing the projects network reliability.

Keywords: Project scheduling, Reliability, Redundancy resource allocation, Game theory.



Risk and Efficiency of Bicycle Paths Vít Hromádka, Maryna Shashko Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Veveří 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Abstract This article concentrates on the cycle paths projects economic valuation and risks in the course of their realisation in the area of the Czech Republic. The objective of the paper is to assess possibilities of valuation of efficiency and risks of the cycle paths projects in the Czech Republic and design the structure of the valuation together with the recommended methods. Achievement of objectives is based on the detailed analysis of the current situation in economic valuation and risks assessment in the area of cycle paths realisation as well as in projects from the related fields as road, railway or water infrastructure. Methods suitable for the efficiency and risk valuation based on Costbenefit Analysis principles or qualitative or quantitative risk analysis are discussed in the article. Possibilities of use of alternative methods functioning on the principles of multi-criterial analysis are also pointed out. The paper raises recommendations for valuation of cycle paths projects efficiency and risks in the area of the Czech Republic resulting from domestic as well as foreign experience and practice. It also suggests future directions of the research into the area of addressed issue. It will be usable for economic efficiency of public investment projects, esp. bicycle paths, evaluation.

Keywords: Public Investment Projects; Bicycle Paths; Economic Efficiency, Risk Management, CBA; Simulation.



Simple Method Proposal for Cost Estimation from Work Breakdown Structure Sérgio Sequeira, Eurico Lopes Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Empresário Campus da Talagueira, Castelo Branco 6000-767, Portugal

Abstract Regardless the extensive literature in project management, the model for cost estimation remains unclear and unexploited mainly in terms of simple methods. Accuracy effort and schedule estimation is still a challenge. This paper introduces stream lining procedures from project work breakdown structure (WBS) evaluating the duration processes and either the input cost hour or the fixed costs. The measures are made via hypothesis testing over the responsibility assignment matrix (RAM). We propose a method for project cost construction using a spreadsheet to create an early-stage budget allocation. In this paper we argue that the simulated cost results present superior accuracy while establishing the applicability of the proposed simulation procedure. Generally, the precision is related with the WBS detailed design. The cost methodology approach offers a simplified decision tool for assessing the construction cost on the project managers’ decision.

Keywords: Project Cost Estimation; Project Management; WBS and Responsability Assignment Matrix.



Strategies to Improve Performance at a High-Turnover Engineering Organization [William Dvorkin, Douglas Nelson, Christine Fiori Virginia Tech, 413B Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Abstract The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team at Virginia Tech is an automotive engineering design team that competes in Advanced Vehicle Technology Competitions, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and managed by Argonne National Laboratory. The team is comprised of graduate and undergraduate engineers who work together to reengineer a production vehicle to reduce its environmental impact while maintaining its marketability. As a student organization primarily encompassing seniors, who graduate and depart from the team at the end of each academic year, the Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team experienced an average annual turnover rate of 84%. A recently developed strategy currently being implemented reduces the turnover rate to 39%. Other projected benefits of this strategy include more experienced senior team members (733% increase), overall team schedule savings (17%), and better opportunities to evaluate future team members. The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team is accomplishing these goals by reorganizing the team structure and implementing innovative onboarding strategies with new students. Together, these changes are transforming the Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team into a more sustainable organization that is better acclimated for the environment in which it operates.

Keywords: Organizational Restructure; Ultra-Rapid Onboarding.



Technical product innovation in building material industry in the Czech Republic Oslíková Eva, Tichá Alena, Bartoš Miroslav Brno University of technologie, Fakulty of Civil Engineering, Institute of structural economics and management, Veveří 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Abstract The progress of transformation of the worldwide economic system entails the need for evaluation of innovation performance of the EU Member States. Progress achieved in research, development and innovation has been monitored on a regular basis since 1993. The present article focuses on survey of innovations and their results in the form of the Summary Innovation Index for EU countries. Further focus in on innovations in the building material industry in the Czech Republic from the viewpoint of technical product innovation with regard to revenues from the innovated products and cooperation in the process of innovation. A building material provider has been selected to introduce a particular innovation process from the initial idea to the product marketing. The article further describes the options of intellectual property right protection by patent or industrial or utility model in the Czech Republic.

Keywords: Innovation, Union of Innovations of EU, Summary Innovation Index, Product innovation, Intellectual property.



The Impact of Key Parameters Change on Economic Development of the Company Eva Vítková, Tatiana Semenova Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Veveří 95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Abstract The article discusses the impact of key factors on the economic development of the company operating in the Czech Republic. The aim of the research is to analyze the magnitude of key parameters changes on the indicator of the economic development of the construction firm. On the basis of accounting data, average values as default values for the analysis were determined and change of these variables on the resulting pointer was studied. This indicator has been selected from different methods of financial analysis. Pyramidal decomposition of return on equity, also called Du Pont pyramid is taken into account. Changes in values acting on the economic development of the construction enterprise are recorded using of sensitivity analysis method. Conclusion of the article focuses on describing the resulting values which were determined based on sensitivity analysis with the impact on aggregate indicators of financial analysis.

Keywords: Financial Analysis; Du Pont Pyramid of Return on Equity; Sensitivity Analysis.



The Importance of Risk Assessment in the Context of Investment Project Management: a Case Study M. Bernadete Junkesa, Anabela P. Teresob, Paulo S.L.P. Afonsob a

Departamento de Ciências Contábeis, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Cacoal, Rondônia, Brasil Centro Algoritmi, Escola de Engenharia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal

b

Abstract Risk management is an important component of project management. Nevertheless, such process begins with risk assessment and evaluation. In this research project, a detailed analysis of the methodologies used to treat risks in investment projects adopted by the Banco da Amazonia S.A. was made. Investment projects submitted to the FNO (Constitutional Fund for Financing the North) during 2011 and 2012 were considered for that purpose. It was found that the evaluators of this credit institution use multiple indicators for risk assessment which assume a central role in terms of decision-making and contribute for the approval or the rejection of the submitted projects; namely, the proven ability to pay, the financial records of project promotors, several financial restrictions, level of equity, level of financial indebtedness, evidence of the existence of a consumer market, the proven experience of the partners/owners in the business, environmental aspects, etc. Furthermore, the bank has technological systems to support the risk assessment process, an internal communication system and a unique system for the management of operational risk.

Keywords: Risk Assessment; Project Management; Investment Appraisal; Investment Bank; Case Study.



The Project Office as Project Management Support in Complex Environments Gunnar Widforss, Malin Rosqvist Mälardalen University (MDH), PO Box 883, 723 21 Västerås, Sweden Project Management in Research Rosqvist & Widforss HB (PMiR), Visthusgatan 21, 724 81 Västerås, Sweden

Abstract In the academic sector, most engineering research funding presupposes collaborative projects. Collaboration between academia and industry is encouraged. This approach creates successive complexity in most Research and Development (R&D) projects in many ways. Projects funded by the European Commission or jointly funded by national agencies are often encouraged to become large, competing companies may become partners, objectives are unclear, and overall vagueness usually increases with consortium size. Many companies and some research organizations have created project management offices (PMO) to deal with project complexity. Typically, project managers in research organizations are excellent researchers but less skilled or interested in project management. To help researchers stay focused on research and not get side tracked by project management, the PMO provides professional project management services to researchers and research projects. The combination of excellent research and professional project management is a success factor when handling a large portfolio of complex projects. We surveyed the directors of PMOs in Sweden to determine how PMOs cope with complexity in different organizations. This paper presents the results of that small survey and compares them with similar efforts at one Swedish university in a brief case study.

Keywords: industry-academia, project management, complexity, research projects, funding.



The Secret of my Success: An exploratory study of Business Intelligence management in the Norwegian Industry Presthus, Wandaa, Sæthre, Stianb a

Westerdals Oslo ACT, Schweigaards gate 14, 0185 Oslo, Norway b RAV Norge AS, Karenlyst Allé 9, 0278 Oslo, Norway

Abstract The purpose of this paper is the exploration of the management of Business Intelligence (BI) solutions in the Norwegian industry. BI aims to improve data analysis and enhance business performance. Nonetheless, academics and practitioners note that BI is complex and difficult to manage. We interviewed BI managers in 5 companies who had been awarded the Norwegian Computer Society’s BI prize, based on the following research question: What can we learn from the successful BI implementations and management in award-winning Norwegian companies? We surmise two findings. First, building upon concepts derived from the Digital Infrastructure Theory we find that while the Norwegian industry still has a traditional, complex BI architecture, it is scalable in the sense that they can add or remove elements, or even scrap the whole BI solution. The companies demonstrate innovation and adoption through their use of dashboards and real-time data. In light of these findings we propose a future research agenda for BI. Second, we offer three lessons for managers of BI in organisations.

Keywords: Business Intelligence; Digital Infrastructure; Norwegian Industry; exploratory case study.



Towards effective knowledge transfer in high-tech project environments: Preliminary development of key determinants Ross Powera, Kathryn Cormicana College of Engineering & Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

Abstract Effective knowledge transfer for project success is examined in this paper. Particular emphasis is placed on the determinants of organizational culture that endorse value driven activities. This paper reports on the preliminary results of a study targeted at knowledge workers operating in a high-tech dynamic environment. The aim of the research is to promote better knowledge transfer in order to improve project success. We synthesize the relevant literature in an attempt to isolate key determinants for success based on best practice. From this, a comprehensive audit tool containing explicit statements is developed. The goal of this tool is to facilitate leaders and decision makers to assess current performance regarding knowledge transfer against published best practice. The contributions of this research are threefold. First, it answers calls for further work in a neglected but essential area in project management. Second, the study synthesizes relevant literature and adds to the academic debate in the space. Third, the development of a new audit tool acts as an independent validation resource for leaders and decision makers and thus helps to bridge the gap between theory and practice.

Keywords: Knowledge transfer; organizational culture; project success; best practice; audit tool; preliminary study.



Towards identifying success factors for cross-cultural project customer engagement: A literature review Patrick Lückmann University of Applied Sciences Münster, 48149, Germany Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, 28003 Madrid, Spain

Abstract Cross-cultural project management remains an important challenge for project managers and project management scholars. Successful projects need to effectively engage project customers and the key question becomes how to adequately engage project customers from foreign cultural backgrounds. This paper presents the preliminary results of a literature review in cross-cultural project customer integration. The guiding question for the review is: Which success factors can be identified in scientific literature for the cross-cultural integration of customers in projects. The paper introduces the topic and shortly lays out the necessary definitions before presenting the reviewed literature that is relevant to the review question. The literature is categorized and analyzed on abstract and findings level. The preliminary analysis reveals that the cross-cultural integration of project customers is not well researched and that further investigation in these areas is necessary. Future research is going to deepen the analysis of the presented studies. The aim is to lay the groundwork for further empirical research into success factors for customer integration in intercultural projects.

Keywords: customer engagement; client involvement; international project management; cross-cultural projects; national culture.



When Stakeholders Shape Successes or Bring Failures – A Case Study of an Algerian Megaproject Youcef J-T. Zidane, Agnar Johansen, Anandasivakumar Ekambaram, Linda C. Hald NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

Abstract An Algerian highway megaproject has been assessed – to what extent and how it is successful – based on five measures; the main success was more on the tactical and strategic levels measured in terms of effectiveness, relevance, impact and sustainability. Many internal and external stakeholders contributed to the failure of this megaproject at the operational level measured in terms of efficiency. This paper will list all possible external and internal stakeholders of this megaproject and subsequently identify the relationship between each stakeholder and the five measures. A stakeholder mapping and the interpretation of a power / interest matrix are used to identify and analyze the relationship between stakeholders and the effect of their actions at each level of the megaproject. The case shows that an early involvement of the key stakeholders will contribute positively to all the five measures.

Keywords: Stakeholders; Megaproject; Evaluation; Efficiency; Effectiveness; Relevance; Impact; Sustainability.





HCIST papers


A standardized SOA based solution to guarantee the secure access to EHR Giorgia Gazzarataa, Roberta Gazzarataa, b, Mauro Giacominia, b, c a

Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 13, Genoa 16145, Italy b Healthropy s.r.l., Corso Italia 15/6, Savona 17100, Italy

Abstract Continued advances in science and technology and general improvements in environmental and social conditions is extending the population’s life expectancy with the consequence that a person can undergo many episodes of healthcare during lifetime. In this context, the Electronic Health Record (EHR) represents a fundamental tool to support treatment continuity, education and research. The economic restrictions in healthcare and the need to increase efficiency in term of cost/effectiveness ration could lead institutional organizations to choose cloud solutions to host the EHR. In this paper, a cloud infrastructure architecture, focus on the EHR and based on SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) paradigm, which is able both to completely support technical, semantic and process interoperability, and to guarantee security, is proposed. In order to achieve this goal, the indications and the standards proposed by Healthcare Services Specification Project (HSSP) was adopted. Different situations can be managed by the proposed architecture and are described: the user access to an encrypted resource in EHR, the availability of EHR content for external Decision Support Systems, the update of EHR content, the management of semantic of clinical data exchanged among distributed healthcare organizations. Finally, the authors propose a discussion on the proposed solution.

Keywords: auditability, access control, interoperability, secure use of cloud for clinical data.



A User Study to Assess the Situated Social Value of Open Data in Healthcare Federico Cabitza, Angela Locoro, Carlo Batini Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemistica e Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milano, Italy

Abstract In this paper, we propose an original methodology by which to assess the construct of the situated social value of open data and we apply it to the healthcare domain in regard to information by which hospitals can be ranked to compare service providers. Our methodology encompasses a questionnaire-based user study and a method by which to rank information items by their perceived social value in situated scenarios. While the social component of the construct is addressed traditionally, the main asset of our contribution is to ground the assessment of information value on a multidimensional space of potential situations where that information can be perceived as valuable, and to inquiry the respondents of the user study about their empathized perceptions in daily life scenarios, which are defined to cover the dimensional space properly. The findings of the user study are reported and the implications on the construct assessment discussed in the aim to enable IS benchmarking and more focused interventions of data quality improvement.

Keywords: social value; open data; hospital datasets; situated social value; assessment.



A web-based platform for quality management of elderly care: usability evaluation of Ankira® Natália Loureiroa, Marco Fernandesb, Joaquim Alvarelhãoc, Alina Ferreirad, Hilma Caravaud, Ana Isabel Martinsd, Margarida Cerqueirac, Alexandra Queirósc Ankira – 4520-211 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal b Metatheke Software, 3800-261 Aveiro, Portugal c Health Sciences School (ESSUA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal d Institute of Electronics and Telematics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal a

Abstract The use of web-based platform for data storage and data analysis in the context quality for elderly care is improving. This work reports the usability evaluation of Ankira® Platform based in a comprehensive methodology of testing in real contexts. The participants were recruited from elderly care institutions and completed different preestablished tasks. Observation, Critical Incident Records and Scales were used to collect data. The results shown a high level of usability for the platform and indicators of reliability of the methodology are discussed.

Keywords: Usability Evaluation; Usability Testing; Web Plataform Ankira.



Abbreviations and symbols in a large sample of medicinal package leaflets: automatic detection and comprehension assessment Carla Pires,a Marina Vigário,b Fernando Martins,b Afonso Cavacoa a

Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universtity of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon 1649-003, Portugal b Faculty of Letters, Phonetic Laboratory, University of Lisbon, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal

Abstract Medicines package leaflets (PL) need to be clear and comprehensible, according to legal recommendations. Abbreviations and symbols (A&S) are not recommended since their use may lead to misunderstandings and medication errors. Objectives: 1) identify, typify and quantify all A&S in a large sample of Portuguese PL, 2) detect discrepancies between these A&S and regulations, and 3) assess how educated individuals interpret A&S found in Portuguese PL. Methods: descriptive and exploratory study. Descriptive study - 531 PL were visually inspected in order to identify all A&S and a computer tool was programmed to count these A&S. All A&S were typified according to classificatory groups (e.g. abbreviations of diseases names) and evaluated according to the regulations. Exploratory study - the interpretation of 373 A&S by 26 undergraduates was assessed with a questionnaire. Results: 828 different A&S were identified (6407 occurrences). The average number of A&S per PL was 12.1 (SD=13.1). Thirteen classificatory groups were built. Non-compliant A&S were found. Only a very low percentage of responses was correct (9.9%). Conclusion: A&S were prevalent in PL, contrary to the international recommendations. A significant number of technical A&S was unfamiliar to a group of educated people. Automatic tools and procedures regarding these readability features should be developed in order to validate PL’s compliance with regulations.

Keywords: Package Leaflets; Readability; Medicinal Products; Abbreviations; Patient Safety.



Acoustic Analysis of Vocal Dysphonia João Paulo Teixeiraa, Paula Odete Fernandesa,b Polytechnic Institute of Braganaça – Campus Sta. Apolónia 5301 857 Bragança - Portugal a UNIAG – Portugal, b NECE (UBI) - Portugal

a

Abstract Voice acoustic analysis is becoming more and more useful in diagnosis of voice disorders or laryngological pathologies. The facility to record a voice signal is an advantage over other invasive techniques. This paper presents the statistical analyzes of a set of voice parameters like jitter, shimmer and HNR over a 4 groups of subjects with dysphonia, functional dysphonia, hyperfunctional dysphonia, and psychogenic dysphonia and a control group. No statistical significance differences over pathologic groups were found but clear tendencies can be seen between pathologic and control group. The tendencies indicates this parameters as a good features to be used in an intelligent diagnosis system, moreover the jitter and shimmer parameters measured over different tones and vowels.

Keywords: Vocal Acoustic Analysis; Jitter; Shimmer; Harmonic-to-Noise Ratio (HNR); Dysphonia.



Advanced temperature control for innovative HIPEC equipment C. Lungocia, V. Muresanb, D. Mogab, I. Clitanb, R. Mogab,V. Sitab, T. Oniua, A. Mironiuca Department of Surgery, „Iuliu Hatieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012, ClujNapoca, Romania bDepartment of Automation, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 26-28 Baritiu Stret, 400027,Cluj-Napoca, Romania a

Abstract Peritoneal Carcinomatosis (PC) is one of the final stages of abdominal cancers. Nowadays Cytoreductive Surgery followed by Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) proves to be a promising therapeutic solution. The authors are developing an HIPEC equipment and this paper presents an advanced cytostatic solution temperature control structure. A cascade plus feed-forward control structure is proposed in order to compensate the major temperature disturbances: the temperature loss due to the heat exchange between the solution and the environment, and the heat exchange between the cytostatic solution circulated inside the abdominal cavity and the human body. The assessment of the results is made via computer simulation.

Keywords:Peritoneal Cariconamatosis; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); temperature control; cascade control; feed-forward control; disturbance compensation.



Ambulatory Electrocardiogram Prototype João Paulo Teixeiraa, ,António Ferreirab a,b

Polytechnic Institute of Braganaça – Campus Sta. Apolónia 5301 857 Bragança - Portugal a UNIAG – Portugal

Abstract The use of electrocardiogram nowadays, is very important in diagnosis of heart disease. The emergent increase of portable technology provides medical monitoring of vital signs allowing freedom of movement and watching during normal activity of the patient. In this study, it is described the development of a prototype of an ambulatory cardiac monitoring system using 3 leads. The systems consists on conversion of an analog signal, having been previously processed and conditioned, into digital ECG signal and after processed with a microcontroller (MCU). The heartbeat rate can be observed in an LCD display. The LCD display is also used as the interface during the setup process. All digital data stream can be stored on a SD memory card allowing the ECG signal to be accessed later on a PC.

Keywords: Electrocardiogram, prototype, cardiac monitoring, Ambulatory ECG, Holter, Microcontroller.



An approach to physical rehabilitation using state-of-the-art virtual reality and motion tracking technologies Alejandro Baldominos, Yago Saez, Cristina García del Pozo Computer Science and Engineering Dept. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30. 28911 Leganes, Spain

Abstract This paper explores an approach to physical rehabilitation using state-of-the-art technologies in virtual reality and motion tracking; in particular, Oculus Rift DK2 (released in July, 2014) and Intel RealSense (released in November, 2014) are used. A game is developed which requires from the patient to perform an established set of abduction and adduction arm movements to achieve rotator cuff rehabilitation after injury. While conduct of clinical trials is outside the scope of this work, experts in physical rehabilitation working in the medical field have carried out a preliminary evaluation, showing encouraging results.

Keywords: physical rehabilitation; virtual reality; oculus rift; motion tracking; intel realsense.



Analysis of Clinical Discussions Based on Argumentation Schemes Malik Al Qassas, Daniela Fogli, Massimiliano Giacomin, Giovanni Guida Università di Brescia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione,Via Branze 38 - 25123, Brescia, Italy

Abstract Clinical discussions usually taking place in healthcare structures allow medical specialists to focus on critical cases, debate about different diagnostic hypotheses, identify therapeutic protocols, or choose among alternative treatments. This paper presents an argumentation-based approach to the analysis of clinical discussions, with the aim of providing a multidisciplinary medical team with a support tool that may help discover whether clinical discussions are affected by any weak points, such as contradicting conclusions, invalid reasoning steps, hidden assumptions, or missing evidences. To this end, we have adopted an approach based on argumentation schemes, which provide an intuitive yet well structured representation of general reasoning patterns. Argumentation schemes include one or more premises, a conclusion, and a set of critical questions that challenge the validity of the relation between premises and conclusion. We exploit argumentation schemes to interpret the assertions made by the participants in a meeting and to generate a graph of arguments connected through edges that represent support or attack relations existing among them. The resulting graph is then used to carry out a logical analysis of the discussion, highlighting, for instance, conflicting opinions or suggesting the need for gathering additional information. To show the potential of our approach, we have developed a sample case based on a clinical discussion taken from literature. After having identified a set of argumentation schemes appropriate for the medical domain considered, the case has been analyzed and a detailed logical analysis has been carried out.

Keywords: Clinical discussion; argumentation; argumentation schemes; intelligent support system.



Anonimity in health-oriented social networks Andrei Vasilateanu, Carmen Casaru University Politehnica Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei nr. 313, Bucharest 060042, Romania

Abstract Web 2.0 philosophy of content creation has spread to many domains including healthcare. A new trend in social networks is to serve specialized, niche-oriented participants, with unique interests. We study what are the advantages, disadvantages and concerns when deploying a social network in the health domain; to be used for sharing information about treatment outcomes and conditions. Our paper raises the privacy concern, namely anonymization, when different stakeholders use such a platform.

Keywords: e-health; social networks; anonymization; patient-empowerement.



Assistive Mobile Applications for Dyslexia Jorge Madeiraa, Catarina Silvaa,b, Luís Marcelinoa,c, Paula Ferreiraa a

School Technology and Management/School Education and Social Sciences, Polytechnic Institute Leiria, Portugal b Center for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra, Portugal c Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal

Abstract The ability to read is one of the main skills of a human being. However, some of us have reading difficulties, regardless of social status, level of intelligence or education. This disorder is the main characteristic of dyslexia and is maintained throughout life, requiring early and specialized intervention. Dyslexia is defined as a learning disturbance in the area of reading, writing and spelling. Although the numbers of prevalence rely heavily on the type of investigation conducted, several studies indicate that up to 17% of the world population is dyslexic, and that men have greater prevalence. In this work we will address the use of assistive mobile applications for dyslexia by analyzing possible solutions and proposing a prototype of a mobile application that can be used by dyslexic and whilst giving feedback both to the dyslexic him/herself and to the assisting technician or teacher. The implemented prototype focuses the Portuguese language and was tested with Portuguese students with ages between 10 and 12 years old. Preliminary results show that the proposed gamified set of activities, allow dyslexics to improve multisensory perception, constituting an added value facilitator of adaptiveness and learning.

Keywords: Dyslexia; Mobile Applications; Assistive Technology.



Automatic crackle detection algorithm based on fractal dimension and box filtering Cátia Pinhoa,b; Ana Oliveiraa; Cristina Jácomea,c; João Rodriguesd; Alda Marquesa,e Lab 3R – Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Health Sciences (ESSUA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal b IT – Aveiro, Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal c Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, 4200-450, Portugal d Institute of Electronics and Telematic Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal e Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), ESSUA, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal a

Abstract Crackles are adventitious respiratory sounds that provide valuable information on different respiratory conditions. Crackles automatic detection in a respiratory sound file is challenging, and thus different signal processing methodologies have been proposed. However, limited testing of such methodologies, namely in respiratory sound files collected in clinical settings, has been conducted. This study aimed to develop an algorithm for automatic crackle detection and characterisation and to evaluate its performance and accuracy against a multi-annotator gold standard. The algorithm is based on three main procedures: i) extraction of a window of interest of a potential crackle (based on fractal dimension and box filtering techniques); ii) verification of the validity of the potential crackle considering computerised respiratory sound analysis established criteria; and iii) characterisation and extraction of crackle parameters. Twenty four 10-second files, acquired in clinical settings, were selected from 10 patients with pneumonia and cystic fibrosis. The algorithm performance was assessed by comparing its results with gold standard annotations (obtained by the agreement among three experts). A set of 7 parameters was optimised. High levels of sensitivity (SE=89%), positive predictive value (PPV=95%) and overall performance (F index=92%) were achieved. This promising result highlights the potential of the algorithm for automatic crackle’s detection/characterisation in respiratory sounds acquired in clinical settings.

Keywords: Adventitious respiratory sounds; Crackles; Automatic detection/classification algorithms; Fractal dimension; Box filtering.



Categorizing and Describing the Types of Fraud in Healthcare Dallas Thorntona, Michel Brinkhuisb, Chintan Amritb, Robin Alyc a Clemson University, 101 Calhoun Dr, Clemson, SC 29634, USA Department of Industrial Engineering & Business Information Systems, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands c Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands b

Abstract Today, the over $2 trillion US healthcare system is ravaged by fraud, waste, and abuse, with an estimated one-third of all these costs frivolously spent in such ways. Sun Tzu wrote, “Every battle is won or lost before it's ever fought.” To combat healthcare fraud, we must understand it and the forms it takes. In this paper, we systematically evaluate published literature using Webster and Watson’s concept matrix technique. From the applicable published literature, we provide a categorization and description of the documented types of fraud in healthcare.

Keywords: fraud; insurance; medical; health; healthcare; Medicaid; Medicare; fee-for-service; managed care; data mining



Combining Data Imputation and Statistics to Design a Clinical Decision Support System for Post-Operative Pain Monitoring Nuno Pomboa,b, Paulo Rebeloc, Pedro Araújoa,b and Joaquim Vianad a

b

Instituto de Telecomunicações, Covilhã, Portugal Department of Computer Science, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal c Department of Mathematics, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal d Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Portugal

Abstract The subjectivity and variability of pain conditions, combined with missing data, are constraints on the usefulness and accuracy of computerised clinical decision support systems (CCDSS) for pain management. In this paper, a CCDSS based on data imputation combined with statistics models is presented. This system was tested using clinical data collected during a six-week randomised controlled trial involving thirty-two volunteers recruited from an ambulatory surgery department. The proposed system revealed it ability to cope with missing data and detect either stability or changes in the self-reporting of pain, and therefore, to support health care professionals on clinical decisions and practices for pain management.

Keywords: data imputation; linear regression; analysis of variance; post-operative; clinical decision support system



Complexity Analysis of a Business Process Automation: case study on a Healthcare Organization Ricardo Martinho a,c , Rui Rijoa,b,c, Ana Nunes a,d a

School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal INESCC - Institute for Systems and Computers Engineering at Coimbra,Portugal c CINTESIS - Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Porto, Portugal d Hospital Prof. Dr. Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal b

Abstract Healthcare organizations have been struggling to get Business Process Management (BPM) and associated Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) properly aligned to improve their patients’ service and quality of care. Nevertheless, the highly structured nature of larger organizations such as hospitals hampers this alignment, and commonly ICT is applied to isolated tasks or fragments of processes. In this paper, we present and discuss the results, in terms of complexity, of the introduction of a new scheduling system within the medical appointment and exam business processes of a large hospital. During the case study, we began by modelling the processes using the Business Process Modelling and Notation (BPMN) standard. We then used abstract metrics to compare the complexity between old (before the introduction of the scheduling system) and new processes, and interpreted the obtained results. Finally, we derived important conclusions that will help guide us in further business process optimization endeavors.

Keywords: Business process; automation; ICT, management; complexity analysis.



Computerised Lung Auscultation – Sound Software (CLASS) José Semedoa,b; Ana Oliveiraa; Ana Machadoa; José Moreirab; João Rodriguesb; José Aparícioc; Hans Pasterkampd; Luis M. T. Jesusa,b; Alda Marquesa,e Lab 3R – Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, School of Health Sciences (ESSUA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal b Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal c Paediatrics Emergency Department, Hospital Lusíadas, 4050-115 Porto, Portugal d Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada e Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), ESSUA, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal

a

Abstract Computer-assisted learning tools have been shown to promote self-directed learning and enhance problem-solving skills. However, few have been developed in the area of respiratory medicine and the majority does not include all the required features for integration of knowledge (e.g., sound recording and analysis). Thus, we aimed to develop and evaluate an open-source computer-assisted learning application for respiratory sound recording, analysis and interpretation, the Computerised Lungs Auscultation – Sound Software (CLASS). CLASS is the only computerassisted learning tool which simultaneously allows the recording and analyses of respiratory sounds. The usability of CLASS has been tested by eight physiotherapy students through an open-ended questionnaire and a focus group interview. Participants highlighted its utility and great potential to be used in academic and clinical environments, and they also identified some drawbacks. New developments are being incorporated to improve CLASS usability in the academic context but also to make it available in health professionals’ clinical practice.

Keywords: Respiratory sounds analysis; Computer-assisted learning; Application; Usability; Health; Lung Auscultation.



Developing an Enterprise Architecture proof of concept in a Portuguese hospital Rui Rijoa,b,c, Ricardo Martinhoa,c, Diogo Ermidaa,d a

School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal INESCC - Institute for Systems and Computers Engineering at Coimbra, Portugal c CINTESIS - Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Porto, Portugal d Center for Research and Creativity in Informatics, Hosp. Prof. Dr. Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal b

Abstract A Portuguese hospital with 700 beds and assisting 600 000 inhabitants, in its strategic plan, claimed for the urgent need of using new management approaches for dealing with the complexity of their information systems (IS), the highly coupled Information Technology (IT) infrastructures, and the inefficiency in the communication. This paper describes a proof of concept development using the concepts of Enterprise Architecture (EA) to contribute for a solution for these needs. The work focuses on the improvement of the medical appointment and patients’ customer service business processes. Based on key points of existing EA frameworks, we started by using a questionnaire to the top management, and defining a common vision for this specific area, followed by the elicitation of the business processes and the supporting IS and IT infrastructures. Finally, we selected the key performance indicators that will help the hospital to monitor the performance of these processes. With this information gathered we offer a tool for top management to communicate with the clinical and IT areas and, together, take decisions with a common mind map and with the possibility to simulate the impact in the organization of those decisions. Another result of this work is the lessons learned in this proof-of-concept that can be applied in other areas and business processes of the hospital.

Keywords: Enterprise Architecture; Strategic Management; Health Information Systems Management



DICOM metadata Access, Consolidation and Usage in Radiology Department Performance Analysis. A nonproprietary approach Milton Santosa,b, Luis Bastiãob, Nuno Nevesc, Dulce Franciscoc, Augusto Silvab,d, Nelson Pacheco Rochab,e a

Health Sciences School, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal b IEETA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal c Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Aveiro, Portugal d Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal e Health Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Abstract In a clinical environment are produced on daily basis huge volumes of information. In the radiology context, the realization of an increasing number of studies, in particular those associated with modalities that produce huge amounts of images, has given rise to large PACS archives. Proprietary tools available for the analysis of the stored information are limited and usually do not allow efficient analysis of the radiology department performance. In this work we demonstrate that with seamless access to DICOM metadata we can provide a consolidated view of departmental production data regardless of the heterogeneous imaging sources and subsidiary information systems. With our non-proprietary approach it is therefore feasible to conceive indicators that may be included in wider scope institutional performance evaluation. The results from the consolidated DICOM information analysis of more than 20 million images, belonging to more than 467 thousand studies performed on more than 162 thousand patients, justify the relevance of the implementation of similar methodologies in order to optimize the management of Radiology departments.

Keywords: Radiology, PACS, DICOM Metadata, Performance Analysis.



Effect of Home Telehealth Data Quality on Decision Support System Performance Mas S. Mohktara,b,c, Jumadi Abd Sukorc,d, Stephen J. Redmondc, Jim Basilakise, Nigel H. Lovellc a

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia b Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia c Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia d Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, University of Tun Hussein Onn, Batu Pahat 86400, Malaysia e School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia

Abstract In this study, data quality analyses were performed on raw signals from two types of home telehealth measurements; the pulse oximetry and the blood pressure. The results have confirmed that home telehealth pulse oximetry and blood pressure data quality issues do affect the reliability of a decision support system (DSS) for the particular algorithms and data sets used in this study. Both techniques (the manual outlier removal and the automated signal quality analysis) have improved the performance of the DSS. Therefore, these automated signal quality tools are considered useful and will be included in the DSS for the purpose of data quality assurance. This finding has also provided an additional method that can reduce the workload imposed when performing signal recording verification manually.

Keywords: Home telehealth; Data quality; Decision support system.



Electroencephalogram Cepstral Distances in Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis Pedro Miguel Rodriguesa, Diamantino Freitasa and João Paulo Teixeirab a

Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal b Politechinic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents one of the greatest public health challenges worldwide nowadays, because it affects millions of people all over the world and it is expected that the disease will increase considerably in the near future. This study is the first application attempt of cepstral analysis on Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to find new parameters in order to achieve a better differentiation between EEGs of AD patients and Control subjects. The results show that the methodology that uses a combined Wavelet (WT) Biorthogonal (Bior) 3.5 and cepstrum analysis was able to describe the EEG dynamics with a higher discriminative power than the other WTs/spectrum methodologies in previous studies. The most important significance figures were found in cepstral distances between cepstrums of theta and alpha bands (p=0.00006. [Access: 05-02-2015]. 5. Karl Wiegers, More About Software Requirements: Thorny Issues and Practical Advice (Developer Best Practices), December 2005. 6. K. BECK, «Extreme Programming Explained», Massachusetts, 2000. 7. «Smartphone OS Market Share, Q3 2014». Available: http://www.idc.com/prodserv/smartphone-os-market-share.jsp. [Access: 05-02-2015]. 8. M. Wilcox and C. Voskoglou, «State of the Developer Nation Q3 2014», 2014. 9. «What is Maven». Available: https://maven.apache.org/what-is-maven.html. [Access: 24-04-2015]. 10. «Transmitting Network Data Using Volley». Available: http://developer.android.com/training/volley/index.html. [Access: 05-02-2015] 11. «What is ASP.NET SignalR». Available: http://signalr.net/. [Access: 24-04-2015]. 12. T. D. R. Varela and S. Loh, «Implementação e Análise da Utilização de WebSockets em Sistemas Computacionais», pp. 1– 19. 13. V. M. Themudo, «Implementação de um servidor de negociação em bolsa baseado em WebSocket», 2014. 14. A. Syromiatnikov and D. Weyns, A Journey Through the Land of Model-View-* Design Patterns. 15. M. Alles; B. Harleton and G. Pattison et al., Presenter First: Organizing Complex GUI Applications for Test-Driven Development. 16. «GuavaExplained». Available: https://code.google.com/p/guava-libraries/wiki/GuavaExplained. [Access: 24-04-2015]. 17. K. Chandy and W. R. Schulte, Event Processing: Designing IT Systems for Agile Companies. 2009. 18. B. M. Michelson, Event-Driven Architecture Overview. 2006. 19. «Material design». Available: http://www.google.com/design/spec/material-design/introduction.html. [Access: 24-04-2015]. 20. «XTraN». Available: http://www.tecmic.pt/portfolio/xtran/. [Access: 24-04-2015]. 21. «4Forces». Available: http://www.tecmic.pt/portfolio/4forces/. [Access: 24-04-2015]. 22. G. Zichermann and C. Cunningham, Gamification by Design - Implementing Game Mechanics in Web and Mobile Apps. 2011, p. 208.

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Laboratory performance evaluation of wi-fi ieee 802.11a open four-node point-to-multipoint links J. A. R. Pacheco de Carvalhoa,b, H. Veigaa,c, C. F. Ribeiro Pachecoa, A. D. Reisa,b,d a

U. de Detecção Remota, bDept. de Física, cCentro de Informática, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal d Dept. de Electrónica e Telecomunicações / Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal

Abstract Wireless communications, e.g. Wi-Fi, have been increasingly important in the context of networked and virtual organizations and enterprise information systems. Performance is an issue of crucial importance, resulting in more reliable and efficient communications, therefore improving enterprise information system yield. Security is equally important. Laboratory measurements were made about several performance aspects of Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11a Open four-node point-to-multipoint links. Our study contributes to performance evaluation of this technology, using available equipments (V-M200 access points from HP and WPC600N adapters from Linksys). New detailed results are presented and discussed, namely at OSI levels 4 and 7, from TCP, UDP and FTP experiments, permitting measurements of TCP throughput, jitter, percentage datagram loss and FTP transfer rate. Comparisons are made to corresponding results obtained for Open point-to-point links. Conclusions are drawn about the comparative performance of the links. Keywords: Wi-Fi; WLAN; Open Four-node Point-to-Multipoint Links; IEEE 802.11a; Wireless Network Laboratory Performance.

1. Introduction Electromagnetic waves in several frequency ranges, propagating in the air, have decisively contributed to the development of contactless communication technologies. Typical examples of wireless communications technologies are wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) and free space optics (FSO), using microwaves and laser light, respectively. Their importance and utilization have been growing. Wireless communications are significantly important for their versatility, mobility and favorable prices. It is the case of microwave based technologies, e.g. Wi-Fi. The importance and utilization of WiFi have been growing for complementing traditional wired networks. Wi-Fi has been playing an increasingly important role in the context of networked and virtual organizations and enterprise

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information systems. Mainly, infrastructure mode has been used. In this case an access point (AP), permits communications of Wi-Fi electronic devices with a wired based local area network (LAN), through a switch/router. Thus, a wireless local area network (WLAN) is formed, based on the AP. At the personal home level, a wireless personal area network (WPAN) permits communications of personal devices. Point-to-point (PTP) and point-to-multipoint (PTMP) topologies are used both indoors and outdoors, with specific directional and omnidirectional antennas. Wi-Fi uses microwaves in the 2.4 and 5 GHz frequency bands and IEEE 802.11a, b, g, n standards [1,2]. The 2.4 GHz band has been increasingly used, resulting in higher interferences. Therefore, considerable attention has been put on the 5 GHz band where, however, absorption increases and ranges are shorter. Nominal transfer rates up to 11 (802.11b), 54 (802.11 a, g) and 600 Mbps (802.11n) are specified. Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is the medium access control. There are studies on wireless communications, wave propagation [3,4], practical implementations of WLANs [5], performance analysis of the effective transfer rate for 802.11b point-to-point links [6], 802.11b performance in crowded indoor environments [7]. Performance evaluation has been a fundamentally important criterion to assess communications quality, leading to more reliable and efficient communications and, therefore, improving enterprise information system yield. In comparison to traditional applications, new telematic applications are especially sensitive to performances. Requirements have been given [8]. Wi-Fi security is very important, ranging from the personal level to the enterprise information system level. Confidentiality is essential. However, as microwave radio signals travel through the air, they can be very easily captured. Wired equivalent privacy (WEP) was initially intended to provide confidentiality comparable to that of a traditional wired network. In spite of presenting weaknesses, WEP is still widely used in Wi-Fi networks for security reasons, mainly in point-to-point links. More advanced and reliable security methods have been developed to provide authentication such as, by increasing order of security, Wi-Fi protected access (WPA) and Wi-Fi protected access II (WPA2). Several measurements have been made for 2.4 and 5 GHz Wi-Fi Open [9], WEP [10-11] WPA [1213] and WPA2 links [14], as well as very high speed FSO links [15]. In the present work new Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 a) results arise, using Open links, namely through OSI levels 4 and 7. Performance is evaluated in laboratory measurements of Open four-node PTMP (4N-PTMP) links, using new available equipments. Comparisons are made to corresponding results obtained for Open PTP links. Conclusions are drawn about the comparative performance of the links. This contribution permits to increase the knowledge about performance of Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 a) links [4-6]. The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents the experimental details i.e. the measurement setup and procedure. Results and discussion are presented in Section 3. Conclusions are drawn in Section 4.

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2. Experimental Details The measurements used a HP V-M200 access point [16], with three external dual-band 3x3 MIMO antennas, IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n, software version 5.4.1.0-01-9867 and a 100-Base-TX/10-Base-T Allied Telesis AT-8000S/16 level 2 switch [17]. Three PCs were configured having a PCMCIA IEEE.802.11 a/b/g/n Linksys WPC600N wireless adapter with three internal antennas [18], to enable four-node PTMP links to the access point. In every type of experiment, interference free communication channels were used (ch 36). This was checked through a portable computer, equipped with a Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n adapter, running NetStumbler software [19]. No encryption was activated in the AP and the wireless adapters of the PCs. The experiments were made under far-field conditions. No power levels above 30 mW (15 dBm) were required, as the wireless equipments were close. A new versatile laboratory setup has been planned and implemented for the PTMP measurements, as shown in Fig. 1. It involves three wireless links to the AP. At OSI level 4, measurements were made for TCP connections and UDP communications using Iperf software [20]. For a TCP connection, TCP throughput was obtained. For a UDP communication with a given bandwidth parameter, UDP jitter and percentage loss of datagrams were determined. Parameterizations of TCP packets, UDP datagrams and window size were as in [11]. One PC, with IP 192.168.0.2 was the Iperf server and the others, with IPs 192.168.0.6 and 192.168.0.50, were the Iperf clients (client1 and client2), respectively. Jitter, which represents the smooth mean of differences between consecutive transit times, was continuously computed by the server, as specified by the real time protocol RTP, in RFC 1889 [21]. Another PC, with IP 192.168.0.20, was used to control the settings in the AP. The scheme of Fig. 1 was also used for FTP measurements, where FTP server and client applications were installed in the PCs. Experiments were made for simultaneous connections/communications between the two clients and the server. The server and client PCs were HP nx9030 and nx9010 portable computers, respectively, running Windows XP Professional. They were configured to maximize the resources allocated to the present work. Batch command files have been re-written to enable the new TCP, UDP and FTP tests. The results were obtained in batch mode and written as data files to the client PCs disks. Every PC had a second network adapter, to permit remote control from the official IP University network, via switch. 3. Results and Discussion The wireless network adapters of the PCs were manually configured with typical nominal transfer rates (6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbps). For every fixed transfer rate, data were obtained for comparison of the laboratory performance of the 4N-PTMP and PTP links at OSI levels 1 (physical layer), 4 (transport layer) and 7 (application layer) using the setup of Fig. 1. For each standard and every nominal fixed transfer rate, an average TCP throughput was determined from a set of experiments. This value was fed in as the bandwidth parameter for every corresponding UDP test, resulting in average jitter and

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average percentage datagram loss. At OSI level 1 signal to noise ratios (SNR, in dB) and noise levels (N, in dBm) were monitored and typical values are shown in Fig. 2. The statistical analysis, including calculations of confidence intervals, was carried out as in [22]. In Figs. 3 and 4 polynomial fits were made (shown as y versus x), using the Excel worksheet, to the 802.11a TCP throughput data for 4N-PTMP and PTP links, respectively, where R2 is the coefficient of determination. It gives information about the goodness of fit. If it is 1.0 it means a perfect fit to data. It was found that, on average, the best TCP throughput is for PTP links (15.0+-0.5 Mbps, versus 4.7+-0.1 Mbps for 4N-PTMP). In Figs. 5-6, the data points representing jitter and percentage datagram loss for 4N-PTMP links were joined by smoothed lines. Concerning average jitter, the best performance was found for PTP links (2.2+-0.1 ms, versus 4.2+-0.7 ms for 4N-PTMP). For average percentage datagram loss, performance was found better for PTP (1.4+-0.1 %) than for 4N-PTMP (14.7+-4.6 %) links. In comparison to PTP links, TCP throughput, jitter and percentage datagram loss were found to show performance degradations for 4N-PTMP links, where the AP experiences higher processing requirements so as to maintain links between PCs. At OSI level 7 we measured FTP transfer rates versus nominal transfer rates configured in the access point and the wireless network adapters of the PCs for IEEE 802.11 a, as in [11]. The FTP results show the same trends found for TCP throughput. 4. Conclusions A new versatile laboratory setup arrangement has been planned and implemented, that permitted systematic performance measurements of new available wireless equipments (V-M200 access points from HP and WPC600N adapters from Linksys) for Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 a) in Open four-node PTMP links. Through OSI layer 4, TCP throughput, jitter and percentage datagram loss were measured and compared to corresponding results obtained for Open PTP links. In comparison to PTP links, TCP throughput, jitter and percentage datagram loss were found to show performance degradations for fournode PTMP links, where the AP experiences higher processing requirements so as to maintain links between PCs. At OSI layer 7, FTP performance results have shown the same trends found for TCP throughput. Generally, interesting performances were found. This is important, especially at the enterprise information system level. Additional performance studies are planned using several equipments, topologies, security settings and noise conditions, not only in laboratory but also in outdoor environments involving, mainly, medium range links.

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Acknowledgements Supports from the University of Beira Interior and FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia)/PEst-OE/FIS/UI0524/2014 (Projecto Estratégico-UI524-2014) are acknowledged.

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Figs. 1-6. Wi-Fi 4N-PTMP laboratory setup scheme (1) and detailed results: (2) Typical SNR (dB) and N (dBm); 4N-PTMP; (3) TCP throughput (y) versus technology and nominal transfer rate (x); 4N- PTMP; (4) TCP throughput (y) versus technology and nominal transfer rate (x); PTP; (5) UDP – jitter results versus technology and nominal transfer rate; 4N-PTMP; (6) UDP – percentage datagram loss results versus technology and nominal transfer rate; 4N-PTMP.

References [1] IEEE Std 802.11-2007, 2007. “IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks-Specific Requirements-Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications”, Web site http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802. [2] IEEE Std 802.11-2009, 2009. “IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks-Specific Requirements-Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications; amendment 5: Enhancements for Higher Throughput”, Web site http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802. [3] Mark, J.W., Zhuang,W., 2003. Wireless Communications and Networking, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. [4] Rappaport, T.S., 2002. Wireless Communications Principles and Practice, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. [5] Bruce III, W.R., Gilster, R., 2002. Wireless LANs End to End, Hungry Minds, Inc., NY. [6] Schwartz, M., 2005. Mobile Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press. [7] Sarkar, N., Sowerby, K., 2006. “High Performance Measurements in the Crowded Office Environment: a Case Study”, Proc. ICCT’06-International Conference on Communication Technology. Guilin, China, 27-30 November 2006, 1-4. [8] Monteiro, E., Boavida, F., 2002. Engenharia de Redes Informáticas, 4th ed., FCA-Editora de Informática Lda., Lisbon. [9] Pacheco de Carvalho, J. A. R., Veiga, H., Gomes, P. A. J., Ribeiro Pacheco, C. F., Marques, N. , Reis, A. D., 2010. “Wi-Fi Point-to-Point Links- Performance Aspects of IEEE 802.11 a,b,g Laboratory Links”, in Electronic Engineering and Computing Technology, Series: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Sio-Iong Ao, Len Gelman, Eds. Netherlands: Springer, Vol. 60, pp. 507-514. [10] Pacheco de Carvalho, José A. R., Veiga, H., Marques, Nuno, Ribeiro Pacheco, Cláudia F. F. P., Reis, A. D., 2011a. “TCP, UDP and FTP Performances of Laboratory Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11g WEP Point-to-Point Links”, in Communications in Computer and Information Science, M.M. Cruz-Cunha et al., Eds. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, Vol. 220, Part II, pp. 188– 195. [11] Pacheco de Carvalho, J. A. R., Veiga, H., Marques, N., Ribeiro Pacheco, C. F., Reis, A. D., 2011b. “Wi-Fi WEP Point-to-Point Links- Performance Studies of IEEE 802.11 a,b,g Laboratory Links”, in Electronic Engineering and Computing Technology, Series: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Sio-Iong Ao, Len Gelman, Eds. Netherlands: Springer, Vol. 90, pp. 105-114. [12] Pacheco de Carvalho, J. A. R., Veiga, H., Ribeiro Pacheco, C. F., Reis, A. D., 2012. “Performance Evaluation of Laboratory Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11g WPA Point-to-Point Links Using TCP, UDP and FTP”, Proc. Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems CENTERIS 2012 / HCIST 2012, Vilamoura (Algarve), Portugal, 3-5 October, SciVerseScienceDirect, Procedia Technology, 5, pp. 302–309. [13] Pacheco de Carvalho J. A. R., Veiga H., Ribeiro Pacheco C. F., Reis A. D., 2013. “Performance Evaluation of Laboratory Wi-fi Ieee 802.11a Wpa Point-to-multipoint Links”, Proc. Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems CENTERIS 2013 / HCIST 2013, Lisboa-Portugal 23-25 October 2013, SciVerseScienceDirect, Procedia Technology, 9, pp. 146 – 151. [14] Pacheco de Carvalho J. A. R., Veiga H., Ribeiro Pacheco C. F., Reis A. D., 2014. ” Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11 a, g Laboratory WPA2 Point-to-Multipoint Links”, Proc. WCE 2014 - World Congress on Engineering 2014, Imperial College London, London, England, 2-4 July, pp. 699-704.

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[15] Pacheco de Carvalho, J. A. R., Marques, N., Veiga, H., Ribeiro Pacheco, C. F., Reis, A. D., 2010c. ”Experimental Performance Evaluation of a Gbps FSO Link: a Case Study”, Proc. WINSYS 2010- International Conference on Wireless Information Networks and Systems, Athens, Greece, 26-28 July , pp. 123-128. [16] HP, 2010. V-M200 802.11n access point management and configuration guide, Web site http://www.hp.com; [17] Alliedtelesis, 2009. AT-8000S/16 level 2 switch technical data, Web site http://www.alliedtelesis.com. [18] Linksys, 2008. WPC600N notebook adapter user guide, Web site http://www.linksys.com. [19] NetStumbler, 2005. NetStumbler software, Web site http://www.netstumbler.com. [20] NLANR, 2003. Iperf software, Web site http://dast.nlanr.net. [21] RFC 1889, 1996. Network Working Group, “RFC 1889-RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real Time Applications”, Web site http://www.rfc-archive.org. [22] Bevington, P. R., 1969. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, Mc Graw-Hill Book Company.

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Mechanical and Electromagnetic Waves and the Principle of the Telecommunications Antonio D. Reisa,b, Jose F. Rochab, Atilio S. Gameirob, Jose P. Carvalhoa a b

Dep. Física/ U. D. Remota, Universidade da Beira Interior Covilhã, 6200 Covilhã, Portugal Dep. Electrónica e Telec. / Instituto de Telec., Universidade de Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal

Abstract This work presents the mechanical wave and the electromagnetic wave and their applications in the telecommunications. The mechanical wave and the electromagnetic wave have very different natures. The mechanical wave, particularly the sound, needs a propagation medium to propagate and can be used in the SONAR (SOund NAvigation and Ranging). The electromagnetic wave, particularly the light, don’t needs a propagation medium to propagate and can be used in the RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging). Our objective is to observe these natural phenomena and apply artificially them to many electronic and telecommunication devices. Keywords: Mechanical wave, electromagnetic wave; Telecommunications;

1. Introduction This work presents the mechanical wave and the electromagnetic wave and their applications in the telecommunications [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. The mechanical wave and the electromagnetic wave have very different natures [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. The mechanical wave particularly the sound is a pressure wave on the matter and then needs a medium to propagate itself (Fig .1).

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Fig.1 The mechanical wave

We show the mechanical wave spectrum with relevance to the audible sound (Fig .2)

Fig.2 Mechanical spectrum with relevance for the audible sound

The electromagnetic wave particularly the light is an electromagnetic field with corpuscular and wave and don’t needs any medium to propagate itself (Fig .3)

Fig.3 The electromagnetic wave

We show the electromagnetic wave spectrum with relevance to the visible light (Fig .4)

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Fig.4 Electromagnetic spectrum with emphasis for the visible light

There are various applications of this two waves, but we highlight only some. The ultraviolet rays, the x-rays has enough energy to ionize the atoms (ionizing radiation), but the mobile microwaves no (non-ionizing radiation). This basic reference article is essentially didactic and the state of the art for other specific scientific articles. Following, the mechanical wave (ultrasound) can be used in the SONAR (SOund NAvigation and Ranging). The electromagnetic wave (radiofrequency) can be used in the RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging). After, the sound (mechanical wave) can be modulated by the mouth to produce the voice. The light (electromagnetic wave) can be modulated by the object to produce the image. Then, we show a telecommunication system where the modulation principle is used. After, we present the test setup. Then, we present the results. Finally, we present some conclusions. 2. The sonar and the radar The mechanical wave (ultrasound) and the electromagnetic wave (radiofrequency) can be used respectively in the SONAR and in the RADAR. Here, we begin with direct applications of this two waves [5, 6].

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2.1. The SONAR (SOund NAvigation and Ranging) The ultrasound propagates well in a medium, but has difficult to propagate in the vacuo [6]. Then, the ultrasound can be used in a medium, like the water, to detect objects and to measure the distance between the ultrasound source and the object. This device is called SONAR and is strongly used in the boats to detect and to measure the distance of objects (Fig.5).

Fig.5 Principle of the SONAR

The RADAR would have difficult to operate here, because this medium attenuates strongly the radiofrequency. 2.2. The RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging) The radiofrequency propagates well in the vacuo, but has difficult to propagate in mediums like the water [5]. Then, the radiofrequency can be used in the air or in the vacuo to detect objects and to measure the distance between the radiofrequency source and the object. This device is called RADAR and is used in the airport / aircraft to detect and to measure the distance of airplanes (Fig.6).

Fig.6 Principle of the RADAR

The SONAR would have difficult to work here, because this medium attenuates more the ultrasound.

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3. The human voice and image The mechanical wave (sound) and the electromagnetic wave (light) are used respectively in the human voice and in the human image. Here, we have modulated applications of this two waves [7, 8]. 3.1. The human voice The sound wave produced in the human vocal cords is modulated by the mouth producing the voice. Then, the voice propagates through the air and reaches the interlocutor ears and cerebrum, where is demodulated (Fig.7) [9].

Fig.7 The human voice

This natural phenomenon arouses the man interest to artificial applications. 3.2. The human image The light wave produced by a light source is modulated by the object producing the image. Then, the image propagates through the air and reaches the interlocutor eyes and cerebrum, where is demodulated (Fig.8) [5].

Fig.8 The human image

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This natural phenomenon also inspires the man interest to artificial applications. 4. Waves applications in telecommunications The ultrasound and the radiofrequency can be used as veihicules to transport information in the telecommunications. In the past the horse was used to transport the mail (Fig.9) [5, 6].

Fig.9 The horse carrying the information

This transport was too slow. Today, the mechanical and the electromagnetic waves are used to transport the information with high speed. Due to its higher speed, the electromagnetic wave is much more used in the telecommunications [5, 6]. 4.1. The ultrasound in the telecommunications The ultrasound due to its low propagation speed, its short reaching and its low frequency is little utilized in telecommunications. Anyway, one example is the Morse code (Samuel Morse 1836) with two audible tones (0, -). The tone - has a time duration 3 times the 0 duration (Fig.10) [6].

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Fig.10 The Morse code (telegraph without wires)

Also, is strongly used in other electronic devices such as in the SONAR, ecography, medical treatments, etc 4.2. The radiofrequency in the telecommunications The radiofrequency due to its high propagation speed, its far reaching and high frequency is widely used in telecommunications [6]. In telecommunications the radiofrequency carrier transport the information. So, the information signal modulates the radiofrequency carrier that travel until the destination. There are many modulation types to transport information by the carrier wave. However, to illustrate the idea, we present only the amplitude modulation (AM) (Fig.11).

Fig.11 The electromagnetic wave carrying the information

We used the amplitude modulation (AM), but there are various types of modulation such as: frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), single side band (SSB), double side band (DSB), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), frequency shift key (FSK), phase shift key (PSK), etc. Also, is strongly used in other electronic devices such as the RADAR, radiography, tomography, resonance, etc.

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In the ecography the incident ultrasound ray is reflected in the patient producing the image in the same side. On the other hand, in the radiography the incident radiofrequency ray pass through the patient producing the image in the back. 5. Project, tests and results We present following the project, tests and results [5]. 5.1. Project To project a system of telecommunications is necessary to know appropriately the components and devices. The hardware (architecture) must have potentiality to execute the desired task. The analog architecture don’t needs but the digital architecture needs a digital structure (controller) with a clock. After designed, the project can be tested theoretically with a simple sequence, for example ‘1’ and ‘0’ alternated, but the simulation is each time more used. 5.2. Tests The mechanical wave (ultrasound) has low speed and reaches short distances. However, the electromagnetic wave (radiofrequency) has high speed and reaches long distances. For this reason, the electromagnetic wave is strongly used in the telecommunications. 5.3. Results The mechanic and the electromagnetic wave have totally different natures. The mechanic wave needs an auxiliary medium to propagate himself, whereas the electromagnetic wave is corpuscle and wave at same time and then don’t needs auxiliary medium to propagate himself. 6. Conclusion and future work We studied the mechanical wave and the electromagnetic wave, they have different natures. The mechanical wave has low speed, near the sound speed in the air 340 m/s. The electromagnetic wave has high speed, near the light speed in the vacuo 300000 km /s. The mechanical wave has applications in electronic devices that operates in the water or air. The electromagnetic wave has applications in electronic devices that works in the vacuo or air.

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In the telecommunications, the electromagnetic wave is much more used, due to its higher propagation speed. Observing the natural science, we can develop the artificial science. Acknowledgements The authors are thankful with the FCT (Foundation for sCience and Technology). References [1] Imbeaux, J. C., 1983. “Performance of the delay-line multiplier circuit for clock and carrier synchronization”. In: IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications pp. 82 - 88. [2] Rosenkranz, W., 1982. “Phase Locked Loops with limiter phase detectors in the presence of noise”. In: IEEE Transactions on Communications com-30 Nº10 pp.2297-2304. [3] Witte, H. H., 1983. “A Simple Clock Extraction Circuit Using a Self Sustaining Monostable Multivibrator Output Signal”. In: Electronics Letters, Vol.19, Is.21, pp.897-898. [4] Hogge, C. R., 1985. “A Self Correcting Clock Recovery Circuit”. In: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices pp.2704-2706. [5] Reis, A. D., Rocha, J. F., Gameiro, A. S., Carvalho, J. P., 2001. “A New Technique to Measure the Jitter”. In: Proc. III Conference on Telecommunications pp.64-67. Figueira Foz-PT. [6] Reis, A. D., Rocha, J. F., Gameiro, A. S., Carvalho, J. P., 2009. “Carrier Wave Phase Synchronizers”. In: Proc. 4th International Conference on Digital Telecommunications (ICDT) p.CD-Edited. Colmar-FR. [7] Reis, A. D., Rocha, J. F., Gameiro, A. S., Carvalho, J. P., 2011. “Carrier Phase Lock Loop and Bit Phase Lock Loop”. In: Proc. IX Symposium on Enabling Optical Network and Sensors (SEONs) p.CD-Edited. Aveiro-PT. [8] Reis, A. D., Rocha, J. F., Gameiro, A. S., Carvalho, J. P., 2013. “Electromagnetic Fields and Security on Human Health”. In: Proc. 5º International Congress on Energy and Environment Engeneering and Managment p.203, Lisbon-PT. [9] Reis, A. D., Rocha, J. F., Gameiro, A. S., Carvalho, J. P., 2013. “Optical Digital Communication Systems and Synchronism”. In: Proc. 7th UBI International Conference on Engineering (for Economic Development) - ICEUBI 2013, pp. CT8-11.7, Covilhã-PT 27-29 Nov.

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Quantification of the Portuguese Air Force's product Ana Telhaa,b, Emanuel Ferreiraa, Carlos Páscoaa,c,José Triboletb,c a Department of Education, Portuguese Air Force Academy, Sintra, Portugal Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal c CODE – Center for Organizational Design & Engineering, INOV, Rua Alves Redol 9, Lisbon, Portugal b

Abstract Through generations, joining men’s individual skills and competencies, which were successively more organized, allowed the achievement of a greater collective advantage. This explains the primary concept of Organization: two or more people who perform coordinated and controlled tasks, acting in a certain context or environment in order to achieve a predetermined goal, through the allocation of various means and resources available. Changes in this context are becoming more frequent, requiring organizations to develop a quicker and effective response. When an organization doesn’t have the capacity to answer to these environmental requests, it is easily overtaken by its competitors and consequently loses its place in the market. According to the principles of Organizational Engineering, organizations must provide tools to adjust to current changes, whether due to outside or inside concerns. Organization Self-Awareness is one of those tools. Through its control is expected that members recognize not only their role in the group, but also that the very organization be acquainted with its members and each one’s actions. By applying the concepts of Organizational Engineering, this study intends to analyze the product generated by the Portuguese Air Force, and compare it with the same, or alike, products created by other entities. Keywords: Organizational Engineering; Organizational Self-Awareness; Product; Value.

1. Main text The sustainability of an enterprise depends on its ability to adapt to problems that are faced on a daily basis, a situation worsen by the constant changes that the world suffers every day. To answer these problems, enterprises change the ways of working, for example through greater use of information technology. It is increasingly important that competitiveness is present in an organization, as well as ways to spare resources because it is through this that the cost associated with creating products decreases. Along with competitiveness, there is lack of innovation in products, causing similarity between competing organizations. When making a choice, the customer searches the product that costs less, fulfilling his needs.

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When a company becomes an exclusive provider of a product (good or service), by producing a new product or because the competitors are unable to provide the same type of service, it increases the value of the product for the customer due to its exclusivity. The Portuguese Air Force (PRT AF) fits in this case because of its specificity, as a military organization, belonging to the Armed Forces (FFAA). Thus, the PRT AF is responsible to participate "in the military defense of the Republic, in accordance with the Constitution and the law"1. The underlying problem is that the organization does not know what its contribution to the creation of products of national interest is2. Therefore, realizing how to measure the PRT AF contribution to the creation of products of national interest is essential. Decision-making can be improved in the organization by reallocation of resources to create new or improve existing products, in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency. To identify the PRT AF contribution, the authors opted to compare the products that the PRT AF creates with what other organizations create, including the Armed Forces. The outline of this document is as follows: Paragraph 1 provides a contextualization of the problem. Paragraph 2 sets the theoretical background for the proposed solution. Paragraph 3 presents the analysis of PRT AF products, as well as a model for the comparison with other providers. Finally, in paragraph 4, some conclusions are derived from the analysis performed. 1. Concepts and Applications 1.1. Enterprise Engineering Today, organizations need to adapt to the changes. Each company3 steering is different. A company can be defined as cooperation intentionally created by humans with a social purpose 3. Thus, companies, understood as complex systems, must be used "in the most appropriate way to our individual and collective survival"4. Organizational Engineering focuses on the study of different architectures, namely Organizational, Process5, Information, Information Systems and Application Architecture. These five architectures form the Enterprise Information Systems Architecture6. 1.2. Organizations and Organizational Self-Awareness The concept of organization refers to the concept of system7. A system is "made up of people, financial, material resources working together to reach the goals." "For an organization to exist" it must have "persons able to communicate; acting jointly; and reach a common goal"7. An organization is "a set of two or more people who perform tasks”8. The ability of knowing who they are, how they do things and what they are doing at a particular moment9 (self-awareness) is innate to individuals and also to

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organizations. Organizational Self-Awareness (OSA) is the result of the alignment of both these dimensions10. 2.3. Product and Client Product is defined as the "result of a transformation or a human operation"11. This definition meets the one present in the NP EN ISO 90005, being a product the result of the processes and their activities that transform inputs into outputs (products). This product can be input to a new process or can be delivered to the customer. The SIPOC (Supplier, Input, Process, Output, Customer)12 model supports the definition presented. A supplier applies an input in an organization that is transformed. This product is then delivered to the customer. A client is an "organization or person that receives a product"5, corresponding to the customer in the referred model. The customer can be internal or external to the organisation 13. The most important to the customer ends up not being the product but the value that it provides13, that is, suppress the client’s needs14. 2.4. The Product of the Portuguese Air Force The PRT AF’s product is categorized between tangible and intangible15 products. The tangible product can be Operational, Education and Training, Research and Development, Services and collaborations with external entities, Infrastructure, Health, Justice, Environment, Literature production, Culture and Dissemination of PRT AF and FFAA15,16,17. The intangible product may derive both from national (for example, the feeling of "protection against internal and external threats", "freedom" and "comfort", among others) or international context (the feeling of "confidence in Portugal and its services, both SAR and airspace control", "protection against threats that may arise", "comfort" between others15). 3. Quantification of the Portuguese Air Force's product 3.1. Analysis of PRT AF’s product For the analysis of the PRT AF product, the authors decided to analyze the product according to its attributes, dividing them into comparable and non-comparable attributes. Based on this separation, it is possible to identify which products can be comparable. Those who have comparable attributes can be compared, while those who do not have comparable attributes cannot. This can be done because the PRT AF is assumed as the only provider of the product or because it’s not possible to obtain the information. The following table assigns each product to its attributes.

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Table 1. Product’s attributes. Comparable attributes

Product Operational

Monitoring and control of the national airspace

Non comparable attributes Nr of people involved in air defense Nr of Air Traffic controllers PRT AF/ non PRT AF

Patrolling / monitoring of inter-territorial space

Fisheries control

Cooperative security Human Security

Drug traffic control

Maritime pollution National Deployed Forces (FND) Search and Rescue

Medical evacuation Cooperation with civil protection organizations

Education and Training

Education

Nr of students who completed the course Nr of schools Nr of teachers

Training

Civilian training Training of foreign military under protocols (countries with which Portugal maintains bilateral relations) Military training

Research and Development

Center for Investigation in Air Force Academy (CIAFA)

Services and collaboration with external entities

Services

Nr of projects Financing Support to foreign military aircraft landing in a national military airfield Aeromedical evacuations in the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores under protocols Certification of military aircraft under the National Aeronautical Authority (AAN)

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Collaborations with external entities

Working groups within the national defense Cyber defense

Infrastructure

Critical

PRT AF's participation in the maintenance of shared infrastructure such as tracks

Maintenance of shared infrastructure

Non critical Health

Armed Forces Hospital (HFAR)

Personnel serving in the military and civilian HFAR of other segment of the armed forces

Participation in the treatment of patients in cooperation with the National Health Service(NHS) Selection and maintenance of civil aviation personal fitness within the medical certification of Civilian National Aviation Institute (INAC).

Aeronautical Medical Center (CMA)

Military composing the framework of the competent courts for the trial of strictly military crimes and Military Police (PJM).

Justice

Environment

Environmental Managmt. Courses

Literature production

Conducting research

Air Force Academy (AFA) + CIAFA

Culture

Music Orchestra

Orchestra Activities

Magazine “Mais Alto”

Number of copies

Air Museum

Nr of visits per pole

History Air Force file

Documents treated

Public relations PRT AF

Disclosure by the media such as television, internet, social networks

Dissemination (PRT AF/FFAA)

Infrastructure maintenance not shared, such as runways and radar stations.

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3.2. PRT AF Product Analysis Model Based on the attributes identified above, the authors defined the following model (figure 1) that allows using the acquired information to compare the product of PRT AF and the product accomplished generally in Portugal. In light of the model, only will be analyzed products and attributes that are comparable, for those who are not comparable do not fit the model.

Fig. 1 – Model for comparison of the product.

The model will serve as a basis for comparison of PRT AF products, starting from the identified attributes. 3.3. Comparison of PRT AF products After conceptualizing the model, the authors applied it in order to compare the product of PRT AF, identified by Franco et al 15,16,17. In addition to the bibliography, the author resorted to exploratory interviews to PRT AF military that assisted in getting details of the products. Information relative to the products provided by other entities was gathered in a second phase. An analysis of all the data obtained was then performed. The authors collected data for the year of 2013, in order to develop the work as consistent as possible. However, this was not always possible, being properly reported in the course of this study. The authors used data from PRT AF and Navy (MAR) to provide a comparison. The Army (EXE) was not covered due to the inability to obtain and present the data for this segment of the Armed Forces. In order to achieve percentage values, the authors used the arithmetic mean of the percentage of each attribute, which was obtained by the ratio between PRT AF and the total participation. The following table presents the results obtained with the analysis in tangible products. For intangible products, either in national or international context, results were not available. Table 2. PRT AF's contribution in the creation of national interest products.

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PRT AF’s contribution

Product Operational

Education and Training

Monitoring and control of the national airspace

100%

Patrolling and monitoring of inter-territorial space

6,11%

Cooperative security

100%

Human Security

7,45%

Education

0,34%

Training

17,50%

Research and Development

CIAFA

11,76%

Services and collaborations with external entities

Services

Non available

Collaborations with external entities

26%

Infrastructure

Critical

22,50%

Non critical

100%

HFAR

32,36%

CMA

Non available

Health

Justice

20,85%

Environment

Non available

Literature production

Conducting research

23,83%

Culture

Music Orchestra

43%

Magazine “Mais Alto” Air Museum History Air Force file Dissemination of PRT AF and FFAA

Public relations PRT AF

40,62%

3.4. Validation This work presents a development to the work of Franco et al15,16,17. With the conscience of what the PRT AF is and what the organization is able to do, the availability/unavailability of resources leads to

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the conclusion that PRT AF, as a modern organization, has to worry about competitiveness. Only through that the organization ensures that its tasks are carried out as effectively and efficiently as possible. By conducting missions with high quality standards, creating value for Portugal, the PRT AF continues to ensure that the resources provided by the Government continue to income, making PRT AF an indispensable organization. The results presented contribute to increase the Organizational Self-Awareness, by demonstrating practical examples of the products identified by Franco 15, supporting the idea that "the concepts discussed can go against the common sense of the PRT AF" and may lead to "some resistance with regard to the validation of the product that has been identified"15. The military nature of the organization in study limits the disclosure of more detailed information in some areas. Further research is being conducted in this area, namely in the comparison with other organizations. 4. Conclusion The analysis developed by the authors allowed providing an answer to the initial problem, by evincing what is the contribution of the PRT AF in creating products of national interest. The work clearly shows the participation that the PRT AF has in creating products for the Nation, compared with other providers of similar services. Through the analysis of these results it can be evidenced in which areas the organization has a minor contribution. Based on the obtained information, and taking into account the organization’s goals, PRT AF can reallocate resources in order to improve the services provided, thus increasing its agility, flexibility and adaptability. The knowledge of the organization’s contribution to the Nation increases Individual and Organizational Self-Awareness, by demonstrating to its collaborators the purpose (product) and destination (client) for their activities. It was also found during the investigation that some PRT AF products could not be compared because of their specificity, and because the organization is the only provider of that product, such as Air Defense. In such cases, the organization must ensure that the product supplied fully complies with what is intended (the organization's goals, or the country and its allies).

References 1. DECRETO-LEI nº 187/2014. “LOFA”. 2014. Diário da República, 1ª série – Nº250 – 29 de dezembro de 2014. 2. Ferreira, J. Quantificação do Produto da Força Aérea. [Master Thesis]. Department of Education, Portuguese Air Force Academy, Sintra, Portugal; 2015. 3. Dietz, JL, Hoogervorst, JA. A discipline of Enterprise Engineering; 2012. 4. Tribolet, J. Organizações, Pessoas, Processos e Conhecimento: Da Reitificação do Ser Humano como Componente do Conhecimento à "Consciência de Si" Organizacional. Sistemas de Informação Organizacionais; Edições Sílabo; 2005.

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5. NP EN ISO 9000. 2005, Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade - Fundamentos e vocabulário. IPQ. 6. Lankhorst, M. Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modelling, Communication and Analysis; 2nd edition; Springer; 2009. 7. Barbosa, M. Gestão das microempresas do comércio de Sousa; Paraíba; 2006. 8. Nunes, P. Conceito de Organização. [Internet]. 2005. [Cited 2014 Nov 24]. Available from: http://www.notapositiva.com/trab_professores/textos_apoio/gestao/ 03conc_organizacao.htm. 9. Zacarias, M, Magalhães, R, Caetano, A, Pinto HS, Tribolet, J. Towards organizational self-awareness: An initial architecture and ontology. In Handbook of Ontologies for Business Interactions. 2008. p.101-121. 10. Vicente, D. Towards Organizational Self-awareness: A Methodological Approach to Capture and Represent Individual and Inter-Personal Work Practices [Master Thesis]. Lisboa: Instituto Superior Técnico; 2007. 11. Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa com Acordo Ortográfico. Produto [Internet]. 2003-2015. [Cited 2015 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/produto. 12. Snabe, JH, Rosenberg, A, Mller, C, Scavillo, M. Business Process Management - The SAP Roadmap. Boston: Galileo Press; 2009. 13. Telha, A, Gorgulho, J, Gabriel, P. Apontamentos das aulas de EO I [Unpublished lecture notes]. Air Force Academy; 2013. 14. Kotler, P, Keller, KL. Marketing Management. 14ª edição; Pearson Prentice Hall; 2012. 15. Franco, J. O Produto da Força Aérea. [Master Thesis]. Department of Education, Portuguese Air Force Academy, Sintra, Portugal; 2014. 16. Franco, J, Telha, A, Páscoa, C, Tribolet, J. O Produto da Força Aérea, Revista Científica da Academia da Força Aérea, Nº 4, Sintra, Portugal; July 2014. 17. Telha, A, Franco, J, Páscoa, C, Tribolet, J. The Product of Portuguese Air Force, Extended Abstract and Poster on Minutes of the CENTERIS 2014 Conference on ENTERprise and Information Systems, Portugal; October 2014.

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Time-shift services: a taxonomy and techno-business impacts of Catch-up TV Jorge Abreua, Valdecir Beckerb, João Nogueiraa,c, Bernardo Cardosoc a

University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal b Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil c Portugal Telecom Inovação, SA, Rua Eng. José Ferreira Pinto Basto, 3810-106, Aveiro, Portugal

Abstract This article analyzes the introduction of time-shift TV services, with a focus on Catch-up TV services, and its impact in the Pay-TV market. A taxonomy of these services is proposed in order to contextualize terms like Pause TV, Start-over TV, Personal Video Recorder and Catch-up TV used by Pay-TV providers in their nonlinear TV offerings. The paper analyzes the techno-business impacts of this technology in the Pay-TV value chain: consumers have more power and can choose when to watch TV shows nonlinearly; service providers have new demands for the technical infrastructure to support the Catch-up TV resources; content providers gain a new way to increase audience. Despite the challenges brought by Catch-Up TV services to the Pay-TV industry, linear TV will live with nonlinear content in the coming years. Thus, this article offers an updated understanding on ongoing changes in TV market. Keywords: Catch-up TV; Time-shift; techno-business; taxonomy;

1. Introduction Television is undergoing a rapid process of changes and transitions1. After the introduction of digital TV, still ongoing in many countries 2, new recording features and online videos affect television consumption, production and the industry's business models. From the audience point of view there are a lot of things that are changing how television and other videos are consumed: new larger and thinner screens; multiple devices able to receive signals from broadcast and on-demand; the potential for sharing recorded programs between those devices; the internet of things, which connects all digital devices in the home and on the road; and the audience, which used to be collective and concentrated in the living room, that now happens anywhere, anytime and using any device. These changes are accelerated by Pay-TV services, which have been established as primary source of access to new television technologies, even in emerging markets, such as Latin America. The cord-

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cutters phenomenon, where people give up their Pay-TV subscriptions replacing them by OTT services3,4, requires quick reactions of all links in the television production chain 5,6. A significant consequence, noticeable in this scenario, is a change in the way people watch television. Nowadays, clients of advanced Pay-TV systems have multiple and straightforward ways to watch timeshifted TV content, blurring the line between the consumption of linear TV and deferred (previously aired) TV content. From a user’s perspective, it is possible to benefit from several features, enabling them to: pause the linear TV broadcasting and resuming it later; start watching a TV program that is already being broadcast or that they lost; schedule a recording of a TV program or a TV series for later watching; or watch a TV program that aired during the previous 7 days. All of this is possible from the comfort of their couches, using their Smart TVs or their TV sets connected to a Set-Top Box (STB), without dealing with the hassle of connecting other devices to the TV. After this brief introduction, this paper is structured as follows. Taking into consideration that the existence of a vast range of services supporting time-shifted TV content has been contributing to some misleading interpretation of the associated terminology, in section 2 a taxonomy of the related services is presented, including a functional description of each service, associated user interaction and type of storage involved. The potential techno-business impacts of the Catch-up TV service are addressed in section 3. In this section, the authors address the market motivations that Pay-TV providers should take in consideration. In addition, a description is presented regarding the potential considerations of content providers. Finally, in section 4, the main conclusions and contributions of this paper are presented. 2. A taxonomy of interactive services supporting time-shifted TV content As the above Pay-TV features are becoming more and more frequent, not only the frontier between linear and time-shifted TV is blurring but also the terminology of the several supporting services is becoming less clear and consistent among the different players of the TV ecosystem. In order to contribute to a clear understanding of all terms involved, a technology-based taxonomy is presented, including: a functional description of the service; the user interaction involved; the type of storage providing the corresponding feature; and other alternative names from which the service is known. 2.1. Pause TV This is the simplest service, allowing users to pause the television program they are watching - from a few seconds to several minutes or even hours. Users can resume the TV broadcast when they want, continuing to see where they left off; skip a particular segment; or eventually catch up to the linear broadcast5.

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User interaction: To activate this feature, the user only needs to press the "pause" key on the remote control. Type of storage: [Local Hard Disk (HD) of the STB] - the program is recorded in the local HD, either from the moment the user tunes the respective channel (allowing the user to rewind until the moment the channel was tuned) or only from the moment the user pressed the "pause" key at the remote control. There are however some operators starting to use Network Storage for this feature – this type of storage uses data servers connected through the service provider network, enabling TV Cloud Recordings7. Other names: Not applicable (n.a.). 2.2. Start-over TV In this type of service, users can start watching programs that have already started and, eventually, programs that already finished. The amount of time that is possible to rewind varies from operator to operator ranging from some minutes up to 24 hours. User interaction: Users have the ability to watch a program, from its beginning or from a prior moment, being this possibility restricted to the tuned channel or offered over other channels (it depends of the type of storage involved - c.f. Type of storage). In the first case, users only need to press the "rewind" key of the remote to go back in time, whereas in the second case they first need to tune to the desired channel. Another possible interaction with the service may be performed by navigating via the Electronic Program Guide (EPG) - channels providing the "Start-over TV" feature are usually marked with a special symbol (e.g. “⤽”). Type of storage: [Network Storage or Local Hard Disk of the STB] - the service is usually supported by network storage (in the cloud). Generally, a process of network TV recording ensures that the programs being broadcasted are automatically converted (server side) and stored so they can be made available via the Pay-TV network infrastructure. If the user initiates the “start-over” feature on the tuned channel, the service may be supported by the local HD. Other names: Restart TV and Time-shift TV - although this is the general expression used when deferred TV contents are at stake, some operators use it in the context of the “Start-over TV” feature. 2.3. PVR PVR stands for Personal Video Recorder. In this type of service the recordings are subject to the user action, i.e., they only occur if the user proactively schedules a TV program or a series to be recorded, or if he decides to start recording a program that is being watched. The behavior of the service is much the same as the one of a VCR (Video Cassette Recorder), however with a much higher storage capacity and nonlinear access. The user can start watching a performed recording, whenever he wants, even if the program is still being recorded.

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User interaction: As mentioned this type of service involves two different type of actions: 1) the user schedules (or initiates) a recording; 2) the user plays one of the recordings. For scheduling the recordings, the user may navigate through the EPG (or eventually make use of an App provided by the operator) or hit the "Rec" key of the remote control to start recording the program being watched. To watch a recorded program, the user needs to go through the menu of the Pay-TV service (or by pressing a shortcut on the remote control) to access the archive of TV recordings. Type of storage: [Local Hard Disk of the STB or Network Storage] - in its basic format, the service uses the local HD. However, some operators are already using Network Storage for this feature (c.f. section 3). Other names: DVR (Digital Video Recorder) - it applies when the storage type is local; and nPVR – Network Personal Video Recorder or RS-DVR – Remote Storage Digital Video Recorder - when the storage is in the cloud8. 2.4. Catch-up TV This is the most advanced service, relying on an automated process of "live to vod" 9 (offered by companies like Alcatel-Lucent and Fabrix Systems) or on a more restricted process (with editorial control). With this service, TV operators offer recorded content of the last days, on a bouquet up to hundreds of TV channels. The time window of the recordings ranges from a couple of hours up to 30 days, and the number of recorded TV channels varies from operator to operator, according to technical and legal constraints. With this service, users can really, and very easily, catch up TV programs that have been lost or that they explicitly decided to watch later (e.g. watch the news only after they have prepared dinner). It is worth to notice that despite the broad existence of “Catch-up TV” services accessible via Web (based on portals of some TV channels - like BBC, TV operators or third parties players - like Hulu)10, the focus of this paper is on “Catch-up TV” via TV. With this approach, we aim to study the technical solution offering a higher impact on the viewers’ relation with linear TV, since its usage is remarkably easy and integrated - they do not need to shift to other equipment and screens to watch programs they missed or decided to watch later. User interaction: As opposed to the usage of a PVR, users do not need to start or schedule recordings, since the Pay-TV operator performs them automatically. Users simply need to “surf the timeline” to watch the automatically recorded programs. They can navigate through the EPG or access the TV recordings archive (generally organized by days and genres). Type of storage: [Network Storage] - the only type of storage involved relies on a cloud recording infrastructure.

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Other names: There are many commercial names eventually with a regional twist (Flashback; Timewarp; Automatic Recordings; Replay; Shift.TV; TV Archive or, e.g. in Spanish Novisto; Te lo perdiste). 3. Potential impacts of an integrated offer of cloud-recorded TV content Catch-up TV is the reflex of new content-centric paradigms that blur the line between on-demand and linear TV consumption. Because Pay-TV industry is supported on complex relationships between multiple stakeholders (Erro! A origem da referência não foi encontrada.a)), the decision of adding a new service must be carefully analyzed in order to consider the established balance of powers between them. The impact of adding a revolutionary service like Catch-up TV to a Pay-TV offering spreads along the complete supply chain, and affects each stakeholder differently. 3.1. Why should Catch-up TV be offered to Pay-TV customers? The main value proposition of Catch-up TV services lies in consumer empowerment. The control of what to watch, and when, is transferred from the broadcasters to the consumers, and disrupts the established editorial model forcing users to consume whatever is being broadcast at a given time, thus increasing consumer choice. In a time where cord-cutters3,4 are becoming a reality, paying attention to the customers and their needs is crucial in order to improve their experience and satisfaction with Pay-TV service providers, hence fostering customer acquisition, retention, and upselling. Current research11 indicates that, in Norway, 58% of the consumers were clients of their current PayTV service provider for less than 5 years, which indicates that the market is highly dynamic in nature and that users are willing to switch to new service providers in order to take advantage of added features, improved user experience, higher content quality, and lower prices. In order to determine what features could present an appealing value proposition for customers, a possible approach is to look into the reasons that drive consumers out of the Pay-TV viewing experience into other alternative media services, such as online video. In this regard, ComScore data12, displayed on Erro! A origem da referência não foi encontrada. b) indicates that two of the main reasons for watching online content are missed TV episodes and the desire to watch past episodes of TV shows. In fact, a study by Accenture13 indicated that the primary features of interest on Internet-TV are on-demand television viewing and time-shifting. These conclusions suggest that users want to take control on how they watch TV, without being bound to pre-scheduled content, which is exactly what a Catch-up TV service offers. Not giving the consumers a choice will lead to a reduction in Pay-TV service utilization, thus reducing its utility and value from a customer perspective. This reduction in utilization is costly to

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the Pay-TV providers and to content producers/providers. A positive impact of Catch-up TV on ARPU has been shown in14. Broadcasters also benefit from user engagement in Pay-TV services, as the amount of ads watched by users and its cost is much higher than on comparable services, such as on online entertainment sites (Erro! A origem da referência não foi encontrada. c), d)).

Fig. 1.

(b) Reasons to Watch Video Online12; (d) The Value of Broadcast vs. Online Viewers12

(a) Summarized Diagram of Pay-TV Industry Supply Chain; (c) Percentage of Time Spent Watching Ads 21;

3.2. Impact on Pay-TV Service Providers While the benefits of the service to the consumers are well established, a Catch-up TV service has a significant impact on service providers’ operations and presents several challenges of technical, economic, and legal nature. Given that Catch-up TV is a service for the masses, with demonstrated large-scale adoption from users15, it has a high impact on the distribution infrastructures. Unique on-demand viewing sessions need to be established for each user, hence, traditional broadcasting methods, using multicast on IPTV networks, do not work. The need to unicast video streams imposes large capacity requirements on the networks’, which have to be addressed by large investments on networking infrastructure 16. The fact that Catch-up TV is “data-intensive” is challenging, mostly because the service is usually provided with no added cost, and the users are not charged for the vast amounts of data that needs to transverse the network. In addition to these technical and economic reasons, there is also the issue of content licensing, given that content providers may impose restrictions on the content available on Catch-up TV and require additional fees. Depending on each country’s legislation, and on existing licensing agreements, there may be significant licensing challenges to overcome in order to add TV stations to the Catch-up TV lineup.

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In countries where Pay-TV Service Providers offer a wide range of channels in Catch-up TV, they do it on the premise that it is a kind of nPVR service, where the customer schedules full channels for recording instead of just some shows. This seems valid for countries where shared copy for NPVR is allowed and no additional compensation is due to the content owners. In countries like Germany, France and the USA, where law mandates private copy, even on nPVR services 17,18, this full lineup for Catchup TV services does not exist, instead, the only channels available in this format have a licensing agreement with the service provider, or channels that themselves have a Catch-up TV service in place, like most free-to-air channels in France or in the UK. 3.3. Impact on Content Providers Content providers decide the price of the content and, therefore, have a high bargaining power in the supply chain, which is used to leverage new forms of delivery as an opportunity to increase revenue, such as demanding micro-payments (pay-per-view), or charging additional subscription fees to authorize different delivery services. However, limiting the availability of content to Catch-up TV services may be counter-productive. Depending on the individual TV station business model, the reasons may vary. For premium TV stations, were the advertising revenue is residual and most revenue is from user subscriptions, not allowing a service like Catch-up TV reduces its value proposition for the consumers. This is especially true if the aired content does not have any temporal relevance, which is usually the case of movies and TV series premium channels, but also applies to sports channels, or other TV stations where live events are particularly relevant. Ultimately, because Catch-up TV increases overall media consumption, the content providers get an increased exposure of their programs, and advertisements, to consumers. This motivated Nielsen, in the USA, to release the so-called “C3” ratings that measures commercials watched both live and in a 3 days window in DVR, where it is shown that, although it has very little impact on live events, like sports competitions, it represents a big boost on serialized TV shows, sometimes more than a full rating point 19. 4. Conclusions This paper investigated the impact of time-shift technologies on the Pay-TV market. To identify the services, the differences and resources scope, a taxonomy was proposed. Among the services analyzed, "Catch-up TV" is the most advanced service in the field, presenting a remarkable potential for changing viewers' relation with linear TV, leveraging a non-linear experience. Moreover, the article presents potential techno-business impacts on the Pay-TV value chain. This research brings new elements for analyzing the changing process in television ecosystem. For many years, people just watched on TV what was broadcasting. In many countries, some free-to-air

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channels monopolized the audience. The quality of programming was something relegated to the background, as there was little to no choice20. Nowadays, the expansion on the number of available TV channels, leveraged by Catch-Up TV services, provides users with a much larger choice of programs, namely those already broadcasted. From a business perspective, preventing the cord-cutting phenomenon, reducing churn, and increasing the ARPU (Average Revenue Per User), is essential and can only be achieved by providing a rich and attractive service offering empowered by Catch-up TV services. From a technological point of view, broadcasters could offer all programs simultaneously in the cloud, and the viewer could choose what and when to watch, regardless of the transmission time, from a much larger TV content offer. That is, with the new technological resources, content quality becomes the differentiation factor, and not the lack of choice or transmission time.

Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to IAPMEI, QREN and COMPETE for funding the GAPOTT project (2013/34009).

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POSTERS papers


Automatic Conversion of Software Specification into a Gantt-Chart subject to Organization's Constraints Dayani M. a, Gelbard R. a a

Information Systems Program, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5900, Israel

Abstract The current work introduces a model that integrates organizational constraints and policies when converting software specifications into a Gantt chart of the development process planned for that software specification. Typically, a system analyst and a software development project manager interact through software specifications, which are usually involved using a CASE tool in modeling the system. The project manager re-analyzes the model, extracts a work breakdown structure (WBS), and edits it to obtain a new Gantt chart incorporating resource allocations, cost considerations concerning outsourcing, matching each task to an appropriate qualification, setting priorities for each task, assigning safety buffers for each resource or task, setting dependencies between tasks, considering task risk assessments, identifying tasks that can be broken down into parallel subtasks, and determining organizational constraints that have to be taken into consideration. Keywords: Software project management; software specifications; software engineering; Gantt chart; software development policy; project constraints

1. Introduction The current paper presents a practical approach implemented as a rule- based tool that converts software specifications into a Gantt chart. Visual software modeling techniques such as a Data Flow Diagram (DFD), Use Case Diagram (UCD) and others are frequently used to present the software specifications, and a Gantt chart displays the development process. This article extends previous research that introduced a method devolved to this conversion (Gelbard et al. 2002; Gelbard et al. 2008). However, in previous studies, the model was mostly technical, and ignored aspects such as the development methodology habitually used by the organization, organizational policy on issues such as resource allocation and its constraints with regard to each specific development project. As a result, the Gantt chart did not represent the full process needed to develop the target software. For the Gantt chart to serve as a development plan, it must take into account all these organizational features. This study develops a rule-based engine that represents these organizational features and applies them to the output of the technical conversion obtained from the existing conversion model. This rule engine is designed to translate organizational features such as development methodology, resource

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allocation policy, and specific constraints on a given development project into additional conversion rules. In turn, these conversion rules denote the order in which operations are carried out, recommends postponing or bringing forward certain operations, adding or withholding resources, and creating dependencies. Once applied to the original technical conversion, these conversion rules produce a Gantt chart for a development plan that corresponds to the specific characteristics of the organization as represented in the variables and rules defined in the rule engine. 2. Software Modeling Software system modeling (Sommerville 2011) is the process by which abstract models of a system are developed, where each model represents a different feature or perspective of that system. These models help analysts grasp the functionality of the system, and are used to communicate with customers. Engineers use these models to discuss design proposals and to document the system prior to implementation. In a model-driven engineering process, a complete or partial system implementation can be generated from the system model. The purpose of all analysis activity during the software lifecycle is to create a model of the system's functional requirements that is free of implementation constraints. There are several different modeling approaches to designing systems and software applications. Nevertheless modelling is highly dependent on the specific domain to which it is applied and the nature of the problem. There are two main approaches for software modeling: the object- oriented approach and the functional approach. The functional approach involves a structured representation of the functions (activities, actions, processes, operations) that occur within the modeled system. The objectoriented approach consolidates application and database development, and transforms these into a unified data model and language environment (Weilkiens 2011). Object-oriented modeling allows for object identification and communication while supporting data abstraction, inheritance and encapsulation. Object-oriented modeling is the process of preparing and designing the actual model code. During the construction or programming phase, modeling techniques are implemented by using a language that supports the object-oriented programming model. The main difference between objectoriented analysis and other forms of analysis is that in the object-oriented approach the requirements are organized around objects that integrate both behaviors (processes) and states (data), and are modeled after objects that exist in the real world with which the system interacts. In other traditional analysis methodologies, the process and data features are considered separately. For example, data can be modeled as ER diagrams, and behaviors can be cast as flow charts or structure charts. Shoval et al. (2009) developed an integrated methodology for the analysis and design of information systems which combines two essential software-engineering paradigms: the functional/data approach (process-oriented) and the object-oriented (OO) approach. The system analysis phase, where user requirements are set and defined, includes functional analysis and data modeling activities. This phase produces a hierarchy of data flow diagrams (DFD) and an initial OO schema which can be either created

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directly or from an entity relationship diagram (ERD). The design phase adheres to the OO approach, and produces a complete OO schema and a behavior schema. 2.1. COTS for Software Modeling Here we aimed to integrate the system analysts' output into project manager software that can serve as basic work units for a Gantt chart. System analysis usually includes data/process modeling charts. One of the leading data modeling tools available on the market is Sybase PowerDesigner, which combines several standard modeling techniques (SAP Sybase PowerDesigner 2014). PowerDesigner is a modeling and design tool that allows users to produce a range of effective solutions from defining business needs to analysis and design. It comprises a unique set of modeling tools combining several standard modeling techniques such as application modeling through UML, business process modeling and market-leading data modeling, which are all supported by a built-in meta-data management repository. One of the main features of this tool is its ability to create business process models that can be used to identify, describe and decompose business processes. This can be done on control flow or data flow at various levels of detail and focus. 3. The Prototype The prototype was made up of three main components: (i) a User Interface to define organizational constraints. (ii) an XML parser that scans and analyzes the modeling files produced by the modeling tool. (iii) a Gantt-chart creator. 3.1. Defining Organizational Constraints The prototype took the following functionalities into account:  Allowing various resource combinations, including outsourcing.  Defining risk factors, and letting the prototype's conversion tool select the activities that would be most favorable to the organization.  Defining the minimum qualifications required for each task.  Defining the project setup time that affects each resource first assigned to this project.  Timing activities according to selected risk options or previous index order.  Allowing each task to be split into parallel subtasks; in this case, the number of possible subtasks must be defined in advance for each task.  Automatic task qualification and resource matching, in keeping with the following policies: - "Qualification required": Full compatibility among the skills required for the task and resource qualification.

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-

  

"Same level of qualification or higher": Allow each task to be assigned to the same qualification resource or a higher level one. - "Same level of qualification or lower": Allow each task to be assigned to the same qualification resource or a lower level one. Various assigning methods, such as "First available" and "Qualified resource". Automatic outsource assigned, applied when required qualified resources are lacking. Setting dependencies among all project tasks to ensure that no task activity is begun before completion of the preceding one.

All these functionalities were manipulated via a specific User Interface as illustrated in Figure 1.

Fig. 1: User Interface to Define Organizational Constraints

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3.3. The XML Parser to analyse system modeling The above-mentioned organizational constraints are executed on the tasks that are predefined within the software modeling tool. The tasks are automatically recognized by an XML parser that scans and analyzes the files produced by the modeling tool (SAP Sybase Poer-Designer), in the following way: 1. Identifying the objects in all the modeling diagrams. For this prototype an XML parser was developed to parse PowerDesigner outputs. 2. Analyzing and integrating the metadata of each object identified (metadata include the description of each task; i.e. priority, risk, task type, and other details). All these parameters can be defined by the user as comments written in the comment dialogue box of each object as illustrated in Figure 2. 3. Creating a WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) for each object.

3.3. The Gant-chart Creator The Gantt chart is generated by MS-Project. The current module arranges all the above-mentioned parameters in an MS-Project format and executes the following automatically: 1. Generating a Gantt chart out of the WBS list, creating tasks corresponding to the analyzed properties (resource name, priorities, dependencies etc.). 2. Performing resource leveling (using the built-in project builder option) according to the priorities set previously. 3. Saving the Gantt chart in an external file. 4. Displaying the results in the user interface.

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Fig. 2: Adding Parameters via the Comment Dialog-Box

Figure 3 illustrates three sequential tasks (WBS) with no organizational constraints. By contrast Figure 4 illustrates the same three sequential tasks planned according to organizational constraints as well as according to the additional parameters defined via the dialogue boxes of these objects in the modeling tool.

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Fig. 3: Three Original Sequenced Tasks

Fig. 4: Execution of Organizational Constraints and Object's Parameters

4. Discussion This prototype has the following advantages over current tools: 1. 2.

3.

4.

Saving management time: The model can produce a work plan at the push of a button and will save project managers time they currently invest in this process. Exploring several development alternatives: By manipulating the variables defined in the rule engine, project managers can examine different development strategies, and analyze the potential outcomes of meeting or ignoring certain constraints. The method gives project managers the opportunity to examine various scenarios (what-if analysis), and consider their implications for the resulting development plan. Producing applicable development plans: The rule engine guarantees that all the features of organizational culture, as well as the capabilities and constraints are taken into consideration when producing the development plan. Because no component can be omitted or ignored, the ensuing product closely represents the envisaged development process. The combination of all the above advantages should yield software development projects that closely adhere to their work plans. This means fewer deviations from originally defined schedules and resources.

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References [1] Data Flow Diagram - DFD. (n.d.). Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://dataflowdiagram.blogspot.co.il/2009/10/what-isdfd-or-what-is-data-flow.html [2] Gelbard R., Pliskin N. & Spiegler I. (2002). Integrating Systems Analysis and Project Management tools, International Journal of Project Management. Vol. 20, 461-468. [3] Gelbard R., Kantor J. & Edelist L. (2008), Integrating Software Engineering and Costing Aspects within Project Management Tools. In, Cartelli A. & Palma M. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Information and Communication Technologies, 443-456. [4] Introduction to OMG's Unified Modeling Language™ (UML®). (n.d.). Retrieved August 29, 2014, from http://www.omg.org/gettingstarted/what_is_uml.htm [5] SAP Sybase PowerDesigner. (n.d.). Retrieved August 29, 2014, from http://www.sybase.com/products/modelingdevelopment/powerdesigner [6] Shoval, P., & Kabeli, J. (2009). Functional and Object-Oriented Methodology for Analysis and Design. In M. KhosrowPour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Second Edition (pp. 1592-1600). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-026-4.ch252 [7] Sommerville I. (2011), “Software Engineering”, 9th Ed., Addison-Wesley. [8] Weilkiens, T. (2011). Systems engineering with SysML/UML: modeling, analysis, design. Morgan Kaufmann.

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Determination of the Lifespan of Construction Company with Respect to its Market Value (CR 1991-2014) Bohumil Puchýřa, Liudmyla Solodilovab Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Structural Economics and Management, Veveří 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic b Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Structural Economics and Management, Veveří 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic

a

Abstract Economic climate of each country can be overviewed easily by the development in the construction market. It especially concerns the subjects providing construction activities, e.g. in the development of construction companies in the given sector. Based on the available sources, the research into the lifespan of individual construction subjects in the Czech Republic was carried out, where the basis was mainly classification of construction activities (CZ-NACE). This research builds on the charts plotting founded and defunct companies acting in the construction branch. Keywords: lifespan of a company; business valuation; construction company; classification of construction activities.

1. Introduction International as well as European valuation standards [1, 2] require to carry out valuation and analysis of the past development before the valuation of the company itself and at the same time it is necessary to take into account the outlook on future developments of internal and external company potential. This is mainly realised by the strategy and financial analyses and financial plan. The aim of carrying out these extensive studies is to determine if the unlimited existence of the company is not under some threat and if there are indications that the company can finish its activity in the course of several forthcoming years. Valuation standards do not pay much attention to the remaining lifespan of the company. IVS 2 standard determines two basic presumptions e.g. presumption of the infinite duration (going concern) and liquidation. The lifespan of the company is extremely important as it directly influences the method of valuation. Provided the infinite existence, yield or market methods are used. Limited lifespan is one of the reasons for valuating on the basis of property analysis (liquidation value). In 2012 the information about the foundation and defunct of economic subjects in the Czech Republic [3] was researched. The most frequent span of existence of defunct companies Ltd. is 11 years in the Czech Republic an of joint-stock companies the distribution is different and the most frequent existence

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span is 7 to 13 years. Ellen de Rooij from Stratix Group in Amsterdam [4] found out that the average lifespan of the company is 12.5 years. The results of her research come from the data from most European states and Japan while the company size was not taken into account. Average lifespan of the S&P 500 companies currently ranges in the period of 15 to 20 years but the gradual decrease is expected. In concerns the average lifespan which is determined at 40 to 50 years, in family businesses it is 24 years and in other companies without closer specification it is 12.5 years. The stimulus for carrying out the survey was the effort to find out if the companies which act in such specific and fluctuation prone branches as the construction industry is, will not have the different average lifespan. The average lifespan of companies is researched from the point of view of its subsequent valuation. Construction industry differs from the industrial production in the following aspects: the producer (construction company) moves from one construction site to another, in the length of manufacturing process, in dependence on the climatic conditions, in the individual character of the construction and the significant amount of various materials which it is necessary to transport and process. Construction industry depends on a number of other branches which produce construction materials and machinery products (steel constructions, prefabricated materials, sanitary-engineering equipment and machines for road and construction works). Great demands are put especially on the transport. Concerning the lifespan of the construction companies in the Czech Republic, a survey was performed based on the data obtained from the register of economic subjects (RES). Administration register of economic subjects [5] is an information system which enables searching for the economic subjects registered in the Czech Republic. The basis of search is the legal form and CZ-NACE code. Classification of economic activities CZ-NACE (The Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community) is a statistical classification of economic activities which has been used by European Union since 1970. This classification has been introduced in the Czech Republic by the announcement of the Czech Statistical Office since January 2008. Construction industry according to the CZ-NACE falls within the F section which comprises specialised and unspecialised construction activities. This section is formed by building construction (section 41), engineering works (section 42) and specialised construction activities in case they represent only a part of the whole construction process (section 43). 2.Research results In the course of research the time of foundation and defunct of 5,018 companies out of 10,350 Ltd. and 4,040 out of 4,507 joint-stock companies registered in RES was surveyed. A big boom in foundation of construction companies emerged at the beginning of 1990s (see Figure 1). Since 1991 to 1996, 2,236 out of 5,018 Ltd. companies were founded and 1,743 out of 4,040 jointstock companies, which means that nearly 45% of all companies were founded in the course of first 5 years of the observed period. Most of the Ltd. as well as joint-stock companies were founded in 1992

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(482 out of 489). Another boom in the foundation of joint-stock companies appeared in 2007 (224) but in Ltd. companies similar fluctuations were not observed.

Fig. 1 (a) Number of founded Ltd. companies; (b) Number of defunct Ltd. companies

It is necessary to mention the fact that since 1991 to 2007 only a negligible amount of companies came to an end, only 15 Ltd. and 5 joint-stock companies, this is why they are not contained in the chart. Recourse [6] states that the share of defunct joint-stock companies is higher than the share of defunct Ltd. companies. It can be explained by the fact that it is more complicated to preserve continually inactive but existing joint-stock company than to preserve inactive Ltd. one. This statement was not confirmed for the construction industry on the chosen sample. It was found out that in the construction industry nearly 19% of companies come to an end regardless of its legal form (see Table 1). Table 1 Number of founded and defunct construction companies in the Czech Republic Ltd. company

Average number of construction companies in CR

Joint-stock company

founded

defunct

founded

defunct

5018

925

4040

764

in %

18.4 %

18.9 %

The lifespan of construction companies was researched from the point of view of economic activity according to CZ-NACE (see Tab. 2). The longest lifespan, more than 20 years, have the joint-stock companies dealing with construction of engineering networks for gas, electricity and telecommunications. The shortest lifespan, only 5 years, have the Ltd. companies which deal with

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construction of residential and commercial buildings and construction of roads and railways. The final average lifespan of construction companies in the Czech Republic is 13.3 years. Table 2 Lifespan of construction companies in CR

Average lifespan Name of the economic activity according to CZ-NACE

Name of the economic activity according to CZNACE

Ltd.

Jointstock

Developer activity

12.8

12.3

Construction of residential and commercial buildings

5.3

16

Construction of residential buildings

16.8

15

Exploratory drilling work

16.8

16.7

5

Average lifespan Ltd.

Jointstock

14.3

16.6

9.7

12.1

16.2

12.8

Electro- installations, plumbing and other construction installation work

15.2

16.3

17.3

Electro- installations

13.7

14

17.4

16.2

Installations of water, sewages, gas, heating and air-conditioning

-

13.7

Construction railways and undergrounds

9

-

15.3

13.9

Construction bridges and tunnels

11.8

8

Completion and finishing work

9.7

10.8

Construction of engineering networks

14.3

21

Plaster work

14

12

Construction of engineering networks for liquids and gases

16.1

14.8

12.9

16

Construction of engineering networks for liquids

17

17

13.9

16.4

Construction of engineering networks for gases

-

22

14.4

10.5

Construction engineering networks for electricity and communications

10.1

22

11.2

11.3

Construction of waterworks

15.6

16.5

Other completion and finishing work

9.1

11

Construction of other constructions

15.9

15.3

Roofing work

13.5

11.8

Specialised construction activities

10.1

10.6

Other specialised construction activities

10.7

13.2

Demolition and construction preparation

9.8

-

Construction of commercial buildings Construction of roads and railways Construction of roads and motorways

Demolitions Building site preparation

Other construction installations

Carpentry work Wall covering and floor covering Glazier, painting and decoration work Painting and decoration work

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Total

12.8

14.2

3. Shortcomings of the survey There is a little data known about companies existing up to 1990, this is the reason why only companies founded after 1991 were used for the research. This significantly restricts the lifespan; fullfledged data can only prove the lifespan shorter than 24 years. According to the most common marketability, commercial capital companies were chosen. It is supposed to carry out a similar research for enterprising physical entities, foreign entities, public companies and limited partnerships and cooperatives. The main shortcomings are represented by the fact that the database does not provide information about the changes to the legal form of the company and on the other hand it contains information about companies which in fact exist but are not economically active. In the process of valuation, the emphasis is put on the length of existence of the business which does not have to be necessarily the same as the legal existence of the subject. Number of companies providing some types of activities (construction of residential and commercial buildings, other construction installations and other specialized construction activities etc.) is so large that is was not possible to survey it as a part of this research. 4. Survey evaluation Resource [7] lists the table of the success in prediction of defunct using Altman’s Z-score index in the period of 1to 5 years before the defunct. Table 3 Accuracy of Altman’s predictions for the defunct of the company Number of years before defunct

Correct prediction

Wrong prediction

Correct prediction (%)

1

31

2

95

2

23

9

72

3

14

15

48

4

8

20

29

5

9

16

36

It can be concluded from the survey above that the reliability of the prediction in the third year and later is not sufficient, because the defunct was predicted correctly only in 50% of cases. This brings us to the issue of the prediction of lifespan of the company even in the short period.

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Statistics about the European countries company survival level is also run by Eurostat [7], for the reason of employment. In 2001 the level of survival of construction companies in the Czech Republic was 80.9%. Therefore it concludes that the results of the carried out research tend to be promising. For example in 2015, valuation of the company founded in 2007 will be performed. There is a 19% probability that the company will come to the end in 2021 while in this instant most companies pass from the increase phase to the stabilisation phase and therefore it is not possible to predict reliably if it gets into problems in the course of the future 7 years and defuncts. Taking the unlimited existence presumption as granted will be for the majority of valuators obvious in this case which can significantly influence the final value of the company. It is possible to conclude from this prediction that every fifth construction company will be endangered in its existence. Nevertheless when determining the value at present time using the yield methods, it cannot be determined unambiguously. From the presented charts, certain inertia in the construction market can be traced. Conclusion Current valuation of the company is the question of its behaviour during the national economic periods. To complement a nowadays survey of development in the stated issue it is necessary to get the survey of the frequency of commercial construction companies acting in the certain market segments, especially in the construction industry. Substantial volume of investments is realised through construction industry and it is clear that any fluctuations in the volume of investments have significant influence on the value of commercial construction companies while number of them is also forced to end their activity. Influence of the financial crisis and development of the demand according to the classification of the economic activities in the construction company is described in the presented documentation. Inconsiderable question to which the answer is currently looked for is the situation of employment in the Czech Republic where there is necessary to point out that the construction industry has the highest absorption ability from the whole national economy. If the commercial construction companies are in good condition, their value will increase and they will provide higher employment. The impacts of this work suggest that it is possible to keep certain careful optimism in the predictions of the decline of the construction companies.

Acknowledgements This paper has been written with the support of the specific research of Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, grant project no. FAST-S-15-2944 Effective Management of Processes in Civil Engineering II.

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References [1] International Valuation Standards Council. [online]. [cit. 2015-02-28]. Dostupné z: http://www.ivsc.org/ [2] European Valuation Standards: The European Group of Valuers' Associations. [online]. [cit. 2015-02-28]. Dostupné z: http://www.tegova.org/ [3] MENČLOVÁ, B. Doba existence podniku a její vliv na jeho hodnotu. In: Oceňování. Praha: Oeconomica, 2012, s. 15. 5: 2. [4] THE LIVING COMPANY: Habits for survival in a turbulent business environment. In: Bloomberg Business Week [online]. [cit. 2015-02-28]. Dostupné z: http://www.businessweek.com/chapter/degeus.htm [5] Administrativní registr ekonomických subjektů. [online]. [cit. 2015-02-28]. Dostupné z: http://wwwinfo.mfcr.cz/ares/ [6] POLLAK, H. Jak obnovit životaschopnost upadajících podniků. 1. vyd. Praha: C.H. Beck, 2003, xii, 122 s. ISBN 80-7179803-7. [7] Eurostat: Your key to European statistics [online]. [cit. 2015-02-28]. Dostupné z: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/home

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Key elements to an effective building design team Fredrik Svalestuena,b, Kristoffer Frøystadb, Frode Drevlanda,Saad Ahmada, Jardar Lohnea, Ola Lædrea a

Department of Civil and Transport Engineering,The Norwegian University of Technology and Science, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway b Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway

Abstract The building design phase requires intense collaboration between the participants. However, achieving this can prove difficult. The project often has a short time span, at the same time as the participants have limited experience from working together. This paper reports on the experience with teambuilding and collaboration from several Norwegian building design participants. The ambition has been to find out what characterizes a highly efficient building design team. In addition to a literature review and interviews with five key participants, a survey in a large Norwegian contractor firm was carried out. The findings identify twelve key elements that influence the performance of a building design team. The three most important elements are good collaboration between all project leaders, identifying the design team members’ role and trust between the team members, respectively. Having a highly efficient team is important for the collaboration between participants in the building design phase, and knowing what elements that influence the performance can help the industry to develop design teams on their projects. Keywords: Design process; Building design team; Team theory

1. Introduction The interviews and survey presented in this paper was carried out in one of the largest contracting firm in Norway. The first reason for carrying out the interviews and the survey was that the increase in productivity for building projects has been weak the last decades. It has been almost non-existing compared to the productivity increase in other industries, which in some cases has been considerable. Veiseth [1] found that up to 40 % of the time spent on building sites is not adding value. The building design process and building design management get much of the blame for this. Meland [2] identified that the design managers’ deficient work practices and lack of competence significantly predict fiasco. Building design represents a small part of the total costs in a project, but greatly influence both construction costs and not at least on business operation costs. Therefore, building design is an important issue.

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DeMarco [3] describe the biggest problems as social, and not technical. Most leaders are willing to admit that they have more socially related worries than technical worries. Still their management practice concentrate on technical issues rather than social issues. The building design phase requires intense collaboration between the participants, so collaboration in the team is important. However, achieving this can prove difficult. The project often has a short time span, at the same time as the participants have limited experience from working together. Therefore, it is important to gain knowledge on how to manage a building design team and how to prepare for efficient group processes. Based on this, we formulated the following research question: What characterizes a highly efficient building design team? 2. Methodical approach A review of general literature about building design processes and team theory was carried out in accordance with the procedures described by Bloomberg [4]. We carried out semi-structured interviews with five building design managers, having a broad experience in project based endeavours. The interview procedures were in line with the recommendations of Yin [5]. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed by the interviewer. We analysed the transcripts according to the procedures described by Brinkmann [6], thereby revealing twelve elements important for the performance of a design team. Finally, the importance of the elements identified was validated in a survey carried out according to the steps described by Kvale [7]. We sent the survey to 48 building design team members working for one of Norway’s largest contractors, and out of these 32 of them responded. 3. Literature review A team is a small group of people with different knowledge and skills that complement each other. The team members have a mutual commitment to a common purpose with the teamwork, specific performance goals and working methods. The team members take joint responsibility for the result of teamwork [8]. Leigh [9] describe how the internal dynamics within a team change through the project life span: The first stage is the startup, where the different team members get to know each other. The next stage is the preparation, with high degree of competition and rivalry of positioning in the team. Subsequently, the stabilizing stage clarifies goals and team roles. This phase is followed by the production phase, where the team is productive and goals seem within reach. Thereafter, the team enters the success stage, typically characterized by confidence and trust. Finally, the team reaches the termination stage were the manager has to either set some new goals or terminate the team. According to the literature reviewed, setting a goal for the team proves important for their performance. Locke [10], for instance, has found that especially challenging goals tend to lead to better performance than simple goals. Their study in fact found a correlation between the how challenging the

291


goal was and how good the team performance was; this proved especially true if the team members had accepted the goal. A method to gain the acceptance of the team members and get them to commit to the goal is to involve them in setting it [11]. Furthermore, Klein [12] has found a correlation between group cohesion and commitment to the goal. According to their analysis, a strong cohesion tends to lead to group members setting more difficult goals and perform better. In light of such considerations, Hao [13] maintain that an efficient team consist of five factors. Notably, (1) a shared vision and a clear understanding of the goal. (2) That all team members have a definite role in the project and shared responsibility for each other. (3) That an obvious effect of goal orientation exists. (4) That high degrees of cooperation and mutual assistance are present. (5) That the organization permits for high levels of creativity. Cheung [14] state that the satisfaction of a design team is highly influenced by good leadership with charismatic and participative behaviors. Furthermore, they emphasis that the design team leader should provide the design team members with opportunities to participate in teamwork throughout the design process. Hao [13] conclude that a good design team manager is important for the cohesion in the design team and that the manager should emphasize on three specific elements to create that: (1) Creating a good communication environment. (2) Respect and understanding for the designers. (3) Give the designers enough room for personal development. According to Aranda [15] team composition is important for the effectiveness of the team. According to Belbin [16] each team members usually have a set of non-technical skills called team roles, i.e. Plant, Research investigator, Coordinator, Shaper, Monitor evaluator, Team worker, Implementer, Completer (finisher) and Specialist. The shaper likes to challenge the team to take action, which could be good to have in a team, however, a team with just shapers would not be very creative. A good and effective team needs a good mix of the different non-technical skills. If the team lacks one or more skills they should be aware of it and set a strategy to fill the gap, in order to be as efficient as possible. 4. Finding and discussion 4.1. Current transactional contract-models like Design-Build(DB) and Design-Bid-Build (DBB) creates a fragmented process and hinder the design practitioners to function as a team. Distribution of responsibility and loyalty is the main challenge with the two contract models. The project needs to be challenging, in form of short build time, complicated constructions or a form of innovation. If the design manager can create the feeling that, the project is unique with challenging goals; the design team will feel that they are part of an elite group. Of course, an unreachable goal is just demoralizing and if it is too easy, it will feel like routine work. The design team contains of architects and engineers with a curious mind that needs to be challenged for maximum performance.

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The design process have strong dependency between each discipline, no one can do their work without collaborating with the others. Therefore, all team members need to be committed to the project and to the timeframe of their work. Brainstorming the planning process with post- it notes, is usually a good way to commit each discipline to the schedule of the design phase. This way each discipline gets involved in the whole project and placing their own work on a schedule with a post- it note creates commitment to the project. Cohesion is important for the team efficiency and their commitment to the goal. The interviewees have experienced a significant better efficiency in projects when there is a good connection between participants. Typically, people in a team with good cohesion seem happier than other teams and enjoy working together. One interviewee had former experience from a “team” without cohesion, which made him feel like he did not belong in the project and it became a struggle to do anything. Getting a good cohesion in the group is something a design manager should prioritize. However, some people do not match very well with each other and changing members in the middle of the process or choosing the right members before the process, is not always easy. A construction project has a short life span and team members are usually unknown to each other at the beginning of the project. The procurement of a design firm is usually by “lowest price gets the job”, which results in a random composition of a design team. At the start of a project, the design team is just a group of people with no former connection or knowledge to each other. In a team the members needs to know each other or they need to get to know each other before they can function as a team. The members need to trust each other and no one really trust someone they do not know. They can gain that trust by getting to know each other in team building sessions at the beginning of the project. However, this is time consuming and as former stated; construction projects have a short life span. It is therefore, preferred (however, not so easy to do, as the design manager is not always involved in that process) to procure design members with former relations to each other. Not to eliminate the team building process all together, but to speed it up. Team building is important even if the members have a former connection, the project is new to them with new challenges and it can be a long time since they have worked together. Team building is more than a social endeavor it is about getting to know the project and aligning the goal for the project with the client’s expectations. Involving the team members in the goal setting process commits them to it and helps setting a challenging goal that is reasonable. If the team members are involved in setting the goal, they have an ownership in the goal, which makes them eager to reach it. One important aspect to focus on in a team building session is to raise the awareness of sub optimizing and respect for knowledge. It is important that everyone knows his or her role in the team and what knowledge he or she bring in to the team. Everyone is important for the team to work optimal. One of the interviewees had a good experience with a team building session where a team member discovered something simple as: “those I am working with is just people”. A simple discovery at first glance, however, very important thoughts to have when you call a team member with a problem and often expect an answer within an impossible timeframe.

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Further development of a team is necessary after a team building session, the literature states that a team usually goes through six stages. For the team to have actual success it needs to go through four stages and it is insufficient with just a team building session in the beginning. The interviewees agreed that it was important; however, team members were reluctant to spend time on things that was not directly project oriented. This problem is usually caused by the short life span of a project and the design manager’s lack of non-technical leader skills. For the leader to effectively manage the team to focus more on their development rather than their work package, the leader needs to have charismatic and participative skills. A construction process is divided in to several phases and the detailed design process is usually undertaken at the same time as the construction production process in a DB or an untraditional contract model. The design team has to work closely together with the construction practitioners in order to be able to deliver drawings and descriptions in time. Therefore, it is important for the design manager, site manager and project manager to also function like a team. A good attraction between those three managers is important for the collaboration both within the design team and the collaboration of the whole project. The challenge the interviewees has met with this is that those managers is usually selected after availability, rather than selecting the people who work well together and already have a good attraction between each other. Trust between the members is crucial for the efficiency of the team. The interviewees agree on that and elaborate that: if the members trust, each other they communicate better and they feel confident to exercise personal competence. On the other hand, if the members lack trusts, they only do what they are obligated to deliver to the project. Gaining trust is however; time consuming, it does not happened over night it is something that builds over time and something you earn. The solution to this seems to be to create a sense of community by collaborative solve the problem, so no one is left out of the loop. 4.2. Survey The interviews and the literature study have produced some key elements as showed in Table 2. The survey was build up like a score chart, were the respondents had to rate how important they meant each element was for the efficiency of a building design team. The rating was from one to five, where one was very important and five was not important. Thirty-two design managers responded to the survey and as showed in table 1, trust and commitment to the project was rated as the most important elements. Table 2: result from the survey Elements

Average score

Trust between team members

1.34

Commitment to the project

1.34

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Involvement in the goal setting process

1.56

Good collaboration between all project leaders

1.56

Cohesion

1.72

Contract models

1.78

Elite feeling

1.88

Team building

1.94

Former relation between team members

2.03

Identifying the design team members’ roles

2.06

Focus on team development

2.22

How difficult the goal is to reach

2.66

5. Summary and conclusion One of the most challenging factors for a building design team to be efficient is the short life span of a building project. Furthermore, the design team consists of several different design firms, usually procured by the lowest price and it is a process the design manager have little influence on. Table 3, shows the key elements with a short explanation to why they are important to focus on when forming a team in a building design process and shows how they are related to each other. The survey indicates that trust between team members and commitment to the project is the most important element for an effective team. However, a team is not build on trust and commitment alone. The other elements are also important to focus on to create an efficient building design team. Having a team building exercise is very important in building design, were team members are unfamiliar with each other and even if they are a short exercise to commit them to the coal is always good investment. Furthermore, focus on team development throughout the process is important as it takes time to form a team. Table 3: 12 key elements that influence the performance of a design team Elements

Short explanation

Contract models

Needs to encourage collaboration

Elite feeling

Create a unique and challenging project

Commitment to the project

Involving team members in planning

Cohesion

Commitment to the team

Former relation between team members

Speed up the team building process

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Involvement in the goal setting process

Commits the members to the goal

How difficult the goal is to reach

Effects the elite feeling

Focus on team development

Takes time and effort to form a team

Team building

Getting to know each other and the project

Good collaboration between all project leaders

Increase collaboration in the whole project

Identifying the design team members’ roles

Team composition

Trust between the team members

Honesty, transparency, consistency and respect

The interviews and survey presented in this paper was carried out in one of the largest contracting firm in Norway and the result could be influenced by this. Further work should therefore be to extend this to other firms and not just contracting firms. Furthermore, it could also be interesting to extend it to designers and clients in order to get their point of view on the elements effecting efficiency in a building design team. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Veiseth, M., Produktivitet og logistikk i bygg- og anleggsbransjen : problemområder og tiltak. 2004, Trondheim: Norsk senter for prosjektledelse. Meland, Ø., Prosjekteringsledelse i byggeprosessen: suksesspåvirker eller andres alibi for fiasko? 2000, NTH.: Trondheim. DeMarco, T. and T. Lister, Peopleware: Productive Projects and Teams. 1999. Bloomberg, B., D.R. Cooper, and P.S. Schindler, Business Research Methods. 3 ed. 2011, London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Yin, R.K., Case study research: Design and methods. 2013: Sage publications. Brinkmann, S. and S. Kvale, InterViews - Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing. 3 ed. 2015: SAGE Publications, Inc. Kvale, S., Doing interviews. 2008: Sage. Amundsen, J.S., Verdiskapende samhandling: et norsk perspektiv på teamutvikling og coaching. 1999, [Oslo]: Tiden. 165 s. : fig. Leigh, A. and M. Maynard, Leading Your Team: How to Involve and Inspire Teams. 2002: Nicholas Brealey. Locke, E.A. and G.P. Latham, Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 2002. 57(9): p. 705-717. Lunenburg, F.C., Goal Setting Theory of Motivation. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 2011. 15. Klein, H.J. and P.W. Mulvey, Two investigations of the relationships among group goals, goal commitment, cohesion, and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1995. 61(1): p. 44-53. Hao, Y., P. Chen, and M. Luo, A Study of Design Team Management Based on Communication and Cooperation, in Advances in Education and Management. 2011, Springer. p. 212-218. Cheung, S., et al., A satisfying leadership behaviour model for design consultants. International Journal of Project Management, 2001. 19(7): p. 421-429. Aranda, E.K., L. Aranda, and K. Conlon, Teams: structure, process, culture, and politics. 1998, Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. XI, 176 s. : ill. Belbin, R.M., Management teams: why they succeed or fail. 2010, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. X, 193 s. : ill.

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Key Issues In Global Projects Risk Management Tarila Zuofaa, Edward G. Ochiengb a

b

Westminster Business School, University of Westminster, 35 Marylebone Road, London, NW1 5LS,United Kingdom School of the Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom

Abstract Significant research on risk management has focused on the development and assessment of risk management models. However, risk management has been often criticized as being inadequate and not achieving its main objectives of bringing greater certainty to projects by minimizing threats and maximizing opportunities. This paper explored the efficacy of risk management practice in global projects with a focus on the offshore oil and gas industry in Nigeria and the United Kingdom. It employed semi-structured interviews to capture the relevant risk management experiences of personnel involved in global projects. The findings identified the existence of areas of similarities in risk management practice in the offshore oil and gas industries of both countries. The paper noted that the people/organisation culture, risk management structure and the risk management process were the core areas wherein all issues either detrimental or beneficial for risk management emanated from. It concluded that project stakeholders should instil good project management awareness with an emphasis on risk management as part of their corporate culture, create greater awareness on risks that permeate throughout the life cycle of projects. Overall, the implications for both practice and theory highlight the need for more strategically directed risk management procedures for global projects. Keywords: Global projects; Risk management; Nigeria; Offshore industry; United Kingdom

1. Introduction There may be no concise definition for projects but the key element of concurrence highlighted in most literature is that all projects are one-off tasks which have finite completion schedules and defined budgets. Several writers including Cleland and Gareis (2006), Kerzner (2009), Collyer and Warren (2009) highlighted the existence of projects in literally all aspects of life. Similar to the ambiguity that may be associated with providing a concise definition for the generic term projects, Richard-Scott et al. (2011) explained that there are also difficulties surrounding the concept and definition of global projects. Nonetheless, a global project can be defined as “a temporary endeavour where multiple actors seek to optimise outcomes by combining resources from multiple sites, organisations, cultures and geographies through a combination of contractual, hierarchical and network-based modes of organisation” (Richard-Scott et al. 2011). From this definition, certain unique attributes of global projects can be identified. These attributes include the complex organisational arrangements with unique challenges

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which may emanate because of distance or dispersion. Generally, global projects have certain other distinctive characteristics such as: being infrequently undertaken, involving global and local participants, complex interfaces, high levels of local embeddedness, significant social and political complexity, irreversibility due to physical nature of constructions and close attention to budget and schedule (Richard-Scott et al 2011). Majority of the aforementioned characteristics also exist in offshore oil and gas projects which was the focus of this paper. As identified from the characteristics of global projects enumerated, projects executed in offshore oil and gas fields often times result in series of complex activities involving uncertainties from a wide range of sources during their lifecycles. The uncertainties frequently comprise of potentially hazardous events and their associated undesirable consequences in one hand and on the other present opportunities for favourable consequences or success. Umar et al. (2006) articulated that the uncertainties referred to above may come from a wide range of areas such as technical, financial, organisational, contract and/or procurement, sub-contract, political and/or cultural issues. All of the above listed factors contribute to the overall uncertainty in the planning, execution and operation of this category of global projects. In response to this, various aspects of global projects have now become more proficiently studied and developed. This has led to the adoption of risk management as a process of addressing uncertainties in a structured manner within the offshore oil and gas industry and other global project subcategories. 2. The relevance of risk management Over the past decades, many well-known projects globally were completed late while others exceeded their initial cost estimations. For example, Hall (1982) recorded that the Sydney Opera House finished with over ten years delay at a final cost of fourteen times the original estimate. In the same way costs for the Concorde and Thames Barrier escalated to about ten and twenty times respectively (Chicken 1996). In other instances, projects like the Piper Alpha platform experienced a monumental disaster which recorded a fatality of 167 out of the 229 people on-board (Cullen 1990). Furthermore, a report by McKenna et al. (2009) indicated that the majority of energy industry executives are still dissatisfied with project performance as about 40 percent of their capital projects overrun. Therefore, it is not surprising that the management of most of these uncertain events which may have either desirable or undesirable consequences have been the subject of many investigations, as stakeholders and the industry as a whole realised that there is indeed much room for improvement. In the construction sector, Latham (1994) made several recommendations for improving the performance of the UK construction industry and highlighted the need for risk assessment to be carried out at important stages of the construction process. As elucidated by Latham (1994), ‘clients should decide how much risk to accept’. No construction project is risk free. Risk can be managed, minimised, shared, transferred or accepted. It cannot be ignored.' Based on the key recommendations from Latham (1994), Egan (1998) recognized five drivers for change in the United Kingdom construction industry. The drivers include: committed leadership, focus on the customer integrated project processes; and teams, a

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quality-drive agenda and commitment to people. Egan’s task force report set specific targets, based on examples from other industries, to improve the performance of the construction industry in the United Kingdom. The targets introduced included specific reductions of capital cost, construction time, accidents and of defects while increasing predictability, productivity and turnover and profits. From the above action, it can be identified that if industries are to achieve measurable improvement, the need to manage uncertainty and risks as well as the necessity for achieving value for their investments becomes crucial. The implications from all these irrespective of the industry in focus highlight the need for effective risk management as a means of managing uncertainties associated with projects. Currently several risk management techniques are increasingly deployed to assess risk and minimise losses in various industries such as the railways, construction, nuclear, chemical processing, energy etc. An (2003) explained that benefits derived from risk management efforts may be summarised as:  substantial reduction in the exposure to risk;  introduction of proactive risk response mechanism through planning;  establishment of the foundation for making explicit decisions on projects;  provision of clearer opportunities for the identification of peculiar risks associated with given projects;  exploring the full potentials of risk personnel based on skills and experience;  encouraging production of high quality documentation on project risks at the corporate level for continuous update and improvement; and  Providing better opportunities for collation of reliable data for further research and improvement in the area of analysis of risks. 2.1. Risk management in global projects: the case of offshore oil and gas projects Generally, offshore oil and gas projects are characterised by large investments, tight time schedules and constantly evolving technology in very challenging environments. According to Khan and Amyotte (2002), these conditions result in higher risk exposure and along with which come more opportunities to be exploited. As established, risks are inherent in all offshore oil and gas projects, coupled with other influential but uncertain factors like unstable political or commercial settings and planning. Risks may also be influenced by other factors such as size or complexity of the project, environment, execution period, and operative competence (Rathnayaka et al. 2011).Project targets are often not met despite the stakeholders efforts intended to lower the risks due to other unpredictable events (Westney Consulting Group 2011). Such scenarios have prevented stakeholders from making more precise forecasts thereby necessitating the adoption of various risks management approaches for projects depending on their peculiarities. Therefore, risk management has to be considered very vital for the successful project delivery in the offshore oil and gas industry. In the light of this, an overall understanding of risk management and it how affects global projects such as offshore oil and gas projects becomes vital. However, it must be

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emphasised that risk management is not about complete removal of risks per se but to encourage explicit decision making process, which can be used to mitigate the potential effects of certain inevitable risks (Bannerman 2008). So far, several risk management applications are also currently being deployed in the oil industry but Skogdalen and Vinnem (2012), observed that things still go as unanticipated in the midst of these efforts. Reviewed literature indicate that the problems facing risk management practice can be attributed to the lack of research upon which to base its activities, the absence of risk management frameworks that approximate risk management realities. Other perceived problems emanate from the confusion that has trailed the terminologies, the approaches and methods within the risk management discipline (Raz and Hillson 2005). All these identified problems require additional dexterity on the part of stakeholders. Thus, Weijermars(2009) explained that the constant evolving nature of the oil industry necessitates the deployment of various management skills including those skills related to the management of project risks. The above, underscore the need for further research to highlight current issues facing practitioners within a strategic industrial context such as the offshore oil and gas industry. Hence, the central problem of this paper was to investigate the key issues in offshore oil and gas projects (global projects ). 3. Research method A literature review was performed to determine what is known about the specific research problem of risk management in the offshore oil and gas industry. Nigeria and the UK were simply used as case studies to examine broader issues and problems of the industry. The Nigerian and the UK cases represent an exceptional and a particularly convincing example because it constitutes participants from both developed and developing nations. Also, the United Kingdom represents a nation with a more mature offshore sector when compared to Nigeria. This provided an excellent opportunity for a developing country to capture lessons from a developed country while also encouraging continuous improvements within the United Kingdom offshore oil and gas industry. There was diverse pool of prospective participants, including project managers, technical mangers and senior project engineers who were residents of highly developed areas and cities in Nigeria and the United Kingdom. Owing to the highly level of oil and gas industry activities, two cities (Port Harcourt and Aberdeen) were the principal locations of most of these individuals and the researcher had the advantage of having an in-depth local knowledge of these two cities. However, to avoid an over reliance of participants from one location, the researcher made contacts with offshore oil and gas personnel and organisations in other principal oil and gas cities in both countries. These cities included Warri, Lagos and Calabar (Nigeria) and London, Dundee and Glasgow (United Kingdom). The main form of data collection comprised of semi structured interviews with senior project managers in Nigeria and the UK. The semi-structured interview was chosen so that open-ended questions which were directly linked to identified issues from the literature reviewed could be asked. Using semi-

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structured interviews had additional benefits for this study because it allowed for an exploration of the actual experiences of participants. It also enabled participants describe in-depth accounts of their personal views and opinions of risk management. Twenty interviews were conducted with participants in Nigeria (10) and the UK (10). The interview grid consisted of open-ended questions. These questions collectively provided information of individual participants back ground for statistical purposes and probed specific issues related to risk management in offshore projects. The interview notes were coded and managed using NUDIST Nvivo software. 4. Findings and discussion This section discusses the key findings from the study. It is important to state that in addressing key issues in the Nigerian and United Kingdom offshore oil and gas industry, several remarkable facts emerged from the explanations provided by the participants. All the participants in both countries were in agreement on the need for the deployment of risk management during their project activities however, there was lack of consensus on the most appropriate mechanism for its deployment. The finds from the research attributed this lack of consensus to varying perspectives of individuals and organisations. Despite the lack of congruence on the risk management, Zuofa (2013) posited that one remarkable rationale that can be identified for the adoption of risk management is the clear focus on trying to incorporate what might happen and then manage the stipulated objectives or projects to avoid or reduce the occurrence of negative scenarios while still ensuring that the positive aspects are actually realised. In Nigeria, the need for a strengthening of current laws seemed to be a pertinent issue of concern. This was based on the premise that rightly formulated policies and regulations can provide an underpinning structure required for improved operations in the offshore oil and gas industry. Also highlighted as highly relevant in the Nigerian offshore oil and gas industry was the need to create greater awareness of risk management during project activities. From the United Kingdom, most of the key facts raised indicated the existence of risk management activities during project operations but the disclosures of most participants still strongly reflected the importance of a general rethink in current practice. Irrespective of specific differences on key issues from both countries, when put in context, it emerged that people/organisation culture, risk management structure and the risk management process were the core areas wherein all issues either detrimental or beneficial to risk management emanated from. Figure 1 provides a pictorial representation of the link between risk management and the people/organisation culture, the risk management process and the risk management structure based on the views of participants.

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People/ People/ organisation organisation culture culture

Risk management

Process

Structure

Figure 1: A summary of key issues in affecting risk management in global projects

As explained by most participants, the people/organisation culture reflects those who in most cases are saddled with the risk management process and their understanding of the risk management process is highly crucial. They are also responsible for encouraging and maintaining a risk management informed workforce and culture within their organisations. In terms of the risk management process, this provides an indication of how exactly the risk management activity is undertaken. Both literature and the various accounts of the participants are replete with diverse risk management process currently being utilised. Finally, the risk management structure incorporates everything being factored in the planning and implementation of the risk management activities. This is because participants had highlighted the involvement of different strata of their organisations in risk management activities. 5. Conclusion and implications Generally, the successful completion of any project can be influenced by several factors of which risk management is one of the most important. The following implications, resulting from the conclusions of the paper are therefore deemed fundamental in order to enhance the effective management of risks in global projects from a theoretical and practice. Firstly, the business environment within the offshore oil and gas industry has continued to experience high levels of dynamism, complexity and the need for continuous change within is now very crucial. Thus, organisations must be able to manage all facets of change more effectively. The offshore oil and gas organisations should therefore instil good project management culture with an emphasis on risk management as part of their corporate culture, to ensure the stakeholders are aware of risks that permeate throughout the life cycle of projects and proactively manage them.

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The implication of the above is for the offshore oil and gas industry to constantly devise theoretical and practical knowledge management for risk management practices in order to enhance individual and organisational learning and as a mean of sharing the intellectual asset. Globally, most successful organisations have built competitive advantage and enhanced performance via less controlling and more learning, that stems from the continual creation and sharing of all facets of knowledge including risk management knowledge. In general therefore, the implications for both practice and theory highlight the need for strategically directed realistic risk management strategies, policies and procedures. Strategic direction and thinking is therefore very necessary to account for the dynamism and complexity of business environments like the offshore oil and gas industry. As repositories of the polices required for the smooth running of all operations within their offshore oil and gas provinces, governments should ensure that rules, legislations and standards governing the offshore oil and gas industry are always the result of the systematic evaluation and combination of the specific concerns associated with stakeholders in the industry. With specific reference to Nigeria, the absence of a logical structure governing its offshore oil and gas industry activities needs to be urgently addressed. There will also be need to constantly engage in project management scholarship with teaching, learning and research focusing on activities that highlight the impact of project management deployment on the performance of projects. Such scholarly activities will also need to take into account the generic skills of project management knowledge to be developed in learners as well as how such skills can be utilised in various practical contexts. Future academic activities need to promote discussions regarding the current risk management processes used and a re-evaluation of these processes. More regular debates among the experienced and specialist personnel in the offshore oil and gas industry will help in exploring and improving the current processes which can be used. Finally, key issues affecting risk management in global projects were identified. There is a need for further research to identify relationships among these issues and the impact of such relationships on overall project performance of global projects.

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

Cleland, D.I., and Gareis, R. (2006). Global Project Management Handbook, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kerzner, H. (2009). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling,10th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Collyer, S and Warren, C. M. J. (2009). Project management approaches for dynamic environments, International Journal of Project Management, 27(4), pp. 355-364. Richard-Scott, W., Levitt, R.E. and Orr, R.J. (2011). Global Projects - Institutional and Political Challenges. New York: Cambridge University Press. Umar, A. An, M. & Odoki, J.B. (2006). Application of principles of inherently safe design methodology into the development of offshore platform. Proceedings of International on European Safety & Reliability (ESREL, 2006), Estoril-Lisbon, Portugal, Taylor & Francis, London. 3: 2533-2540. Hall, P. (1982) Great Planning Disasters, California: University of California Press.

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7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Chicken, J.C. (1996). Risk Handbook, International Thomson Business Press. Cullen, W. D. (1990). The public inquiry into the Piper-Alpha disaster, London: Department of Energy. McKenna, M.G., Wilczynski, H. and VanderSchee, D. (2009). Capital Project Execution in the Oil & Gas Industry, Booz Allen Hamilton. Latham, M. (1994) Constructing the Team, Final report of the Government/Industry review of procurement and contractual arrangements in the UK Construction Industry, London: HMSO. Egan J. (1998) Rethinking construction, Report of the Construction Task Force on the Scope for Improving the Quality and Efficiency of the UK Construction Industry. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London, UK. An, M. (2003). Fuzzy-reasoning-based approach to qualitative railway risk assessment. Institute of Mechanical Engineering. 220(2), 153-167. Khan, F. I. and Amyotte, P.R. (2002). Inherent safety in offshore oil and gas activities: a review of the present status and future directions. Journal of Loss prevention in the Process Industries, 15(4) 279-289. Rathnayaka, S., Khan, F and Amyotte, P. (2011). SHIPP methodology: Predictive accident modelling approach. Part I: Methodology and model description, Process Safety and Environmental Protection 89(3),pp. 151–164. Westney Consulting Group (2011). Why projects overrun and what to do about it. Westney Consulting Group: Houston. Bannerman, P. L. (2008), “Risk and Risk Management in software projects: A reassessment”, The Journal of Systems and Software, 81(12), 2118–2133. Skogdalen, J.E. and Vinnem, J.E. (2012) Combining precursor incidents investigations and QRA in oil and gas industry, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 101 pp. 48–58. Raz, T and Hillson, D.(2005). A Comparative Review of Risk Management Standards, Risk Management, 7 (4), pp. 53-66. Weijermars, R. (2009). Accelerating the three dimensions of E&P clock speed—a novel strategy for optimizing utility in the oil & gas industry. Applied Energy 86(10), 2222–2243. Zuofa, T. (2013). Framework for managing risk in global projects: the case of offshore oil and gas projects in Nigeria and the United Kingdom. Unpublished PhD thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool.

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Prevention and Risk Management in RTD European Projects Developed by University-Company’s Consortiums A.A. Baptistaa,b,c, F. Charrua-Santosa,b, J.C. Páscoaa,b a

Universityof Beira Interior Department of ElectromechanicEngineering,Calçada Fonte do Lameiro, P-6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal b Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST), P-6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal c Project Manager Institute (PMI), Rua do Niassa, 133 - Sala 3 4250-331 Porto, Portugal

Abstract This study aims to demonstrate the usefulness of a simple methodology to manage and prevent the risk in co promotion projects financed by the European Union through operational programs. The risk prevention is a key factor in the project success, whether singular or plural, research or development. Our focus was directed to present the methodology applied to three Research and Technological Development (RTD) European projects, where companies and universities had to work hand in hand towards the success of the project. Socio-cultural differences between different countries, different methods and work’s rhythms between universities and companies alongside the issues of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), are some of the sensitive points in all the projects. It is where Project Management has the duty to act proactively in order to control small outbreaks of contention, while maintaining the smooth functioning of the project execution. Keywords:Project Management, European RTD Projects, methodology;

1. Introduction Currently the world is in a turning period where life is staggering and where knowledge, innovation and new technologies dictate the laws of the market and society. The resulting progress of industrial, technological and digital revolutions have revolutionized the way we live, bringing us modernity and a new way of thinking and living, giving us, comfort that is indispensable for our life [1]. The European Commission has been making a strong investment in specific research areas such as the aeronautical area, which is currently one of the largest sources of pollution. Projects such as MAAT, ACHEON and CROP are very important research projects that aims to minimize the effects of air pollution [2-4]. This paper is a contribution to risk management control in international co-operation project where in the same consortium, different companies and different universities are working together with the purpose of introducing the knowledge of R&I centers in business projects [5]. Implementing a simple and agile methodology, we can predict and minimize risks within the consortium. This methodology

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was applied to the three projects mentioned above and could avoid a wide range of risk situations, but not in all cases. With these warning risk situations it was possible to overcome the best way to solve the problems that have emerged [6]. We agree with Rodrigues-da-Silva and Crispim’s, when they say that the main objective of the decision-agents is to identify, analyze and evaluate the risks in all project life cycle and use their organizational structure and administrative practices in order to act on the risks to favor of the project [7]. In this work was extremely important to indentify the potential risks and to be proactive at solving them, so we share the Tak Wah Kwan and Hareton´s opinions when they said that current risk identification processes involve examining the major areas of a project, collecting input from personnel, learning from past experience, and applying analytical tools and techniques [8-9]. After a previous study about projects risks, it is fundamental to understand the current European policies as well the evaluation reports of the Portuguese situation, regarding the implementation of European funds captured by the Portuguese organizations, which are unanimous in pointing out the positive impact that this investment has caused in our country [10]. In the following chapters we present a theoretical introduction to the UE policies related to the structural funds implementation in Portugal, followed with a theoretical description of the Project Management importance and responsibilities. After, we present the entire methodology highlighting IPR´s concerns, the application of Consortium Barometer and the WP-Assessment and Evaluation Questionnaire. Finally, we discuss the results and we write the conclusions emphasizing some work that we can make in the near future. 2. EU Co Promotion projects According to MAPEER SME, cooperation projects involve only partnership between companies or between universities and entities of the SCT, which, due to its complementarily skills or common interests in the exploitation of results of R&D, they combine with each other to promote synergies and to share costs and risks. These partnership are formalized through a consortium agreement and are coordinated by companies or universities. The projects cover industrial research and / or experimental development leading to the creation of new products, processes or systems or the introduction of significant improvements in products, processes or systems [11]. The two main objectives of these programs are the strengthening of the scientific and technological background of the European industry and encouragement of their international competitiveness. The Portuguese research and innovation performance relate the knowledge investment input and performance and economic output throughout the innovation cycle. They show thematic strengths in key technologies and also the high-tech and medium-tech contribution to the trade balance. The indicator on excellence in science and technology takes into consideration the qualification of scientific production as well the technological development. The Innovation Output Indicator covers technological innovation, skills in knowledge-intensive activities, the competitiveness of knowledge-intensive goods and services and the innovativeness of fast-growing enterprises, focusing on innovation output. The

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indicator on knowledge-intensity of the economy focuses on the economy’s cluster composition and specialization and shows the evolution of the weight of knowledge-intensive sectors and products [11]. 2.1. Framework Programme The most relevant policy priorities in European Financing for Co Promoting programs are to intensify the efforts of national RTD, support the National Innovation System, promote and strengthen the internal skills of creating new knowledge within firms, improving the competitiveness of enterprises in their value chain through the incorporation of new knowledge and skills to develop new / significantly improved products, processes or services, intensify the collaboration between business entities and research institutions, promote the development of RTD projects between companies (business cooperation) and to reduce the gap between the priorities and areas of expertise of the research entities and companies necessities [11-12]. The previous Framework Programme FP7, more precisely, the “strengthened support to Future vand Emerging Technologies – FET founded two of the three projects where the methodology was applied where the remaining was founded by another ICT programme. The FET scheme acts as the pathfinder for the main stream ICT research. It aims to set new foundations for future ICT by exploring new unconventional ideas that can challenge our understanding of the scientific concepts behind ICT and that can impact future industrial ICT research agendas. Hence, its priorities are influenced by new developments and emerging opportunities in a wide range of scientific areas, as well as by the need to nurture the emergence of new, often multidisciplinary, European research communities. FET will operate with a Proactive and an Open scheme, including activities to support new talents and high- tech SMEs, to prepare the set-up of FET Flagship Initiatives, and to strengthen the international dimension of FET [13-14]. 2.2. UBI European Projects The University of Beira Interior (UBI), in particular the Electromechanical Department, have focused their efforts in the field of aeronautical transports. The ClusterDEM, a research group of UBI Electromechanical Department, was involved in three projects funded by FP7. UBI was partner in MAAT - Multibody Advanced Airship for Transport (FP7-AAT-2011-RTD-1) and ACHEON - Aerial Coanda High Efficiency Orienting-jet Nozzle (FP7-AAT-2012-RTD-L0 but, in CROP - Cycloidal Rotor Optimized for Propulsion (FP7-AAT-2012-RTD-L0) , it was coordinator and project Leader [2-4]. MAAT project was a level 1 project, which means that MAAT project had bases in technologies and existing studies and, at the end, it created a prototype as a final result of this research study. ACHEON and CROP projects were level zero projects, were the main objective was to study new ideas that may be studied more deeply in other research levels in case it could be proved to be advantageous. The "budgets" of these projects were financed in 75% by the European Union and in 25% by the project

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partners [2]. MAAT had a budget that exceeded EUR 5 million where the remaining two projects financing rounded the EUR 800 thousand each. CROP project introduced an innovative aircraft propulsion system based on cycloidal rotor concept, using an integrated approach that includes an electric drive as part of a powered structure, integrated in an environmentally friendly energy structure. The CROP´s drive concept is revolutionary, it was introduced in a new aircraft concept designed by IAT21 company and in the Future it will overcome the traditional take-off and landing limitations, including the ability to hover in the air [3]. The ACHEON project exploited an innovative propulsion system for aircraft that overcomes the main traditional systems limitations, introducing a new propulsion system based on an air jet deflection, without any part of the propulsion system in motion. The ACHEON system is based on three physical effects: a) Jets with air mixture at high speed; b) Coanda effect applied to a high speed jet to a convex surface; c) effect of Control Coanda by electrostatic fields [4]. 2.3. Universities and Companies cooperation The relation between universities and companies has been analysed in several studies. Belderbos analyzed the impact of R&D cooperation on firm performance differentiating between four types of R&D partners (competitors, suppliers, customers, and universities and research institutes [5]. Some author defend determinants of R&D partnerships differ depending on the type of R&D and cooperation partner [15]. The literature in the management and technology policy domain has examined broader motivations for R&D cooperation than internalising involuntary knowledge spillovers and has paid more attention to the voluntary nature of knowledge exchange in R&D alliances [15]. Belderbos defend that Cooperation with a type of partner generally is more likely to be chosen if that type of partner is considered an important source of knowledge for the innovation process, while knowledge sourced from universities and research institutes positively impacts all types of cooperation. R&D cooperation with universities is more likely to be chosen by R&D intensive firms in sectors that exhibit faster technological and product development [16]. Tether agree that cooperation between universities and research institutes with Companies and small firms is generally more aimed at innovations that may open up entire new markets or market segments [17]. Cooperation is comparatively more frequent in chemicals, metallurgy, and business services. But if we look at Science-based industries such as electronics and chemicals, food and metallurgy industries, report a higher share of university cooperation compared to the other types of cooperation [5]. Caloghirou has a great work where he investigates the characteristics of university-industry collaboration in a large set of research joint ventures, established in the context of the European Framework Programmes over a period of fourteen years. We agree with his point of view when he said the companies cooperate with universities to exploit research synergies leading to cost savings or improvements in R&D productivity, keeping up with major technological developments, and sharing

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R&D cost, but more important than this the companies benefit from such collaboration has been the positive impact on their knowledge base [18]. 2.4. Project Management The Project management is a complex and ongoing activity, which can provide competitive advantage to an organization, but on the other hand, can bring you many problems if not managed in a proper and professional way. Therefore having an appropriate project methodology helps the project to achieve its objectives [19]. Baptista et al, believe that the connection between companies and Universities is the main driver for innovative business success. However the success of this relationship is only possible, if there is a management methodology appropriate to the complexity of the projects which are developed in consortiums, multi- sectorial and are culturally so different [19]. In the some way, Geraildi et al, said that the investment in R&D arises the necessity of new methodologies that are able to follow all the stages of the product creation from the R & D study to its introduction on the market [20]. 3. Risk Prevention Methodology This methodology was based in rules delimited by the European Commission in respect to the functioning of the co-promotion projects that were founding by the old investment Framework Programme FP7 [13-14]. 2.1. IPRs At the start of the project, an IP register has been produced to allow each participating organization to contribute to it. To each partner was required a list in the Register with all of its Background IP (patents, know-how, protocols etc.) or third parties IP that was relevant or could affect the exploitation of foreground that was generated during the project. Each partner was able to insert on the register any external IP that it may discovered that similarly could affect protection, or use, during the course of the project and would support the activities of the CROP Steering Committee in deciding on the areas and nature of IPR protection that will be pursued. 3.2. General Rules Management The organizational management activity consisted in the rationalization of the technical efforts and outputs of the partners. The general proceeds included:  The definition of team cooperation software platforms to be adopted.  monitoring the work, including technical results and deliverable preparation

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 monitoring the use of resources according to the technical activities by task leaders against technical milestones  defining the outputs and project objectives  coordinating internal review of project’s outputs  addressing and verifying the coordination between related WPs  verifying the respect of deadlines, technical objectives and technical critical issues  providing organization of physical and virtual meetings with regular deadlines, in accordance with the project plan, to assess the degree of completion of project objectives. 3.3. Consortium Barometer We developed a Consortium Barometer – a self-assessment tool for managing the consortia. 12 factors are identified, which can have a major impact on the success or failure of a Consortium. By asking the partners to classify how well they think the Consortium is performing against each of these factors, it is possible to highlight the underlying causes of problems, or to identify factors that may give rise to problems in the future, and assessing of the quality of the collaboration and progress of the activities within each WP. Marked differences in the ratings given by different partners will also help to identify partners who may feel they have been marginalized or whose basic approach to the project differs fundamentally from the majority. We monitored, in collaboration with the WP leaders, the work performed by the project partners against technical milestones. We also addressed the coordination between related WPs and supported the organization of physical and virtual meetings with regular deadlines. This may give rise to questions as to whether they are in the right project with the right partners. Exposing fundamental differences of approach early in the life of a Consortium can help avoid major problems later on. On this Barometer, factors rated with a 4 or 5 are the strong factors and should be cherished. Factors scoring 3 require attention. Factors scoring 2 or 1 represent threats to the viability of the Consortium and should be addressed a matter of urgency. The Barometer is to be submitted by each partner team leader, only 1 per organization (not 1 each person working on the project). 3.4. WP Assessment and Evaluation Questionnaire The questionnaire applied to the work package (WP) is another key point of the project risks control. When we work in projects like MAAT, a project with 12 partners (8 Universities and 4 Companies), with a budget superior to Eur 5 million, we should be aware of any minimal warning signal. The WP consisted in a set of tasks where one of the partners is dominated leader and where the other partners have responsibilities in the preparation of key documents submitted to the US.

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This means that, within the same WP, we have several partners to work together on various activities, where each has a key role to perform. If a partner is late, or has some kind of problems in the performance of their duties, it will be reflected throughout the WP and will imply a delay in the reports elaboration which, as consequence, will affect the overall project. It is therefore necessary to identify the critical points and control in periods of 6 months (this varies from project to project, in our case was six months because the projects were projects 2 and 3 years) the execution of tasks. This questionnaire is quite simple. It is divided into four key sections. The first section addresses the quality, form and timing of reports. The second one is related to objectives of the work package. The third is associated to the relationship and cooperation between the different partners in the work package and the last one is about the management and coordination of the work package. 4. Conclusion The application of project management tools as well the existence of project manager are ever more a decisive factor in the successful implementation of a project. If in individual projects within an organization it is not valued, in co-operation projects it is essential. In this case study, where the methodology was applied, it was proved the relevance of the latter to ensure that projects could achieve its objectives. In a first stage, this methodology addresses elements as important as the protection of data that each partner already has at the beginning of the project. Relating to CROP project, one of its partners owned already several patents related to the theme of the project, which implied a reinforced vigilance in order to avoid the violation of the industrial property rights of the referred partners. By applying the Consortium barometer and the WP performance evaluation questionnaire it was possible to lift small rising conflicts within the consortium. These problems were analyzed by the project coordinator team and was promptly scheduled a meeting where, in addition to other subjects, was resolved this small conflicts. The periodic reports, the fulfillment of the documentation delivery dates and essential information exchanges during the work were other tools used by the team management and coordination of the project to detect some deviations of certain project partners. With these warnings it was easier to plan actions to solve these problems. In the future, we can reformulate the used tools, specially, the Consortium barrometer and WP Evaluation Questionnaire in order to suit them to the referred project and, with this, to make them even more precise tools to detect the risks in the project. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank European Commission for financing for funding the projects where methodology was applied. The authors wish to thank University of Beira Interior and C-MAST - Center for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, for giving us the all remaining support for

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that we can make this work. Finally the authors also wish to thank to Mr. Nicola Salamon, former Project Manager of University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy, for his great contribute in the methodology design.

References [1] Baptista A.A, Santos F.B, Pascoa J. CPM in the Management of multinational technological research projects in the European context. International conference on Engineering UBI. 27-29 Nov, 2013. [2] Description of Work. CROP Project: Cycloidal Rotor Optimized for Propulsion. EC Grant agreement no: 323047, September 2012. [3] Description of Work. ACHOEN Project: Aerial Coanda High Efficiency Orienting-jet Nozzle. EC Grant agreement no: 309041, March 2012. [4] Description of Work. MAAT Project: Multibody Advanced Airship for Transport. EC Grant agreement no: 285602, June 2011. [5] Belderbos, R, Carree M, Lokshin B. Cooperative RD and firm performance. Science-Direct Research Policy 33 pp 14771492,Oct 2004. [6] Report Deliverable CROP. D1.3 Final Report. UBI/CROP consortium, March 2015 (submitted). [7] Rodrigues-da-Silva L.H, Crispim J.A. The project risk management process, a preliminary study. ProjMAN 2014 International Conference on Project MANagement - Procedia Technology 16 ( 2014 ) 943 – 949 doi: 10.1016/j.protcy.2014.10.047 [8] Kawn T.W, Leung K.N.H. A Risk Management Methodology for Project Risk Dependencies. IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering vol 37, n 5, Sep 2011. Doi10.1109/TSE.2010.108. [9] Project Manager Institute - PMI, “A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge” 5th ed. Project Manager Institute, Inc, Newtown Square, PA, 2013. [10] Moreira A, Sesena J. Comprehensive analysis of programmes and initiatives in Portugal that assist the collaboration between science and SME. FP7 European Commission Report, Brussels Sep 2010. [11] European Commission. Research and Innovation Performance in Portugal. Publications Office of the European Union, ISBN 978-92-79 40307-1. doi 10.2777/92024 Luxemburg 2014. [12] Staff EC. Recommendation for a Council Recommendation on Portugal’s 2014 national reform programme and and delivering a Council opinion on Portugal’s 2014 stability programme. European Commission Report, Brussels Jun 2014. [13] European Commission, “FP7 in Brief - How to get involved in the EU 7th Framework Programme for Research”, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Belgium 2007; [14] European Union. Guidance for Beneficiaries of European Structural and Investment Funds and related EU instruments. Publications Office of the European Union, Belgium 2014. [15] Das, T.K., Teng, B.-S.. A resource-based theory of strategic alliances. Journal of Management 26 (1), 31–60, 2000. [16] Belderbos, R., Carree, M., Diederen, B., Lokshin, B., Veugelers, R. Heterogeneity in R&D cooperation strategies. International Journal of Industrial Organization, in press, 2004. [17] Tether, B. Who co-operates for innovation, and why: an empirical analysis. Research Policy 31, 947–967, 2002. [18] Caloghirou, Y., Tsakanikas, A., Vonortas, N.S. University–industry cooperation in the context of the European Framework Programmes. Journal of Technology Transfer 26, 153–160, 2001. [19] Baptista A.A., Santos F.B, Pascoa J, Sanding N. Project Management Methodologies as Main Tool for Current Challenges in Global Economy Driving Historical Changes. Journal of Advanced Management science, vol4 nº2 pp 146-151, Oct 2014.

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[20] Geraldi J.G. Turner, J.R. Maylor, H. Söderholm, A. Hobday, M and Brady, T.“Innovation in project management: Voices of Researchers, Elsevier - ScienceDirect - International Journal of Project Management, vol. 26, pp. 586-589, 2008.

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Quality: The Third Element of Earned Value Management Marcelo Dodson1, Guilherme Defavari2, Vitor Carvalho3 Argosy University – 5250 17th St, Sarasota, FL 34235, United States of America 2 Environmental Engineer, Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, SP, Brazil 3 Undergraduate student, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

1

Abstract This paper aims to contribute to studies seeking to add the quality component into earned value management method using as background a case study in agricultural operation. Thus, this case study considered harvesting soybean in a farm located in Brazil as a project. A methodology for calculating the Quality Earned Value (QEV) is proposed. It is proposed formulas to estimate the Quality Variance (QV), Quality Index Number (QIN), and Quality Performance Index (QPI). It was identified five quality indicators for harvesting soybean that were used to illustrate the proposed method. Also, it was evaluated the possibility of using the EVM to assess the operational performance of crops. The lack of quality resulted in a QIN as 0.67 (average), and an accumulated QEV as R$ 7,074.12. The results indicated a SPI as 0.07, the total cost as R$ 10,470.60, average CPI as 0.46, and an expense of R$ 2,519.25 higher than planned budget (R$ 7,950.90). The results indicated that it is possible to add the quality component in EVM method and that EVM can be used to measure the performance of harvesting soybean, however, further assessments are needed. Keywords: project management, earned value management, quality, agriculture.

1. Introduction The actual business environment, with scarce resources and high competition, demands efficient managerial tools to delivery projects on time, on budget, and in accordance of the stakeholders’ requirements. On this scenario, Earned Value Management (EVM) is recognized as an efficient tool to measure performance and provide feedback for ongoing project [12]. Another important EVM feature is its applicability in a range of project types from Aeronautics [10] to research projects [2]. However, the EVM methodology does not include the quality component in its method. In 2011, the North American government requested to the Department of Defense (DoD) to consider its inclusion in the Earned Value Management System (EVMS) of Dod’s acquisition program [14]. [17] explained the problem stating that while EVM is efficient to provide information on the project budget and costs status, EVM is still weak to inform whether the custimers quality requirements has been met.

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In order to address this issue, articles have been published trying to contribute with the efforts to include quality in the EVM sucha as [15]; [7]; [17]; and [8]. [15] propose to use the Capability Maturity Model Integration to strengthen adherence to EVM principles, especially regarding quality assurance. [7] used control chart to monitor variation in schedule and costs performances. [17] proposed to integrate critical quality metrics into the EVM. [15] suggested to use quality cost as quality variable and introduces it into the EVM. On this scenario, this paper aims to contribute with the knowledge building efforts to add quality into the EVM. It is proposed a method that focuses on the actual cost to meet the project quality requirement. The method is described using as a project the soybean harvesting operation. 2. Brief introduction on agriculture project management Agriculture is still an economic area where project management techniques (PMT) and EVM are not used as common managerial tool. [13] may be considered as pioneer in recommend PMT for agricultural project. He stressed that PM can be used in a wide range of agricultural cases such as in large-scale investments on individual farms to irrigation projects [13]. [9] found that PMT has been increasing in agriculture and food industry. Also, [16] use PMT to manage several investment on agricultural projects in developing nations. However, it is small the amount of studies using PMT to manage crops. [6] compared the crop life cycle and the project life cycle and concluded that crops could be considered as a project. Using the A Guide to project management body of knowledge - PMBOK® Guide 4th edition [11], [4] elaborated a project to manage a four years cycle of sugarcane crop. They concluded that not only is the methodology efficient for managing all farming operation activities but also does it ehance the quality and risk management of all farming operations. [3] stated “by integrating the PM knowledge areas through the crop life cycle is possible to achieve a more sustainable agriculture in which profit, stewardship, and quality of life are met (p.15)”. By considering a crop as a project, a new range of operational performance assessment can be achieved by applying efficient managerial tools such as EVM. Therefore, the second objective of this study is show the applicability of EVM to evaluate farming operations. 3. Methodology 3.1. Earned Value Management This study followed the methodology found in these two publications: Practice Standard for Earned Value Management [11] and Earned Value Project Management [5]. The earned value (EV) was estimated using the percentage complete technique [3]. Table 1 summarizes the major EVM definitions and formulas utilized in this study.

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Table 1: Description of EVM definitions and formulas. Name

Description

Formula

Planned value (PV)

The sum of budgets for al authorized work. Also known as the performance measurement baseline

Earned value (EV)

The authorized work physically accomplished

Actual cost (AC)

The total costs to achieve the actual work performed to date

Schedule variance (SV)

Determines whether the project is ahead of or behind schedule

SV=EV-PV

Schedule performance index (SPI)

Indicates how efficiently the time has been used when compared to the baseline

SPI= EV/PV

Cost variance (CV)

Determines whether the project is under or over budget

CV=EV-AC

Cost performance index (CPI)

Indicates the cumulative cost efficiency of the project

CPI=EV/AC

EV=PV*% of completed work

Sources: Adapted from [11] and [5].

The work breakdown structure (WBS) was utilized to create the activity list for the soybean harvesting project (see table 3). For each task listed on table 3, it was estimated its time and cost. Time for each task execution was elaborated either using agronomic techniques or by asking the farmer his opinion. The budget at completion was estimated using the total cost method using the information of the farmer’s loan project, which was elaborated on May 2012. The actual costs were elaborated using receipts and personal notes of expenses during the harvesting operation that occurred in April, 2013. 3.2. Quality Earned Value (QEV) The objective of Quality Earned Value (QEV) is to measure the project ability to deliver the quality requirements defined by the project’s stakeholder, throughout the project execution. It focuses on providing a snapshot of the project efficiency to deliver the project quality requirements based on the used time and spent money (actual costs). Additionally, the methodology seeks to link the quality management process to the earned value management. Therefore, the processes and formulas follow similar logic existent in the EVM. Table 2 presents the Quality Earned Value components.

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Table 2: Description of EVM definitions and formulas. Name

Description

Quality Requirements (QR)

It is the quality requirements for a given task. The unit may vary according to the QR

Quality Performance Index (QPI)

Indicates how efficient the project is conducted to meet the task’s QR. It is used when a task has one quality requirement or as part of the Quality Index Number (QIN) when a task has more than one QR

QPI = 1 (when requirements are met

The ratio between the Sum of Quality Performance Index (QPI) for a given task, divided by the sum of the number of Quality Requirements (NQR) for a given task. It is used when a task has more than one quality requirement

QIN= ∑QPI/∑NQR

The earned value of the work that met QR of the performed work. It is estimated by multiplying the QPI (or QIN) by the Actual Costs (AC) expressed in monetary units.

QEV= QPI*AC (one QR per task)

Indicates the cumulative quality efficiency of the project

QV=QEV-AC

Quality (QIN)

Index

Quality (QEV)

Earned

Number

Value

Quality Variance (QV)

Formula

the

quality

QPI= 0 (when the quality requirements are NOT met)

1 QR = 1NQR

QEV= QIN*AC (More than one QR per task)

In order to elaborate the Quality Earned Value (QEV), we took five steps as following: 3.2.1. Step 1 The first step was to identify quality indicators for each activity listed on the WBS. A table was elaborated having a column for the project WBS and their quality requirements (see table 3). Then a quality management plan was elaborated following recommendations the PMBOK ® Guide 4th. In this case study, it was defined and measured only quality requirements in the task 1.2.1.

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Table 3: Quality indicator list per activity listed on the WBS. WBS

Name

1

Soybean Harvesting

1.1

Pre harvesting

1.1.1

Freight: Harvester

1.1.2

Freight: Tractor + Loader

1.1.3

Freight: Trunk 1

1.2

Harvesting

1.2.1

Harvester machine

Quality Requirements

Pre-harvest grain losses + Pos-harvest grain losses: 1.5 sc/ha Worked hours:7 hours per day Grain moisture: 14 % Impurities: 3%

1.2.2

Grain transfer: (tractor + loader)

1.2.3

Quality control

1.2.4

Freight 1 (own Trunck)

1.2.5

Freight 2 (contractor)

1.2.6

Freight 3 (contractor)

1.3

Project Management

3.2.3. Step 2 The next step was to draw a table the limits of specification for each quality requirement listed on table 3. In order to facilitate the next steps, the Quality Performance Index was also added to the table.

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Table 4: Soybean harvesting quality requirements Description

Impurities

Grain moisture

Worked hours

Grain loss

(%)

(%)

(hours)

(Bags/ha)

Quality Performance Index

Lower Specification Limit

0

10

6.5

0.0

1.0

Target

2

13

7.0

1.0

1.0

Upper Specification Limit

3

14

7.5

1.5

1.0

Out of specification

>3

>14

>7.5

>1.5

0.0

3.2.3. Step 3 The quality management team monitored and controlled the project quality in parallel with the schedule and cost management team. The quality data was collected during the execution of each task or at the end of it, following the quality management plan. In order to collect data on field, it was taken 50 samples before harvesting for quality control of pre-harvesting grain loss, and other 50 samples postharvesting for quality control of the remainder quality requirement item on task number 1.2.1 (Harvester machine). The researchers used a GPS to mark the data collecting points on the field in order to collect data at the same points pre and post-harvesting. The post-harvesting data collection accompanied the harvester machine work. The findings were grouped in worked days. Then, it was calculated the percent of samples that were between the Lower Specification Limit (LSL) and the Upper Specification Limit (USL). 3.2.4. Step 4 The final step was to calculate the Quality Earned Value (QEV) for task 1.2.1 (see table 5). Every day, the quality requirements data was collected along with the schedule and cost data. Table 5 grouped the quality requirements (QR), the Quality Performance Index (QPI), the Quality Index Number (QIN), the work day actual cost, the Quality Earned Value (QEV), and the Quality Variance (QV). 3.2.5. Step 5 In order to make easier the interpretation of the EVM and QEV performance measures, it was elaborated the table 6 that shows all possible combination between schedule, cost, and quality. This table is and adaptation of original table found in the ([12], p. 16). Table 5: Interpretations of EVM considering the Quality Variance (adapted from PMI, 2005) Performance Measures

Schedule

Performance Measures

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SV > 0 & SPI > 1.0

SV = 0 & SPI = 1.0

SV < 0 & SPI < 1.0

CV > 0 & CPI > 1.0

Under specification Ahead of Schedule Under Budget

Under specification On Schedule Under Budget

Under specification Behind Schedule Under Budget

QV = 0 & QPI = 1.0

CV > 0 & CPI > 1.0

Out of Specification Ahead of Schedule Under Budget

Out of Specification On Schedule Under Budget

Out of Specification Behind Schedule Under Budget

QV > 0 & QPI = 0

CV = 0 & CPI = 1.0

Under specification Ahead of Schedule On Budget

Under specification On Schedule On Budget

Under specification Behind Schedule On Budget

QV = 0 & QPI = 1.0

CV = 0 & CPI = 1.0

Out of Specification Ahead of Schedule On Budget

Out of Specification On Schedule On Budget

Out of Specification Behind Schedule On Budget

QV > 0 & QPI = 0

CV < 0 & CPI < 1.0

Under specification Ahead of Schedule Over Budget

Under specification On Schedule Over Budget

Under specification Behind Schedule Over Budget

QV = 0 & QPI = 1.0

CV < 0 & CPI < 1.0

Out of Specification Ahead of Schedule Over Budget

Out of Specification On Schedule Over Budget

Out of Specification Behind Schedule Over Budget

QV > 0 & QPI = 0

Cost

Quality

4. Results 4.1. Time management The harvest was planned to take place from April 6th to 13, 2013. However, it rained between April 6 and 7th 2013, postponing the starting of the harvest to April 9. The farmer carried his machines to field on April 9, starting the soybean harvesting in the afternoon. It rained again on the night of April 10, forcing the farmer to stop harvesting in the area of study and transport his machinery to another field. He returned to the area of study on April 19, spending four working days to finish the harvesting on April 22nd , 2013. The rains on April 6th and 7th caused a delay of 3 days at the beginning of the project resulting in a negative schedule variation on April 9 and 10 as R$ 162.06 and R$ 538.17, respectively. The schedule performance index (SPII) as 0.30 and 0.59, respectively. The project was expected to be close on April 13, however, the project extended until the April 22nd , which resulted in overall SPI equals 0.07. (see Table 7). Figure 1 shows the project’s “S” curve of the Soybean Harvesting Project. th

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4.2. Cost management The estimated budget for the harvesting project was R$ 7,951.35, based on calculations on August 2012, when the farmer got the loan for funding the crop cycle at a Brazilian bank. The rains forced the farmer to spend twice with machinery freight than it was planned. In addition, he planned to deliver the soybean production in the nearest cooperative’s Silo. On April 10th, the farmer was informed that the deposits was complete load, forcing him to deliver the remaining production in a warehouse 100 km away from the Cooperative’s silo, which increased the freight costs. Thus, the soybean crop cost R$ 10,470.60, which represents an cumulative cost of variation (CV) of R$ 3,389.32 and average cost performance index (CPI) 0.46 (see table 7). 4.3 Quality Earned Value (QEV) In Table 6 shows the Quality Earned Value (QEV) per working day (milestones). On April 21 soybeans had a moisture percentage above the QR limits and grain loss over the specification limits, resulting a QV of R$817.22. QIN was 0.5 meaning that 50 percent of the performed work met the QR. In other words, the farmer wasted R$ 817.22 in work out the specification. The overall lack of quality of the performed work resulted a QIN equals 0.67. It means that R$0.67 of the work performed met the limits of specifications for each Real spent in the project. The farmer spent R$10,470.60 on harvesting soybean in which R$7,074.12 was converted into “correct” deliverables, resulting on R$3,396.47 of performed work out the quality requirements. Table 6: Quality Earned Value (QEV) for the harvesting activity. Day 9 10 19 20 21 22

Impurities % QR QPI 2.54 1.00 2.52 1.00 2.25 1.00 3.00 3.00 1.00 2.06 1.00 1.04 1.00

Moisture Worked hours Grain loss % QR QPI Hours QR QPI Bags/ha QR 14.00 1.00 6.50 1.00 1.94 14.00 1.00 7.00 1.00 2.77 14.00 1.00 6.80 1.00 2.27 14.00 7.00 1.50 14.00 1.00 6.50 1.00 3.55 18.00 0.00 7.00 1.00 2.28 14.00 1.00 6.00 0.00 2.70

Index Number QPI Sum (QPI) QIN 0.00 3.00 0.75 0.00 3.00 0.75 0.00 3.00 0.75 0.00 3.00 0.75 0.00 2.00 0.50 0.00 2.00 0.50 0.67

Quality Earned Value AC (R$) QEV (R$) QV (R$) 1,803.11 1,352.33 (450.78) 1,496.78 1,122.59 (374.20) 2,846.39 2,134.80 (711.60) 1,209.01 906.76 (302.25) 1,634.45 817.22 (817.22) 1,480.85 740.42 (740.42) 10,470.60 7,074.12 (3,396.47)

QR: Quality requirements; QIN: Quality Index Number; QPI: Quality Performance Index; QEV: Quality Earned Value; and QV: Quality Variance

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Table 7: Earned Value Management: Schedule and Cost

Day

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

19

20

21

22 Total

Planned Value (R$)

Actual Cost (R$)

5.00

729.31

778.20

Earned Value

Schedule Management

Cost Management

Quality Earned Value

(%)

SV (R$)

CV(R$)

QIN

(R$)

-

-

-

(5.00)

-

-

-

(729.31)

-

-

-

(778.20)

896.37

1,803.11

100.00

1,316.37

1,496.78

100.00

1,711.54

1,316.37

1,198.20

(162.06)

778.20

(538.17)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2,820.11

100.00

-

1,209.01

100.00

-

1,634.45

100.00

-

1,480.85

100.00

7,951.36

10,470.60

-

-

-

7,951.35

-

-

734.31

-

SPI

-

-

0.30

0.59

(1,711.54)

-

(1,316.37)

-

(1,198.20)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(6,438.85)

0.07

323

-

-

CPI -

-

-

QEV (R$)

QV (R$)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(1,068.80)

0.41

0.75

1,352.33

(450.78)

(718.58)

0.52

0.75

1,122.59

(374.20)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(1,503.74)

0.47

0.75

2,134.80

(711.60)

502.53

1.42

0.75

906.76

(302.25)

(318.08)

0.81

0.50

817.22

(817.22)

(282.65)

0.81

0.50

740.42

(740.42)

(3,389.32)

0.46

0.67

7,074.12

(3,396.47)


Fig. 1. Cumulative Planned Value, Earned Value, Actual Costs, and Quality Earned Value for the Soybean Harvesting Project.

5. Conclusion This study aimed to contribute to the studies for inclusion the quality component into EVM method. Its secondary purpose was to present the possibility of using EVM to assess the operating performance of agricultural activities. This case study considered as project the soybean harvesting. The results showed that delays in harvest generated a SPI as 0.07 and the cumulative actual costs were R$ 2,519.25 higher than planned value R$7,951.36. The ability of the project to meet the quality requirements was between 50% and 75%. The limitation of this study was the small number of activities evaluated, and the use of five quality requirements, so further studies are recommend, in order to improve or validate the proposed methodology.

References [1] Cabanis-Brewin, J. (2010). Lessons from the farm. PMI Global Congress, pp. 1-7. [2] Caron, F., Ruggeri, F., & Merli, A. (2012). A Bayesian Approach to Improve Estimate at Completion in Earned Value Management. Project Management Journal 44(1), pp. 3-16.

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[3] Dodson, M. S. (2012). Project Management and Sustainable Agriculture. 10th Annual Argosy University College of Business Conference, Sarasota Campus (pp. 1-15). Sarasota, FL: Argosy University. [4] Dodson, M. S., ChavesJr, R. A., Rodriguez, L. H., Smith, V. Y., & Wells, S. (2011). Agricultural Project Management: Sugarcane Farming Operations Case Study. Tampa, FL: Devry Univesity. [5] Fleming, Q. W., & Koppelman, J. M. (2010). Earned Value Project Management. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, Inc. [6] Greenia, R. C., & Posluszny, A. (1998). The Farmer as Project Manager. 29th Annual Project Management Institute 1998 Seminars & Symposium, 6. [7] Leu, S.-S., Lin, Y.-C., Chen, T.-A., & Ho, Y.-Y. (2006). Improving Traditional Earned Value Management bBy Incorporating Statistical Process Charts . International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (pp. 275279). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE). [8] Ma, X., & Yang, B. (2012). Optimization study of Earned Value Method in construction project management. 2012 International Conference On Information Management, Innovation Management And Industrial Engineering (pp. 1-4). Tokyo, Japan: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . [9] Nagy, A., Fenyves, V., & Nábrádi, A. (2009). Project management systems in agriculture in the northern great plain region of Hungary. Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, pp. 223-226. [10] National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (2013). Earned Value Management (EVM) Implementation Handbook. Retrieved from http://ntrs.nasa.gov/ [11] PMI. (2008). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. [12] Project Management Institute (PMI). (2005). Practice Standard for Earned Value Management. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, Inc. [13] Smith, P. (1984). Agriculture Project Management. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc. [14] Solomon, P. (2002, 10). Using CMMI to Improve Earned Value Management . Retrieved from Carnegie Mellon University: http://resources.sei.cmu.edu/asset_files/TechnicalNote/2002_004_001_13976.pdf [15] Solomon, P. (2011, June). Path to Earned Value Management Acquisition Reform. Retrieved from http://www.dau.mil/pubscats/ATL%20Docs/May-June11/Solomon.pdf [16] World Bank. (2008). Toolkit for Monitoring and Evaluation of Agricultural Water Management Projects. Retrieved from World Bank: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/07/23/000334955_20080723051908/Rendered/P DF/447990WP0Box321BLIC10m1etoolkit1web.pdf [17] Yerabolu, R. (2010). Quality, Risk Management, and Integration Management Disciplines into Earned Value Management (EVM) for Deriving Performance Based Earned Value (PBEV) . Retrieved from Project Management Institute: http://www.pmi.org/Knowledge-Center/Knowledge-Shelf/~/media/Members/Knowledge%20Shelf/Yerabolu2_2010.ashx

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Risk and Efficiency of Bicycle Paths Vít Hromádkaa, Maryna Shashkob a b

Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Veveří 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Veveří 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Abstract This article concentrates on the cycle paths projects economic valuation and risks in the course of their realisation in the area of the Czech Republic. The objective of the paper is to assess possibilities of valuation of efficiency and risks of the cycle paths projects in the Czech Republic and design the structure of the valuation together with the recommended methods. Achievement of objectives is based on the detailed analysis of the current situation in economic valuation and risks assessment in the area of cycle paths realisation as well as in projects from the related fields as road, railway or water infrastructure. Methods suitable for the efficiency and risk valuation based on Costbenefit Analysis principles or qualitative or quantitative risk analysis are discussed in the article. Possibilities of use of alternative methods functioning on the principles of multi-criterial analysis are also pointed out. The paper raises recommendations for valuation of cycle paths projects efficiency and risks in the area of the Czech Republic resulting from domestic as well as foreign experience and practice. It also suggests future directions of the research into the area of addressed issue. It will be usable for economic efficiency of public investment projects, esp. bicycle paths, evaluation, Keywords: Public Investment Projects; Bicycle Paths; Economic Efficiency, Risk Management, CBA; Simulation

1. Introduction Projects of cycle paths realisation in the Czech Republic do not represent the most important ones from the point of view of investment costs. In spite of this, especially at the municipal level, a large number of them is carried out which requires complex and unified approach to the optimisation of the decision making process about their realisation and effective use of available resources. The paper aims at the issue of efficiency and risk valuation of public investment projects in the area of the cycle paths realisation. Detailed analysis of the current state of the researched topic as well as of related topics is performed. Subsequently the issue of cycle paths projects realisation and valuation in the Czech Republic is analysed and recommendations for optimisation of management processes in the field of efficiency and risks of these projects are raised.

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2. Present state references Cost-benefit Analysis (CBA) is considered to be the most important tool for the valuation of economic efficiency of public investment projects. Generally CBA is based on comparison of economic benefits and costs concerning the valuated project while respecting the time factor at the same time by using appropriate discount rate. The methodology itself is developed in detail and closer explanation can be found for example in Guide to Cost-benefit Analysis of Investment Projects1. Other tools can be represented also by approaches based on multi-criteria analysis. Research2 (Deluka-Tibljaš, 2014) defines the possibilities of the methods used as dominant, maxmin, minmax, conjunctive method, etc. The risk can be considered to be an element of uncertainty, which more or less influences expected results of the human work and projects as well. The risk is on the one hand connected to expectations to achieve extraordinary economic results; on the other hand it could be threatened by danger of failure leading to losses, which can significantly affect the financial stability of the project and can lead to its downfall3. Risk can exist in a lot of different forms and it can have very different impacts, even if the attention is paid just to the construction sector and construction projects. Furthermore, many researchers analyze risks from different perspectives e.g. research4 (Shen, 2007) suggests safety risks, health risks and ecological risks as an integral part of construction project sustainability performance checklist. Other authors focus on natural risks, e.g. in order to enhance risk-based decision making in case of floods5. Regarding the high number of possible risks, which can be met during planning and realization of investment projects, it is necessary to manage particular risks6. The main objective of the project risk management is to increase probability of success of the project and to minimize the danger of its failure. The steps of the project risk management are determination of risk factors of the project, assessment of the importance of risk factors, project risk assessment, valuation of the risk of the project, suggestion and acceptance of operations for its decreasing and preparation of the plan of correction operations 7. Generally, risk management has to be carried out efficiently. It has to permeate all areas, functions and processes of the project8. Projects of bicycle paths do not belong to big projects or megaprojects, but it is clear that risk management is appropriate also for these smaller projects, because the impact of the project realization could be important for the investor. Approaches to economic valuation of cycle paths projects are mentioned for example in research9,10 by Saelensminde (2004) or TemaNord (2005). Using different approaches to economic valuation of cycle paths projects in the Czech Republic is dealt in research11 by Brůhová Foltýnová and Vohnícká (2007) on the model of case study. Risks of the cycle paths projects are discussed in detail in the material 12,13 by (Wardlaw, 2012) or (Wachtel & Lewiston, 1994). For the efficiency and risk management of projects, it is crucial to define and choose an appropriate method or methods. The most important methods, according to the opinion of the authors, are described in the following chapter.

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3. Methodology and methods As it is mentioned in the previous chapter, the basic tool for economic efficiency valuation of investment projects is Cost-benefit Analysis which besides the economic valuation also comprises the risk analysis. Guide to Cost-benefit Analysis of Investment Projects by Eropean Comission1 is considered to be the basic tool for carrying out Cost-benefit Analysis. It contains detailed methodology both for carrying out economic valuation as well as risk analysis. Standard CBA is structured in seven steps: description of the context, definition of objectives, identification of the project, technical feasibility and environmental sustainability, financial analysis and economic analysis risk assessment 1. This article deals mainly with the last two points in relation to cycle paths projects. Economic analysis concentrates on examination of the overall economic efficiency of the project; financial flows used in financial analysis are therefore adjusted and completed by valuated benefits which primarily do not contain financial dimension. Adjustment and completion of the financial flows lie especially in the following steps:  fiscal corrections,  conversion from market to shadow prices,  evaluation of non-market impacts and correction for externalities. Social discount rate is recommended for the calculation of valuation criteria (ENPV, ERR, BCR), which range between 3% (other countries) and 5% (cohesion countries). Guide at the same time recommends steps for the risk analysis processing. The recommended steps for assessing the project risks are as follows:  sensitivity analysis,  qualitative risk analysis,  probabilistic risk analysis,  risk prevention and mitigation. The basic difference of the new Guide (2014) compared to the previous (2008) version is the use of probabilistic analysis and simulation carried out by the Monte-Carlo method, which on one hand put increased demands on determination of probability characteristics of input values and require the use of special software, on the other hand they enable risk quantification and taking into account impacts of risk factors on the valuation criteria. 4. Efficiency valuation and cycle paths projects risk assessment The issue of cycle paths in the Czech Republic – need for their quality economic valuation

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Construction of cycle paths in the Czech Republic has recently represented an important phenomenon of investment constructions of the past 5 years. During this period, approximately 1,500 km of cycle paths have been constructed in the Czech Republic area with the cost of 7.3 billion CZK (267 mil. €) including provided grants14. The importance of presented figures is emphasized by the fact that the total length of cycle paths in the Czech Republic reaches 1,903 km. The largest network of cycle paths and communications suitable for cyclists in the Czech Republic can be found in the area of the capital city of Prague (224 km) as well as in the Central Bohemian Region (215 km) 15. Even if in most cases these are relatively small scale projects (in tenth of million CZK), the total investments into this area are quite high which puts certain demands on the resource management used for their realization. The most frequent resources used for realization are the national resources in the form of municipalities own resources and state grants (MMR, SFDI) as well as international resources especially in the form of EU Structural Funds. The efficiency of cycle paths projects realization lays especially in the assessment of the relation between the investments costs of the project and anticipated benefits supported by the sufficient quality of the work carried out. The survey of average investment costs per 1 km of realized cycle paths for individual countries can be seen in Table 1. Table 1 Investment costs of cycle paths – comparison State

Germany

Belgium

Austria

Czech Rep.

Netherlands

Finland

Denmark

IC (€/km)

168,037

219,178

230,137

146,118

138,813

109,589

284,932

14

Source

It is necessary to mention that individual countries differ in legal and technical regulations and important role is played also by the demandingness of the terrain in which the cycle path is built. Projects of bicycle paths seem to be similar to the projects of road and highway infrastructure. In the case of valuation of road and highway infrastructure projects it is necessary to respect Implementing Guidance for Evaluation of Economic Efficiency of Projects of Road and Motorway Constructions. In the case of preparation of cycle paths projects realisation in Czech conditions, no implementing guidelines specialised only in cycle paths realisation are applied. The basic strategic document in the area of cycle transport is National Strategy of the Cycle Transport Development in the Czech Republic. In the process of economic valuation and risk analysis, it is possible to build on general practices for processing similar analyses of public projects. In case where economic valuation and risk analysis form part of application for grant funds, it is essential to follow the requirements as well as structure defined by the grant provider. In the Czech Republic conditions it is possible to use a universal tool for Costbenefit Analysis which is eCBA application. It has already been used for processing the applications for EU grants and thus respects the required structure. Economic eCBA valuation

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From the point of view of economic valuation, eCBA software provides standard background for input parameters definition and economic efficiency criterial parameters calculation. Above standard options are represented by the possibility to assess several benefits brought by the projects. Software eCBA concentrates on economic valuation processing of various types of public projects and structure of benefits for which the valuation is carried out based on the structure required by the application users themselves. Benefits for cycle paths are not uniquely determined as it is the case of road and water infrastructures. With respect to the frequency of the processing the cycle paths projects via eCBA application, benefits related to these projects are already included in the database. The survey of benefits valuated in the framework of eCBA application is listed in Table 2. Table 2 Benefits related to the cycle paths realisation Benefit specification

Benefit unit

Impact unit price (€/unit)

Prevention of minor injuries occurrence

Prevention of minor injury

24.103

Prevention of serious injuries occurrence

Prevention of serious injury

175.345

Prevention of fatal injuries occurrence

Human life

636.494

Extension of cycle paths

User and km

0.072

Source: software eCBA (www.ecba.cz)

Benefits listed in Table 2 are determined in accordance with the Guide 1 using Value of Statistical Life, Human Capital Approach and Willingness to Pay methods. The efficiency valuation carried out within the eCBA method is based on the CBA approach comparing discounted positive and negative economic cash-flow. Key indicators resulting from the CBA are Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR). eCBA risk assessment Valuation and risk assessment through eCBA program is exclusively based on the principles of expert valuation e.g. qualitative analysis. For identified risks, the impact of risk and probability of its occurrence are determined. Based on the combination of these two characteristics of the risk, its importance is derived within verbally expressed scale ranging from the negligible to critical risk. Component of the risk assessment is also the possibility to define ways leading to risk elimination and prevention. Proposed solution for cycle paths and recommendations In the frame of economic valuation, authors recommend to expand economic valuation especially in taking into account other non-financial impacts connected to increased usage of cycle transport in response to supporting documents9,10,11. Besides own benefits of the users and savings related to the

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impact of the decrease in traffic accidents on the human health, it is possible to incorporate into the cycle paths projects realisation also following benefits:  decrease in the probability of occurrence of serious illnesses thanks to the regular movement,  shortening of the travel time of the road users due to decrease in congestions in relation to the transmission of the part of the car transport to the cycle paths,  lower costs for the acquisition and operation of the means of transport due to change in preferences,  decrease in noise and emissions due to transition of part of the transport from cars to bicycles,  lower costs in relation to parking cars,  increase in the attractiveness of the area as well appreciation of the property thanks to new cycle paths. For the possibility to include the above mentioned impacts into economic valuation, it is necessary to define in detail both the quality and quantity of the partial impacts. Concerning quality, for determination of the unit impact expressed in monetary units, it is possible to use a range of methods developed for valuation and especially based on „Willingness to Pay“. Similarly it is possible to use already existing values of impacts used for valuating e. g. projects of road infrastructure -decrease in noise and emissions of harmful substances, decrease in the number of road accidents, savings in time and operational costs16 or other material in research11 by (Brůhová Foltýnová & Vohnícká, 2007). In case of quantification of individual impacts, it is essential to carry out corresponding research into the interest in using of already realised cycle paths and willingness to change already existing ways of transport. Correctly performed research can provide appropriate base for processing a traffic model which can identify possible changes in the behaviour of the transport system users. In case of project risk valuation, it is possible in relation to the Guide1 and while respecting the experience from the field of valuation of the road, railway and water projects to recommend a detailed quantitative analysis building on qualified identification of risk factors and involving determination of the impact and probability of risk factor occurrence. It is useful to subsequently complete the qualitative analysis by the approach to the partial risk factor solution. Qualitative analysis should be completed by sensitivity analysis expressing the sensitivity of resultant criterial indicators to the changes in selected input values and probability analysis using an appropriate simulation method (e.g. Monte-Carlo) focusing on quantification of the risks using probability characteristics (mean, median, distribution, standard deviation and coefficient of variation). 6. Conclusions Valuation of economic efficiency of the public investment project is an important component of the decision making process about its realisation. The task of risk analysis is subsequently to specify the

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degree of uncertainty connected to the objectives achievement as well as structure and importance of risks which can threaten the project aim. Part of it is also proposal of measurements for the risk elimination and minimising their impacts. The way of economic valuation or risk assessment of the public projects depends considerably on the type and extent of the project realised. The object of the projects dealt with in this paper is cycle paths realisation in the area of the Czech Republic. The aim of the article was evaluation of efficiency valuation and risk assessment possibilities in cycle paths projects in the Czech Republic and the design of the valuation structure together with the recommended methods. This aim has been in the scope of the presented paper met. Further steps in the area of efficiency and risks valuation of the cycle path projects will consist of a detailed analysis of actually existing cycle paths projects realised in the past seven-year period in South Moravia as well as the design of specific procedures, tariffs and criteria for optimization of management process of efficiency and risks of these projects. Acknowledgements This paper has been written with the support of the specific research of Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, grant project no. FAST-S-15-2944 Effective Management of Processes in Civil Engineering II and The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports Programme COST CZ project LD14113 Effectiveness of Megaproject in the Czech Republic.

References 1. Sartori, D. (2014). Guide to Cost-benefit Analysis of Investment Projects, Economic appraisal tool for Cohesion Policy 20142020. European Commission, Directorate-General for Regional and Urban policy. ISBN 978-92-79-34796-2. 2. Deluka-Tibljaš, A., Karleuša, B. Šurdonja, S. & Dragičević, N. (2014). Use of AHP Multi-Criteria Method for Transportation Infrastructure Planning, In conference proceedings of People, Buildings and Environment 2014, an international scientific conference, Kroměříž, Czech Republic, pp. 123-134, ISSN 1805-6784. 3. Smejkal, V., Rais, K. (2005). Řízení rizik ve firmách a jiných organizacích. Grada Publishing, a.s., Praha. ISBN 80-2471667-4. 4. Shen, L., Hao, J., I.; Tam, V., W.; Yao, H. (2007). A checklist for assessing sustainability performance of construction projects, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 13:4, 273-281. 5. Hall, J. & Solomatine, D. (2008). A framework for uncertainty analysis in flood risk management decisions, International Journal of River Basin Management, 6:2, 85-98. 6. Sanderson, J. (2012). Risk, uncertainty and governance in megaprojects: A critical discussion of alternative explanations. International Journal of project management 30(4): 432-443. 7. Fotr, J. & Souček, I. (2006). Podnikatelský záměr a investiční rozhodování. Grada Publishing, a.s., Praha. ISBN 80-2470939-2. 8. Schieg, M. (2006). Risk management in construction project management, Journal of Business Economics and Management, 7:2, 77-83.

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9. Saelensminde, K. (2004) Cost-benefit analysis of walking and cycling track networks taking into account insecurity, health effects and external costs of motorized traffic. Transportation research Part A 38. 10. TemaNord (2005) CBA of Cycling, Nordic Coucil of Ministers. Copenhagen. 11. Brůhová Foltýnová, H., Vohnícká, J. (2007) Analýza nákladů a přínosů a možnosti jejího využití pro aplikaci na cyklistickou infrastrukturu. Cyklokonference (Velké Kralovice) 12. Wardlaw, M. (2012) Assessing the actual risks faced by cyclists. Bicycle Helmet Research Foundation, available on http://www.cyclehelmets.org/. 13. Wachtel. A., Lewiston. D. (1994) Risk Factors for Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Collisions at Intersections. ITE Journal, volume: 64, issue Number: 9, Publisher: Institute of Transportation Engineers, ISSN: 0162-8178 14. Němec J. (2014) Miliardové cyklostezky. Ekonom, 31.7.-6,8.2014, number 31, pages 6-10. ISSN 1210-0714. 15. Martinek, J. (2014) Passport cyklostezek&kontakty. Centrum dopravního výzkumu. 16. Ministry of Transport (2014) Implementing Guidance for Evaluation of Economic Efficiency of Projects of Road and Motorway Constructions. Available on http://www.rsd.cz/Technicke-predpisy/HDM-4.

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Technical product innovation in building material industry in the Czech Republic Oslíková Eva, Tichá Alena, Bartoš Miroslava a

Brno University of technologie, Fakulty of Civil Engineering, Institute of structural economics and management, Veveří 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Abstract The progress of transformation of the worldwide economic system entails the need for evaluation of innovation performance of the EU Member States. Progress achieved in research, development and innovation has been monitored on a regular basis since 1993. The present article focuses on survey of innovations and their results in the form of the Summary Innovation Index for EU countries. Further focus in on innovations in the building material industry in the Czech Republic from the viewpoint of technical product innovation with regard to revenues from the innovated products and cooperation in the process of innovation. A building material provider has been selected to introduce a particular innovation process from the initial idea to the product marketing. The article further describes the options of intellectual property right protection by patent or industrial or utility model in the Czech Republic. Keywords: Innovation, Union of Innovations of EU, Summary Innovation Index, Product innovation, Intellectual property

1. Introduction In the course of the past decade, with continuing transformation of the worldwide economic system, evaluation of innovation performance has become an integral part of macroeconomic studies of development of national economies. Today a major competitive edge may only be built through innovation, economic appreciation of knowledge and human creativeness. 1 Union of Innovations as one of the EU initiatives periodically monitors progress achieved in research, development and innovations. Comparative tables are compiled with key indicators with the help of which progress in this area may be assessed. These indicators are included in the Summary Innovation Index.2 On the basis of the recommendations formulated in the European document of the Union of Innovations the Czech Republic has prepared its National Innovation Strategy. Monitoring of research, development and innovations in the Czech Republic has been done by the Czech Statistical Office.3

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2. Research methods 2.1. Measurement framework Finding the best possible method of measurement of innovation performance in the European Union and its evaluation is a difficult task. The difficulty follows from the very essence of the subject of the measurement. By definition innovation is a qualitative change. Hence every innovation should be different1. But anything can be measured. If a thing can be observed in any way at all, it lends itself to some type of measurement method. No matter how “fuzzy” the measurement is, it´s still a measurement if it tells you more than you knew before. And those very things most likely to be seen as immeasurable are, virtually always, solved by relatively simple measurement methods. 4 Construction of indicators of innovation performance is inevitably preceded by development of a schematic model of innovation – a conceptual framework. The basic source is represented by EUROSTAT statistics and data obtained from innovation surveys of CIS (survey of Community innovations). Further data are from OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), UNCTAD (UN Conference for Trade and Development), FIBV (Global Federation of Stock Exchanges). Where official data are not available reliable private statistics are used. One of the summary indicators allowing for clear and comprehensible comparison of country positions according to a set of selected factors and their development in time is the Summary innovation index – SII. The purpose of this index is to provide an easy-to-interpret tool for evaluation of multiple separate indicators for innovations and thus to obtain an objective ranking of the evaluated countries. The methodology of creation of this index is updated annually. Processing is based on the input-output analysis. The analysis is based on the assumption that the result will show in the context of examination of relations between sources (inputs) and performance of the innovation system (outputs). 1 The input-output analysis was originally used for interdisciplinary balance on the national level with further applications developed later. This analysis has for example been beneficial for measurement of economic impact on culture. The analysis uses matrix count, symmetrical input – output table with the relevant inputs which influence each other. The essence of the method is work with the Leontief inverse matrix.5,6 L= (I-A)-1

(1)

L – Leontief inverse matrix, I – unit matrix of the same order as matrix A, A – coefficient matrix The Summary innovation index 2014 summarizes the performance of a range of different indicators. There are 3 distinctive types of peak indicators – Enablers, Firm activities and Outputs and 8 innovation dimensions further divided to 25 detailed indicators. 7

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2.2. Measurement of Innovations in the Czech Republic The first common harmonized innovation research in the EU took place in 1993. The present statistical survey of innovations is governed by EU Commission Regulation no 995/2012 and is performed in all EU countries every 2 years with 3-year reference period. In the Czech Republic the first pilot survey was performed for the reference period 1999–2001. The found data are used for mapping the innovation environment and innovation potential of enterprises in the individual EU Member States. Innovations of products and processes are crucial for the company and its competitiveness. Supportive function is performed by marketing and organizational innovations which enable finding new effective ways of promotion of new products and services and introduction of flexible changes in corporate governance in reaction to new market trends and customer requirements. Statistics of innovation activities of enterprises (innovation statistics) aims at mapping of the area of innovation activities from the decision of an enterprise to innovate, information sources and partners via the innovation itself (type of innovation) and related costs to economic benefits of the innovation deployment (revenues from the innovated production). The basic methodological material for innovation activity measurement is the Oslo Manual (OECD, 2005).8,9 Product innovation means introduction of goods of services which are new or significantly improved with regard to their characteristics or intended use. The term “product” is used for both goods and services. Product innovation mean both introduction of new goods and services and significant improvements in functional or user characteristics of existing goods and services. 8 Measurements of product innovations in the Czech Republic is based on statistical data of the Czech Statistical Office. 3. Results 3.1. Innovation Performance of EU Member States Performance of national innovation systems within EU is measured by the Summary Innovation Index. Innovation performance of EU Member States is shown by Fig. 1. The Czech Republic (CZ) belongs to the group Moderate Innovators. The EU mean is around 0,54 and Czech republic around 0,45.7

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Fig. 1. Innovation performance of EU Member States in 20147

3.2. Innovation Performance of Building Material Providers in CR In the Czech Republic 468 companies processing building materials were addressed by the survey. They received businesses with more than ten employees and their activities were classified according to NACE-CZ. Section C Manufacturing Section 23rd. The results of the survey by the Czech Statistical Office performed in the years 2010-2012 showed that almost half of the addressed enterprises were involved in an active innovation process Fig. 2(a). Structure of innovation activities was investigated, including non-technological innovation (marketing and organisational) and technological innovation (product and process innovation) Fig. 2(b). The following survey focused on companies with product innovations. The results of product innovation deployment were monitored.

Fig. 2. (a) Classification of nterprises: innovating and non-innovating; (b) Companies by innovation type

Inquiry about types of products introduced showed “Just innovated service” as the lowest category (5%) Fig.3(a). At the same time revenues from innovated products were investigated in innovating companies. The lowest revenues were found in the category of “Revenues from products new to market” (11%) Fig.3(b).

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On the other hand, the revenue category of “Revenues from products unchanged or just slightly modified” showed a surprisingly high percentage, reaching 70%. This point to the fact that most revenues from innovations rather come from rationalisation measures than from higher orders of innovation. Cooperation of building material providers with partners is shown by Fig. 4. Innovations by in-house sources appears to be most important, closely followed by cooperation with universities or research institutions.

Fig. 3. (a) Introduction of technological/product innovations by innovating companies; (b) Revenues of innovating enterprises – revenue structure by product novelty

Fig. 4. Cooperation in development of innovated products by innovating companies

3.3 Innovations in a selected building material processing company The selected company performed mapping of the process of product innovation. The following scheme shown in Fig. 5 reveals a relatively complex process from the idea to the product marketing. The diagram also shows possible ways of intellectual property right protection by patent, industrial and utility models. The scheme also shows that part of in-house innovations remain unregistered property right – business secret. The reason is concealing the essence of the innovation from potential competitors. In the case of cooperation with universities or research institutions the resulting innovations are mostly registered as patents or utility models. Publicity through articles published by

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the university in professional journals and conference presentations is also part of this cooperation. For product establishment on the market product marketing is also important together with activities of the sales department of the building material provider. This area represents another field of cooperation with universities and research institutions. At the inception of innovation in the enterprise it leads to decisions of the board of construction firm if it comes to financing of idea or it can be reprocessed or to archive (marked in black). Development and production process depend on the decisions of the Board of Directors. Business proceeds together with manufacturing process. Cooperating entities (the construction company and the university) they are highlighted in green, as well as their cooperation.

PROPOSAL REPROCESSING

Decision about acceptance YES

FINANCING

NO

ARCHIVING BUILDING COMPANY

UNIVERSITY

Proposal presentation to Board of Directors

Sample presentation to Board of Directors BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Institute of Concrete and Masonry Structures Institute of Metal and Timber Structures

MANUFACTURE

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Institute of Building Testing

…

Mutual cooperation

INNOVATION A

IN-HOUSE IDEA

BUSINESS SECRET

B

COMMON IDEA

D

PATENTS, UTILITY MODELS E

MATERIALS

MORE COMPLEX

LESS COMPLEX C

Development and manufacture

PRODUCT MARKETING

Commercial activity OWNERSHIP RIGHT PROTECTION

Parties to innovation process

Fig. 5. Process from idea to product marketing

Notes to Fig.5  A: The company gets the following benefits from cooperation with a university: Tests, analyses, product or technology promotion on the scientific and professional ground, longterm assets represented by student theses.  B: The university gets the following benefits from cooperation with a business enterprise: Finance, conferences, topics for lectures, Dp, bp etc.

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  

C: Preparation of manufacturing procedure, technical data sheet, sales documentation (drawings, instructions for use), certification, dealer training. D: Justification: The material required for personal property protection assurance – a brief instruction. E: Justification: The university gets themes for articles, scores.

4. Discussion The above text suggests that the Czech Republic still has great reserves to get to the level of Innovation Leaders. As for the innovation potential of building material processing companies in the Czech Republic non-innovating companies still prevail. Product innovations are relatively balanced with the other types of innovations in innovating companies. Balance is shown in the area of mere product innovation and product – service innovation mix. The greatest surprise is the fact that the companies generate most revenues from unchanged or just little modified products. Typically for the Czech Republic building material processing companies mostly use in-house resources for innovation development. Extended cooperation with universities and research institutions is badly needed, to the benefit of both parties. 5. Conclusion Investigation of innovation potential in building material processing companies is very closely connected with innovation monitoring in building companies. Inclusion of innovated building materials in building production is not specifically monitored by the Czech Statistical Office. The purpose of the project, including this study, is fondling out innovation potential of building companies active in the Czech Republic. A questionnaire-based inquiry will be organised by the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Brno University of Technology. The results will be used for further orientation of the research and development focused on innovations and their evaluation by means of patents, utility models and other tangible results of intellectual property application.

References 1. Exelová B, European Innovation Scoreboard, EIS. Ikaros Ikaros [online]. 2007, ročník 11, číslo 2 [cit. 2015-03-12]. urn:nbn:cz:ik-12441. ISSN 1212-5075. Dostupné z: http://ikaros.cz/node/12441 2. Pavelka T. Konkurenceschopnost v mezinárodním prostředí. Vybrané aspekty postavení nových členských zemí EU. In Acta Oeconomica Pragensia. 2011 Dokument dostupný online dne 21.3.2015 na http://www.vse.cz/aop/328

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3. Rada vlády ČR pro vědu, výzkum a inovace. Národní politiky výzkumu, vývoje a inovací České republiky na léta 2009 až 2015 s výhledem do roku 2020. Dokument dostupný online dne 21. března 2015. http://www.vyzkum.cz/FrontClanek.aspx?idsekce=682145 4. Hubbard DW, How to measure anything:finding the value of “intangibles” in business. 2nd ed. New Jersey: John Willey a Sons, Inc.; 2010; ISBN 978-0-470-53939-2 5. Raabová T, Tichá A, Merta P. Potential methods for measuring the economic impacts of cultural tourism. In: Smith M, Richards G, editors. The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Tourism. Great Britain and simultaneously published in USA and Canada: Routledge. CPI Group (UK) Ltd.2013.p. 100-109. 6. Jindrová P. Možnost využití Input-Output analýzy pro řízení ve veřejné správě. In Veřejná správa 2010. Pardubice: Univerzita Pardubice, 2010. s. 96-100. ISBN 978-80-7395-334-8. 7. Evropská komise. Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014. 100 p. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ius/ius2014_en.pdf 8. Český statistický úřad (2015). Statistika inovací. Dokument dostupný online dne 21. března 2015. http://www.czso.cz/csu/redakce.nsf/i/statistika_inovaci 9. OECD 2005. Oslo manual Guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation data 3rd Edition. 166 p. European commission 2005

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SI.VIDA – HIV epidemiological surveillance and clinical monitoring software Pedro Mirandaa, Joana Vilas Boasa, António Dinizb, Arlete Monteiroa, Alexandra Ferreira Cabrala, Rui Gomesa, Henrique Martinsa a

Serviços Partilhados do Ministério da Saúde, Avenida João Crisóstomo, n.º9, 3º, 1049-062, Lisboa, Portugal b Direcção-Geral da Saúde, Alameda D. Afonso Henriques, 45, 1049-005, Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract The HIV virus has spread all over the world since the beginning of the eighties in the twentieth century. Since then, several countries have made an effort to control and extinguish this pandemic. At the moment, there is still no cure for this infection, so clinical and epidemiological surveillance through monitoring and following HIV patients is crucial. Regular consultations, blood analyses (viral load and CD4+ cell count), antiretroviral therapy and notifications are essential. In order to attend to this epidemiological surveillance need, the Portuguese Ministry of Health has developed software for registry and monitoring infected patients - SI.VIDA – which has been operating since 2009. SI.VIDA provides confidential HIV infection reporting. It registers HIV patients’ clinical data and gathers information from laboratory, pharmacy and patient management software applications. With the information collected in SI.VIDA, a notification is generated and delivered to the Portuguese National Institute of Health (INSA). This allows us to analyze infection trends and disease progression. SI.VIDA is installed in 23 hospitals and is being extended to 9 more. We estimate that SI.VIDA now registers approximately 90% of Portuguese HIV patients currently in treatment. Keywords: HIV; Epidemiological surveillance; Portuguese Ministry of Health; DGS; SPMS; SI.VIDA;

1. Introduction SI.VIDA is the clinical and epidemiological surveillance application for patients with HIV in Portugal. The main goal of SI.VIDA is following patients with HIV through regular consultations, blood analyses (viral load and CD4+ cell count) and antiretroviral therapy. With the information collected in SI.VIDA, a notification is generated and delivered to the Portuguese National Institute of Health (INSA). SI.VIDA began to be implemented in 2009 but only became fully operational in mid-2012. It is installed in 23 Hospitals and is being extended to 9 more Hospitals.[1]

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2. How it works 2.1. Who uses SI.VIDA The main users are doctors that can insert or consult clinical information, consult antiretroviral therapy, blood analyses and generate the notification sheet. Administrative users can only access to the appointment information. Nurses only have privileges to read information. Hospital administrators can’t access clinical data, but can access accounting information in analysis report module (see 2.5). 2.2. Core information Antiretroviral therapy delivered at the hospital pharmacies, blood analyses from laboratory, demographic data and appointments schedule are integrated automatically. But there is clinical data to be filled by doctors, a set of information that is mandatory and needed to generate the notification sheet. All this information[2][3] is gathered in one tab called Summary:  Clinical Evolution o Type of virus o Date and country of HIV diagnosis o First positive test and Country o Diagnosis institution o Date of first HIV test o Immigrant, Country of origin and Year of entry in Portugal o Disease stage and date, CDC classification, CD4+ cell count, Viral load  Transmission mode o Bisexual / Heterosexual / Injecting drugs addict / Sex workers / Mother-son transmission / Transfused – Date and country of transfusion / Transplanted / Dialyses / Nosocomial infection o “Patient sexual partners”  Country of origin  VIH1+ / VIH2+ / Bisexual man / Sex worker / Injecting drugs addict / Transfused  Diagnosis o ICD9 diagnosis and diagnosis date  Antiretroviral therapy o Therapeutic regimen o Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

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Patient Imported

Patient Infected Nightly process integration

Insert clinical data

Stage + Diagnosis Notification

Analysis

Appointment

Therapeutic YES

Clinical follow up NO

Stage + Diagnosis review New Stage?

Fig. 1. SI.VIDA functional diagram;

Fig. 2. SI.VIDA operational diagram;

2.3. Notification code To maintain the generated notification sheet anonymous a notification code is used[4]. This notification code is generated based on the first three consonants of patient last name, concatenated with the first two consonants of the patient first name, concatenated with the birth date in the format of YYYYMMDD. For instance, for a patient with the name Maria Silva, born in 1 of December of 1970 the notification code will be: SLVMR19701201. 2.4. Notification Notifying the patients with HIV allows us to analyze infection trends and disease progression[5]. The notification is the result of all data collected by SI.VIDA. The notification sheet is composed with this information[3]:  Classification at entry  Residence o Disease stage o District o County

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o o





CD4+ cell count at entry ARN-HIV1 or ARNHIV2 at entry Therapeutic start date CDC

    

o o Dates o Infection year o Notification date o Diagnosis date o First symptoms date o Dead date Codification data o Notification code o Age o Gender o Nationality

o Country of infection o Country of first symptoms Transmission mode Characteristics of sexual partner AIDS defining diseases Serology analyses results Notification entity composed by doctor name, hospital and department

2.5. Analysis Report module This module is one of the most recent modules. It will go into production very soon. It allows the user to access a set of clinical, demographic and accounting report. The goal of this module is to answer to questions like: How many HIV patients are registered?; How many HIV patients are in treatment?; How many HIV patients died?;How many HIV patients have controlled infection?;

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3. Architecture User

Browser HTTPS

SI.VIDA

Frontend aspx Application Server IIS

Backend C# Services WCF Database Sqlserver 2008 Message broker Biztalk 2010

HL7 External Patient Management Application

HL7 External Pharmacy Application

HL7

External Laboratory Application

Fig. 3. SI.VIDA architecture diagram; SI.VIDA is a local web application, each Hospital has its own installation and its architecture is based on Microsoft stack. The frontend and backend was developed in an object-oriented language, C# with .NET framework, the Services layer uses WCF framework, and all these layers are deployed into the IIS application server. Database is a SqlServer 2008. To communicate and integrate information with external applications, we use as message broker, BizTalk. The communication with external applications is made through the HL7 standard. All this components are installed in the same machine, a Windows Server 2008. The business functions are distributed between the backend and the database procedures and functions. Database patient identities are encrypted with the AES 256 security protocol[4].

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External data information is integrated by a daily process that runs in the night period to minimize any possible damage in the external applications’ performance. SI.VIDA only receives information from external application if it is requested, the communication starts only when SI.VIDA makes a request. So, external applications have no reference to HIV patients[4]..

4. Implementation In this chapter we focus on implementation issues, like patient initial importation, monthly reports and some statistics. 4.1. Patient initial importation After each installation of SI.VIDA it is necessary to do the patient initial importation. The majority of the Hospitals don’t have specific HIV departments and these patients are usually followed in infectious diseases departments. As such, these departments have patients with other diseases. A way to get around this situation and be more specific about the kind of patients we want to import is to use the antiretroviral therapy and get the patients that are taking this therapeutic. We still had two issues with this approach, the HIV patients aren’t the only patients taking antiretrovirals (patients with hepatitis are taking this therapeutic too) and not all HIV infected patients are under antiretroviral therapy. So, our approach was to import all patients doing antiretroviral therapy, and later on we asked doctors to point out which of those were not HIV patients, and then proceed with these patients purge, removing them from the application. This procedure proved to be the more efficient to initially import the maximum number of patients with HIV. 4.2. Monthly reports The core of SI.VIDA is the inserted and integrated data. To stimulate the insertion of data, a monthly report is elaborated and it shows statistics from all Hospitals:  Percentage of inserted patients  Percentage of patients with disease stage information  Percentage of patients with type of virus information  Percentage of patients with generated notification This report follows the trend of each hospital and compares the evolution with each other. Since we started to send this report to Hospital boards the insertion of data and notification has increased substantially.

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4.3. Some Statistics Fig.4 shows the progression of data filled. In the first semester of 2014 there is a slight decrease of registered patients because of the purge of patients erroneously introduced.

Fig. 4. SI.VIDA National Progression;

5. Conclusion SI.VIDA facilitates the surveillance of HIV patients, gathering information from three external applications, patient management, pharmacy and laboratory which allows doctors to make a clinical follow up in a single application. SI.VIDA has a positive, albeit modest, impact in the individual care for patients as the collected and integrated information simplifies and facilitates the doctor’s decision–making process. However, its main benefit derives from its impact on public health strategies. Data from SI.VIDA is useful for supporting policy making program evaluation and implementation of the national HIV/AIDS surveillance and is now used to do the national HIV report and allows us to have information from the progression of this disease almost in real time. As more patients are registered in SI.VIDA more patients will have better follow-up.[6] It is expected that at the end of expansion for the 9 hospitals SI.VIDA covers approximately 98% of HIV patients in treatment.

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References [1] Diniz, António, Duarte, Raquel., Programa Nacional para a Infeção VIH, SIDA e Tuberculose, 2014. Portugal – Infeção VIH, SIDA e Tuberculose em números – 2014, ISSN: 2183-0754. [2] UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillence, Evaluating a national surveillance system, ISBN 978 92 4 150646 5 (NLM classification: WC 503.4) [3] UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillence, Guidelines for effective use of data from HIV surveillance systems, ISBN 92 4 159137 4 UNAIDS/04.01 (NLM classification: WC 503.41) [4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Technical Guidance for HIV/AIDS Surveillance Programs, Volume III: Security and Confidentiality Guidelines. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2006 [5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015, April, 10). Retrieve from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ [6] Mao Y, Wu Z, Poundstone K, et al. Development of a unified web-based national HIV/AIDS information system in China. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2010;39(Suppl 2):ii79-ii89. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq213.

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GoGest: architecture to support any ERP on a mobile device Aguiar, C a., Rijo, R. b,c,d, Martinho, R. b,d, Fonseca, N.b, Antunes, C. b, Tomé, J.a, Costa, N. a, Sábio, R. a, Almeida, N. a, Bastos, D. a a HES – Inovação, Lda, Rua dos Lagoeiros Urbanização Comercial e Industrial do Vale Sepal, phone: 244 855 028, Fax: 244 813 202 b School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria Apt. 4163, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal, phone: +351 244 820 300, fax: +351 244 820 c INESCC - Institute for Systems and Computers Engineering at Coimbra, Rua Antero de Quental, Nº199, 3000 - 033, Coimbra, Portugal, phone: +351 239 851040/9, fax: +351 239 824692 d CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research Piso 2, edifício nascente, Centro de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal, phone: +351 225 513 622

Abstract GoGest is a middleware to support any Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) tool in a mobile device. The project was a partnership between industry and academy, joining the company HES Inovação and the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, supported by the program QREN (Mais Centro, Compete). The challenge was to develop an agnostic architecture to enhance a mobile support, Android or iOS for an existing ERP, guaranteeing, at the same time, the quality of the service of the ERP, the security of the data and online and offline operation. The system (and now the product) presents a layered architecture and a secure bidirectional communication system that, with little configuration, enables any ERP to offer a mobile application. Keywords: software architecture, ERP, mobile apps, business, academy-industry partnership

1. Introduction Enterprise Resource Planning is business management software, in concrete, a suite of integrated applications that a company can use to collect, store, manage and interpret data from many business activities, including: product planning, cost manufacturing, service delivery, marketing and sales 1,2 . ERP manufacturers face new technological tendencies such as the mobile advent, the cloud operation, virtual reality interaction, among others, that enable the anytime, anywhere the use of the ERP 1–3. It is not simple or easy to transform an application with thousands of customers, many years of development, and hundreds of features in a new application with a completely different architecture 4. This challenge

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was the basis for the development of GoGest, an agnostic middleware enabling any ERP with some small level of configuration to support in a secure and reliable way the operation in a mobile device. This paper is organized as follows: section 2 presents key requirements for the GoGest architecture, and in section 3 we briefly describe the solution achieved. Section 4 introduces main results and section 5 concludes the paper and presents future work. 2. Key requirements The main goal was to develop a mobile service for an ERP application, such as the PHC and Primavera products. This mobile service should operate either in online mode or in offline mode on the Android and iOS platforms. Figure 1 shows the overall operation of the system. A user, for example a salesman from a company using ERP1 does, through a smartphone, a request for customer information which will visit that day (arrow 1). A (production) server installed in the cloud, e.g, a data center operator, receives this request. The production server then makes a request to the company server using the ERP1 software (arrow 2). The company server responds to this request (arrow 3) to the production server that, in turn, returns the response to the smartphone (arrow 4).

Integration 4 Development server

Production server

1

Mobile user of ERP1

3 2

Cloud ERP1

ERP2

Fig.1 – Overall system operation

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The application must function in an agnostic way, meaning that it can offer a set of services on a smartphone, regardless of the type of the ERP of the customer. The development environment should use a development server, and the process of deploying a new version in the production server must be effortlessly and transparent to the users. 3. The solution The solution for the technical challenges remained in the use of a layered software architecture, using several modules. The first module was the client module. This module enables the ERP to communicate with the cloud module. This module is completely installed and configured by the ERP owner. After the initial configuration, it starts a secure connection with the cloud module. After the hand-shaking protocol, the cloud module is capable of receiving and processing request of that ERP to the mobile module installed in a smartphone device, for instance a salesman of the company. The mobile module can work online, by sending and receiving the requests and can work offline registering locally the operations and synchronizing them as soon as the device achieves connectivity. This offline mode is possible when the user selects information to save locally, e.g. the customers’ information of that day of work. Any data conflicts are presented in an understandable way and solved by user decision. In order to guarantee the complete security of information, the cloud module and the client module are stateless, which means that only the mobile module saves data. Besides, all the communications are encrypted guaranteeing their security. All the communications between the client, the cloud module the mobile modules are independent of the ERP due to the development of a HES-Inovação Intermediate Language (HIIL). With an easyto-use HIIL configuration module, each ERP concept can be written into an HIIL concept. In this way, each ERP vendor can, by its own, create its HIIL converter and use the platform.

4. Results After developing a functional prototype proofing the concept, a complete suite of integrated modules was industrialized in a commercial product that serves customers using some key ERPs in the Portuguese and global market. The time-to-market of the solution is very short. A vendor can create their HIIL concepts in two weeks, which means that, he is a two weeks’ distance of offering a mobile solution for their customers. 5. Conclusions and future work By developing an innovative technical solution, HES-Inovação can offer a win-win solution in the value chain of the competitive market of the ERP. The ERP vendor can use the HES-Inovação solution

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to offer a mobile access without changing his own product. However there are many research challenges to work on. One of them is the development of an intelligent tool of pattern detection in the use of the mobile application. The main idea is to detect patterns of the users and pre-fetch the requests improving the performance of the system and automate frequently used tasks. Another research field of interest is the information design of the huge amount of data that an ERP can offer, as information, to support user’s work decisions. Acknowledgements This software was developed under the ERPMobile Project (ERP on Android and iOS platforms) supported by Sistema de Incentivos do QREN (Mais Centro, Compete) through a project of research and technological development (RD & T) - Project RD & T number 38509. References 1. 2.

3.

4.

Al-Mashari M. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems: a research agenda. Ind Manag Data Syst [Internet]. 2002 Apr;102(3):165–70. Available from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/02635570210421354 Ngai EWT, Law CCH, Wat FKT. Examining the critical success factors in the adoption of enterprise resource planning. Comput Ind [Internet]. 2008 Aug;59(6):548–64. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166361507001789 Calisir F, Calisir F. The relation of interface usability characteristics, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use to end-user satisfaction with enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Comput Human Behav [Internet]. 2004 Jul;20(4):505–15. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0747563203000748 Kurbel K, Dabkowski A, Jankowska AM. A Multi-tier Architecture for Mobile Enterprise Resource Planning. Wirtschaftsinformatik 2003/Band I [Internet]. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD; 2003. p. 75–93. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-57444-3_5

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A Semantic web approach for systems integration – a practical approach Miguel Bento Alves, Rui Gomes ESTG-IPVC, Av. Do Atlântico, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Abstract In this project, we perform a systems integration resorting to a Semantic Web approach. In concrete, we integrated the information of a library with the information about courses’ bibliography located in an e-learning management system, as web pages content. In this way, we allow the sharing of information they needed but it was not possible to accomplish. The integration was done using principles of Semantic web like RDF modelling, supported by ontologies, and semantic annotation. Furthermore, we follow the best practices of information sharing as defined by Open Data supplying data endpoints that allows the reusing of the data by other systems. Keywords: Semantic web; Open Data; ontologies; systems integration

1. Introduction This paper reports an on-going project in a polytechnic institute to integrate the information of the library with the information of courses, which are information systems completely separated. The integration is needed to know if the library is well served of recommended books and to give information to the students where a given book can be found. The university policy forces teachers to publish the bibliography of each course in the e-learning platform. However, besides all information are available to the users, it cannot be accessed in a structured way. The information exists in web pages where is not easy to perform a structured extraction. The cost of a solution was a restriction, a low-cost solution should be presented, preferably, that could be developed internally. We resort to Semantic Web [1] technologies for this project which purpose is to make the contents of the Web machine interpretable. To achieve this goal, ontologies [7] play an important role as they give the means for associating precisely defined semantics with the content that is provided by the web. Ontologies are defined as the representation of the semantics of terms and their relationships. They consist of concepts, concepts’ attributes and relationships between concepts, all expressed in linguistic terms. Semantic annotations were used to enrich web pages semantic. An Open Data approach was followed for the sharing of information, whether for the project or for the future needs of other systems.

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2. An Open Data approach In our project, we decide to publish the information about the libraries books in an Open Data approach. Open Data [6] defines that data that can be freely used, reused and redistributed by anyone, subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and share alike. One important aspect implicit to Open Data is interoperability, that means the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operate). In Open Data context it means that it should be possible to combine different data sources. Moreover, these data sources should be understand either by machines or humans. To achieve our goal, we created a dataset of the books of the library. In the books dataset, the data is classified by the Bibliographic Ontology (BIBO) [4], which is an ontology for the semantic Web to describe bibliographic things like books or magazines. This dataset is public through a SPARQL [9] endpoint created, fulfilling the requirements of Open Data. The endpoint was created using Apache Jena Fuseki [8] (http://jena.apache.org/documentation/fuseki2/). To describe a bibliographic resource, BIBO makes use of the Dublin Core ontology [5], a flexible and usable metadata schema enabling information exchange and integration between digital sources that is widely used to describe digital materials such as video, sound, image, text and composite media like web pages. Although Dublin Core can be used to describe bibliography, we use BIBO Ontology because it has a higher degree of richness to describe books, for example, isbn10 and isbn13 properties. In List 1, we present an example of a book description using BIBO ontology, using turtle format. List 1 – Book description using BIBO ontology

:3642159699 rdf:type bibo:Book ; dc:title “A developer’s guide to the semantic web” ; dc:creator “Liyang Yu” ; bibo:isbn10 “3642159699” ; bibo:isbn13 “978-3642159695” ; dc:date “2011” ; dc:publisher “Springer” .

BIBO ontology belongs to Linked Open Data, under LinkedUniversities.org, an alliance of European universities engaged into exposing their public data as linked data. The aim of Linking Open Data Project [3] is using the web to create typed links between data from different sources via mapping of ontologies. In this way, instead of having isolated islands we have global interlinked and machinereadable datasets. 3. Semantic Annotations Semantic annotations allows web pages to be understandable by machines, give information to the browsers and search engines about the pages. RDFa [10] is a specification for attributes to express

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structured data in any markup language. RDFa, which means RDF in HTML attributes, adds a set of attribute-level extensions to XHTML for embedding rich metadata within Web documents. In our project, we inserted semantic annotations to perform a delimitation of the bibliography in the e-learning platform web page. Our approach was to do, at least, a tiny delimitation of the bibliography to reduce the amount of text in a web page to be analysed. A complete insertion of the bibliography in a structured manner was not considered because of the costs of the solution (but should be considered in the future). 4. System details We crawled all the e-learning course pages and we perform data scraping of bibliography in each one. We make an assumption: a new line in the web resource separates each bibliography. Follow, we use the SPARQL endpoint to consult the book in library. As we do not have structured information, we use text search. We use the LARQ (https://jena.apache.org/documentation/larq/) component of Jena, which gives users the ability to perform free text searches within their SPARQL queries. LARQ uses Apache Lucene, a high-performance, full-featured text search engine library. A threshold value of score determines if we found an entry in library database. If an entry is not found, we look for the information on the web. We use a similar approach to RDF Book Mashup [2], we query Amazon API (RDF Book Mashup was constructed also using Google Base API, however, it was discontinued). The result of this search is kept in a second dataset created. A third dataset, also supported by a SPARQL endpoint, maps all the bibliography from e-learning courses webpages with the dataset with the books of library and the dataset with all books extracted from Amazon API. We develop a web page that integrates the information of the three datasets created, where the bibliography of the courses is supplied in a structured manner. 5. Conclusions and future work In this work, we presented a semantic web approach to integrate information of different information systems. Furthermore, it also allows structure unstructured data, published as almost free-text in a webpage. This project was developed in a Polytechnic school and the purpose was to integrate the bibliography described in courses’ web pages with the books of the library. Moreover, we link also to the book that does not belong to the library. Follow the Open Data principles, all the data created in this project is available through SPARQL endpoints. The books were classified using the BIBO ontology. Semantic annotations were used to improve the delimitation of bibliographies in a web page. We perform some benchmark and we had a rate of 80% of success mapping the bibliography with the library books. Related with Amazon API we had a rate of 90% of success. As a future work, we think that is important to allow users (teachers, in this project) to insert annotated data. This does not carry much more work to users but the enrichment of web resources but will increase considerably the precision of the system.

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References [1] T. Berners-Lee, J. Hendler, and O. Lassila. The semantic web a new form of web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities. 2001. [2] C. Bizer, R. Cyganiak, and T. Gauss. The rdf book mashup: from web apis to a web of data. In 3rd Workshop on Scripting for the Semantic Web, ESWC, Innsbruck, Austria, June, volume 6, pages 1613–0073, 2007. [3] C. Bizer, T. Heath, and T. Berners-Lee. Linked data - the story so far. International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems, 5(3):1–22, 2009. [4] B. D’Arcus and F. Giasson. Bibliographic ontology specification. http://bibliontology.com/specification, 11 2009. [5] DCMI. Dublin core metadata element set, version 1.0: Reference description, 1998. [6] O. K. Foundation, editor. The Open Data Handbook / Das Open Data Handbuch. 2012. [7] N. Guarino et al. Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing, 1993. [8] B. Mcbride. Jena: A semantic web toolkit. IEEE Internet Computing, 6(6):55–59, 2002. [9] E. Prud’hommeaux and A. Seaborne. Sparql query language for RDF. Latest version available as http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/, January 2008. [10] W3C. Rdfa 1.1 primer. http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-rdfa-primer/, 06 2012.

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Analysis of the performance areas of action points from a course of distance education in Brazilian public health Juliana Limaa,b, Júlio Menezes Jr.a, Cristine Gusmãoa,b a

b

SABER Tecnologias Educacionais e Sociais Research Group, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil Department of Biomedical Engineering, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

Abstract The use of Distance Education platforms (DE) enables the serialization training processes of professionals from different areas, and accelerates the integration and access to technologies. This article shows the results of a specialization course that uses this educational platform created and produced by the Open University of SUS (UNA-SUS) associated with the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) using distance education in qualifying staff to work in Primary Health systems. At the end of the course students are driven to create intervention proposals with regard to health in communities in northeastern Brazil. The methodology of this project was to analyze and map the themes and interventionist actions of Titles and Abstracts of the 1st class of graduates of this distance education course, from this, and extract data on capillarity, effectiveness and importance of these policy proposals in Public Health in Brazil. Keywords: Distance education; Primary Health Care; e-Health; Course of remote evaluation; UNA-SUS UFPE.

1. Introduction The Unified Health System (SUS – Sistema Único de Saúde, in Portuguese), which was established in 1988 and regulated in 1990, is the Brazilian public health system, which ensures gratuity and broad access to health by the population. The SUS initiative in the preventive process, the primary healthcare is the Family Health Strategy [1], which was launched in 2002, resulting from previous initiatives in primary care. This, in turn, consists of multidisciplinary teams, called the Family Health teams, acting locally, very close to the community through performances in clinics and home visits. The Family Health Team [2] is composed at least by: (i) A general practitioner or specialist in Family Health, or doctor of Family and Community; (ii) A generalist nurse or specialist in Family Health; (iii) An auxiliary or nursing technician; and (iv) A community health worker. Can integrate the professional staff of Oral Health: (i) A general dentist or specialist in Family Health; and ( ii)An auxiliary and / or technical in Oral Health.

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Considering the characteristics of primary healthcare in Brazil, this work analyzes term papers of a specialization course on primary healthcare designed for healthcare workers that are members of SUS. The idea is mapping the areas of research and describe the main findings according to the relevance of each area from the viewpoint of healthcare workers. 2. Theoretical Framework 2.1 Open University of SUS In the case of the Open University of SUS [3] (UNA-SUS), created in 2010, Distance Learning extends and enables training and training for professionals who already work, or want to work in Primary Health Care. In practice, the UNA-SUS performs agreements with universities to production and teaching of courses, which currently has 35 universities, among them the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), which constitute the UNA-SUS UFPE(Available at http://www.ufpe.br/unasus). The offered courses are of regional or national scope, in 2015, the courses offered were 4 with training level, with an average workload of 37.5 hours, and the virtual environment is Moodle (Modular ObjectOriented Dynamic Learning Environment), in which the teacher becomes the student's tutor, giving autonomy to the student in his studies methodology.

2.1 1st Class Specialization in Health of UNA-SUS UFPE The 1st of this course was in 2013, attended by 403 students (38% dropout rate), from the distance mode. The students also were healthcare professionals from Family health teams, and were composed by doctors, nurses and dentists. At the end of the course, students should deliver and present the term paper, whose formatting is an intervention project submitted to one of the 12 research areas, as can be seen in Table 1. The intervention proposals are based on visits to the community where the student works aiming to identify needs of primary healthcare and to apply knowledge obtained during the specialization course. From these experiences in public health, students were driven to create intervention proposals, whose areas were based on course subjects. These intervention proposals are the term papers and its main goal is to optimize processes, whether to propose innovative solutions to long-term problems in the states located in Northeast Brazil: Paraíba and Pernambuco. 3. Methodology and results The mapping consisted of qualitative and quantitative analysis of 403 term papers, in particular their Titles and Summaries, of the first class of Specialization in Family Health of UNA-SUS UFPE. The

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analysis was done using related data in a spreadsheet .xlsx (Excel 2013) and statistical software free R in the calculation of 12 research areas and 217 major actions, whose creation was based on the main idea of the interventionist project. The term papers are divided into 12 areas, based on the course subjects, as can be seen at Table 1. They have an average of 18.01 main actions per research area. Research areas with most variability were the ones with most main actions. All the proposals were done in the 5 mesoregions of each state (Pernambuco and Paraíba), ranging from capital, on the coast to the hinterland. Table 1. Areas of activity of completion of course work Number of term papers

Percentage

Work process in the Family Health Strategy

45

11,17%

Popular health education

40

40,93%

Social determinants in the health-disease

28

6,95%

Continuing education of health workers

21

5,21%

Health care for the elderly

58

14,40%

Public health policies

18

4,47%

Health evaluation

12

2,98%

Health services management

8

2,00%

Child health care

50

12,41%

Care to adolescent and youth health

40

9,93%

Care to adult health

72

17,87%

Health indicators

11

2,73%

Research areas

Most of term papers is associated to areas of children, adults and elderly healthcare. These proposals involve interventions, from the data in Table 1, of neglected diseases, sexual education and training processes: of training and mainly permanent health education. Research areas with more major actions, as can be seen in Table 1, were related to interventions and proposals for patients belonging to specific age groups. Therefore one of the assumptions is that there is a concern also interventions to prevent chronic diseases. The findings also showed a lot of actions about sexual education for adolescents, obesity and dental healthcare. In Pernambuco state, most of the terms papers are from research area “Work process in the Family Health Strategy” (23), whereas in Paraíba state are from “Care to adult health” (8).

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4. Conclusions The students explored all the issues, but with the greatest amount of instantiations were still pathologies such as infectious diseases and chronic and improvements in care processes and patient management. Showing the importance of distance education to provide solutions and knowledge for working in health in primary care even qualified, has no direct access to new and continuous improvement practices in public health processes; and several qualified professionals of high demand for better regions, since the critical points can be solved in the short to medium term.

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank UNA-SUS UFPE, SABER Tecnologias Educacionais e Sociais research group and The Dean Extension of Federal University of Pernambuco for the whole support to develop this work.

References 1. Brazil. Brazilian Ministry of Health: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/. Last access on 2015 June. 2. Araújo, A. S. D. A., Aguiar, A. C. N. D., Silva, G. A. D., Rodrigues, J. J., & Duarte, S. T. V. G. Estudo da satisfação dos usuários do Programa Saúde da Família do bairro Vila Mariana, na cidade de Patos, Estado da Paraíba. Revista Brasileira de Educação e Saúde, 3(4), 19-29. 2014. 3. UNA-SUS. What is UNA-SUS? Available at http://www.unasus.gov.br/page/una-sus/o-que-e-una-sus. Last access on 2015 June.

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Creativity in Information Systems Vitor Santos NOVA IMS – Information Management School Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisboa – Portugal, [email protected]

Abstract Resorting to creativity technique and their use to help innovation in the area of information systems had a growing interest. In fact, the global competitiveness and the organizations ability to make effective use of information technology and to focus on innovation and creativity are recognized as being important. So, the perspective of using creativity techniques seems to be promising. In this article we argue that is possible in all IS areas to take advantages of the use of creative processes. We give a pragmatic reasoning and examples for the introduction of creative processes in all the main IS areas. Keywords: Information Systems, Creative Thinking, Innovation

1. Introduction The capacity of enterprises effectively using information technologies and betting on innovation and creativity is recognized as one important factor on the competiveness and agility of the enterprises. These take natural benefits through creativity and innovation by restructuring their processes, projects and products [7]. Find the best ways to take advantage of Information Systems (IS) is a vital for the success and competitiveness of companies. The diversity of the sectors in corporate activity, the different contexts and organizational structures are, along with the growing complexity of the globalized world of business, a huge challenge for the effectiveness of this goal.In this context, the chances of resourcing to known creativity techniques or their adaptations, in order to mediate the spawning of ideas, help produce new combinations, supply unexpected answers, as well as original, useful and satisfactory, in the area of Information Systems is challenging. In this article we defend that is possible to take advantages of the use of creative processes in all IS areas. 2. Creativity in Information Systems It is common sense that large organizations are more likely to be bureaucratic and complex, while the smallest are more agile and flexible [9]. Although creativity and innovation are certainly important

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to all organizations, it is also assumed that much of the success to be creative and innovative depends on the conditions and market opportunities [3]. There seems to be some truth in the observation that small businesses can react faster to changes in their environment and can easily reorganize itself to take advantage of changes in the surrounding markets. This flexibility allows often take advantage of creativity and innovation. The innovation is often mentioned as a consequence of the creativity [2] [14] [22] and, therefore, creativity is seen as the key to organizational survival [9]. Dhillon Stahl and Bakaerville consider that the papers published in this area have revealed that the Information Systems research community has been successful in incorporating existing proposals and the development of new and interesting research area [9]. Find the best way to combine the creativity, flexible and divergent thinking with analytical thinking, pragmatic and rigid, essential to the areas of technology and information systems, and have significant gains is not immediate or trivial. So, establish a connection between creativity competitive advantages in an organization and define the roles of Information and Communication Technologies and Information Systems in this connection still are open questions. In an attempt to address these issues, a wide range of theoretical and practical approaches have been used by several authors [6] [9] [15] [10] [18] [20] [21]. The use of creativity can also be used to re-think and innovate in how employees and information professionals can use the information systems and technologies so that they can turn more productive [15]. Managers should try to determine their self-organizing capabilities and provide employees the opportunity to use their creative abilities to propose new activities for the organization, which will optimize processes and improve the relationship between people. For example, looking for innovative ways to use information technologies, such as email, forums, intranets, social networks, among others. Creativity has been advocated as central to the development of Information Systems [4] [6] [8] [12] [17] [21]. Cougar [8] argues that creativity plays an important role in all aspects of the development of information systems, from design, requirements analysis, design, to programming. Creativity in Information Systems Development According Varajão [19], we can divide the Information Systems Development (ISD) activity in five phases: Analysis, Design, Construction, Implementation and Maintenance. The systems analysis is to define the problem, identify its causes, specify the solution and identify the information requirements that must be met in accordance with the organization's expectations. The system requirements specify try in full the necessary IS characteristics to meet the user information needs and the needs of the organization in general. In this phase the use of creative processes allows you to tackle and find solutions to new problems and domains, unique contexts, new applications and recombine existing methods and techniques.

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The systems Design activity is to specify in detail the functions that the system must ensure. Specifications can be of different types: interface specification, data specification, specification processes and technical environment specification. The phase of the design of a computer system is undoubtedly one of the most interesting from the perspective of engineering and space for creativity. The specification, resulting from the analysis phase must be converted into something that meets the requirements and can be built. The Systems Construction is a technical activity for which the specifications are transformed into software and hardware. The tasks of acquisition and/or development of software and hardware, testing, prepare support documentation and the integration of all components into a functional information system are included in the systems construction. Find the algorithms that allow to build the systems and translate them into efficient code requires very specific expertise and creativity in the design of new solutions. Implementation is the process of putting the system to work within the organization so that it can be successfully used. Includes software and hardware installation tasks, preparation of facilities, train technical people and the conversion of existing systems to new systems. To minimize the impact of the implementation and accommodate the new system with maximum smoothness possible in the organization is necessary to promote a creative and open approach. Finally, after the completion of the implementation follows the maintenance phase. Over time, due to the changing needs of users and the organization, changes in technology and detection of errors, the system will require updates, corrections, changes, adjustments and expansions, both hardware and software. As the construction phase, find the algorithms that improve and adapt the systems and translate them into efficient code requires, in addition to technical knowledge, creative ability. Creativity in Information Systems Planning The role of Information Systems Planning has become crucial for the development of effective strategic plans in organizations [5] [16]. The increasing uncertainty in the markets has encouraged organizations to be more proactive. On the one hand, information technology provides a set of opportunities for gaining competitive advantage. This requires strategic alignment and a fit of Information Systems with the strategies, goals and operations of organizations. On the other hand, organizations acknowledge that the ability to provide a quick response to unforeseeable events is paramount for their survival [1]. The activity of information systems planning faces great challenges, since, on the one hand, fast technological developments make it hard to judge what the future holds. On the other hand determining the best way to place technologies at the service of organizations is a difficult task, as environmental and contextual changes may make previous decisions rapidly obsolete. A problem in ISP is the absence of a sufficiently broad strategy to allow in an easy, flexible and effective way to introduce creative processes in different ISP approaches. One example of

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methodological proposal for the introduction of creativity in ISP is the “Creative Potentiation Method” [13]. Creativity in the Information Systems Exploration Information Systems Exploration (ISE) is the activity responsible for the maintenance of the IS [19]. According to him the ISE can be divided into three main activities: Systems Operation, and Human Resources Management of Information Technology Administration. Ensure the effective operation of the systems, managing remove them as much value to the organization and tailor them to the daily needs implies management capacity but also flexibility and creativity to overcome the shortcomings and unforeseen difficulties. 3. Conclusions and future work Creativity is important in all information systems activities, whether planning, management, development or exploitation. Enables find innovative solutions, improving existing systems, go around obstacles, reduce costs, use and reuse existing resources more efficiently, better align the systems with the business needs and take better advantage of individual contributions. Of the analysis stands out the fact that all IS areas can take advantages the use of creative processes. In our opinion, we can trace a strategy that is consistent relative to the introduction of creativity processes and innovation in Information Systems, as well as the operationalization of its application through simple and practical methods. The next stages to be introduced in this ongoing work are mainly related to the development of new theoretical methods that support the design and development of introduction of creativity in IS strategies, including improvement of the current methodologies, the refinement of validation criteria, the analysis of its applicability, evaluation, and as well as the implementation of eventual corrections.

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Allaire, Y. and M. E. Firsitoru, "Coping with Strategic Uncertainty", Sloan Management Review, 30,3 Spring, 1989, 7-16. Bono, E.d. Lateral Thinking Penguin Books, 1990, p. 260. Tidd, J., Bessant, J., and Pavitt, K. Gestão da Inovação, (1ª ed.) Monitor, Lisboa, 2003. Carayannis, E., and Coleman, J. "Creative system design method: The case of complex technical systems," in: IAMOT Conference Technovation Washington, D.C., 2005. Chen, D., Mocker, M., Preston, D.S., and Teubner, A. "Information Systems Strategy: Reconceptualization, Measurement, and Implications " MIS Quarterly (34:2) 2010, pp 233-259. Conboy, K., Wang, X., and Fitzgerald, B. "Creativity in Agile Systems Development: A Literature Review," Information Systems - Creativity and Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises IFIP 8.2 WG international conference, Springer, Guimarães - Portugal, 2009, p. 307.

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7. 8. 9.

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19. 20.

21. 22.

Cooper, R.B. Information technology development creativity: A case study of attempted radical change. MIS Quarterly 24(2), 245–275, 2000. Cougar, D.J., Higgins, L.F., and McIntyre, S.C. "Creative approaches to development of marketing information systems," IEEE) 1990, pp 370-379. Dhillon, G., Stahl, B.C., and Baskerville, R. "Creativity and Intelligence in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: The Role of Information Systems," Information Systems - Creativity and Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises - IFIP WG 8.2 international conference, Springer, Guimarães - Portugal, 2009, p. 307. Ellis, C.A., Gibbs, S.J., and Rein, G.L. "Groupware some issues and experiences," in: Readings in GroupWare and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: Assisting Human-Human Collaboration, R.M. Baecker (ed.), Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc, 1993, pp. 9-28. Fielden, K., and Malcolm, P. "Organisational Pathways: Creativity to Productivity," in: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) Göteborg, Sweden, 2006 Gallivan, M.J. "The Influence of System Developers' Creative Style on their Attitudes toward and Assimilation of a Software Process Innovation," in: Thirty-First Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1998, p. 435. Santos, V.; Amaral, L.; Mamede, H.; Gonçalves, R. (2015). “Creativity in the Information Systems Planning Process”. In Handbook of Research on Innovations in Information Retrieval, Analysis, and Management. IGI-Global Hurson, T. Think Better: An Innovator's Guide to Productive Thinking McGraw-Hill New York, 2007. Kotzé, P., Wong, W., Jorge, J., Dix, A., and Silva, P.A. "Creativity and HCI: From Experience to Design in Education," Creativity and HCI: From Experience to Design in Education - IFIP international conference, Springer, Aveiro - Portugal, 2007, p. 228. Lederer, A. L, and V. Sethi, "Critical Dimensions of Strategic Information Systems Planning", Decision Sciences, 22, 1991, 104-119. Lobert, B.M., and Dologite, D.G. "Measuring Creativity of Information System Ideas: An Exploratory Investigation," Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE Computer Science Press, 1994, pp. 392403. Mamede, H., and Santos, V. "An Architecture for a Creative Information System," Information Systems - Creativity and Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises - IFIP WG 8.2 international conference, Springer, Guimarães - Portugal, 2009, p. 307. Varajão, J.E.Q. A Arquitectura da Gestão dos Sistemas de Informação FCA - Editora de Informática, Lda, Lisboa, 1998, p. 178. Murthy, U.S. "Conducting Creativity Brainstorming Sessions in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Using Computer-Mediated Communication Tools," Information Systems - Creativity and Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises IFIP 8.2 WG international conference, Springer, Guimarães - Portugal, 2009, p. 307. Nakakoji, K. "Seven Issues for Creativity Support Tool Researchers, Report of Workshop on Creativity Support Tools," in: Report of Workshop on Creativity Support Tools, B. Shneiderman (ed.), Washington, DC, 2006. Oliveira, J. "Gestão da inovação," Sociedade Portuguesa de Inovação (ed.), Principia, Porto, 2003.

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CAMES (Corporate Action Methodology for Enterprise Systems): a system to transform project interactions and reduce project failure Olaf Camesa, Peter Smithb a

DBA Student, University of Liverpool, UK b DBA Tutor, University of Liverpool, UK

Abstract The majority of IT projects fail for non-technical reasons, despite the existence of numerous enterprise architecture and project management methodologies and systems. As the CHAOS report from Standish Group documents, this remains an important and current issue, and has been for some twenty years [1]. This issue needs to be addressed before an IT Projects starts [2]; when issues arise it is often too late. This paper proposes a conceptual system CAMES (Corporate Action Methodology for Enterprise Systems) which aims to implement the “ideal speech situation” proposed by Habermas [3, 4, 5, 6] within a software system which will support communication during project management. The current study aims to construct an experimental system which will test the feasibility and usefulness of the CAMES approach. Keywords: Project communication.

1. Motivation The staggering fact that for more than 20 years the majority of IT projects have not been successful [1, 2], in conjunction with the continuous application of methodologies that are not applicable to the problem at hand leads to issues for national and regional economies, society at large and the organizations and individuals living and working in these macro structures. The motivation of this study is to apply a new approach to the issue which, if proved feasible, could radically change the way in which IT Projects are managed, and could reduce the number of project failures. Further the approach is likely to have wider applicability beyond IT projects to address any project that includes a “wicked problem”. This research project applies findings from action research and action science with the aim of constructing a framework of new communication building blocks for enterprise architecture methodologies and to augment current established project management methodologies. The first author is an experienced IT consultant who has observed the impact of project failure. He has a degree in philosophy, is an experienced software developer and consultant, and is currently studying for a DBA

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(Doctor of Business Administration). For his DBA thesis topic he has chosen to begin to address the issue of project failure and develop and experiment with the CAMES concept. 2. CAMES concept The concept of CAMES is housed within the reality that many project fail as a direct results of communication issues, disagreements and simply because the stakeholders involved with the project have a different view of the project domain, and see the project “world” through a different lens. CAMES builds on the “ideal speech situation” discussed by Habermas [3, 4, 5, 6] and aims to implement the ideal language principles within a software system which will support project participants during a project. CAMES is an empirical deployment of categories of understanding in project management corresponding to the emancipatory potential and the emancipated form of organizational life. CAMES will reconstructs communication structures via new project management/enterprise architecture categories. The system will build up primitive terms using computer operational generative rules that are derived from understanding the communication pattern of the subjects who produced the communication breakdown. CAMES will treat ordinary communication between project members as interactions where possible understandings in speaking and acting generates interpersonal situations qualifying to apply categories of understanding as a system of rules. CAMES will collect data in the form of ordinary language communication between project participants and/or organizational members in order to measure the degree or grade of achieved consensus about values and/or mutual understanding. Ideal speech rule violations by subjects will trigger early crisis indicators. 3. CAMES Presuppositions The CAMES software system will implement a variety of presuppositions reassembling critical theory assumption about idealized speech [6] as computer enforced technical controls: Presupposition 1: When controversial validity claims occur in a project; such controversial validity claims will be thematized and made visible to all project participants. Presupposition 2: No one will be excluded from CAMES sessions or restricted from contributing to a controversial validity claim. Presupposition 3: Every CAMES session participant has equal rights to engage in communication. Presupposition 4: Every CAMES session participant must have the same technical controls available providing the opportunity to speak to the matter at hand, e.g. the technical controls initiating a CAMES session about controversial validity claims and/or contributing during such a controversial validity claim. Presupposition 5: Any detected issue will become the subject of a CAMES session and transformations aimed to enable participants to express their articulations again but now by using help and assistance from CAMES to articulate a clearer meaning to their sentences.

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Presupposition 6: CAMES communication will be observed, traced and tracked in order to detect issues including coercion via monitoring of anonymized project communication utilizing electronic communication. 4. The CAMES system CAMES will consists of three separate systems: an online chat discussion board, an access panel and the analysis suite. Each of these systems will be built on three distinct access components: a storage mechanism, an application and a database. All components will be embedded in a token accessed based eco-system requiring three identities to match up in order to decrypt data at rest, data in motion, and data in memory and transform only machine and eco-system readable data into human readable data. No personal data will be held. The CAMES concept is shown in Figure 1.

Corporate Action Methodology for Enterprise Systems (CAMES)

CAMES conceptualizes and computer operationalizes an ideal speech situation (Habermas, 1984a, p. 25) via technical controls aimed to design, create, maintain and control a computer operationalized project or organization wide “ideal speech situation” (Habermas, 1984a, p. 25) via CAMES virtualization concepts

CAMES builds an augmented reality and brings it into project management practice as an empirical condition of every possible communicative action for projects, or entire organizations introducing a culture where the better argument wins

Figure 1. The CAMES concept

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CAMES translates findings in chaos theory, complexity theory, graph theory and decision science into the language of the IT practice


5. Summary This study proposes the implementation of the philosophical concept of an “ideal speech situation” [3, 4, 5, 6] as early warning and intervention system for practitioners; aimed to lower the rate of projects where failure is not attributed to technical or functional reasons. CAMES is currently at a conceptual stage, and an experimental prototype of the system is under development. The system will be tested in a series of simulated scenarios to explore the possibilities which the concept could offer to IT practitioners and project managers. The authors offer this concept for critique and comment, which will further inform the next stages of this study.

References [1] Dominguez, J. (2009), ‘The Curious Case of the CHAOS Report 2009’, ProjectSmart.Co.UK. Available from: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/the-curious-case-of-the-chaos-report-2009.html (Accessed: 2 February 2012). [2]. The Standish Group International Inc., (2013). CHAOS MANIFESTO 2013 - Think Big, Act Small [3] Habermas, J. (1987a) The Theory of Communicative Action, Vol. 1: The Critique of Functionalist Reason. London: Heinemann. [4] Habermas, J. (1987b) The Theory of Communicative Action, Vol. 2: The Critique of Functionalist Reason. London: Heinemann. [5] Habermas, J. (2002). On the Pragmatics of Social Interaction: Preliminary Studies in the Theory of Communicative Action. MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts [6] Habermas, J. (2014). Between Naturalism and Religion: Philosophical Essays

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Towards a Knowledge Based View of Project Management Serkan Ceylan Southampton Solent Business School, Southampton Solent University, SO14 0YN, UK

Abstract The primary contribution of this paper is to explore the challenges current firms face when using project management methodologies. None of the respected existing project management methodologies are derived directly from competitive theory. Recognizing that project management is largely used in most firms’ strive for competitiveness, this paper is suggesting to use one of the most exciting and most cited competitive theories in the last two decades. The aim is to start a discussion which will aid to give companies a strategic knowledge based framework in which firms have the flexibility to combine different schools of thoughts to achieve their project objectives.

Keywords: Knowledge Based View; Competitve Theory; Project Management

1. Introduction The term ‘knowledge economy’ is connected with the idea that we can use knowledge to generate tangible or intangible value. From a macro perspective, knowledge is now recognised as the driver of productivity and economic growth1 and the world development report states that: “…knowledge has become perhaps the most important factor determining the standard of living – more than, tools and labour”2. At a micro business level, managing knowledge is a critical factor for firms’ survival and competitiveness. Firms increasingly use project environments to drive innovation, growth, change business capabilities or systems to achieve competitive advantage against rivals. However, using project management to drive all these initiatives is a major challenge for companies. Failure rates for projects remain high and learning different ‘Bodies of Knowledge’ or a specific project management methodology, which may be based on e.g. Waterfall, Agile or Lean schools of thought prove difficult. Hence, this paper argues that cornering project management into a particular school of thought proves counterproductive and hinders firms’ flexibility. The right methodological approach may not be leaning toward ideologies of one particular school but in fact may need to use different best practice approaches within different stages of the project.

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2. A Knowledge Based View of Project Management The foundation for any new view of project management is a set of initial principles which enables a logical development of this proposition. The Knowledge Based View (KBV) is a widely cited view of the firm and has its origin from competitive theory. The KBV has four ‘Main’ assumptions which need to be considered3 and are tailored to project environments. Hence, it is important that any project environment will satisfy those assumptions. The first assumption is that ‘knowledge’ is considered to be the most strategically important resource of the project. To view knowledge as the most strategically important resource of the firm, is already advocated by scholars like Spender, who argue that organisations have two predominant goals, the generation and application of knowledge4. Furthermore, knowledge based capabilities are recognised to be one of the most strategically important capabilities for creating sustainable competitive advantage5,6,7,8,9. The second assumption is the differentiation between explicit and tacit knowledge10, with tacit knowledge being essential to achieve sustainable competitive advantage due to its limited transferability and causal ambiguity. The view that knowledge provides organisations with the potential to create and sustain competitive advantage is also widely spread4,11,12 and should therefore be recognized in project environments. The third assumption is that tacit knowledge is acquired and stored in a ‘highly specialised form’ within individuals5,13,14. This will affect any project governance structure and the ideal place for decision making. The final assumption is that production needs a widespread range of knowledge3. The following table below is mainly derived from Grants 3 KBV contribution to provide a clear starting point for discussion. The table breaks the KBV into its key themes and strategic areas.

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Table 1. Key Knowledge Based View Themes KBV Themes

Strategic Area

Transferability

Knowledge specific

Capacity of aggregation

Knowledge specific; Recipient specific; Organisational specific

Appropriability

Knowledge specific

Specialisation in knowledge acquisition

Recipient specific

Coordination within the firm Integration of specialised knowledge

Organisation specific

The role of common knowledge the firm


Organisational capability


Organisational structure/ design Role of hierarchy in decision making


Location of decision making


This paper proposes the use of the Key Knowledge Based View Themes to define a suitable project management framework. Hence, the aim of a knowledge based view of project management is to give companies a strategic knowledge based framework in which they have the flexibility to combine different schools of thoughts which best fits their project objectives. However, project management methodologies have been largely viewed as a context to achieve project outputs which is the main cause that hinders flexibility. 3. Viewing current methodologies as an Mechanism rather than a Context This paper argues that there is an increasing need for flexibility from project managers to be able to use different best practice methodologies. Not so much in the sense that the methodology characterises some flexibility or agility but in the sense that the underlining project management view is set as a ‘Context’ which has the ability to use any methodology as a ‘Mechanism’ to deliver the desired output. This paper argues that by using a knowledge based view on project management, project managers and companies will have a new strategic perspective to deliver projects more efficiently and effectively. There is no, nor should there be a single, multipurpose methodology which is set as a ‘Context’ (one size fits all). This paper believes that successful project management needs to have a knowledge centred approach. Figure 1 below illustrates a successful project management framework using the ‘knowledge based view of Project management’ as a ‘Context’.

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The ‘Output’ links to the achievement of a successful project and are built using a ‘Context’ and ‘Mechanism’. The ‘Context’ is the only rigid factor which is fixed from the outset. The common practice is to use a rigid methodology to achieve project success which indicates the use of the methodology as a ‘Context’. However, by placing the methodology as a variable which is depending on lower level requirements for the project, the knowledge based view shifts the methodology from a ‘Context’ to a ‘Mechanism’ instead. This means, that the knowledge based view in itself can be placed as a ‘Context’ which will influence the variable ‘Mechanism’ factor and hence provide greater flexibility of methodologies used and increase project success.

Knowledge Based View of Project

Methodologies and Best Practice

Management

approaches

Successful Project Outcome

Context + Mechanism = Output Figure 1: Successful Project Management Framework

As a result, there may be different methodologies used by project teams which could complement one another or compete in offering rival school of thoughts within each part of the project scenario. Henceforth, the challenge so far is to determine an overall anchor point to use as a foundation to serve project governance and inform decisions. The knowledge based view would argue, that in today’s business environment, knowledge is the single most important resource of the firm. Hence, project management activities need to move towards a knowledge-centric approach that broadens the conceptual understanding of different project management methodologies or bodies of knowledge to be able to use within a knowledge based view of project management. Based on Barney the KBV recognises transferability of a firm’s capabilities as a critical determination of competitive advantage3. The KBV would also link the ability to aggregate and transfer knowledge to the optimal location of decision making while recognising absorptive capacity of the recipient3. One of the important knowledge based themes would be to differentiate between easily transferable knowledge against knowledge which proves to be costly, slow and ineffective to transfer 15. Rather than deciding about the overall project management methodology from the outset, such as Waterfall vs Agile or decide to combine them from the start by using yet another overarching

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methodological belief set from a best practice portfolio, the knowledge based view of project management would argue to leave such decisions to the individual or group of individuals who have the knowledge capability for that specific task. The knowledge based view uses Nonakas’ knowledge differentiation whereby knowledge that is easily transferable is classified as explicit knowledge and knowledge that shows low transferability is classified as tacit knowledge. Hence, the ability and effectiveness to transfer and aggregate knowledge within any project is the determinant of the optimal location of decision making authority within any project environment. 4. Conclusion Companies should use a knowledge based view of project management as a strategic decision and have operational decisions based on opposite views which could change from work package to work package such as:  Maximum Flexibility VS Maximum Planning  Maximum Control VS Empowerment  Firm acceptance criteria VS Vague Idea  Solid Delivery VS Innovation Current project management practice regards these opposite views above usually as an “either or decision” which needs to be set in stone for the whole project. This results in limitation for the project depending on the school of methodology/ best practice chosen. This paper would argue that decisions should instead depend on strategic views such as the Business environment and the business/departmental culture as well as more tactical decisions such as the overall project environment and project complexity as well as work package or increment complexities. The right methodological approach maybe not leaning toward ideologies of one particular school but in fact may need to use different best practice approaches by placing the knowledge based view of project management as the ‘Context’ and leaving decisions on the ‘Mechanism’ (such as used methodologies) to the optimal location of decision making within the project.

References 1. OECD. The knowledge based Economy, 1996. 2. WDR. Knowledge for Development. World Development Report 1998/99. 3. Grant RM. Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(Winter Special Issue); 1996. p. 109-122 4. Spender JC. Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(Winter Special Issue); 1996. p. 45-62 5. Nonaka I. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization science, 5(1); 1994. p. 14-37

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6. Weerawardena J, O'Cass A. Exploring the characteristics of the market-driven firms and antecedents to sustained competitive advantage. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(5); 2004. p. 419-428 7. Ahmed S, Shah MU, Sajjad M. Examining Human Capital and Job Design: Mediating through Management Expertise to Achieve Sustainable Competitive Advantage; 2014. 8. Camisón C, Villar-López A. Non-technical innovation: organizational memory and learning capabilities as antecedent factors with effects on sustained competitive advantage. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(8); 2011. p. 1294-1304 9. Simonin BL. An empirical investigation of the process of knowledge transfer in international strategic alliances. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(5); 2004. p. 407-427 10. Polanyi M. Tacit knowing: Its bearing on some problems of philosophy. Reviews of Modern Physics, 34(4); 1962. p. 601615 11. Boisot MH. Knowledge assets: Securing competitive advantage in the information economy. Oxford University Press; 1998. 12. Bryant SE. The Impact of Peer Mentoring on Organizational Knowledge Creation and Sharing An Empirical Study in a Software Firm. Group & Organization Management, 30(3); 2005. p. 319-338 13. Lam A. Tacit knowledge, organizational learning and societal institutions: an integrated framework. Organization Studies, 21(3); 2000. p. 487-513 14. Nonaka I, Von Krogh G. Tacit knowledge and knowledge conversion: Controversy and advancement in organizational knowledge creation theory. Organization Science, 20(3); 2009. p. 635-652 15 Kogut B, Zander U. Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization science, 3(3); 1992. p. 383-397

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What are the main philosophical assumptions underpinning management science methods for project management? José Ramón San Cristóbal, Francisco Correa, María Antonia González, Enma Diaz Ruiz de Navamuel, Erensto Madariaga, Andrés Ortega, Sergio López, Manuel Trueba ETS de Náutica, University of Cantabria, Santander 39004, Spain

Abstract Projects are commonly used today in almost all types of industry and thus project managers have gained recognition and employment opportunities beyond construction, aerospace, and defense, etc. There continuous to be a commitment by organizations to pursuing project management, an ongoing growth in the number of project management methods/models/tools available and in the update of certifications and membership offered by the project management associations. This situation begs the question: if projects are not delivering, why is project management as a discipline continuing to grow? Which are the main philosophical assumptions underpinning project management methods? What are the main characteristics of these methods, whether they are quantitative or qualitative, hard or soft? What is their theoretical background? What are their strengths and weaknesses in dealing with the full richness of real-world interventions? The aim of this paper is to assist project managers in understanding both the implicit and explicit assumptions underlying management methods and their principal aims and purposes, in order to be able to make more informed and critical aware decisions. Keywords: Management Science; Project Management; Philosophical assumptions

1. Introduction The basis foundational work of PM was done before the second world war with Gantt charts and then the famous network techniques, CPM and PERT, which were developed at the end of the 1950s. For sixty years, organizations have increasingly been using projects and programs to achieve their strategic objectives [1]. The range of project management applications has also expanded. Kwak and Anbari [2] identified eight categories that represent the disciplines where one can find Project Management (PM) research. Thus, project management is anything but universal [3]. A project could be the building of a house, a ship, or the development of a software program, and many others actions such as military campaigns or recovery programs from natural disasters also meet the criteria of projects. Nowadays, non-complicated projects are lucky to benefit from a lot of software packages. Other projects, aimed at

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creating new high technology products involving a great amount of indeterminacy, require experienced Project Managers in stochastic network control [4]. There continuous to be a commitment by organizations to pursuing project management; ongoing growth in the number of PM methods/models/tools available; and in the update of certifications and membership offered by the project management association [5,6]. This situation begs the question: if projects are not delivering, why is project management as a discipline continuing to grow? The aim of this paper is to assist project managers in understanding both the implicit and explicit assumptions underlying management methods in order to be able to make more critical aware decisions. The paper begins shows the main philosophical assumptions underpinning project management methods and their main characteristics are presented. Finally, there is a concluding section with the main findings of the paper. 2. Towards a philosophy of project management Project Management is discussed both in Management Science (MS) and in Operations Research. The scope and ways in which Management Science are conceived and used have changed enormously. Its methods and methodologies have been applied to a large variety of management situations. Management Science is not only viewed as the application of classical Operations Research techniques. It is a recognized discipline that tackles a wider scope of managerial problems with a number of sophisticated approaches and has influenced the field of management and, at the same time, has been influenced by adjacent fields borrowing and adopting frameworks and models from other areas of management [7]. Management Science, the application of scientific method to management, tends to focus on quantitative tools and the soft skills necessary to manage projects successfully. Management Science is far from being a robust body of scientific knowledge in the way say that physics or chemistry is, in the sense that there can be reducible, repeatable, and refutable laws of management [8]. MS is a recognized and established discipline that has influenced the field of management and at the same time has been influenced by adjacent fields borrowing and adopting frameworks and models from other adjacent areas of management [7]. Nowadays, there is an enormous variety of methods, techniques, and methodologies within the broad field of MS, all having very diverse characteristics and stemming from various paradigms based on differing philosophical assumptions, and, to a lesser or greater extent, drawing on particular bodies of theory. This plenitude poses problems for practitioners who often tend to restrict themselves to one paradigm or even one methodology. It is necessary to make a choice as to which methodology is appropriate for a particular situation. A paradigm is that a construct that specifies a set of philosophical assumptions covering, for example, ontology (what is assumed to exist?), epistemology (What are the possibilities of, and limitations on our knowledge of the world?); ethics or axiology (what is valid or considered right?) [8,9]. The following root definition for a generalized management science method makes explicit the three types of

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modelling assumptions described above: “A system to do the process specified, by developing models of that assumed to exist, in the specified form of representation, based on necessary information, gained from particular sources in order to assist users to achieve specified purposes.” This root definition is used to produce Table 1 covering a wide range of methods and methodologies. The second column records what the methodology does and the third column describes the use of the method. Table 1. Methods and methodologies used in Project Management A system to

In order to

Network models

Represent the component activities of a project and the precedence relationships among them.

To analyze the schedule information and explain the sequencing need for project activities.

Multi-objective decisionmaking

Model the relation between the measurable attributes of entities and processes and to optimize the value of an objective(s) function

Evaluate many different options and decisions thereby optimizing an objective

Multi-criteria decisionmaking

Make decision in the presence of multiple and often conflicting criteria

To evaluate, rank and select the best option from a group of alternatives

Game theory

Model the evolution of a conflict or competitive situations involving different players

To explain the behavior of two or more players, i.e., owners, constractors, and explore different solutions.

Dynamic programming

Model situations where decisions are made at stages.

To explore the operation of complex realworld project situations to aid understanding and control.

Forecasting models

To forecast the future value of measurable attributes of entities and processes.

To predict the behavior of real-world systems and obtain reliable warnings

Simulation models

Simulate the behavior of a project with stable patterns of statistical behavior

To explore the operation of complex realworld interactions between discrete entities

Markov model

To model stochastic or random processes in which transitions between states are random.

To address stochastic scheduling problems and risk evaluation.

3. Conclusions Project managers are usually faced with decision environments where there are a number of conflicting objectives, criteria, limited resources, or they have to deal with conflict situations or must be able to make reliable predictions about the final outcome of projects. Whilst there is an enormous variety of methods within the broad field of management science, project managers must be able to

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understand the aims and purposes of each method in order to choose one method over another for a particular situation. This paper reviews the main management science methods so that project managers will be able to make a choice as to which method is more appropriate for a particular intervention.

References [1] Bredillet, C. Tywoniak, S. and Dwivedula, R. What is a good project manager? An Aristotelian perspective. International Journal of Project Management 2015;33:254-66. [2] Kwak, Y.H. and Anbari, F.T.Analyzing project management research: Perspectives from top management journals,” International Journal of Project Management 2009;27(5):435-46 [3] Senhar, A. J. From theory to practice: Toward a typology of Project-Management styles. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 1998;45(1):33-48. [4] Golenko-Ginzburg, D. Stochastic Network models in innovative projecting, Ph Dissertation. Institute of Control Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences. Ariel University Center of Samaria, Israel, 2011. [5] Project Management Institute, 2014. PMI’s 2013 Annual Report. [6] Wells, H. How effective are project management methodologies? An explorative evaluation of their benefits in practice. Project Management Journal 2012;43(6):43-58. [7] Paucar-Caceres, A. Mapping the changes in management science: A review of sort OR/MS articles published in Omega (1973-2008). Omega 2010;38:46-56 [8] Mingers, J., 2003. A classification of the philosophical assumptions of management science methods. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 54, 559-570. [9] Mingers, J and J. Brocklesty, 1997. Multimethodology: Towards a framework for mixing methodologies. Omega, 25(5), 489-509.

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Analyzing the Financial Impact of Pirate-Edited Video Sites on the US Japanese Animation Market ～A case study on a website’s conversion from piracy to legality and profit Terunao George ITAGOSHI Graduate school of Policy Studies, Chuo University, 742-1 Higashinakano Tokyo 192-0393, Japan

Abstract In 2002, the Japanese animation (Anime) market profit was at its peak of 428 million dollars, but it has fallen down to 217 million dollars, which is half of highest point. In contradiction to this fall, however, the Japanese animation market seems to be growing as we consider the growing number of visitors to the Anime fan events called Anime conventions year by year. Studies in the past have identified that the pirate-edited websites is one of the reason of decline in sales of Anime industry. Then, this paper analyses the influence of the rampant growth of pirate-edited online website and their impact on industry profits. Meanwhile, it defines a business model for legal animation websites. By defining means to protect copyright, while providing modern digital-era services for customers, as a result, it may be inevitable for pirate-edited websites to reform into legal websites. Keywords:Anime; animation; pirates edited website; Netflix; copyrights.

1. AWARENESS OF ISSUES In the United States, Japanese animation is certainly getting more and more popular. However, profits do not increase as popularity increases. Then, why do profits decrease even though popularity increases? In the area of the animation fan events called Anime conventions, have seen attendance numbers increase. While the number of fans visiting such events increases, the animation market size inversely shrinks in its profits year after year. This indicates that the growth of fans in this market. In my previous studies, it’s been pointed out that one of the reasons of the decline in profit of animation is pirate-edited video websites have gone rampant. Here, we verify how these websites constrict sales. Meanwhile, this paper shows a business model for official video websites in order to them to improve their profitability.

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2. HYPOTHESIS 2.1. Copyrights of Video Sharing Website Today, video sharing sites such as YouTube present many problems towards the violation of copyrights of animation. The video sharing sites are also called user created content services, and provide an online internet service which can allow the uncountable numbers of users to post on servers to watch and share them with uncountable numbers of viewers. On these websites, there are welters of personally created videos and illegal contents, becoming a place of creation and accreting new video contents. 2.2. Losses by Pirate Edited Video Websites According to an annual report by Nielsen Video Scan, a research company in the U.S., sales revenue of Japanese Animation home video was 414 million dollars in 2002, but it is greatly declined to 197 million dollars in 2012. One of the main reasons of decline in sales revenue is pirate-edited video sharing sites having gone rampant. In recent years of innovation of digital technology, illegal updates of TV animation and movies through the internet have become serious issues. For example, video of Japanese TV Animation is uploaded with edited caption on the internet without consent soon after broadcasting. These illegal acts effect on decline in sales revenue of DVDs and other packaged media. Currently, in the U.S., estimated loss of Japanese animation pirate-edited video websites is worth about 8524 million dollars when it is converted into retail market scale (METI, 2014). Also, by considering included payments on their allowable amount value, the largest monetary market scale is worth about 5667 million dollars (METI, 2014). This number is a substantial loss. At the same time, it indicates the potential for market growth. 2.3 Construction of Hypothesis One of the main reasons of the decline in sales revenue in the U.S. Anime market is the rampant growth of pirate-edited video websites. On the other hand, however, it can be said that pirate-edited video can be considered as an aide in terms of increasing Anime fan market. Therefore, it is important for Anime providing companies to develop legal video websites sooner rather than to drive out pirateedited video website, creating a situation that restricts people in the U.S. from watching Anime. It is also crucial to build a legal comfortable platform soon in order to increase anime fans and to get opportunities to profit from copyright and the purchase of related products and DVDs by watching videos. As a result, this will lead to increased Anime profitability.

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3. Analysis of Cases 3.1 Case study of Netflix and Hulu Netflix is an American company and the world largest DVD rental and on-demand streaming media company. Through online registration DVDs were mailed to customers within a few days. And they started an easy system to return by mailing the DVDs with an enclosed reply envelope for customers to use after viewing. The original plan was a a-la-carte 4 dollar per DVD and 2 dollars of postage transaction, but they soon after launched a monthly flat-rate subscription system, which becomes a regular favourite. However, as time has passed, the DVD rental market has been disrupted in the U.S. and rental shops have vanished from most cities. Then, Netflix moved on their business system from DVD rentals to a monthly streaming system in 2007. They also attempted to cut off the DVD membership from their streaming service in 2010. The company’s profit in 2012 was 3,609 million dollars and 50 million dollars of sales revenue. Sales in 2013 were 4,375 million dollars and sales revenue was 228 million dollars showing great growth (Netflix, 2014). The following competitor to Netflix is another video streaming site Hulu. Hulu was found by joint venture of NBC, Fox, and Disney. Although their sales are growing as 695 million dollars in 2012 to 1,000 million dollars in 2013, there is a quite difference between the Netflix (Disney 2013). The sales transmission also indicates that monthly charged streaming service is now the main way to watch movies and animation in the U.S. Nowadays in the U.S., there is a current trend called “chord-cutting”; whereas viewers are no longer watching video on TV, but instead are watching films or other videos on their personal computers or mobile devices. This chord-cutting has taken root, and establishing system of making great profits. This is a digression but the author has been a big user of this kind of video streaming service since 2007 with connecting PC to TV at home. 4. Conclusion In this digital network age, it becomes normal to create different and new type of business model from those of the past and protect Anime products through copyright, and grope at the idea of “being better than the pirate-edition”. In consequence, both copyright holders and user’s benefits can be protected. The problem is, as content widely spreads, for it to coexist without infringing on each other’s rights, whether it that of rights holders or users. In other words, how to make best use of reduced profits for copyright holders.

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The great role of copyright is to secure income for people who create and support it. Therefore, it is important to make sure that whether the use of work would eat away or complement the producers’ business. At this moment, video websites have a view of giving effects as promoting of the program. Thus, it is possible that they complement the TV stations’ business. Moreover, it is necessary in this new age to change the concept into securing for both the profit of copyright holders and users. Thus, providing official video is the first thing to do in order to obtain new profits. References [1] Mitsuteru Takahashi, Nobuyuki Tsugata (2011) Study of Anime (in Japanese: Anime gaku). Japan. NTT Publishing [3] Yuko Noguchi (2010). Copyrights during the digital age. Japan. Chikuma Shinsho (in Japanese) [4] George Itagoshi (2013). Are Japanese Anime and Manga profitable? Tokyo, Japan: Discover21 [5] Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Mar 31, 2014) Strategy on infringement of intellectual property rights working group reinforcement business (contents pirated edition measures investigation) final report [7] JETRO, 2013, The current condition of the contents industry in the U.S. 2012-2013 [9] ascii.jp (Oct 16, 2009). Ask VinceShortino of Crunchyroll. ascii.jp http://ascii.jp/elem/000/000/468/468874/ [13] IMDb: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094625/business [16] Netflix 2014: Netflix Annual Report 2013 Filed Feb. 3, 2014 [17] The Walt Disney Company financial report onthe fiscal year of 2013

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Diabetes Telemedicine Project Comparing Specialty Care to Primary Care Karla Parsons California State University, Fullerton, USA ([email protected])

Abstract The prevalence of diabetes both in the United States and worldwide has reached alarming proportions. It is projected to more than double from the year 2000 from 2030. In 2011, the incidence of diabetes has increased to an estimated 25.8 million, or 8.3% of the population, and it is currently estimated that nearly one third of these people remain undiagnosed. In the United States alone, the financial cost attributable to diabetes was estimated at $132 billion dollars in 2002. In California, there are 3.7 million, or 13.7% who have diabetes. In Los Angeles County, the rate of diabetes has increased from 6.6% in 1997 to 9.1% in 2007, affecting about 650,000 adults. Rural areas of California have a proportionately poorer and larger indigent population who depends upon the public health services or emergency rooms. In this paper, we will address the significance of this problem in this population, according to the following research question: Do patients who receive specialty-guided diabetes management with telemedicine as compared with usual care have lower Hgb A1c levels in three months? Keywords: diabetes, healthcare, telemedicine, impact and cost analysis.

1. Background and significance The prevalence of diabetes both in the United States and worldwide has reached alarming proportions. It is projected to more than double from the year 2000 from 2030[1]. In 2011, the incidence of diabetes has increased to an estimated 25.8 million, or 8.3% of the population, and it is currently estimated that nearly one third of these people remain undiagnosed, [2]. In the United States alone, the financial cost attributable to diabetes was estimated at $132 billion dollars in 2002, [3]. In California, there are 3.7 million, or 13.7% who have diabetes. In Los Angeles County, the rate of diabetes has increased from 6.6% in 1997 to 9.1% in 2007, affecting about 650,000 adults [4]. Rural areas of California have a proportionately poorer and larger indigent population who depends upon the public health services or emergency rooms [5].

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1.1 Problem Primary care providers are generally the first to diagnose and treat diabetics. Despite the availability of evidence- based care guidelines established by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), treatment in rural settings has generally fallen short of these objectives. Reasons for this failure are lack of time, knowledge, personnel and treatment protocols, [6]. Facing numerous barriers to health, which include access to care, persons living in rural areas have greater distances to specialty providers. These barriers only serve to impede those with diabetes from obtaining quality evidence-based care in their community, [7]. When health needs are delayed, a minor medical issue can escalate into an acute condition necessitating an emergency room encounter, in- patient admission, or a highly expensive medical air flight to a facility with a higher level of care. 1.2 Significance of the problem within the population Santa Catalina Island is a rocky island 26 miles off the coast of the U.S. state of California and falls under the jurisdiction of Los Angeles County. Avalon, with 91% of the residents, has a total population of 3,728, of which 2079 or, 55%, are of Hispanic nationality. A little over two and two-thirds square miles in size, the City of Avalon has an annual visitor count of close to one million, [8] [9] [10]. Catalina Island Medical Center (CIMC), a non- profit and sole provider of medical services for the island, is the second smallest acute licensed hospital in California with twelve beds that consists of a skilled nursing area, acute and swing bed designation. The on-call physician covered emergency room has two bays and one observation room. The hospital does not perform surgery, have blood products, or employ specialists. Catalina Island Medical Group (CIMG), the outpatient portion of the center provides scheduled and walk-in services Monday through Friday. 2. Research question The significance of the problem in this population is posed with this research question: Do patients who receive specialty-guided diabetes management with telemedicine as compared with usual care have lower Hgb A1c levels in three months? 2.1 Assumptions It was assumed that the primary care provider group’s knowledge of current evidence- based diabetes management was not up to the standards of care.

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At the conclusion of the study, based upon the biomedical and qualitative outcome measurements, evidence would persuade a change of practice knowledge and standards. 2.2 Limitations The primary limitation of this project is the geographic location. Being a rural setting, on an island where there is a high number of indigent and Spanish speaking only patients, the barrier existed with the new technology. 2.3 Project design The design was a randomized controlled trial of three months duration. Two groups were monitored. One group received the intervention and education by endocrinology guided care via telemedicine, while the control group receiving usual traditional care provided by the Family Medicine practice providers. Telemedicine visit occurred at month one, two months, and three months. HgbA1c values were collected at baseline and after three months. 2.4 Setting and sample Study participants were selected from CIMC patients. Inclusion criteria include adults with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, age between 21 and 60 years who are full time Santa Catalina Island residents. Exclusion criteria were: diabetic patients who have had diabetes for less than one year. 3. Primary outcome Of the 24 who met eligibility, ten completed the study, five in both groups. At the end of the three months, the hemoglobin A1c level increased in the usual care average from 7.02% to 7.62%. In the telemedicine group, the glycemic index decreased from7.80% to 7.40%. These were small changes that were clinically meaningful. 3.1 Interpretation of results A paired samples t-test was conducted to evaluate the impact of telemedicine guided diabetes care with a specialist versus usual care over three months. Although there was no statistical significant difference from the usual care Pre to Post study or the Telemedicine group Pre values to post study, it is clinically significant.

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4. Conclusion Telemedicine showed clinically significant improvement in reducing glycemic index values and worked better than usual care, while also improving exercise habits significantly over three months. In a prospective observational study, [11] 1% reduction in A1c levels has been correlated with a 21% reduction in vascular complications with benefits also in the reduction of risk for eye, kidney and nerve diseases by 40%. If a reduction of complications is realized, that benefit is transferred to reducing costs.

References [1] Wild, S., Roglic, G., Sicree, R., & King, H. (2004). Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care, 27, 1047-1053. [2] U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). National diabetes fact sheet: General information and national estimates on diabetes in the United States, http://www.hhs.gov [3] Hogan, P., Dall, T., & Nikolov, P. (2003). Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002. Diabetes Care, 26,917-932 [4] County of Los Angeles Public Health, (2011). Retrieved from http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov [5] Stats & Facts. California State Rural Health Association: (2008) Retrieved from http://www.csrha.org/factsheet.html [6] Coon, P. & Zulkowski, K. (2002). Adherence to American Diabetes Association standards of care by rural health providers. Diabetes Care, 25, 2224-2229. [7] Shea, S. Weinstock, R., Starren, J. et al.,(2006). A randomized trial comparing telemedicine case management with usual care in older, ethnically diverse, medically undersercved patients with diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. (2006);13:40-51. [8] Santa Catalina Island. (2011) Retrieved from http://www.wikinfo.org/index.phpSanta_Catalina_Island [9] U.S. Census Bureau, (2010) Retrieved from http://www.factfinder2.census.gov 2010. [10] Living in Avalon, (2011). City of Avalon. Retrieved from http:// www.cityofavalon.gov  Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000;321(7258):405-12.

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Mobile applications for self-management in psychotic disorders Raquel Simões de Almeidaa, António Marquesb, Cristina Queirósa, Tiago Sousab, Constantino Martinsc, Daniel Benevidesc & Alexandre Almeidac a

Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal b School of Allied Health Sciences, Oporto Polytechnic Institute, Porto, Portugal c School of Engineering, Oporto Polytechnic Institute, Porto, Portugal

Abstract Few people with psychotic disorders receive effective treatments. Mobile health (mHealth) solutions have the potential to address this, representing a practical opportunity to increase speed of care and enhance treatment. New opportunities for patient-professional joint decision-making and personalized healthcare are beginning to become a reality. Accompanying them are several challenges that need to be taken in consideration, for instance, privacy, ethical, and policy issues. The present work is a literature review about the existing technologies, approaches, and challenges of the using of mobile applications for self-management in psychotic disorders. The existing literature provides promising evidence for the use of smartphones applications to improve mental health care but also points out the lack of quality research led using them, as most of the apps were not evaluated on a randomized controlled trial. Besides, it is important to know if the patients and professionals are willing to use the app and what do they expect from the app, involving them in its development. Keywords: mhealth; psychotic disorders; self-management; mobile applications

1. Introduction Portugal is the European country with the highest rate of mental illness (22.9%) [1]. Mental illnesses, such as psychotic disorders, have a great impact on individuals affected and on society, and are one of the leading causes of disability [1]. In addition, 60% of people with such problems remain without access to mental health care and, in particular, rehabilitation programs, impairing their functionality, quality of life and social inclusion [2]. This is mainly due to the lack of resources to allow access to a comprehensive and early intervention, dedicated to not only in controlling symptoms, but also in enabling people to live satisfactorily in the contexts that they choose to live, work and socialize, enhancing their life project. The combination of technologies with mental health has recently emerged in Europe and the United States, which seems to be an approach to minimize this problem [3]. With the economic pressure on mental health services increasing, mHealth could reduce treatment gaps, reduce

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waiting time for patients and deliver interventions at lower costs. Technology advocates altering how health care is delivered and can do it as well for chronic diseases like mental illnesses. With this in mind, the aim of this work is to summarize the opportunities, challenges and future directions in the use of apps in psychotic disorders. 2. Opportunities Nowadays almost everyone has a mobile phone in western society (and smartphone usage rates are increasing) [4] and it is relatively easy to develop an application that allows the patient to best selfmanage their disease, obtain reliable and understandable information and articulate with a clinician more quickly. The use of technologies has facilitated the paradigm change from the traditional practitioner-patient relationship into one that empowers and encourages the patient to take on a greater self-management role, as the recovery model advocates. Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia are often categorized into three symptoms main domains: positive symptoms (deliriums and hallucinations), negative symptoms (apathy and isolation), and cognitive impairments (disordered thoughts and speech)[5], which can all diminished by using new technologies that are already in the market that includes Web-based cognitive behavioural interventions for coping with auditory hallucinations, online peer support, computerized programs designed to enhance medication adherence and physical activity and web-based psycho-education [6]. Mobile applications characteristic’s (such as portability, selfsufficient energy source, and the increasingly user-friendly design) allow something groundbreaking: transport research, evaluation and treatment of the therapeutic context for the various contexts in which the patient performs activities in real time, by, for example, giving medication reminders, thinking-right tips, support messages or relaxation techniques. As the use of smartphones and other mobile technologies continue growing, it will create new and exciting opportunities for innovative mHealth systems that will enable uninterrupted assessment and support treatment. Gathering active (ie, selfreport of symptoms and functioning) and passive (ie, sensors that capture physiology such as cardiac frequency) patient data has been studied to be added to several apps given it’s usability to monitor and prevent relapses [7]. This will certainly allow an increase in the success of the treatments for people with psychotic disorders in the years ahead, helping overcome problems of inequitable access to services due to geographic isolation, financial constraints, transportation, and so on. 3. Challenges Currently, besides “Mobile Medical Applications Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff”, in the United States, no oversight or standards for mental smartphones apps exist and the total number of apps available (more than 100,000) makes quality control a noteworthy concern [8, 9, 10]. It is possible that the majority of mental health apps contain inaccurate information or relevance to provide an assessment or intervention that is not evidence based [11]. Furthermore,

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clinicians should contribute to the constantly increasing body of evidence on the impact of mobile technology on mental health problems by sharing and reporting their experiences, publishing their outcomes, and improving their present practices with this new evidence. Older mental health practitioners may be less leaned to use them or even be apprehensive by these new technologies. Equally, older patients may find it demanding to use and understand the data provided to them by their smartphones. In these situations, it would be advisable to show them the benefits of using mHealth and how easy they are to use. We must consider the fact that approving new technologies cannot possibly replace the practitioner-patient relationship, but technology has the potential to leverage innovative and better tools to promote mental health, strengthening the therapeutic alliance and enhancing the quality of care. In this sense, it is not intended to restrict the therapeutic intervention to mobile apps, but rather complement it. A WHO study presented the barriers to mHealth implementation in several regions: knowledge, policy, different priorities, cost effectiveness and others [12]. Future research should focus on certifying the quality and accuracy of mHealth apps, as well as fostering the access to education and qualification courses that will train mental health clinicians in using mobile technologies that could revolutionize approaches to patient care [13]. Also, there are many different types of smartphones with different operating systems, so a mHealth app must adapt to all. There is already solutions to fullfil that requirement (see for example http://ionicframework.com/). Data security and patient privacy must be also carefully considered when integrating smartphone technology into mental health care. Some of the most common threats to data security and patient privacy come from physical loss of the mobile device or unapproved access. The app software used on smartphones also poses a unique risk to patient confidentiality since several apps collect and send user information and statistics back to the software developers. In order to diminish menaces to patient privacy, clinicians should be mindful of what information apps gather and how this information is used once it is obtained, presenting this information to patients in an informed consent procedure that clearly states the benefits and risks associated with the use of the smartphone. Mobile apps holds significant promise for engaging patients in therapeutic activities, but designing it is extremely challenging and requires a patient centred approach [14]. 4. Future Directions Despite the increasing interest in mobile mental health and the use of smartphone technology to address psychiatric problems, there remains a lack of knowledge concerning patients’ ownership of smartphones, their patterns of use and their interest in using them to help self-manage their condition. Thus, to develop and implement applications that can be useful for both professionals and patients, we suggest the following steps:  Explore patients’ and professionals’ needs and concerns in relation to mental health mobile apps through surveys, interviews or focus groups;  Analyze the evidence on the acceptability, feasibility, security and benefits of mobile-based interventions for psychotic disorders trough a systematic review;

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 Test app usability with ratings questionnaire and tasks (to assess content flaws and design). As attention in mobile applications continues to grow, further research is warranted. 5. Conclusions Mobile-based interventions provide an exceptional opportunity to deliver cost-effective, accessible, real-time support to people with psychotic disorders [6]. Mobile apps have the potential to play a significant role in patient education, disease management, delivering easy tracking and improved adherence. To sum up, the use of smartphones and other mobile technology has numerous benefits for both patients and practitioners [15]. More research is needed to provide data on the usability and intervention effectiveness of mobile device software’s in the mental health field. We recommend that researchers and clinicians consider the use of them as part of their clinical practice, but also keep the ethical principles and code of conduct in mind.

Acknowledgements This research received support from the Santander/Oporto Polytechnic Institute grant.

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