International Journal of Emerging Trends in ... - RS Publication

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm

Issue 3, Vol.1 (January 2013) ISSN 2249-6149

Green Buildings and need of its Flexibility to create sustainability in every society

Pragyan Bhattarai 1, Nirmal Neupane 2, Rajendra Chaudhary3, Naveen Shah4, A.V.A Bharat Kumar5

Research Students of Civil Engineering, K.L.University, A.P.-522502, India, Phone-+919160451930, ___________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

World is flourishing in every possible ways in technology, with the pace of technology the construction concept is also upgrading. People perception and desire have really racket and made bad impact in the environment so this is a time where we need to work in collaboration with environment in every instant. So, Green buildings concept has arises which have good impact in environment ensuring the quality health of people. The movement of green concept was commenced long back but still its impact is not in that extend. Tremendous Green building councils around the globe are working actively for making people aware about this technology. The cost and difficult pointing system for the certification have made this technology very limited up till today. Middle class and poor people’s concentration is more in the world but they are unable to afford this technology so there is not much improvement till date. Now the scenario has to be changed and we should make up green building approachable to all the people of the world. This paper forwards the main concept about green building and the things that we need to amend and new concept that need to be forwarded with which all the people around the world would have accesses to this technology and our vision of making green world would be successful very soon. Key words: Green Building, Technology, Cost and Pointing System, Middle class and poor class people, vision ___________________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION The environmental progress concept was commenced from 1970s and later in 1990 the green revolution commenced which raise the attention of the globe in the importance of preservation of environment and the role of human activities for environmental protection [4]. It is certain that progress for these activities is upgrading but embarrassingly influence is not much in developing countries in compare to that of developed countries which are aware and have make their own rules and regulation as per their needs. In developing countries like Nepal, India, Bhutan etc we can observe the growth of infrastructure is tremendously increasing day by day so we need to be aware about the fact that environment which is the key factor must not be violated instead any construction in collaboration with the environment must be our Page 128



main objective. It is expected that India alone is growing in the construction industry by average of 9.5% which is covering 5% of global. We can’t neglect the fact that the construction practice which is going on is creating lots of problem as many resources are being destroyed, non renewable resources are widely used, people are occupying the space and leading for deforestation whish are best instance in which environment are not considered at all. We must be aware that without environment our existence is impossible so it’s time to work out so that we can create a situation in which people will consider environment more than their needs. Researchers around the globe are much more worried about the destruction that is taking place so as to rectify an engineering concept is being forwarded as Green building which indicates consider green (environment) and construct the houses applying Green building technology[6]. Green Building can be considered in tremendous way as we can preferably called as Sustainable house or eco- friendly house, intelligent building and other tantamount things which overall give the reflection of a highly sophisticated and best performance building having high impact in human being and environment. It aids a lot to improve our health considering environment as the key factor which is today’s main attention to be given in global arena. These types of building are considered for human comfort by conserving the environment which helps to increase the overall performance of life. This is nothing but the intellectual and creative use of the mind where simple things are given more priority and use of locally available materials and selection of more astute material in construction is its main motto. This technology is spreading rapidly all over the world and people are more prone to this technology. The need of this type of technology in developing countries has become more crucial nowadays. There are different organizations which are being associated with this technology and are responsible for spreading worldwide like US Green Building Council(USGBC) which is third party certification ,Bureau of Energy Efficiency(BEE), Indian Green Building Council and several other non profitable government organization and they have also profoundly studied and came with good outcomes as green buildings are proven to be environmental friendly with lots of its merits in environment which indicate that mankind activities are leading for the detonation of component of the society but at the same time this can be rectified by giving more priority to environment which indeed aids a lot in reducing consumption of natural resources, pollution and waste and also improves the health of people as per UNEP report forwarded in 2007 [5]. As this process was commenced from LEED and it is spreading all over[2]. Every country have enlisted its important and formulated green rules as per their circumstance. In India IGBC is actively working for spreading the knowledge on important of green concept and its benefit to individual and the nation. We only can accept the fact that the building is green when the enlisted things are fulfilled 1. Use of local material, utmost use of renewable resources making limited use of non renewable resources. 2. Use of energy in an effective ways 3. Recycling and reusing the material for reducing pollution, waste material and other tantamount impacts

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CONSIDERED PARAMETER FOR GREEN BUILDING There are certain parameters which aid to lead for the green building which need to be fulfilled. Though location also make big different as the building certified as green might not be certified as green in Nepal due to change in topography, climatic condition and other tantamount things so different country need to have their own rules for their country as LEED, USGBC are considered in USA, India also have their own council known as IGBC( Indian green building Council)[6, 1] and their parameters are as follows  Selection of site  Planning of building  Innovative and astute design  Use of local material  Management of wastage  Management of water and its effectiveness  Use of energy and it’s management  Selection of Materials  Management of indoor environmental quality These are some of the key parameters which is most important to be maintained in order to improved the performance of building and also reduce environmental impact. BENEFITS OF GREEN BUILDINGS With lots of research and immense practical expose researcher have observed tremendous benefits of green building in human life as well as environment and it also have linked a concept of “Human and Environment should walk holding hand in hand”. Some of the benefits are enlisted point wise  Environmentally friendly  Improve human health and living quality  Effective use of local materials  Knowledge of material before its use  Control pollution and wastage  Optimize life-cycle economic performance  Energy efficiency  Water efficiency  Boosting of skills

METHODS There are different ways according to which we can implement our ideas for green building. It is the basic thing in green building that we always should think globally and act locally for which we need to get to know how is the topography of the place and selection of most suitable building is the best way of implementation of this new technology.

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Fig.1 mind mapping for process of Green building method

LITERATURE REVIEW PAPERS Most of the buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of the CO2 emissions. Energy performance of each building is a key element to achieve the climatic and energy objectives, such as 20% reduction of the greenhouse gases emissions and 20% of primary energy saving target by the year 2020. It should be possible by the use of solar powers and use of other tremendous renewable sources[10]. The practice that is being used today for this step is being much more costly due to which every country is not able to implement it in effective way so the cost optimization is essential fact that must be implemented for the effective and astute implementation of these systems. Different options of building-envelope parameters, heat-recovery units, and heating/cooling systems as well as various sizes of thermal and photovoltaic solar systems are explored as design options via three-stage optimization. Incentives (e.g., energy credits) are required to reach lowerenvironmental-impact houses. Investing in low-operating-cost environmentally friendly heating system (e.g. ground source heat pump) is a key element for optimal solutions. Better Page 131



than solar thermal, photovoltaic are much more economical and effective for single home. For summer the cooling of the house need mechanical cooling which is not at all cost-optimal option. It increases not only the investment cost but also the operating cost. Proper shading and building tightness with well managed natural cooling via operable windows can eliminate the summer overheating risk in systematic way. The economical feasibility of the mechanical cooling option becomes close to optimal when it is integrated with a sufficient size of photovoltaic for free electricity from solar panels. Big size solar is also not a best cost optimization method so use of small photovoltaic can be very much useful and best alternative. Exploring a huge number of design options, which include Renewable Energy Sources technologies, HVAC systems, and commonly used/advanced energy saving measures, is extremely time consuming and easy to implement and also to analyze. Automatic simulation-based optimization is required to find the optimal combinations when having the economical and the environmental viabilities as objective functions and the minimum acceptable thermal comfort level as a constraint. A multi-stage optimization method can be implemented for the effective implementation and desire to acquire zero energy building solution.[10] Concise Ventilation technique can be used up in order to reduce the consumption of energy that is being used up due to the heating of the house in the winter. Manual ventilation techniques were used where the consumption of the energy is highly reduced, but this created lots of problem as warn air get displaced by cool air when this process is incur.[11] In this paper, the shock ventilation process is given more preference for maintaining the air circulation in the house without any loss. More than shock ventilation if the tickle ventilation is used than it helps to reduce the loss by around 20%. In many countries consumption of winter heating fuel is the major source of CO2 emission and energy consumption, so application of this type of tickle ventilation can save lots of money time and facilitates a lot. An analysis depicted that that 70% of street-facing windows are blocked from full opening as per the requirement for shock-ventilation, and half of these are single-paned windows which only can be opened slightly, by being put on the trickle-ventilation setting, due to these blockages. The proportion of blocked windows may be even higher on the non-street facing sides of dwellings. Profound observation leads to signify that proportion of windows are put on the trickle setting (which means 10 degree tilt of the window toward inside) in winter, are not to the mark. It is also advised and recommended that policymakers address the major issues: material design for affordable window modification; more focused numerical and scientific content in promotional aid in the development of the concept of the ventilation with simple techniques. [11] The continuous effort for the building envelope in achieving building energy efficiency and indoor comfort for the user is struggling race since long time and it’s still going on. The building envelope strategy of the future is based on a dynamic, active and integrated solution that is able to optimize the thermal performance, integrate the active elements and systems, and exploit energy from renewable sources. [12] The paper was concluded from the long research and precise observation of active and integrated building envelopes at the Politecnico di Torino, in which numerical analyses and experimental campaigns, involving test cells. The analysis also provides knowledge on the contribution of each subsystem, e.g. glazing, sun-shading devices, natural and mechanical ventilation, so as to achieved energy efficiency. Buildings usually suffers Page 132



from unconditional indoor comfort conditions (due to the high energy loss in winter, the excessive thermal gain in summer, the poor natural ventilation, and the visual discomfort which is caused due to the absence of shading devices) and energy consumption like HVAC systems which is very essential component for indoor condition. The experimental campaigns were performed in two different locations in Northern Italy (lat. 45° N). Both the locations are characterized by hot and humid summers and dry and cold winters. Lots of improvement has been concluded after the first DSF appeared encompassing both concerning the subsystem component and interaction between the elements. The use of PV devices also has great expose for the effective implementation of the green concept. Dynamic skins encompass the burning topic which is integration between AIFs and the building services. However, higher the façade integration with the HVAC system, the more complex the design, the construction and the management of the building. In this case, it is mandatory that the integrated façade is planned together with the environmental services: the façade can be considered as a part of the HVAC system or it can even be regarded as the link between the building and the mechanical plant. So , stand alone façade based on an advanced module, that integrates tremendous function which can be one of the promising solution for different buildings.[12] The increase of health risk in the human being is not only due to the food and other day to day activities but it is also due to materials that are used in the construction of the house. It is also being proved that the indoor air quality was found much more polluted than that of the surrounding or outdoor. People are investing much more money in the appearance of the houses whereas less concentration is given for the enhancement of the quality of the indoor surrounding. The certification for the green building is increasing day by day and most of the people’s time will be spend in the indoor room only so careful and astute research is needed for the factual information.[13] As LEED is also working for the improving the indoor quality and focuses are given in many aspect such as design which is the major consideration and change should be implemented for the astute plan and prompt implementation. The focuses that should be applied are Minimum indoor air quality performance, Environmental tobacco smoke control, Carbon dioxide monitoring, Ventilation effectiveness, Construction indoor air quality management during construction and before construction, Low emitting material, Indoor chemical and pollutant source control, controllability of systems, Thermal comforts, daylight and views which are the major parts upon which we have to be conscious about then the implementation and understanding would be simple and precise. The quality of air of the room or indoor must be controlled by any means, the continuous monitoring of the production of carbon dioxide or the material which contribute for this must be studied precisely, The selection of the material also makes a huge impact so proper plan and strategy to follow those is also must. The research showed that daylight must be to the maximum amount, control of the system and also the thermal comfort must be in the high priority. Low emitting materials as carpet, paints must be the focus point that must be analyzed very precisely. All the important things must be checklist in prior and the implementation must be to the best so that it would have a great impact and also would be very accessible to all. The design is the major consideration and the important fact through which we can take up the project to the certain height so proper planning and also the prior checklist is mandatory and that type of checklist must be prepared in prior. As economization is also another important task so the focus to the design will help in ample amount to reduce the cost and make the concept more precise. So proper and precise consideration of this entire thing especially design aspect helps a lot to Page 133



maintain the indoor air quality. So other different alternatives also must be seek in advance. [13] The green certification for the normal house and for the standard house is done in leadership in energy and environmental Design (LEED) as well as National Association of home builders (NAHB). The guidelines that is given for the various factors might get differ but tentatively the real moan of the both the certification is the same. If the professional can be hired in the good manner with good level of workout then the certification process might be effective and reliable. LEEDS has its own points for the small as well as standard house which focuses mainly in the orientation and the environmental aspect. A green building is a sustainable building that is environmentally eco-friendly and resource efficient throughout the building’s life cycle. This includes from site plan to the material used in the building. Nowadays a green building is becoming most popular due to its effective energy conservation and eco-friendly to the environment. The process of construction of a green building is same as construction of a normal building but the ideology is different from it. This green building has been commenced at united state green building council (USGBC). This USGBC has developed leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) for major construction and remodeling projects. This LEED certification gives the total certification process and steps that to be followed during construction. From the view of the LEED certification we came to know that this is mostly applicable for the major constructions like multistoried buildings, commercial buildings and remodeling buildings. LEED has given its criteria for the certification as a green building; the minimum 18 requirements are required for the certification. From these 18 requirements there are different points to be acquired for the certification of certified, silver, gold, platinum rated buildings. LEED home prerequisites and points required by division [14] Division

Prerequisites Max.points % total ID 3 11 8 LL 10 7 SS 2 22 16 WE 15 11 EA 2 38 28 MR 3 16 12 EQ 7 21 15 AE 1 3 2 Other Total 18 136 100 ID- innovation in design LL- Location and linkages SS- Sustainable sites WE- water efficiency EA- energy and atmosphere MR- material and resources EQ- indoor environmental quality AE- Awareness and education

of Certified 5 3 2 6 29 45

Silver

Gold

Platinum

5 3 2 6 44 60

5 3 2 6 59 75

5 3 2 6 74 90

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There is a fee for the LEED for enrollment, certification, judging etc….. by looking at these fee and the criteria we thought this could be suitable only for high class people those who can effort money as it is high for the certification of their building and more over this LEED has not given the exact criteria for small buildings like single bedroom houses, double bed room houses this is the only drawback by the LEED criteria. National association of home builders (NAHB) has developed the green building guide lines that which can be applicable only for the single family homes. It has three prerequisites related to energy efficiency. A total of 237 points are required for bronze designation which is least in certification; 311 points are required for silver designation; 395 points for gold designation, which is highest designation out of approximately 920 total points. As per fee concern it is as same as LEED guidelines. NAHB Guide lines, prerequisites and points required by division [14] Division Lot design preparation and development Resource efficiency Energy efficiency Water efficiency Indoor environmental quality Operation, maintenance and home owner education Global impact Other points total

Prerequisites Max.points %of total 82 9

Bronze 8

Silver 10

Gold 12

-

217

24

44

60

77

3

338

37

37

62

100

-

115

12

6

13

19

-

132

14

31

54

72

-

19

2

7

7

9

3

18 921

2 100

3 100 237

5 100 311

6 100 395

National green building standard is another criteria for the green building certification for the residential buildings not classified as an institution, sub divisions, building sites, alterations, additions, renovations and remodels, mixed used residential buildings and historical buildings. For this there are 21 prerequisites for new single homes for basic certification. To certify the building as bronze we require 222 points, 406 points for acquiring silver, 558 points for gold, and 697 for emerald certification from proposed 1591 points.[14]

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Division

Prerequisites Max.points %of total Lot design, 221 14 preparation& development Resource 4 242 15 efficiency Energy 5 674 42 efficiency Water 0, gold 2+ 149 9 efficiency Indoor 11 289 18 environmental quality Operation 1 16 1 maintenance & home owner education Other points Total 21, gold-23 1591 100


Bronze

Silver

Gold

Emerald

39

66

93

119

45

79

113

146

30

60

100

120

14

26

41

60

36

65

100

140

8

10

11

12

50 222

100 406

100 558

100 697

LEED, NAHB, National green building standard are the three green building certification organization that seems to be same but the cost and the types of buildings are different from them i.e., as per the cost that includes registration, certification and inspection and cost is more in LEED certification when compared to NAHB and national green building standard. Observing the types of buildings is all single family homes that can go for all the three organizations, for multistoried and commercial buildings we need to go for the LEED only [14].

Today the research on Green Building is seeking to investigate in different mechanism. The effects are by direct mechanism and indirect mechanism to the environment. This mechanism effects on environmental design features of a Green Building on occupants, environmental awareness (EA) and Organizational Image (OI). The data was collected from 172 occupants for the leadership in Energy and environmental Design (LEED) certified green buildings. [15] The limitation and impletions study for long term market concludes the growth of green buildings, which also provides supporting evidence. The striking points for green building are considered as leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED), Environmental awareness, organizational image, workplace satisfaction, environmental management, sustainable design, buildings and corporate image. It also indicated that energy consumed by heating; ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system and lighting system utilize 60% of the electric power of the buildings, which is the key reason for the challenge to green concept. We need to reduce the level of utilization of such material and seek for the alternatives which might be photovoltaic solar. The alternative should be considered and various basic implementations should be imposed for the effective planning and also design can be Page 136



amended in the best possible way with tremendous plans for all class buildings. Energy saving can be imposed in different ways like considering the building orientation, building insulation, roof insulation, lighting, indoor, outdoor etc in a best possible ways. The building orientation should be as per Vastu direction which has very much aesthetical value and also building insulation can be taken care of through plantation of trees on the periphery which aid in saving up to 25% of energy. The roof should be green roof which can be obtain by various methods as using light color reflective coating which aid the natural light to pass by curtailing the energy consumed (50-80) % . We also can intensify the area of the windows such that it gives more light in day time which helps to reduce the use of electricity in daytime as natural light can be used up. If the light is not in use we can turn off the light, use CFL lamp, electric ballast etc which also helps for green concept in certain extend. [15] The data which are based on 175 collected from LEED for certified green building indicated that they did not found the positive evidence from the direct effects on EA and OI .The indirect effect depicts some positive result on occupant’s workplace satisfaction in term of EA and OI. From this study we got more positive lesson for organizational leaders and further development those who are likely to use the green buildings to improve EA and OI [15]. ESSENTIAL OF GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL As there is need of rules and regulation and continuous monitoring for constructing the green building and council plays vital role in this aspect. Green building concept changes according to topography, the concept applicable in hot region would not be valid for cold region and others. So, proper rules and direction should be made by the council so that it would be very easy for the user to design their green building in and accordance to plan. This concept is not a new one as it was started long back. There is certain council which is working effectively for spreading the green knowledge. Some of them are

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) LEED is being developed by the U. S. Green Building Council (USGBC) and commenced to work effectively from 1995. It has tremendously spread its concept to the world and many more branches are also being established. It is being continuously working with the vision of making a world a green world. It is very much devoted for the astute design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings. Green building certification institute also exists which is being commenced by USGBC for imparting the knowledge and updates on green concept. From 2009 checklist it is clear that the pointing system as assigned by LEED is as follows S.no

Key Aspect

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Sustainable site Water Efficiency Energy and Atmosphere Materials and Resources Indoor environmental quality Innovation in design Regional priority

Point Assign 20 points 10 points 35 points 14 points 15 points 6 points 4 points

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100 base points; 6 possible Innovation in Design and 4 Regional Priority points Certified 40–49 points Silver 50–59 points Gold 60–79 points Platinum 80 points and above

In this energy efficiency and selection of site and planning is credited the highest point.

INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (IGBC) IGBC is also special council which is established with the deliberation of making India aware about the green buildings and making India a green country soon This council teach and make aware about the latest trains and other updated and basic facts about green building to builders, developers and owners so that all would know the importance of green building in India. India also encompasses pointing system which has its own parameter to judge but it’s somewhat similar to that of LEED. LEED India is also formed to make the work more effective. S.N

Certification Level

Individual Residential Unit

Multi-dwelling Residential Recognition Unit

1

Certified

38 – 44

50 – 59

Best Practices

2

Silver

45 – 51

60 – 69

Outstanding Performance

3

Gold

52 – 59

70 – 79

4

Platinum

60 – 75

80 – 100

National Excellence Global Leadership

GREEN BUILDING EFFECTIVNESS AND NEED OF ITS AMENMITIES As the concept and the agenda forwarded by the green building of different country have the same principle of saving the environment and making astute living stander of life. It is true every council are making their pace so as to make more people aware about this technology and make them register with their council. It is a big rush today for getting green building certified. In the developed countries the rate of people who are aware about this technology are much more interested for certification and we can observe drastic jump in the last 5 years. If we consider undeveloped or developing countries then its effectiveness is not seen in that extend. People around the developing country are not aware about what green building is all about so mind make up to get certification is far behind. This technology is very beneficial but not accessible to all. More than the rich people there are poor people around so there must be some criteria that must be assigned to them also so that they can fell this are good and beneficial for us. Page 138



IGBC is existing in India for the spreading of green concept and accrediting the building but limited people who have good wealth are only interested to these deeds. We are unable to find the problem that exit within it. Around 90% of engineering students in India are not aware about the green buildings so people need to be given education about what really a green building is. There must be exhibition, conference, and school level program lunched so as to make people aware about this green buildings. There must be separate criteria for middle and low class family so that green building would not be dream for them. The pointing system that is assigned by LEED, IGBC requires lots of things and charges that they charge for certification is also high for middle and low class family. We always must have the vision to spread the things among the people who are backward then world will change automatically. Straw house in this world is existing which is low budget building and one of the effective and eco-friendly houses which is being practice in different part of the world. This council must make people aware about these facts and provide green certificate for those house also so that building green building or house won’t be limited to the dreams of the people. In the countries like Nepal, Bhutan etc not even the council is existing so being accredit is far away. There must be some council which must be formed so that to check whether each and every county is consisting its rules and regulation for green building, if this case doesn’t exist then proper suggestion and help must be provided so that this concept will not be limited to some countries. The fact why green concept is still lacking behind and is unable to pace up till now is due to its variation limitation among which these are the key factor. The concept of green must not be suitable to one people or one country, it must cover the whole world then only the target and success will be appreciable else it will be useful for someone for some reason.

Fig. Difference between people applying green concept and people not accessible to it and outcome as a whole. The up listed figure tries to explain that if green concept is being implemented by some people only than we won’t have great impact as a whole so to make green world everyone

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must be encompassed and they must contribute to their best from their sides. So, lots of green council must be formed so that we can make this technology accessible to the world. CONCLUSION

The rising need of people is increasing day by day which is also increasing the risk of environmental destruction. In this circumstance, the concept of green building must be followed by each and every people of the world. It is clear enough from the paper that the green building and its certification is not up till the limit and is not favorable for all the people of the world. So it is important for Green building council to update and come up with various scheme so that this technology can be accessible to all even for medium and poor peoples. Green building is a boom to the world where we can reduce in the operation of energy and water consumption, increase productivity of occupants, health and safety benefits. This reflects that if we can effectively implement this concept then it will bring revolution to the world but the fact is we need to encompass all the people for this and this technology should not be limited to particular people instead it should be approachable to all people that may be rich or poor. If we can give our attention to these things than concept of green building would be spread soon worldwide and it is definite that our health and environmental scenario will be definitely changed leading for prosperous future. So, further research in this topic is must. REFERENCE [1] Chris Pyke, Sean McMahon, Tom Dietsche, Green Building and Human Experience , U.S.Green building Council(USGBC),June 10, 2010. [2] McGraw‐Hill Construction. 2008. The Green Home Consumer: Driving Demand for Green Homes [3]Lisa fay Matthiessen, Peter Morris, Davis Langdon, Costing Green: A comprehensive Cost Database and Budgeting methodology, July 2004 [4] Andrew J. Nelson, Oliver Rakau, Philipp Dorrenberg, Green Buildings A niche becomes mainstram, Deutsche Bank Research, April 12, 2010. [5]National Association of Home Builders. (2009). ICC 700-2008 National Green Building Standard. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Home Builders. [6] Rebecca Brownstone, Patricia Medina, Jon Schlemmer, James Skutezky, Proposed Western Engineering Green Building, The University of western Ontario faculty of Engineering, Preliminary Research Report and Proposal, July 2004. [7] David Rodman and Nicholas Lenssen, “A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns are Transforming Construction,” Worldwatch Paper 124 (March 1995), 41 [8] IGBC Home page, WWW.igbc.in [9] IGBC Green Homes Rating System, Version 2.0, Indian Green Building Council, Abridged Reference . Guide, April 2012. Page 140



[10] Mohamed Hamdy, Ala Hasan, Kai Siren, “A multi-stage optimization method for cost-optimal and nearly-zero-energy building solutions in line with the EPBD-recast 2010,” Energy and Building Journal, Vol. 56 (2013) page 189–203 [11] Ray Galvin, “Impediments to energy-efficient ventilation of German dwellings: A case study in Aachen,” Energy and Building Journal, Vol. 56 (2013) page 32-40 [12] Francesco Goia, Marco Perino, Valentina Serra, and Fabio Zanghirella, “TOWARDS AN ACTIVE, RESPONSIVE, AND SOLAR BUILDING,” Journal of green building, Vol. 5 no. 4 (2013) page 121136 [13] Christina M. Hepner & Richard A. Boser PH.D. (2006): Architects' Perceptions of LEED Indoor Environmental Quality Checklist Items on Employee Productivity, International Journal of Construction Education and Research, Taylor & Francis Group, 2:3, 193-208 [14] John H. Reposa Jr. Ph.D., LEED™-AP, CGP (2009): Comparison of USGBC LEED for Homes and the NAHB National Green Building Program, International Journal of Construction Education and Research, Taylor & Francis Group, 5:2, 108-120 [15] Mahbub Rashid, Kent Spreckelmeyer, Neal J. Angrisano, (2012),"Green buildings, environmental awareness, and organizational image", Journal of Corporate Real Estate, Research, Taylor & Francis Group, Vol. 14 Iss: 1 pp. 21 - 49

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