Department of Biological Sciences Southeastern Louisiana University Hammond LA 70402. Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana ...
P tt Patterns off genetic g ti diversity di ity and d structure t t off three th nymphalid y ph lid b tt fly species butterfly p i in i Ghana: Gh the th role l off forest f t fragmentation f g t ti Josephine B Antwi and Janice L Bossart Department of Biological Sciences, Sciences Southeastern Louisiana University University, Hammond Hammond, LA 70402
Introduction Human u a activities act t es such suc as farming farming, a g, l logging i and d urban b development d l t have h caused the loss of forest habitats in Gh Ghana Ghana, West W t Africa. Africa Af i Remnant R t forest f t patches t h are isolated i l t d and embedded in human derived landscapes landscapes.
Results Number of haplotypes recovered across all sites f each for h species i include: i l d Aterica galene g = 41 Euphaedra E h d medon d = 24 Gnophodes p betsimena = 5 Majority M j it off private i t haplotypes h l t were located l t d in i small ll sacred g groves (Figure ( g 1))
Genetic consequences q of populations l ti in i forest f t patches t h are largely g y negative g including: g loss of genetic diversity g genetic isolation of fragmented g populations l ti inbreeding g depression p and loss of fit fitness
(A)
A26
A27
Figure 1 (A) Map showing sampling
E18
sites for the three species. High Hi gh matrix t i disturbance: di t b Kaj Gya and Asa Kaj, Low matrix disturbance: Bob Bon Bob, Bon, Kon and Owa
Kon Owa
Kumasi
Bon
Kaj B b Bob
A10
E7
E8
G Gya A11 A24
E15
A25
Asa
Lake Bosumtwi
A14
E10
E9
E11
E16
Circles represent private h l t haplotypes ffor each h species i occurring at the small sacred groves. g
G5 G3
Different Diff t species i have h differing diff i life lif histories & ecological demands. demands Thus Thus, us, the t e impacts pacts o of fragmentation ag e tat o are expected t d to t differ diff among them, them th e g patterns e.g. p of population p p genetic g diff differentiation differentiation. ti ti Three Th Nymphalid N h lid butterfly b tt fl species i off contrasting g habitat requirements & dispersal abilities were used to address this issue. issue
Average number of individuals, haplotypes, nucleotide diversity, h pl typ di haplotype diversity, ity, and d Fst F t between b t populations. p p l ti ((*)) iindicates di t significance. ig ifi
N
No. N o o off Nucleotide N ucleottid de Haplotype Haplotype t h pl typ haplotypes di diversity ity di diversity ity
F t Fst
At i galene Aterica l
13
5
0 006 0.006
0 880 0.880
0 172* 0.172* 0.172
E h d medon Euphaedra d
15
3
0 006 0.006
0 825 0.825
0 006 0.006
Gnophodes betsimena
13
1
9x10-4
0 107 0.107
- 0.676 0 676
Table 2 2.
AMOVA indicating i di ti g ttotal t lg genetic ti variation i ti explained pl i d within ithi groups g p off populations (*) populations. ( ) indicates non significance significance.
Source off S variation i ti
df d.f
Variance V i component p t
% variation i ti
P
A galene A.
84
1 85 1.85
87
0 00 0.00
E medon E. d
97
1 48 1.48
98
NS* NS
G betsimena G.
89
0 07 0.07
103
NS*
G4
(B) Study species
Prediction
T bl 1. Table 1
(B) G Gnophodes h d b betsimena t i
• Lower dispersal ability • Less L forest f t dependent p
At i galene Aterica l
• Lowest dispersal ability • Most M t fforestt d p d t dependent
E h d medon Euphaedra d
• Highest dispersal ability • More M fforestt dependent
M th d Methods Two forest reserves ((Bob and Owa)) and five sacred g groves (Asa ((Asa, Kon Kon, Bon, Bon Kajj and Gya) y ) in Ashanti Region (Figure 1) were sampled using fruit fruit-baited baited traps. traps Species p were chosen based on their relative dispersal p abilities and habitat fidelities (figure ( g 1) 1). ) Mitochondrial gene g COI was amplified p using gp primers LC02198 and HC01490 for both PCR and sequencing i reactions. ti Haplotype H l t and d nucleotide l tid diversities di iti were estimated ti t d using i DNASP 4.90.1 4 90 1
IBD – There was no isolation-by-distance y between populations of species. species
C Conclusions l i and dF Future t work k Relatively y high g g genetic differentiation in A. A galene g populations populations, l ti especially i ll between b t Kaj K j vs. vs the th other th populations populations, p p , indicates the sensitivity y of this species i to t forest f t fragmentation. f t ti Euphaedra E phaedra medon populations pop lations showed sho ed no differentiation (except between Kaj and Asa) Asa). Their relatively y high g dispersal p abilities may y have f ilit t d this facilitated thi this. There Th was no differentiation diff ti ti between b t any Gnophodes p betsimena p populations p and g genetic di diversity it was llow. Th Their i tolerance t l to t forest f t habitat h bit t degradation coupled with their dispersal abilities, degradation, abilities may ay be facilitating ac tat g ge gene e flow flow. o Why y ge genetic et c di diversity it in i this thi species i was so much h lower l vs. vs the th other two is not known at this time. time Observed patterns p of differentiation are consistent with ith our hypotheses. h th Larger L sample l sizes i and d use of rapidly p y evolving g markers such as μ μSATs could potentially reveal stronger population isolation. isolation
Arlequin q 3.0 3 0 was used to estimate pairwise p Fst between p populations p AMOVA AMOVA,, as implemented p in Arlequin Arlequin, q , was assessed based on the intensity y of disturbance (highly ( g y di t b d to disturbed t least l t disturbed di t b d in i figure fi 1) off matrices ti surrounding di forest f t fragments. f t The Th program TCS 1.21 1 21 was used d to t construct t t haplotype h l t networks t k for f each h species. i To test whether genetic isolation increased with distance a Mantel test in the program IBD was i implemented l d
A k Acknowledgements l d We appreciate pp the contributions of Jim Fetzner (C (Carnegie i Museum M off N Natural t l Hi History) t ) and dK Kyle l Pill Piller and dM Mary Whit White (Southeastern (S th t Louisiana L i i University). U i it ) We thank National Science Foundation (NSF) for their generous support g pp
