In 1975 West returned to Scotland as Director of the Macaulay Institute for Soil. Research at ... In the Queen's New Year's Honours List for 1988 he was made a ...
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Jointly published by Elsevier 'cience B. II:, Amsterdam
Scienrometrics, Vo/.33,
and Akademiai Kiad6, Budapest
SCIENTOMETRIC
PORTRAIT
No.2
(1995) 233-256
OF T. S. WEST
v. L. KALYANE,* S. s. MLi\i"NOLLI*. .Turning Point Centre 1:3,-C5- 28, Sector 5 C. B. D. Belapur, Konkan Bhavan, New Bombay -400 614 (India) ..Indian InstitUte of Geomagnetism Dr. Nanabhai Moos Marg, Colaba, Bombay -400 005 (India)
j;. \ ~i 'J
(ReceivedJanuary 16, 1995) T. s. West, the internationally well known analytical chemist has been widely recognised as a very successful scientist. His research productivity and collaboration pattern were analysed by years, papers, authorships, and authorwise productivity. The channels of communications used and distribution of articles among channels were found out. He has 410 papers to his credit. The period 1969-70 when he was 42-43 years age was most productive with 41 papers in 1969 and seven single authorship papers in 1970. Qui,nquennial collaboration coefficients ranged between 057 to 1.00, clearly indicating high collaboration team spirit in his research group. His productivity coefficient was 0.45 indicating rapid publication activity during early period of research career. His most prominent collaborators in number of papers were: R. M. Dagnall (92), G. F. Kirkbright (77), R. Belcher (56), K. C. Thompson (19), J. D. :-;orris, (13), and J. F. Alder (11). Top ranking journals, with papers, to which he had contributed were: Anal. Chim. Acta (106), Talanta (84), The Analyst (49), Anal. Chem. (23), and I. Chem. Sac. (20). Publication density was 8.54, publication concentration was 6.25, and average Bradford multiplier was 3.9. High frequency keywords in the titles of the articles were: Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (51), Atomic absorption spectroscopy (43), and Atomic absorption spectrometry (31). The results indicate his temporal publication productivity and the nature of the research activities were such that he is eminently qualified to be taken as a 'role model' for the younger generation to emulate.
Introduction .I .1
Thomas Summers West was born at Peterhead, Scotland on 18th November 1927. He had been interested in Analytical
Chemistry during school days, and his future
scientific path was confIrmed while he was living at the YMCA in Aberdeen, where A
he met Ronald Belcher, Lecturer U niversity .When Birmingham
in Inorganic
and Analytical
Belcher moved with Prof. H. W. Melville
in 1948, West followed
Chemistry
at the
to the U niversity of
in 1949. There he actively participated
developing the nucleus of Belcher's Birmingham School of Analytical Chemistry.
j0138- 9130/95/US $ 9.50 Copyright @ 1995 Akademiai Kiad6, Budapest All rights reserved
in
v
K.-\L Y A"E.
S. S. MUNNOLLI:
SCIE~TOMErRIC
PORTRArr
At Birmingham Belcher built up an international early contribution
centre for microanalysis. West's
to that was his work on a quartz fibre torsion ultramicrobalance
and on a system of ultramicro With
OF T. S. WEsr
organic elemental and functional group methodology.
the award of Ph. D. in 1952 he started up his own group, persuing
independent
line of research into Analytical
Chelate
Chemistry .Also,
an
he did
exploratory work on solvent extraction and polarography. He was awarded a Senior DSIR
Fellowship
(1955 -1%3).
At
(1952 -1955), Imperial
and then
College
became
London
a Lecturer
he became
in
Reader
Chemistry
in Analytical
Chemistry during 1963-65. His D. Sc. was conferred in 1962. The research highlight included the specific chromogenic ternary complex reaction between fluoride, either
t .1 1,;
of the first two members of the lanthanides and 3-dicarboxymethylaminomethyl-1, 2-dihydroxyanthraquinone,
and the interpretation
of the mode of action of this only
known positive colour reaction of the fluoride ion. It has subsequently replaced all other spectrophotometric unique
conditionally
reactions for fluoride. Another important discovery was the
specific
synthesized trishydroxytriazo Together
with
three
reaction
between
calcium
and a new specially
clathrate cage dyestuff molecule.
young post-doctorates
Bernard Fleet, and Gordon Kirkbright
-he
from
Birmingham-Roy
quickly set up a thriving team, and in
1965 was promoted to'the position of Professor of Analytical was centred in Analytical
Atomic
and Molecular
Spectroscopy. He extended Atomic studies in Atomic Microwave
Excited
Spectroscopy High
Absorption
by Carbon
Intensity
Separated Flames, Chemiluminescence
Atomic
Chemistry. His work
Absorption
and Fluorescence
Spectrophotometry Rod Electrothermal Line
in Diffusion
In 1975 West returned to Scotland as Director He made contributions
to pioneering Automization,
Sources, Low
Emmissitivity
Flames, Atomic Fluorescence
Spectroscopy, and Atom Trapping Atomic Absorption Research at Aberdeen.
Dagnall,
Spectroscopy.
of the Macaulay Institute for Soil to Piezo-electric
crystal sensor
systems for minute traces of airborne pollutants and to the study of interfacial optical absorption and emission phenomena at platinum electrode surfaces under conditions of diffusion controlled electrolysis in aqueous solutions. Work on biosignificant
and
toxic trace elements in the soil-plant ecosystem and acidification phenomena led to his participation in the u. K. Royal Society's Surface Water Acidification
Programme
team together with the Royal Academies of Science in Norway and Sweden. He accepted Honorary Research Professorship of U niversity of Aberdeen in 1983. West encouraged open thinking and experimentation
in new fields due to which
many of his students became leaders in many fields of analytical science and in
234
Sciemometrics
33 (1995)
~. ~
v. L. KALYANE, S. S. MU~"NOLLI: SCIENTOMErRIC
PORTRAU OFT. S. WFSf
domains well away from Chemistry. He played a proniinent role in negotiation which led to the amalgamation Analytical No.11)
in the U. K. of the Chemical Society, and Society of
Chemistry. A special issue of the esteemed journal was published
administrator,
in 1992 to honour
recognition Meldola
) . .j.
Interan
T. S. West. as a teacher, scholar,
and awards. Within
Medal
reputation
and received wide spread international
the Royal Society of Chemistry West received the
(1956), Perkin-Elmer
Medal for Instrumentation
Chemistry (1977), and Redwood Lectureship Medal
39,
researcher, innovator, friend, and colleague.
He established international ~
Talanta (Vol.
Medal
and Analytical
(1974). Overseas awards include the
(1977) of the Czechoslovak Chemical
Society, Johannes Marcus
for Spectroscopy (1977) of the Spectroscopic
Society of Bohemia,
and
Honorary Membership (1981) of the Japan Society of Analytical Chemistry. He became a Fellow (1979) of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and in 1989 a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In the Queen's New Year's Honours List for 1988 he was made a Commander contributions
of the Order
to chemistry and international
He was associated. with International
of the 'British
Empire
(CBE)
for his
science. of Pure and Applied
Chemistry
(IUP AC) since 1963, rising to the position of President of the Anal~ical
Chemistry
Division
Union
(1977- 81). After a period as Assistant Secretary General (1981- 83), he
was elected Secretary General (1983-91).
of the Union
and served two four-year
periods
In 1990-92 West became Chairman of the Standing Finance Committee
of ICSU and a member of the Executive Board. He has also contributed significantly to other aspects of national and international The development of Analytical
science.
Chemistry in the USA is logically described in
four time periods, namely (a) the nineteenth century, (b) 1900-1939, (c) the decade of the 1940s, and (d) from 1950 to the present day.l Analytical been, and continues to be, an important
chemistry has long
component of the undergraduate Bachelor
of Science Chemistry degree in most colleges and universities in the USA.2 Objectives of the present study were to know authorship yearwise, authorwise, and author productivity; ,. "'
communications multiplier
SCienlomeaics
used, distribution
of articles
pattern-paperwise,
and to fmd out core channels of among
channels,
and Bradford
etc.
33 (1995)
235
v. L. KAL YANE, S. S. MUNNOLLI: SCIENTOMEfRIC
PORTRArr OFT. S. WESr
Methodology Scientometric data like
analysis is usually based on the utilization
publications,
citations,
experts opinions,
of several independent
content-analysis,
etc., which
together permit to enlighten various sides of the development of a defmite science field. In this paper the publication productivity is used for the analysis. The choice of the unit of analysis and of the initial set has a strong influence on the measures and results of any bibliometric
study. Generally speaking authors are
~
used when the study focuses on the influence of individuals, articles are used to study the influence of a particular idea as embodied in the article, key terms are used to
,
follow an idea over time as it crosses disciplines and journals when the study focuses on the institutional embodiment of a discipline.3 Bibliographic details of all publications of T. S. West were documented on cards and sorting was done as per requirement
to extract various data. Normal
count
procedure4 was followed. Full credit was given to each author regardless of whether he happens to be the fIrst or the last author. It is widely recognised that scientists all over the world look at their own papers exclusively in that way. Similarly titles of the articles were analysed and one score was allotted for each journal, and keyword. The degree of ccollaborations
was defined
as the ratio
of the number
of
collaborative research papers to the total number of research papers published in a discipline during a certain period of time. Vinkle,6 defmed publication density as the ratio of the total number of papers published to the total number of journals in which the papers were published, and publication concentration as the ratio in percentage of the journals containing half of the papers published to the total number of journals in which those papers were published during the period under study. Bradford's studies focused on "Journal productivity", in the sense of establishing the small core of journals that contributed the most articles to a subject literature and the scatter of articles on the subject over the remainder. 7 The Bradford bibliograph
has a concavity near the origin for the core or nuclear zone and a
linearity afterwords till the downward deviation called "Groos droop".8 Sen and Gan9 have given the formula for productivity
coefficient (P.C.) as the (;"
ratio of 50 percentile age to the productivity age.~
236
Scientometrics
33 (1995)
v. L. KALYANE,
S. S. MU~'NOLLI:
SCIENTOMEfRIC
PORTRArr
OFT.
S. WESI
Results and discussion During
1951-92
Table l(a).
T. S. West has published 410 communications
Single authored
communications
were 52 (12.68%).
as shown in Two
authored
communications were 100 (24.39%). Three authored publications were 212 (51.70%). Four authored papers to his credit were 40 (9.76%). He has published five (1.22%) communications
having five authors each and only one (0.25%) paper having eight
authors. Highest number of communica~ions published in one year were 41 (10.00% ) in 1969 at the age of 42 as shown in Table 1(b). Highest number of single authorship ,.)
papers published in one year were seven during 1970 at the age of 43. His most productive
period was 1968 to 1973 during which he had published 190 ( 4;3.36%) b
papers at the age of 41 to 46. Overall the range in Quinquennial Coefficients
Collaboration
was 0.57 to 1.00 clearly indicating his high collaboration
Quinquennial
team spirit.
publication productivity and related parameters are depicted in Fig. 1. Table l(a) Authorshipwise
Authors
:\'0.
Cumulative
of
papers
distribution
of papers of T. S. West
%of
Cumu-
papers
lative
2!2 40 5 1
I = Single author V = Five author
papers papers,
12.68 24.39 51.70 9.76 1.22 0.25
52 152 364 404 409 410
52 100
, II = Two author VIII
= Eight
ships
%of author.
Cumulative author-
ships
ships
%
papers
II III IV V VIII
Author-
author
papers,
12. 37. 88. 98. 99 100.
III
68 07 77 53 75 00
= Three
4.81 18.50 58.84 14.80 2.31 0.74
52 200 636 160 25 8
author
papers,
N
= Four
52 252 888 1048 1073 1081
author
papers,
papers.
t>
Scientomeaics
33 (1995)
237
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L. KALYANE,
S. S. MUNNOLLI:
SCIENrOMErRIC
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OFT.
S. WESf
Age of T.5.West
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SCienlometrics
v. L. KAL YANE, s. S. MUNNOLLI: SCIENfOMETRIC PORTRAIT OFT. S. WEST
244
33
(1995)
'(
..
v.
L. KALYANE,
S. S. MUNNOLLI:
SCIENTOMEfRIC
poRTRAn
OFT.
s. WESf
1 \II 5OoL 'a; I": T SWE'St ~
300~
y
Fig. 2. Publication productivity afT. S. West and collaborators (Iog-lag scale) Table 2(b ) Author
Author(s)
.Authorship(s)
productivity Total
authors
410 92 77 56 19 13 11 10 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 1 1 1 3 3
~
13 6 12 24 24 76
168
SCie1l10metrics
Percentage hips
410 92 77 56 19 13 11 30 21 78 30 48 72 48 71
Cumulative percentage
37.92 8.51 7.12 5.18 1.76 1.20 1.02 2.78 1.94 7.22 2.78 4.44 6.66 4.44 7.03
37.92 46.43 53.55 58.73 60.49 61.69 62.71 65.49 67.43 74.65 77.43 81.87 88.53 92.97 100.00
1081
33
(1995)
245
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..,. out functioning of active research teams as centres of excellence and factors responsible for optimising, maximising and enhancing outputs may appreciate quantitative and qualitative aspects of scientometrics. It is further suggested that citation analysis of publications of T. S. West should be undertaken to know the impact of his research.
References 1. 2. 3.
4. 5,
6.
, ~
H. A. l..AmNEN,History of analytical chemistry in the USA, Talanta, 36 (1989) 1-9. R W. MURRAY,Teaching of analytical chemistry in the US, Talanta, 36 (1989) 11-17. C. L. BORGMAN,R E. RICE, The convergence of information science and communication: A bibliometric analysis,Journal of American Society of Information Science,43 (1992) 397-411. N. PRAVDIC, C. OLUIC-VUKOVIC, Dual approach to multiple authorship in the study of collaboration/scientific output relationship, Scientometrics, 10 (1986) 259- 280. K SUBRAMANYAM, Bibliometric studies of research collaboration: a review, Journal of Information Science,6 (1983) 33-38. P. VINKLER, Bibliometric analysis of publication activity of a scientific research institute, In: Informetrics 89/90, L. EGGHE, R RoussFAU (Eds), Elsevier science publishers, B. V., 1990, pp. 309- 334.
254
Scientometrics
33
(1995)
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B.
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KALYANE,
L.
V.
KADEMANI,
S.
B.
press).
(in
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S.
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SAROJAM,
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the
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GUAY,
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26
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scientists,
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activities
information
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characteristics
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On
STRAKHOV,
B.
A.
GRANOVSKY,
V.
Yu.
MULCHENKO,
M.
Z.
26.
31.
21-
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40
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and
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Library
of
Annals
chemistry,
concrete
and
cement
of
area
the
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