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Disaster Risk Reduction of Land Subsidence in Jakarta
Land Subsidence in Indonesian Cities
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, H. Andreas, I. Gumilar, T. P. Sidiq, M.Donny Azdan, Firdaus Ali, JJ Brinkman Geodesy Research Group, Institute of Technology Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia, E-mail :
[email protected] Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia, Jakarta Dept. of Environmental Engineering, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Deltares, Delft, Netherlands
Cilegon
Denpasar
Observed land subsidence : • Jakarta • Bandung • Semarang
KEYNOTE SPEAKER 2ND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON COASTAL SUBSIDENCE May 30th – June 1st, 2016, Venice, ITALY
Expected land subsidence : • Surabaya • Denpasar observed decrease in groundwater level • Cilegon • Medan Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2011
JAKARTA
Land Subsidence in Java Coastal Inundation and flooding at northern coast of Java
Blanakan
Jakarta
Semarang
Sidoarjo
10 million people 661.52 km2 13 rivers 43 reservoirs
Amelung et.al 2010
Impacts of land subsidence can be seen in the forms of coastal inudation, flooding, and cracking of infrastructures. Heri Andreas et al. (2014)
Watershed in and outside Jakarta
Jakarta
DKI Jakarta ± 650 km2 13 rivers are flowing inside Jakarta
Average rainfall : 2000 – 4000 mm/year
Bogor ± 850 km2
DKI Jakarta area http://www.petadki.com
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
Puncak
T. Firman (1999)
and its Surrounding
Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR) 7500 km2 total population about 30 million
Watershed outside Jakarta Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
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Losses due to Land Subsidence
Importance of Land Subsidence For Urban Development LAND SUBSIDENCE INFORMATION (Magnitudes, Rates, Spatial & Temporal Variations) Spatial Planning Consideration
Groundwater Extraction Regulation
Infrastructure Design & Construction
Sewerage & Drainage System Design
Sub-surface Utility Planning
Environmental Conservation
(Inland and Coastal) Flood Mitigation
Sea Water Intrusion Control
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT (Economy, Environment, Social)
DIRECT EFFECTS Primary Subsidence Phenomena Vertical subsidence Tilting Horizontal strains Ground breaks Subsurface deformation
Damage, Costs and Other Impacts Man-made system Natural system
Aggravation of Other Hazards Flooding Faulting Dam failures Induced seismicity
Ref. : Viets (2010)
Adjustments and their Costs and Impacts Studies Subsidence control Damage Mitigation
Damage, Costs and Other Impacts Man-made system Natural system
INDIRECT EFFECTS
• • • •
Development Cost Maintenance Cost Social Cost Environmental Cost
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
Disaster Risk Reduction Management,
Disaster Risk Reduction Management
from ADPC (2009)
A broad range of activities designed to (ADPC, 2009): Prevent the loss of lives. Minimize human suffering. Inform the public and authorities of risk. Minimize property damage and economic loss. Speed up the recovery process.
In case of Jakarta, land subsidence is an on-going phenomena
WE ARE HERE ?
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Disaster Risk Reduction Management, from ADPC (2009)
Stress on proactive disaster management responses of prevention, mitigation and preparedness
Prevent, reduce, transfer or live with disaster risk. Public safety, disaster resilience, sustainable development for all.
System or prevention, mitigation and preparedness of land subsidence in Jakarta ? Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Why DRR of Land Subsidence in Jakarta is needed ? (ITS IMPACTS ARE NUMEROUS & COSTLY) Cracking of buildings and infrastructure
The wider expansion of inland & coastal flooding areas
Malfunction of drainage system
Increasing the maintenance costs for the affected buildings and infrastructure
Changes in river canal and drain flow systems
Lowering the quality of living environment and life (e.g. health and sanitation condition) in the affected areas Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
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Why DRR of Land Subsidence in (Coastal Areas of) Jakarta is needed ?
Why DRR of Land Subsidence in Jakarta is needed ?
Ongoing and future land reclamation
Ongoing Land Subsidence
COASTAL FLOODING ccenarios with controlled (left) and uncontrolled (right) LAND SUBSIDENCE
Daily regular traffic jam
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Ref.: Atlas Pengamanan Pantai Jakarta (2011)
Coastal areas below MSL are enlarging.
Jakarta seaport enlargement is urgent
High pollution in surface water
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Ref.: Donny Azdan (2016)
Priorities in Disaster Risk Reduction Management (Margareta Wahlström, 2016)
Observed Land Subsidence in Jakarta
P-1: Understanding disaster risk. P-2: Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk. P-3: Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience. P-4: Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Geodetic Methods for Measurement of Land Subsidence
Leveling Survey GNSS Survey and CORS InSAR TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner) Microgravity Geometric-Historic Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Land Subsidence Monitoring in Jakarta using Geodetic Methods
City
Leveling
GPS
InSAR
Gravity
Geometric - Historic
JAKARTA
Since 1982
Since 1997
Since 2005
Since 2008
Since 2010
Geodesy Research Group of ITB mainly involved with GPS Surveys, InSAR and Geometric - Historic Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
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(the rates vary both spatially and temporally)
No.
Method
Subsidence Rates (cm/year) Min - Max Typical
Land Subsidence In Jakarta from Leveling, 1982 - 1997
Northing
Observed Subsidence Rates in Jakarta
Observation Period
1
Leveling Surveys
1-9
3-7
1982 - 1991
1 - 25
3 - 10
1991 - 1997
2
GPS Surveys
1 - 28
4 - 10
1997 - 2014
3
InSAR
1 - 12
3 - 10
2006 - 2010
JAKARTA
Easting
-0.3 m -0.8 m -1 m
-2 m
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
Land Subsidence Rates in Jakarta (1974 – 2010)
-2 m
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2001
Land Subsidence in Jakarta from PSI, ALOS PALSAR, 2007 to 2010
(from Leveling, GPS and InSAR results)
(1974 – 1991)
(1991 - 2010)
© P.T. Hatfield Indonesia Abidin et al. (2015)
Land Subsidence in Jakarta ALOS PALSAR, 2007 to 2011
Land Subsidence Rates in Jakarta (1974 – 2010) (from Leveling, GPS and InSAR results)
Land subsidence rate (cm/year)
5
Land subsidence rates in Jakarta (Indonesia) 1974 – 1991
1991 – 2010
0 -5 -10 -15
Koudogbo et al. (2011) Abidin et al. (2015)
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GPS-derived Land Subsidence in Jakarta (2011 – 2014)
Monitoring Point
-3 up to -33 cm ; -1 up to -11 cm/year
Subsidence 2011-2014
Muara Baru
-0.27 m
Muara Angke
-0.33 m
Pluit
-0.20 m
Cengkareng Barat
-0.12 m
Kelapa Gading
-0.15 m
Sudirman
-0.04 m
Kuningan
-0.04 m
Kebayoran baru
-0.06 m
Cibubur
-0.03 m
1925
-0,12 meter
1935
1945
1955
1965
1975
1985
1995
2005
-0,50
-0,15 meter
-0,04 meter
-0.03 meter
-1,00 -1,50
Marunda
-2,00 -2,50
Kelapa Gading
-3,00
Daan Mogot
-3,50 -4,00
Pluit
-4,50
Land subsidence in Jakarta seems to be more significant since 1975, mostly due to increasing speed of the urban development. Andreas et al. (2015)
Land Subsidence in Jakarta Subsidence (1925-2015) Land subsidence (1925-2015)
2015
0,00
-0.33 meter Subsidence (in meter)
Subsidence : Subsidence Rate :
Land Subsidence in Jakarta Subsidence (1925-2015)
Land subsidence (2014-2015)
Andreas et al. (2016)
TLS-derived Land Subsidence in Pantai Mutiara Jakarta (2011-2013)
Pantai Mutiara
Subsidence rate (2014-2015)
-3 up to -4 meter
-10 up to -12 centimeter
-1 up to -2 meter
-2 up to -5 centimeter
-5 centimeter/year
0 up to -1 meter
0 up to -1 centimeter
- 1 centimeter/year
-12 centimeter/year
Andreas et al. (2016)
Registered Scanned TLS Images of Pantai Mutiara Jakarta
4 scan stations on the roof, 40 scan stations on the ground, and recording 460 Million data points 4 GPS measurements, polygon measurements for registration, combined with object to object registration Subsidence Project using TLS at Pantai Mutiara Jakarta KIOST KOICA ITB Project 2011-2013
Period
Object
Subsidence
Average Subsidence
Subsidence Rate
2011 – 2013
Housing
8.6 to 26.5 cm
16.0 cm
11.4 cm/yr
2011 – 2013
Non housing
4.7 to 27.9 cm
17.1 cm
12.3 cm/yr
2011
Land subsidence (2014-2015)
2013
Andreas et al. (2014)
TLS-derived Land Subsidence in Pantai Mutiara Jakarta (2011-2013) GPS-derived Subsidence -10 up to -12 centimeter -2 up to -5 centimeter 0 up to -1 centimeter
Subsidence Project using TLS at Pantai Mutiara Jakarta KIOST KOICA ITB Project 2011-2013
Andreas et al. (2014)
Subsidence Project using TLS at Pantai Mutiara Jakarta KIOST KOICA ITB Project 2011-2013
Andreas et al. (2014)
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Impacts of Subsidence in Jakarta
Impacts of Land Subsidence in Jakarta
Bangunan miring (Tongkol)
Struktur jembatan turun (mutiara)
Genangan Rob (Tongkol) Genangan Rob (Gunung sahari)
Genangan Rob (Gunung sahari)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin KK Geodesi ITB 2010
Examples of Land Subsidence Impacts in Jakarta
Impacts of Coastal Subsidence in Jakarta
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2008
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
“Bridge Lowering” in some places in Jakarta
“Sea level versus River and Sea Wall” somewhere in Jakarta Ref: Brinkman (2011)
Ref: Brinkman (2011)
Bridge Lowering at Kamal Muara
Bridge Lowering at Mangga Dua
Bridge Lowering at Ancol
Sea Wall at Dadap
Sea Wall at Pasar Ikan
Sea Level vs. River in Ancol
Bridge Lowering at Kamal Muara Sea Level Vs. River in Kamal Muara
Bridge Lowering at Pluit
Bridge Lowering at Pantai Mutiara
Bridge Lowering at G. Sahari
Bridge Lowering at Mangga Dua
Sea Wall at Pluit
Sea Wall at Muara Baru
Sea Level vs. River in Pluit
Sea Wall at Muara Baru
Sea Level vs. River in Pasar Ikan
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Impacts on Infrastructure
Ref. : Ardito Y. Bimantara (2012)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2014
Impacts on Cracking Houses
Ref. : Ardito Y. Bimantara (2012)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2014
Impacts on “Sinking” Houses
Ref. : Ardito Y. Bimantara (2012)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2014
Impacts on Sea Water Intrution
Ref. : Ardito Y. Bimantara (2012)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2014
CHARACTERISTICS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE IMPACTS No.
1.
2.
Category
Infrastructural
Environmental
3.
Economic
4.
Social
Representation of impact
direct direct direct direct indirect
deterioration in function of building and infrastructures
indirect
changes in river canal and drain flow systems frequent coastal flooding wider expansion of flooding areas inundated areas and infrastructures increased inland sea water intrusion
indirect indirect indirect indirect indirect
deterioration in quality of environmental condition
indirect
increase in maintenance cost of infrastructure decrease in land and property values abandoned buildings and facilities disruption to economic activities
indirect indirect indirect indirect
deterioration in quality of living environment and life (e.g. health and sanitation condition)
indirect
disruprion to daily activities of people
Impacts on Tidal Flooding
Ref. : Ardito Y. Bimantara (2012)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2014
Level of impact
cracking of permanent constructions and roads tilting of houses and buildings ‘sinking’ of houses and buildings breaking of underground pipelines and utilities malfunction of sewerage and drainage system
indirect Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
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Land Subsidence Impacts Buildings Facilities Infrastructures
Infrastructural Impacts
Land Subsidence and Flooding (1)
Economic Impacts subsidence
Social Impacts
LAND SUBSIDENCE
Land Surface River, Canal, Drain Flow Systems
Riverine & Coastal Flooding Inundation
Enivironmental Impacts
Flooded area (with subsidence)
Flooded area (without subsidence)
Expanded coverage and deeper water depth of flooded (inundated) areas Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2013
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
Land Subsidence and Flooding (2) Sea Level Rise + High Tide Mean sea level
Coastal flooded area (without subsidence)
Land Subsidence and Flooding (3)
Sea Level Rise + High Tide Mean sea level
subsidence
Coastal flooded area (with subsidence)
subsidence
Water flow (with subsidence)
Water flow (without subsidence)
Changes of water flow pattern in drainage, canal and river systems passing the subsidence area
Expanded coverage and deeper water depth of coastal flooded (inundated) areas Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2013
Causes of Flooding in Jakarta
High rain fall (2000 – 4000 mm/year) Sea tides and sea level rise (northern part) 13 rivers flowing through Topography : 40 % is lowland (about 1.0-1.5 m under maximum tides coastal areas). Rapid population growth Environmental degradation in the river upstream Land use changes (uncontrolled) Settlement along the rivers (illegal) Poor drainage and sewerage system COASTAL Land subsidence FLOODING Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2013
Land Subsidence and Flooding in Jakarta
JAKARTA
Inundated area
Easting
-0.3 m -0.8 m -1 m
-2 m
-2 m
Leveling-derived subsidence (1982-1997)
2002 Jakarta Flooding (flooding map based on LAPAN data) Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2013
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Land Subsidence and Flooding in Jakarta
Land Subsidence and Flooding in Jakarta
Jan.2013 Flooding
www.detik.com
Water depth (m) of 2007 Flooding
InSAR-derived subsidence (2007-2011)
GPS-derived subsidence (2000-2011)
(Koudogbo et al., 2012) Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2013
Spatial Correlation between GPS-derived Land Subsidence (2000-2011) and Flooding area in Jakarta (2014)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2013
Spatial Correlation between GPS-derived Land Subsidence (2000-2011) and Flooding area in Jakarta (2014)
Since 2007, coastal flooding is getting worse (RED zone)
Inland flooding caused by heavy rain and flooded rivers ( BLUE zone) source: geospasial.bnpb.go.id
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Ref.: Donny Azdan (2016)
Worst Scenario: If Subsidence Continues Area below the Sea Level Area above the Sea Level
Around 26.9% of Jakarta maybe flooded by the sea in year 2025 Around 10.5% of Jakarta maybe flooded by the sea in year 2000
Around 15.6% of Jakarta maybe flooded by the sea in year 2007
DEM is derived form LiDAR data, Subsidence rates of subsidence from GPS and Leveling Surveys, Sea level rise from Satellite Altimetry.
Around 35.6% of Jakarta maybe flooded by the sea in year 2050
Causative Factors of Land Subsidence in Jakarta
Around 18.8% of Jakarta maybe flooded by the sea in year 2012 Heri Andreas (2013)
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Land Subsidence and Natural Consolidation in Jakarta
Causes of Land Subsidence
Geology of Jakarta
NATURAL
ANTHROPOGENIC
Causative factors of land subsidence in urban areas of Indonesian : 1. excessive groundwater extraction, 2. load of buildings and constructions (i.e. settlement of high compressibility soil), 3. natural consolidation of alluvium soil, and 4. tectonic activity.
Land subsidence is usually caused by combination of those factors Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
South
South-North Geological Cross Section of Jakarta
Ref. PusAir (2016)
North
Source : Fachri et al. (2012)
Contour of Engineering Bedrock (Vs>750 cm/dt2) of Jakarta from 55 Microtremor array Data
Young sedimentary rocks still compacted naturally Source : Masyhur Irsyam (2015)
Jakarta Groundwater Basin Three grouped aquifers system were recognized within Jakarta Groundwater basin (Soekardi,1997) : • Unconfined Aquifer System at < 40 m depth; • Upper Confined Aquifer System at 40 m - 140 m depth; • Middle Confined Aquifer System at 140 m - 250 m depth. • Lower Confined Aquifer System at > 250 m depth. Inside those aquifers, groundwater generally flows from south to the north. There is an aquifer > 250 m depth (within a Tertiary sediments) but less productivity with relatively poor water quality (Murdohardono and Tirtomihardjo 1993).
B’
A’
C’
Excessive groundwater extraction in Jakarta
D’
D
A B
C
D-D' aquitard 1st aquifer 2nd aquifer 3nd aquifer
Base rock
How about unregistered groundwater extraction ? 60 – 70 % ? Ref: Badan Geologi (2016) and Hitachi (2016)
Abidin et al. (2011)
http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2010/09/27/12531425/Jakarta.Kurang.Ruang.Terbuka.Hijau
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Reasons for Groundwater Level Lowering in Jakarta Basin
Excessive use of groundwater by industries, hotels, apartments, large residential complexes. Increase in industrial and economic activities. Rapid population growth. Increase in built-up areas (less infiltration areas). Significant disturbance to main ecological function of the upland of Jakarta area as a water recharge area for Jakarta city. Relatively extensive illegal groundwater pumping
Land Subsidence & Groundwater Level Change in Jakarta Subsidence (1982-1997) JAKARTA Easting Middle Aqu ifer (40 - 140 m) in 1992
Lower Aq uifer (140 - 250 m) in 19 92 JAVA SEA
J AVA SEA
Ta njun gpriok
-4 0
-25
-35 -30 -25
Ka lidere s -3 0 -40 -20
-20 -1 0
0
-40 -30 Ga mbir
-10
-20 -10 Pu loga dung
0 0m
Keb ayora n
+10
0 m
Kramat Jati
+20
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2008
Land Subsidence & Groundwater Level Change in Jakarta
Land Subsidence & Groundwater Level Change in Jakarta
GW level change = a . Land Subsidence
Groundwater level is related to Middle Aquifer Made by Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
Groundwater level is related to Middle Aquifer From: Rurin P. Dewi (2015)
Made by Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
From: Rurin P. Dewi (2015)
Land Subsidence and Tectonic Activities in Jakarta The contribution of tectonic activities in observed land subsidence in Jakarta is still not yet established, and further research is needed !!
Prevention of Land Subsidence in Jakarta
Source: Distam DKI Jakarta and LPM ITB (1997) in Fachri and Harsolumakso (2003). Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016)
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Causes, Risks and Impacts of Land Subsidence in Urban Areas
Preventation
(From ADPC, 2009)
Measures taken to avert a disaster from occurring, if possible (to impede a hazard so that it does not have any harmful effects).
ADPC (2009)
CAUSATIVE FACTORS
PREVENTION MEASURES
Excessive groundwater extraction Load of buildings and infrastructures
Stop groundwater extraction in subsidence prone areas. Establish a 100 % surface water supply condition.
Strict implementation of sustainable urban development and spatial planning system.
Natural consolidation of alluvium soil
None
Tectonic activities
None
for Land Subsidence Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Condition of Water Supply Service in Jakarta
± 54* % PIPED WATER SERVICE COVERAGE THROUGH 814.000 CONNECTIONS AND ± 40% NRW
± 10.1 MILLION REGISTERED POPULATION
Locations of Existing Water Sources and Water Treatment Facilities in Jakarta
± 12.6 MILLION REAL POPULATION NEED
± 4.6 MILLION STILL RELY ON GROUNDWATER
ALMOST ALL OF THE WATER BODIES ARE CONTA-MINATED
± 3 % SEWERAGE SYSTEM SERVICE COVERAGE
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Ref. : Firdaus Ali (2016)
JAKARTA WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 2015 RAW WATER AND WATER TREATMENT PLANTS CAPACITY No.
OPERATOR & WTPs
PRODUCTION CAPACITY (L/Second)
SOURCE OF RAW WATER
1
AETRA:
1.1
• BUARAN 1 WTP
2.000
JATILUHUR DAM
1.2
• BUARAN II WTP
3.000
JATILUHUR DAM
1.3
• P. GADUNG WTP
4.000
JATILUHUR DAM
2
PALYJA:
2.1
• PEJOMPONGAN I WTP
2.000
JATILUHUR DAM
2.2
• PEJOMPONGAN II WTP
3.600
JATILUHUR DAM
2.3
• CILANDAK & T. KOTA WTP
600
KRUKUT RIVER
2.4
• BULK WATER SUPPLY
2.800
CISADANE R.
TOTAL DISTRIBUTION CAPACITY
18.000
Ref. : Firdaus Ali (2015)
NOTE FOR EASTERN REGION OF JAKARTA 99% DEPEND ON SUPPLY FROM JATILUHUR MULTI PURPOSES DAM
JAKARTA WATER SUPPLY SERVICE 2015 Operator: PALYJA
FOR WESTERN REGION OF JAKARTA 64% DEPEND ON SUPPLY FROM JATILUHUR MULTI PURPOSES DAM (THROUGH WEST TARUM CANAL)
LESS THAN 3.33% OF RAW WATER ORIGINATED FROM THE CITY’S SOURCES
Ref.: Agenda Jakarta Coastal Development Strategy (2011)
PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY CAPACITY (L/SEC) NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS (CONNECTED) SERVICE COVERAGE (%) WATER LOSSES (UFW) %
18.100
Operator: AETRA
814.067 38/46% 41,02% Ref. : Firdaus Ali (2016)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
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Small Lakes and Dams in Jakarta
NORTH JAKARTA WATER STRESS INDEX MAP
The Most Crucial and Strategic Area in the Capital City Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Ref.: Atlas Pengamanan Pantai Jakarta (2011)
Ref. : Firdaus Ali (2016)
Toward Zero Groundwater Policy
STARTING 2015, ALL THIS REGION 100% SUPPLIED BY PIPED WATER IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT ZERO GROUNDWATER POLICY
NRW/UFW REDUCTION
2015 STARTING 2020, ALL THIS REGION 100% SUPPLIED BY PIPED WATER IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT ZERO GROUNDWATER POLICY
JATILUHUR TREATED PIPED WATER SUPPLY PROJECT 2020
STARTING 2025, ALL THIS REGION 100% SUPPLIED BY PIPED WATER IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT ZERO GROUNDWATER POLICY
USED WATER RECLAIMATION POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 2025
KARIAN & CIAWI DAM DEVELOPMENT
STARTING 2030, ALL THIS REGION 100% SUPPLIED BY PIPED WATER IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT ZERO GROUNDWATER POLICY
WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK REVITALIZATION & EXPAN SION
ZERO GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION STRATEGY BY 2030 Ref. : Firdaus Ali (2016)
Ref. : Firdaus Ali (2016)
Mitigation
(From ADPC, 2009)
Mitigation of Land Subsidence in Jakarta
Measures taken prior to the impact of a disaster to minimize its effects (sometimes referred to as structural and non-structural measures)
ADPC (2009)
CAUSATIVE FACTORS Excessive groundwater extraction
Load of buildings and infrastructures Natural consolidation of alluvium soil Tectonic activities
MITIGATION MEASURES Limit or prohibit groundwater extraction in subsidence prone areas; and increase surface water supply. Enforcement of strict regulation and punishment for groundwater extraction in subsidence prone areas. Urban development planning and building codes take into account the land subsidence characteristics in the areas. Urban development rate in subsidence prone areas is properly controlled. Spatial planning and building codes take into account the land subsidence characteristics in the areas.
for Land Subsidence
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
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Urban Development and Subsidence
INCREASE IN BUILT-UP AREAS AND POPULATION
Decrease in Water Recharge Areas Decrease in rechargeability of withdrawn groundwater Increase in Groundwater Consumption & Extraction Increase in Building and Infrastructure Loading
Land subsidence in coastal areas contributes to coastal inundation and flooding phenomena, and should be properly considered in the coastal development process. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
LAND SUBSIDENCE
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2009
Land Use of 2009 in Jakarta and its Greater Area
Land Use Changes in Jakarta Red color indicates the built-up areas
In 1965, the green areas made up more than 35% of the Jakarta's area and in 2008 it is only 9.3% Ref : Djakapermana (2008)
Ref.: Atlas Pengamanan Pantai Jakarta (2011)
Land Subsidence and Land Use in Jakarta
Built-up areas of Jakarta in 2015, which cover more than 90% of the region
Source: The Simulation Study on Climate Change in Jakarta, Indonesia, JICA 2012
Correlation between land use and land subsidence
Land use of 2007 Land Subsidence (1974-2010) Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016)
It can be concluded that major groundwater extractions in Jakarta were occurred mainly in the commercial and industrial areas. Ref. : Hitachi (2016)
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Adaptation /Preparedness
ADPC (2009)
(From ADPC, 2009) Measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and effective actions are taken in the aftermath.
Adaptation/Preparedness of Land Subsidence in Jakarta
CAUSATIVE FACTORS Excessive groundwater extraction
ADAPTATION MEASURES
Increase the surface groundwater supply and resources. Continuous monitoring of subsidence characteristics.
Implementation of special building codes for land subsidence prone areas. Continuous monitoring of subsidence characteristics. Implementation of subsidence-adaptive urban developmen and spatial planning system. for Land Continuous monitoring of subsidence Subsidence characteristics.
Load of buildings and infrastructures
Natural consolidation of alluvium soil Tectonic activities
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Coastal Subsidence and Flooding
Watch out subsidence along the coastal areas of North Jakarta
Adaptation Towards Coastal Flooding by Building Coastal Dykes
Sea Level Rise: 0.1 – 0.5 cm/year (IPCC) Coastal Subsidence: 3 - 10 cm/year
Pantai Mutiara Area Subsidence Rate: 10 Cm/Year)
Tidal Flooding Surface water degradation Decrease in livelihood quality Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016)
Example of Established Coastal Dykes
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Ref.: Atlas Pengamanan Pantai Jakarta (2011)
Jakarta Coastal Defense Strategy (JCDS) – Stage 1
TANGGUL PANTAI MUTIARA (2008)
TANGGUL KARANG AYU 2008
TANGGUL POMPA PLUIT (2009)
TANGGUL LUAR BATANG APBD 2008 TANGGUL MUARA ANGKE 2008
DPU DKI JAKARTA
TANGGUL PASAR IKAN (2010)
DISHUB DKI JAKARTA DINAS PERIKANAN DKI JAKARTA PELINDO II PANTAI MUTIARA DEPT. PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Ref.: Donny Azdan (2016)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Ref.: Donny Azdan (2016)
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Jakarta Coastal Defense Strategy (JCDS) – Stage 2
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Ref.: Donny Azdan (2016)
Jakarta Coastal Defense Strategy (JCDS) – Stage 3
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
From JCDS to NCICD
JCDS – Strategic Direction Stage 2
Stage 3
Offshore with floodways open
Offshore with floodways closed
preparation time implementation time
?
2010 preparation time
2020 implementation time
2030
Why ?
Economic Development
?
Land Subsidence
Stage 1 On land
Ref.: Donny Azdan (2016)
NCICD = National Capital Integrated Coastal Development
FRESH WATER RETENTION AREA
?
2040
When ? 2050 Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
Ref.: Donny Azdan (2016)
From : http://en.ncicd.com/
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD)
Closing Remarks
From : http://en.ncicd.com/ Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2014
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6/28/2016
Priorities in Disaster Risk Reduction of Land Subsidence in Jakarta 1. Improvement of subsidence monitoring system and its governance. 2: Realization of zero groundwater policy.
Thank You
3. Strengthening subsidence-adaptive urban development and spatial planning system. 4. Strengthening land subsidence risk governance. 5. Investing in subsidence risk reduction for resilience. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2016
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