Roy Kennedy. Massachusetts Bay Community College. Wellesley Hills, MA.
Introductory Chemistry, 3rd Edition. Nivaldo Tro. 2009, Prentice Hall. Chapter 1.
Introductory Chemistry, 3rd Edition Nivaldo Tro
Chapter 1 The Chemical World
Figure 1.1 showing a soda, a student writing. The structures of atoms and molecules are also shown including the components of the soda, the student’s DNA, and graphite in the pencil.
Roy Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Community College Wellesley Hills, MA 2009, Prentice Hall
Outline 1.1 Soda Pop Fizz 1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things 1.3 All Things are Made of Atoms and Molecules 1.4 The Scientific Method: How Chemist Think 1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed
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1.1 Soda Pop Fizz
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Chemistry at a Study Session Figure 1.1 was blown up here.
Some molecules in the soda: Sugar Carbon dioxide Water Caffeine Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 1
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What is Chemistry? • • • • • •
Science Matter Change Heat Macroscopic Microscopic
The molecular models for Carbon dioxide CO2 and water, H2O are shown here From page 2 of the text.
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1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
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Chemicals • Chemicals = ? • Present in ordinary substances.
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1.3 All Things are Made of Atoms and Molecules
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“All things are made of atoms” Nobel Prize winning scientist and famous physics teacher Richard Feymman said this is the most important idea in human knowledge.
• Richard Feynman photo at Wikipedia. Your text’s definition of chemistry: Chemistry – The science that seeks to understand what matter does by studying what atoms and molecules do. Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 1
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1.4 The Scientific Method: How Chemist Think
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Scientific Method Figure 1.2 which shows a flow chart of the connections between the steps in the scientific method.
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The Scientific Method • • • • •
Observation Hypotheses Experimentation Laws Theories
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• Data. • Qualitative • Quantitative
Observation The Figure here is the cover page that Is before page one of the text that Shows the soda being poured into a glass
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Hypothesis • A good hypothesis is one that can be tested to be proven wrong.
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Experiments • Tests of hypotheses, laws, or theories. • Results either validate (confirm) or invalidate (deny) your ideas. Validate ≠ Proof your idea will always hold Invalidate = Discard or Modify.
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Laws • Summary of observations that combines all past observations into one general statement. Law of Conservation of Mass— “In a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.” My definition from class – In a chemical reaction the mass of all materials at the start of the reaction is equal to the mass of all material at the end of the reaction.
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What’s the Difference Between an Observation and a Law? • An observation - a single event. • A law summarizes many observations. • A law allows prediction.
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Theories • General explanation that has been tested by experiments. • Models of nature. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Can be used to predict future observations.
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What’s the Difference Between a Hypothesis and a Theory? • A hypothesis - a single or small number of observations. • A theory – extends beyond individual observations to an understanding of the underlying causes for the way nature is or behaves.
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What’s the Difference Between a Law and a Theory? • Laws answer the question “What” will happen. • Theories answer the question “Why” does something happen. This allows you to predict what will happen!
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Scientific Method Representation of Figure 1.2 with definitions of the steps in the scientific method.
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Relationships Between Pieces of the Scientific Method • A figure describing the relations between parts of scientific method.
Observation Hypothesis – Law – Theory –
small number of data small number of data large number of data large number of data
and and and and
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explains what happens explains why it happens explains what happens explains why it happened
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Scientific Method: Additional Points • • • •
Scientist are human. “just a theory” in every day conversation. Theories are not equal to truth. Theories are the closest to truth one can get using the scientific method. • General steps in chemistry Macroscopic Observations Microscopic Explnations
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1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed
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How to Succeed in Chemistry • Be curious and use your imagination. Explore and investigate.
• Quantify and calculate
Figure from page 6 of students working on An archeology dig
Even small differences can be important!
• Commitment Work regularly and carefully. Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 1
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The Best Approach to Learning Chemistry
• Learn the vocabulary of chemistry.
Definitions of terms. How common vocabulary is applied to chemistry.
• Memorize important information. Names, formulas, and charges of polyatomic ions. Solubility rules.
• Learn and practice processes. Systematic names and formulas. Dimensional analysis.
• Do the questions and exercises in the chapter to test your understanding and help you learn the patterns? Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 1
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Additional Tips • • • • • • • •
Read the text. Work in chapter problems as you read. Work end of chapter problems Work old quizzes Attend class Attend Lab Visit web site frequently Seek help if you need it Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 1
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