Introduction to the Health Professions Sixth Edition

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This Sixth Edition of Introduction to the Health Professions is dedicated with appreciation and gratitude to many, but especially to: the great teachers who ...
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Introduction to the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Health Professions Sixth Edition

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Peggy S. Stanfield, MS, RD/LD, CNS Dietetic Resources Twin Falls, Idaho

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Nanna Cross, PhD, RD/LD Cross & Associates Chicago, Illinois

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Y.H. Hui, PhD Science and Technology System West Sacramento, California

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Introduction to the health professions / Peggy S. Stanfield, Nanna Cross, Y.H. Hui. — 6th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4496-0055-6 : alk. paper) Learning, LLC © Jones(pbk. & Bartlett © Jones & Bartlett Learning, 1. Medicine—Vocational guidance. 2. Allied health personnel—Vocational NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION guidance. I. Cross, Nanna. II. Hui, Y. H. (Yiu H.) III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Health Occupations—United States. 2. Allied Health Personnel—United States. 3. Career Choice—United States. 4. Vocational Guidance—United States. W 21] R690.S727 2012 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 610.69—dc23 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2011022808 6048 Printed in the United States of America 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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This Sixth Edition of Introduction to the Health Professions is dedicated with appreciation and gratitude to many, but especially to:

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © preparing Jones &students Bartlett Learning, LLC the great teachers who channel their energies into NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION for health careers. We salute you. Those dedicated and caring students who have chosen careers of service to humanity and are sharing their talents with others. We wish you great success. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

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Contents

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE Preface OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC one  The Healthcare System in the United States . . . . . . 1 OT FOR SALE ORPart DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter One  U.S. Health Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Historical Events Impacting Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A Look&Back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &5Bartlett Learning, Look Forward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOTA FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Impact of Technology on Healthcare Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Some Health Strategies for the Twenty-First Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Two  Categories of Health Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 NOT FOR Chapter SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Overview of the U.S. Healthcare System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Healthcare Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Hospitals: Development and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Ambulatory Healthcare Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Jones & Bartlett Learning, Mental LLC Health Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 18 OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION19 Healthcare Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Consumer’s Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Public Health Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Health Care in the Twenty-First Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Bartlett © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &

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Chapter Three  Paying for Health Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Healthcare Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Reimbursement for Healthcare Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCHealth Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Government-Funded 29 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION History of Health Insurance in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Managed Care: HMOs and PPOs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

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Healthcare Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Healthcare Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 © Jones Bartlett Learning, © Jones & Health& Insurance Coverage in theLLC United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Bartlett Learning, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOTEffect FORonSALE OR DISTRIBUTION Healthcare Providers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Chapter Four  Aging, Health, and Long-Term Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

The Impact of Future Demographic Changes on © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC   Healthcare Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Health Problems in an Aging Population 43 NOT FOR SALE Common OR DISTRIBUTION NOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Medicare for the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Medicaid for the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Long-Term Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Nursing Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Community Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Community Health Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Demographic Trends and Projections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Potential Healthcare Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Personnel Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Bartlett Learning, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &

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Chapter Five  Healthcare Reform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Overview of Healthcare Reform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Healthcare Reform Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 High-Risk Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Exemptions to Required Healthcare Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Health Insurance Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Financing Healthcare Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Individual Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Pharmaceutical and Private Insurance Responsibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Jones & Bartlett Learning, Penalties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 64 Predicting the Success of Healthcare Reform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION64 Meeting Needs for Healthcare Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Chapter Six  Healthcare Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Bartlett © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &

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NOT FOR70SALE OR DISTRIB NOTIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Employers of Health Professionals and   Health-Related Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Employment Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Health Careers: Something for Everyone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Exploring Health Careers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Selecting a School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Licensure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Using This Book to Select and Plan a Health Career. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

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part two  Health Professions Involving Patient Care. . . . . 85 Chapter Seven  Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, The Perceptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOT FOR88 SALE OR DISTRIB NOTDoctors: FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Doctors: The Realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Related Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Eight  Dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NOT . . . . .FOR . . . . .SALE . . . . . .OR . . . .DISTRIBUTION . 97 NOT FOR Chapter SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dentists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Dental Hygienists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Dental Assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter Nine  Nursing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Registered Nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

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Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 NOT FOR SALE NOTTen  FORPharmacy SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Pharmaceutical Partners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Pharmacy Technicians and Aides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR Chapter SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Eleven  Dietetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Dietitians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Dietetic Technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Dietetic Assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter Twelve  Optometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Optometrists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Optician, Dispensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

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Chapter Physician Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 NOT FOR SALE NOTThirteen  FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A Relatively New Profession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Physician Assistant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

© Jones &Chapter BartlettFourteen  Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Communication Impairments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Speech, Language, and Hearing Impairments: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . 180 Speech-Language Pathologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Audiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

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Chapter Fifteen  Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics . . . . . . . . . 191 High Drama in Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

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Chapter Nineteen  Respiratory Care Practitioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Maintaining the Breath of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Respiratory Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Bartlett Learning, LLCTechnicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Respiratory Therapy 261

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Chapter Twenty  Physical Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Physical Therapy and Our Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Physical Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Learning, Physical LLC Therapist Assistants©and Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 269 Aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Chapter Twenty-One  Occupational Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Occupational Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Occupational Therapy Assistants and Aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

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Chapter Twenty-Four  Additional Health Therapists, Assistants,   and Aides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

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Behavioral Therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Medical Assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Nursing and Psychiatric Aides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Home Health Aides and Personal and Home Care Aides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

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Chapter Twenty-Five  Veterinary Medicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Veterinary Medicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Veterinarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Technologists and©Technicians Jones & Bartlett Learning, Veterinary LLC Jones & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bartlett Learning, LLC 359 Animal Care and Service Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

part three  Health-Related Professions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Chapter Twenty-Six  Clinical Laboratory Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones376 & Bartlett Learning, The Laboratory Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and Technicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOTClinical FOR Laboratory SALE ORTechnologists DISTRIBUTION Chapter Twenty-Seven  Health Information Personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Providing and Preserving 386 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Essential Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Health Information Administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Health Information Technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Medical Transcriptionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Medical Librarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

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Learning, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOTGovernment FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Health and Safety Officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Environmental Health Technicians and Aides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Chapter Thirty  Health Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

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Educational Therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Orientation and Mobility Instructors for People Who Are © Jones Learning, LLC © Jones431 & Bartlett Learning,   Blind&orBartlett Have Visual Impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOTVision FORRehabilitation SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Teachers for People Who Are Blind or Have Visual Impairments. . . . . . . 434 Chapter Thirty-One  Nonclinical and Health-Related Professions. . . . . . . . . 437

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Health Professions Not Involved in the Clinical Care of a Patient . . . . . . 438 NOT FOR SALE Biological OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Photographers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Medical Illustrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Writers: Medical, Science, and Technical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Medical Secretaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

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Appendix A: Salaries for Health Professions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Appendix B: Sources of Career Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Appendix C: How to Create an Effective Résumé. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

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Preface

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC We are pleased to provide you with this expanded and revised Sixth Edition OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

of Introduction to the Health Professions. We’d like to thank the teachers for their continued use of the book, and we hope this edition continues to meet their needs. As you have seen, the health field is very fluid, and in this edition we have tried to include as much new information as space would © Jones © Jones & Bartlett Learning, permit.& Bartlett Learning, LLC We kept theOR existing two major categories in place withNOT the necessary FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE DISTRIBUTION upgrades, and we have made changes as follows. Revisions of Chapters 1–6 cover the following: • Changes in the demographics of the population requiring healthcare

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC workers trained in geriatrics and health literacy to meet the needs of the NOT FOR SALE ORelderly DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION as well as individuals from various ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic

backgrounds. • High demand for all healthcare workers in spite of the downturn in the economy. • Historical review of the health insurance industry in the United States. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • Expansion of the discussion of public health care—Medicaid, Medicare, OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). • A new chapter on healthcare reform as a result of the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act modified by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, • Details on the implementation of healthcare reform by individual states NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION with the establishment of high-risk pools and health insurance exchanges for individuals and small employers. • Information on educational grants and loan repayment programs as part of healthcare reform to meet the need for primary care providers—physicians, nurseLLC practitioners, and physician assistants—with more Americans © Jones & Bartlett advanced Learning, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC having access to health care. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Internet links to video clips of interviews of various healthcare professionals.

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As presented in the previous editions, the changes that have occurred in each profession are modified from the latest Occupational Outlook (U.S. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCA brief analysis of the changes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Department of Labor, 2010–2011). in the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOTchapters FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION on health professions is as follows:

• Twenty-one chapters are completely rewritten (1–7, 9, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20–22, and 25–30), in accordance with descriptions from the latest OccuOutlook. 18, 23, and 31) are revised © Jones & Bartlettpational Learning, LLCSix chapters (11, 13, 15, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC with new selected data on work descriptions, education and legal requireNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ments, employment trends, and earnings. Information has been deleted from some of these chapters because it is no longer applicable. • In four chapters (8, 10, 16, and 24), discussion on some professions is completely rewritten while others are revised in selected areas. InformaJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Jonesinto & Bartlett Learning, LLC tion on athletic trainers is© compiled a completely new chapter (22). OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR information SALE OR personnel, DISTRIBUTION • All the chapters pertaining to health health services administration, federal and state regulators, and health education (26–29) have been updated according to the latest Occupational Outlook, especially information regarding educational and certification requirements, salaries, and anticipated job growth. Other revisions cover the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, changes in roles and responsibilities in health careers in accordance with NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION changes in healthcare delivery systems. An example is the use of electronic medical records. The progress of technology and the demands of the population reflect

© Jones & Bartlett LLC © Jones &ofBartlett Learning, LLC the Learning, need for more health services and additional training health workers NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT SALE OR in many fields. Students will need to upgrade theirFOR own education to DISTRIBUTION meet the requirements of the changing scene.

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Acknowledgments

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC We would like to acknowledge and express our appreciation to those people OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

who have assisted us in the production of this book and say thank you very much to Publisher Dave Cella and his colleagues for their encouragement and support. You are highly valued for your helpful suggestions and friendship. The contents of the text material for each profession were largely © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC especially Occupational © Jones & Bartlett Learning, obtained from government sources, Outlook, the OR Department of Labor. We also obtained information from NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT2010–2011, FOR SALE DISTRIBUTION the organizations representing each profession, as well as various documents through the Internet and selected reports in current journals, magazines, and newspapers. We used some literature from college catalogs and other professional literature. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC We appreciate the contributions of myriad groups of scientists, organizaNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tions, and others whose combined efforts provided us with national health objectives for the next 10 years (Healthy People 2010–2020: Understanding and Improving Health, Department of Health and Human Services). It reflects the scientific advances of the past 20 years and provides insight into improvement the coming decades. LLC Jones & Bartlett Learning, trends LLC and opportunities for © Jones & in Bartlett Learning, Last, but certainly not least, thankSALE the teachers and students whose OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTweFOR OR DISTRIBUTION expressed wishes for this kind of information has propelled us to the Sixth Edition. We truly hope that it will satisfy your need for information regarding the various health professions available to you and the challenges that await you. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCand wishes so we can serve © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Please let us know your thoughts you even NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOTbetter FORwith SALE ORedition. DISTRIBUTION the next

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Reviewers

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Robert S. Burlage, PhD OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Professor School of Pharmacy Concordia University Mequon, Wisconsin

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Robert C. Miner, DBA NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Professor University of Phoenix

Tarrance Mosley, MBA © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCHealth Sciences Advisor© Jones & Bartlett Learning, TamaraNOT Burton, MS,SALE RRT OR DISTRIBUTION Auburn University at Montgomery NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB FOR Clinical Assistant Professor Montgomery, Alabama Towson University Gary Robinson, MS, PT, PCS Towson, Maryland Associate Professor © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC PTA Program Director John Cantiello, PhD NOT FOR Assistant SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Allied Health Division Chair Professor Murray State College Department of Health Administration   and Policy Tishomingo, Oklahoma George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia Anthony Santella,Learning, DrPH Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & J. Bartlett LLC Assistant Professor OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Marie Dunstan, MS, MT in Clinical Long Island University, Chemistry   Brooklyn Campus Instructor Brooklyn, New York York College of Pennsylvania © Pennsylvania Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, York,

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Bonita Sasnett, EdD Susan A. Vellek, MBA, CHC, CHP Assistant Professor Assistant Professor © Jones Bartlett Learning, LLCIndian River State College © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Department of & Health Services and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION   Information Management Port St. Lucie, Florida NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB College of Allied Health Sciences East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina

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Assistant Professor and Department   Coordinator Allied Health and Science Davenport University Learning, LLC Michigan © Grand Rapids,

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