ipomoea aquatica - wjpps

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Majumder et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

SJIF Impact Factor 5.210

Volume 4, Issue 07, 1276-1284.

Research Article

ISSN 2278 – 4357

REMOVAL OF FLUORIDE FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER BY USING LIVING PLANT (IPOMOEA AQUATICA) Tej Pratap Singh1 and C B Majumder*2 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India. 2

Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.

Article Received on 12 May 2015, Revised on 03 June 2015, Accepted on 24 June 2015

ABSTRACT In the present study removal of fluoride has been studied by using an aquatic plant species Ipomoea aquatica. The percentage removal of Fluoride was examined every 24 hours of time interval till 10 days. Fluoride pollution is now recognized as a global problem. Fluorides

*Correspondence for

are considered as serious contaminants even when they are present at

Author

low levels since it persists for a long time in air, soil, and water and

C B Majumder

exerts negative effects at all levels of an ecosystem. Thus, immediate

Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT

attention is the need of the hour to remediate the environment from

Roorkee, Roorkee-

fluoride pollution. Till date, the conventional methods have been

247667, Uttarakhand,

developed primarily to remove fluoride from waste water. These

India.

methods are very slow and expensive. Besides, not much research has been done so far to remediate Fluoride from soil. This study focuses on the uptake and accumulation of fluoride by Ipomoea Aquatica. The discharge of industrial waste water, without any prior treatment in the environment has always affected the health of human beings, plants and animals. KEYWORDS: Phytoremediation, Plant growth chamber, Aquatic plant, Fluoride, Ipomoea Aquatic. INTRODUCTION The industrial sector has experienced an unprecedented progress in the 21st century not only in India but across the globe. On the flipside this global advancement introduced new obstacles particularly in the area of environmental and preservation. The economic, agricultural and industrial expansions are mostly accountable for the pollution caused to the www.wjpps.com

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ecosystem (jadia and Fulekar, 2009). They introduce harmful pollutant in to the soil and water; consisting of variety of inorganic and organic compounds. In India, soil and ground water pollution becomes one of the main environmental concerns, and many contaminated sites have been claned up in these two decades by several technologies likes soil washing, Nalgonda method, Prasanthi nilayam method and bioremediation for reduce and removal of fluoride concentration in drinking and industrial water (Venkateswara Rao, 1997). The prominent states, which are severely affected in India, are Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Several conventional methods are available for treatment of fluoride from industrial effluents like Membrane filtration (Ndiaye et al., 2005) precipitation (Pathasarathy et al., 1986), nanofiltration (Simons, 1993), ion-exchange (Ruixia et al., 2002), electro coagulation flotation (Hu et al., 2005), adsorption (Mohapatra, et al., 2004) and Phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an expanding technology that employs higher plants for the cleanup of contaminated environments that has several advantages over physical remediation methods, including lower cost. Phytoremediation is the direct application of green plants to stabilize or absorb the contaminants from water and soil .Phytoremediation involves phytoextraction (Kumar et al., 1995), rhizofiltration (Dushenkov et al., 1995), phytostablization (Salt et al., 1995) and phytotransformation/phytodegradation (Susarla et al., 2002). The present study deals with removal of fluoride from industrial waste water by considering above mentioned factors. Table 1: Concentration of Fluorides in different minerals S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Minerals Meteorites Dunite Basalt High Calcium Granite Alkali rocks Shale Sand stone Deep sea clays Deep sea carbonates

Fluoride (mg/L) 28-30 12 100 520 --1200-8500 740 270 1300 540

Source: Shrikantet. al. 2012

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Table 2: Fluoride affected areas in India: Source: S.jagtap.et.al.2012 S.No. 1 2

3

4

5

6

7 8

9

10 11

12

13

14

15

Name of State

Affected districts

Assam

Goalpara, Kamrup, KarbiAnglong, and Nagaon Adilabad, Anantpur, Chittoor, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Krishna, Kurnool, Mahbubnagar, Medak, and Nalgonda Aurangabad, Banka, Buxar, Jamui, Bihar Kaimur(Bhabua), Munger, Nawada, Rohtas, and Supaul Bastar, Bilaspur, Dantewada, Janjgir-Champa, Chhattisgarh Jashpur, Kanker, Korba, Koriya, Mahasamund, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, and Surguja East Delhi, North West Delhi, South Delhi, South Delhi West Delhi, West Delhi, Kanjhwala, Najafgarh, and Alipur Ahmadabad, Amreli, Anand, Banaskantha, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Dohad, Junagadh, Gujarat Kachchh, Mehsana, Narmada, Panchmahals, Patan, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat, Surendranagar, and Vadodara Bhiwani, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Hissar, Jhajjar, Haryana Jind, Kaithal, Kurushetra, Mahendragarh, Panipat, Rewari, Rohtak, Sirsa, and Sonepat Jammu and Kashmir Doda, Rajauri, and Udhampur Bagalkot, Bangalore, Belgaun, Bellary, Bidar, Bijapur, Chamarajanagar, Chikmagalur, Karnataka Chitradurga, Davangere, Dharwad, Gadag, Gulburga, Haveri, Kolar, Koppal, Mandya, Mysore, Raichur, and Tumkur Palakkad, Palghat, Allepy, Vamanapuram, and Kerala Alappuzha Amravati, Chandrapur, Dhule, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra Gondia, Jalna, Nagpur, and Nanded Bhind, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Guna, Gwalior, Harda, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh Khargaon, Mandsaur, Rajgarh, Satna, Seoni, Shajapur, Sheopur, and Sidhi Angul, Balasore, Bargarh, Bhadrak, Bandh, Orissa Cuttack, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, Jajpur, Keonjhar, and Sonapur Amritsar, Bhatinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab Firozepur, Gurdaspur, Mansa, Moga, Muktsar, Patiala, and Sangrur Ajmer, Alwar, Banaswara, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi, Chittaurgarh, Churu, Rajasthan Dausa, Dhaulpur, Dungarpur, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jalor, Jhunjhunun, Jodhpur, Karauli, Kota, Nagaur,

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Range of F (mg/lit.) 1.45 - 7.8 1.8 - 8.4

1.7 - 2.85

1.5 - 2.7

1.57 - 6.10

1.6 - 6.8

1.5 - 17 2.0 - 4. 21

1.5 - 4.4

2.5 - 5.7 1.51 - 4.01

1.5 - 10.7

1.52 - 5.2

0.44 - 6.0

1.54 - 11.3

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16

Tamilnadu

17

Uttar Pradesh

18

West Bengal


Pali, Rajsamand, Sirohi, Sikar, SawaiMadhopur, Tonk, and Udaipur Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Krishnagiri, Namakkal, Perambalur, Puddukotai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Sivaganga, Theni, Thiruvannamalai, Tiruchirapally, Vellore, and Virudhunagar Agra, Aligarh, Etah, Firozabad, Jaunpur, Kannauj, Mahamaya Nagar, Mainpuri, Mathura, and Mau Bankura, Bardhaman, Birbhum, Dakshindinajpur, Malda, Nadia, Purulia, and Uttardinajpur

1.5 - 3.8

1.5 - 3.11

1.5 - 9.1

MATERIAL & METHODS The Ipomoea Aquatics plant were collected from unpolluted water bodies in and around Roorkee, Uttarakhand and acclimatized for 15 days in laboratory. Healthy plants were cut off from acclimatized mother plants and care was taken to use the plants with almost the same biomass (3.15 g fresh weight).These plants were acclimatized in 10% Hoagland’s solution for one weeks laboratory conditions. The different concentrations of fluoride (5, 10 and 20ppm) were prepared in 10% Hoagland’s solution using sodium fluoride. The experiment was performed under standard physiological conditions providing 14hr per day fluorescent light of 114µ moles/m s intensity 28 0C temperature and 60 to 65% relative humidity to set all parameter to plant growth chamber. In this study plants were grown in a hydroponic system. As a result the nutrient solution used plays an essential role in plant growth. The nutrient for hydroponic system is equivalent to the fertilizer (NPK) given to the soil for plant growth. In present study Hoagland’s half strength nutrient solution was used. The preparation of Hoagland’s half strength nutrient solution is as follows: KH2PO4=0.068 g/l KNO3=0.253 g/l Ca(NO3)2 =0.59 g/l H3BO3 =0.00142g/l MgCl2.6H2O =0.20 g/l MnCl2=0.000578 g/l Fe-EDTA=1 to 3ml

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The above mentioned chemicals are mixed in 1 L of distilled (Millipore) water. This solution is then used as nutrients solution. Aquatic creeper Ipomoea Aquatica L. (water spinach) was selected to assess its removal capacities for fluoride from water under laboratory conditions. Ipomoea Aquatica L. is a perennial fresh and marine water weed spread across the world and carries its entire life cycle as free-floating plant, only the root system is completely submerged. This species takes up metals from water, produces an internal concentration several folds greater than their surroundings and shows much higher metal-accumulating capacity than non-hyper accumulating terrestrial plants. Therefore this species was selected for present Phytoremediation experiment. The concentrations of fluoride were measured with the help of spectrophotometer (Model DR 5000, HACH). Prepration of stock solution: The stock solution of 100mg/l fluoride was prepared by dissolving 0.221g of anhydrous sodium fluoride (NaF) in one liter of millipore water. The test solution of 20mg/l fluoride concentration was prepared from stock solution. Phytoremedation of toxic element by aquatic plants: Surface water which is used for drinking as well as seawater resources are being contaminated by various toxic elements through discharging of industrial effluents, and from natural sources. Therefore, remediation of contaminated aquatic environment is important as it is for terrestrial environment. Phytoremediation of the toxic contaminants can be readily achieved by aquatic macrophysics or by other floating plants since the process involves biosorption and bioaccumulation of the soluble and available contaminants from water (Brooks and Robinson, 1998). Taking these factors into consideration the present study focused on phytoremedation of fluoride from industrial waste water. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Table -3: Variation of contact time on Removal of Fluoride Contact time(Days) 0 1 2 3 4 5

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Initial concentraton of(mg/l) 20 20 20 20 20 20

Amount adsorbed by(mg/l) 0 0.2586 4.653 5.248 5.478 5.491

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Final concentration of (mg/l) 20 19.74 15.347 14.752 14.522 14.509

% Removal 0 1.293 23.265 26.24 27.39 27.455

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6 7 8 9 10


20 20 20 20 20

5.455 5.290 5.2433 5.4079 5.055

14.545 14.71 14.756 14.592 14.945

27.275 26.45 26.216 27.0395 25.275

Effect of contact time on removal of fluoride (20mg/l):

Effect of initial fluoride concentration The initial concentration of fluoride in the experiment run was 5, 10, 20 ppm in the various compartments and neutral pH was maintained; these concentrations were reduced by the aquatic plant species Ipomoea aquatic to 2.919, 6.0875, and 14.512 ppm. The percentage removal of fluoride for the three concentrations were identical, in the range of the 32.21 to 34.37 % .This follows the trend that has been reported by Maine et al. (2004).

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Effect of pH In the second experiment performed the concentration was kept constant at 20mg/l and the pH was varied as 3, 6, 9 and 12. In other words the plant sapling was subjected to extreme condition such as high metal concentration, ultra acidic and basic condition. The plant Sapling began to disintegrate after the five days of exposure due to it being subjected to extreme condition as the result the removal percentage was constant after the 10 days. The plant final concentration at the end of the experiment at the neutral pH was 3.901, 3.483, 3.021 and 5.098 mg/l respectively for fluoride concentration.

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Table-4: Removal capacity of fluoride in the various parts of IpomoeaAquatica plant after Phyto tratment S.No 01 02 03

Part of plant Root Leaves Stem

Removal capacity of fluoride(µg/gm) 1.015 0.0085 0.0054

From the Table 3&4 it was observed that. The initial concentration of Fluoride is 20 mg/liter; the removal capacity of fluoride in different parts of plant(Ipomoea Aquatica L) likes Root, Leaves and Stem is 1.015,0.0085 and 0.0054 µg/gm respectively. The removal percentage is becomes all most constant after (Four to ten) days. It means the removal approach is very slow. To find out the mechanism of fluoride removal by Ipomoea Aquatica plant the experiment was carried out by taking different parts of plant, like root, stem and leaves of Ipomoea Aquatica plant. 1.5 gm of root, stem and leaves were weighed separately and dried under sunlight for 72 hours (3 to 4 days). The dried root, stem and leaves were ground into fine powder by using mortar. The powders are digested by Nitric acid (HNO3) to appear a clear solution by diluting distilled water. The final volume of the samples made up to the mark in a 100 ml standard volumetric flask. From that the fluoride concentrations were determined by different parts of plant (Ipomoea Aquatica) using Spectrophotometer (Model DR 5000, HACH). From the table-4 it was concluded that the removal of fluoride by using different parts likes Root, leaves and Stem of Ipomoea Aquatica plant is follows it phytovoltization mechanism of fluoride removal. REFERENCES 1. Ndiaye PI, Moulin P, Dominguez L, Millet JC, Charbit F. Removal of fluoride from electronic industrial effluent by RO membrane separation. Desalination, 2005; 173: 25– 32. 2. Pathasarathy N, Buffle J, Haerdi W. Study of interaction of polymeric aluminum hydroxide with fluoride. Can. Journal of Chemistry. 1986; 64: 24–29. 3. Simons R. Trace element removal from ash dam waters by nanofiltration and diffusion dialysis. Desalination 1993; 89: 325–341. 4. Ruixia L, Jinlong G, Hongxiao T. Adsorption of fluoride, phosphate, and arsenate ions on a new type of ion exchange fiber. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002; 248: 268–274. 5. Hu CY, Lo SL, Kuan WH, Lee YD. Removal of fluoride from semiconductor wastewater by electrocoagulation-flotation. Water Res., 2005; 39: 895-901.

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6. Mohapatra D, Mishra D, Mishra SP, Chaudhury R, Das RP. Use of oxide minerals to abate fluoride from water. Journal of Colloid and interface Science. 2004; 275: 355-359. 7. Kumar PBAN, Dushenkov V, Motto H. Phytoextraction- the use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils. Environmental Science and Technology, 1995; 29: 1232-1238 8. Dushenkov V, Kumar PBAN, Motto H. Rhizofiltration- the use of plants to remove heavy metals from aqueous streams. Environmental Science and Technology, 1995; 29(5): 1239-1245. 9. Miretzky P, Saralegui A, Fernandez Cirelli A. Aquatic macrophytes potential for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Chemosphere, 2004; 57(8): 997-1005. 10. Salt DE, Blaylock M, Kumar PBAN. Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic elements from the environment using plants. Biotechnology, 1995; 13: 468-474. 11. Brooks RR, Robinson BH. Aquatic Phytoremediation by accumulator plants in: Brooks RR, (Ed). Plant that Hyperaccumulate Heavy metals, their role in Archaeology, Microbiology,

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