January – December 2007 Department of Physics, Chemistry ... - IFM

Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology January – December 2007

Chemistry

Organization

Göran Hansson Material Physics

Undergraduate Education

Introduction

IFM

Index

– The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology

INTRODUCTION

3

SCIENTIFIC BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY

46

Theory & Modeling

ORGANIZATION Economy Personnell Environment The Third Task Equal Opportunities

4 6 7 9 10 11

12 Engineering programs 12 Biology 13 Chemistry 15 Physics 16 Master’s Programmes In English 17 Graduate Education 18 IFM Graduate Programme 18 Forum Scientium 20 SCIENTIFIC BRANCH OF APPLIED PHYSICS 21 Applied Optics 22 Applied Physics 24 Biomolecular and Organic Electronics 28 Biotechnology 29 Molecular Surface Physics and Nano Science 32 Sensor Science and Molecular Physics 33 SCIENTIFIC BRANCH OF BIOLOGY 40

Other


Publications & Theses

Biology

Applied Physics

graduate Education

SCIENTIFIC BRANCH OF MATERIAL PHYSICS

Materials Science Nanostructured Materials Plasma & Coatings Physics Surface and Semiconductor Physics Surface Physics and Chemistry Thin Film Physics SCIENTIFIC BRANCH OF THEORY AND MODELING

Bioinformatics Computational Physics Theoretical Biology Theoretical Physics Other

CeNano FunMat LiLi-NFM MS2E

51 51 57 58 60 62 65 68 68 69 70 72 77 77 78 79 80

The figures on the cover present examples of very different re-

PUBLICATIONS

82

THESES

96 96 96 97

Doctoral Theses Licentiate Theses Undergraduate Theses

(IFM) hereby presents its 37th consecutive progress report since the start in 1970. The report contains a description of activities in research and education within the department and is intended as a source of information for colleagues and other interested readers. IFM is organized in five scientific areas; Applied Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Material Physics, and Theory and Modelling. A large part of the research within these divisions is made possible by generous grants from founding agencies like The Swedish Research Council (VR), The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF), VINNOVA, The Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation and internationally also through the European Union and the sixth framework programme. During the year 19 doctoral and 8 licenciate theses were presented. More than 200 undergraduate courses were presented in Master of Science in Engineering programmes, in Master of Science programmes, in Bachelor of Science in Engineering programmes, and in teacher training programmes.

The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology

search activities at the department; A scanning electron microscope image shows a set of self-organized AlN microrods grown on SiC templates (from G.R. Yazdi et al., Material Physics). The figure showing males of Red jungle fowl and White Leghorn illustrates the studies of animal behaviour within Ethology, Biology (Christina Lindqvist). The third figure (courtesy of L. Dubrovinsky) shows a schematic view of the Earth’s interiors. The Atomium monument, which represents a unit cell of a body-centred cubic (bcc) crystal, is shown in the centre of the Earth inner core. Theoretical calculations by members of Theory and Modelling have shown that the ironnickel alloy in the interior of the Earth can have a bcc structure. More details of our research, graduate and undergraduate programmes can be found at http://www.ifm.liu.se. Please also feel free to contact us by mail, e-mail or telephone. Göran Hansson, Professor, Head of Department

2

IF M Ac ti v it y R e p o r t

2007


2007

3

RESEARCH DIVISIONS

(as of December 2007) Head of Department Deputy Heads Financial Administrator Personnel Administrator Personnel Administrator (subst.) Principal Research Engineer

Administration

Göran Hansson Per Jensen Kajsa Uvdal Inger Johansson Louise Gustafsson Rydström (parental leave July-Dec 07) Gunnel Dellsten- Lundgren Bengt Andersson

Department Board

Members Deputy Members Göran Hansson, chairman Karl-Olof Bergman Hans Högberg Bengt-Harald Nalle Jonsson Kajsa Uvdal Tina Krantz-Rülcker (up to June) Anita Lloyd Spetz (from August) Bengt Persson Anette Anderssson Maria Carlsson Jens Wigenius Ina Berg Andreas Åslund Frederic Ganessane Secretary: Ingegärd Andersson

UNDERGRADUATE TEACHING

Area Biology Chemistry Measurement Technology Physics-engineering programs Physics-science program

Director of Studies Agneta Johansson Stefan Svensson Ragnar Erlandsson Leif Johansson Magnus Boman

Organization

Organization

Organization

Scientific Branch of Applied Physics Applied Optics Hans Arwin, prof. Applied Physics Ingemar Lundström, prof., chairman Biomolecular and Organic Electronics Olle Inganäs, prof Biotechnology Carl-Fredrik Mandenius, prof. Molecular Physics Bo Liedberg, prof. S-SENCE (Swedish Sensor Centre) Tina Krantz-Rülcker, prof. Scientific Branch of Biology Ecology Per Milberg, prof. Molecular genetics Stefan Thor, prof. Zoology Per Jensen, prof., chairman Scientific Branch of Chemistry Chemistry Bengt Harald Jonsson, prof., chairman Biochemistry Uno Carlsson, prof. Molecular Biotechnology Bengt Harald Jonsson, prof Organic Chemistry Bengt Harald Jonsson, prof. acting Physical Chemistry Lars Ojamäe, assoc.prof. Scientific Branch of Materials Physics Materials Science Bo Monemar, prof., chairman Plasma & Coatings Physics Ulf Helmersson, prof. Surface and Semiconductor Physics Roger Uhrberg, prof. Surface Physics and Chemistry William R Salaneck, prof. Thin Film Physics Lars Hultman, prof. Scientific Branch of Theory and Modelling Bioinformatics Bengt Persson, prof. Computational Biology Jesper Tegnér, prof Computational Physics Sven Stafström, prof. Theoretical Biology Bo Ebenman, assoc.prof. Theoretical Physics Igor Abrikosov, prof., chairman

International Master´s programmes Applied Biology Agneta Johansson Materials Physics & Nanotechnology Leif Johansson

GRADUATE TEACHING

Area IFM Graduate Programme Forum Scientium

4


2007

Director of Studies Per-Olof Holtz Stefan Klintström


2007

5

2007 2006

DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME SOURCES, IFM, 2007

IFM Staff June 2007

University allocations for teaching 46 University allocations for research 65 University allocations for rental and building maintenance 48 External sources of income 126 Total 285

59 57 46 125 287

(Amounts in MSEK) Expences for staff Expences for premises Other operating expenses Depreciation Total

154 63 41 23 281

150 61 41 22 274

4 37 41

13 23 36

16 %

44 %

Operating expenses

Change in capital for the year

Balanced capital January Balanced capital December

23 %

17 %

External sources of income

39 11 26 20 16 10 3 126

36 10 24 16 19 16 2 124

Position Total Professors 41 University lecturers 44 Adjunct teachers 5 Visiting lecturers 5 Research associates 15 Other researchers 34 PhD students 107 Administrators 22 Engineers 27 Total 300

Men 36 34 3 4 9 25 67 2 24 204

Women 5 10 2 1 6 9 40 20 3 96

New employments during 2007

EXTERNAL SOURCES OF INCOME, IFM, 2007

(Amounts in MSEK) Swedish Research Council, VR Other Research-funding agencies, e.g. Vinnova, Formas Research foundations, e.g. SSF Other private foundations, e.g. Wallenberg Funding from the European Union Other sources of funding Contract research Total

Organization

Operating income (Amounts in MSEK)

Personnel Situation 2007

8%

2%

Personnel category Professors University lecturers Research associates PhD students Administrators

Total 2 2 5 27 2

Men

Women

2 2 2 12 2

0 0 3 15 0

During 2007, 34 persons began their employment at the department, while 4 university lecturer was promoted to professor. 31 %

13 %

IFM Staff June 2007

16 % 67

100 Men Women

80 60

5 36

10 34

9 25

40

3 20 2

6 2

6


2007

PhD students

Visiting lecturers

Other researchers

1 4

Research assistants

3

Adjunct teachers

University lecturers

20

9

24

Engineers

21 %

40

120

Administrators

9%

Professors

Organization

Financial Summary


2007

7

professor in Thin Film Physics, received his PhD in 1994 at IFM and spent one year as a post doctoral fellow at ESRF in Grenoble. His PhD thesis and his subsequent research has focused at understanding the physics and materials science behind creation of new, previously unknown materials, with unique properties in the form of nanometer sized layers. The layer thicknesses range from 0.5 nm (a few atomic layers) to a few hundreds of nm. Some of the materials, so called multilayers and superlattices, are, in turn, built up by stacking several hundred individual nm-sized layers on top of each other with extremely high precision and structural perfection. Unique physical properties of the materials can be achieved when they are synthesized in such small dimensions. One example from Birch’s research is the ability to create highly reflective layers for X-rays by tailoring multilayers both with respect to layer thicknesses and the choice of materials. The technique is used to create optics for high resolution X-ray optical instrumentation such as microscopes, telescopes, and monochromators for synchrotron and free-electron laser radiation. Not only are the physical properties of the materials altered by being synthesized on a nano-scale, but also their stability. An example is the alloying of aluminium nitride and indium nitride to a semiconductor material with a composition and physical properties which can not be achieved in bulk form. Such metastable alloys are very important for opto-electronic applications. In order to perform this kind of materials science on a nanometer scale, Birch is developing deposition processes based on modification of the growth kinetics by means of ion-surface interactions during the formation of the thin films. Thermodynamic processes are suppressed and surface processes can be controlled by utilizing ions to add kinetic energy and momentum only to the surface atoms rather than adding thermal energy to the entire material. Also, materials analysis is a large part of Birch’s research and he has developed X-ray diffraction methods which can be used to analyze layers with a resolution of only a fraction of an atom, which is essential for the synthesis of these ultra thin layers. Jens Birch,

received her Ph.D in 1987 from the Institute for Physics of Semiconductors (IPS), Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine. Her research interests in the past have covered a broad spectrum of the fields ranging from fundamental physics of defects and carrier recombination to optical and electronic properties of many semiconductor materials and advanced artificial structures. They include Si, SiGe, GaN, GaAs, InP, GaP bulk materials and epilayers, and low-dimensional quantum structures based on SiGe/Si, InGaAs/InP and GaAs/ AlGaAs. A variety of optical and magnetic experimental techniques have been employed, in particular photoluminescence, magnetooptical and magneto-transport spectroscopies. Both fundamental Irina Buyanova

8


2007

The work environment physics and its impact on the materials properties and device performance have been the focal points of the studies. Her current research interests mainly focus on (i) physics and applications of anion-mixed III-V-nitrides (dilute nitrides), including both fundamental and material-related properties, (ii) physical properties of spintronic materials and nanostructures for future technologies of microelectronics and quantum computation and (iii) physics of novel functional materials based on wide-bandgap semiconductors (e.g. ZnO) and related nanostructures. received his PhD in 1995 at the department of Mechanical Engineering at Linköping University. He stayed on as assistant and associate professor. In 2002 he moved to Luleå university of Technology to become a full professor in Material Science and Engineering. Since 2007 he is a full professor at IFM in Nanostructured Ceramic Materials. The research focuses on the correlations between synthesis, microstructures, and properties of new and “old” materials. The choice of materials to study has almost always had some implication to collaborating industry partners and as a result consists of a palette from metastable stainless steels via optically transparent bulk ceramics to superhard thin films. The research is experimental in nature and an arsenal of analytical tools is used to understand synthesis steps or material evolution during service. He has a special interest to study materials phenomena in situ by high energy x-ray scattering. During his time in Luleå Odén started an international master education in material science together with collaborating partners in France, Germany and Spain. The education has been very successful with a heavily oversubscribed student application to slot ratio and a high demand for the graduates both from academia and industry.

The work environmental plan states that everyone working at IFM shall: • be able to perform their work in a safe, secure and effective way • feel stimulated in their daily work • feel responsible for and be given the opportunity to influence their work environment. The Chairman is responsible for the work environment. Parts of that responsibility, concerning personnel and labs/offices have been delegated to the employer representative of every division at IFM.

Magnus Odén

Kajsa Uvdal, professor in Molecular Surface Physics, received her PhD in 1991 at IFM and spent one year as a post doctoral fellow at University of Washington, Seattle, Assistant professor (NFR) 1995-2000, Docent 1999, associate professor and researcher in molecular surface physics at IFM from 2002.

Work safety delegates, appointed by the union organizations, have the task of monitoring the measures implemented to prevent ill-health and accidents in the workplace. Every lab has a person responsible for different tasks in the lab. These tasks have been decided by agreements between the lab responsible and the employer representative. A local co-operating group (LSG) at IFM monitors and deals with different work safety issues. The group consists of the chairman at IFM, the personnel administrator, the central safety delegate, union representatives for OFR/S, SACO and the environmental engineer. Every year a work environment plan is drawn up by LSG and ratified by the IFM board. The board is regularly informed about the status of the work environment at IFM.

Work environment plan 2007 Work environment related educations, projects, investigations and preventive measures were: • A health inspired day with a lecture, lunch and possibilities to try different activities like dancing, aerobics, city walks, gym training and so on. • Heart and lung rescue course. • An unannounced fire drill took place in August. • Annual meeting about laboratory safety issues was initiated. Lab responsible and environmental representatives were invited. • A yearly, internal control of the work environment has been conducted. • A routine was drawn up and implemented for the employer representatives with work environment responsibility, so that they receive information about new regulations and safety routines for the work in laboratories. • Introduction meetings for newly employed personnel • Fire safety course. • Gas handling course.

The environment Legislation. IFM has an injunction, according to the Swedish Environmental Code, to submit a yearly report to the local environmental agency describing the laboratory work at the department. The agency makes regular inspections at IFM.

In 2006 the Rector at Linköping University decided that all departments must work according to an environmental management system. At IFM a plan for the environmental work was first established in December 2004 and resulted in several measures taken towards reaching an environmental management system that can be certified. A new plan, for 2007, was decided by the IFM board in April 2007. The environmental work has been presented in the local cooperating group continuously during the year. The environmental plan for 2007 consisted of descriptions of laws and regulations that IFM has to follow, the results of an environmental analysis made at the end of 2005, the process of creating an environmental management system at the department and finally an action plan consisting of environmental targets and measures needed to be taken during the year.

Environmental management systems.

Environmental targets 2007. The following environmental targets, established by the IFM board were to be fulfilled before December 31 2007. The seven targets have been sorted according to IFM´s four long-term environmental goals.

Increase the knowledge about the environmental aspect of sustainable development. 1. All IFM personnel were offered a 4hour course regarding environmental issues. 2. An inventory of environmental research was made and resulted in 26 different projects with the characterization potentially relevant (the environmental dimension isn’t used directly in the research but the content of the research can be relevant), research with element of the environmental dimension (the environmental dimension is a component of several, but isn’t the main focus for the research), the environmental dimension is the main focus for the research. Limit the contribution to the climate changes. 3. IFM was to reduce the usages of electrical energy by 5 % in the Physics building compared to 2006. Electrical energy can be saved by informing the personnel about turning off computers and other electrical equipment at the end of the day, turning off the lights in the office when not there and giving feedback on statistics. Information material was handed out to all employees and at the same time tips on how to save energy was made available at IFMs website in Swedish and English. The energy usage decreased 2 % during 2007 compared to 2006. 4. Actions taken to receive a 25 % reduction of electricity usage were to be implemented in the B-building according to the energy savings proposal in a separate report. The project is delayed, but will continue during 2008. The energy usage decreased 3,8 % during 2007 compared to 2006.


2007

9

Organization

Organization

New Professors 2007

5. Information about environment friendly traveling was given all personnel by e-mail, weekly newsletters and on notice boards. Efficient use of natural resources. 6. At IFM´s webpage a list of ideas, good examples and advice will be presented on how environmental care can be included in purchasing. Material has been put together and will be presented on IFM´s website in spring 2008. The material will be co-coordinated with the environmental co-coordinator at LiU. Minimal impact from the use of hazardous or contagious substances.

School contacts Our department has always been very active in different forms of school contacts. For several years we have had young researchers part time employed for external contacts, one each from physics, chemistry and biology. IFM is represented in the board for school contacts of LiTH. The goal of this board is to coordinate and support existing activities, as well as developing new exciting activities. Perhaps the most frequent activity is various study visits by children, young people and teachers. In May we have a popular activity directed to secondary and upper secondary school teachers, the May Mingle, Majminglingen. School teachers and university teachers meet in lectures and discussions. This activity is arranged in cooperation with the Mathematics department.

7. An inventory of the presence e of chlorinated refrigerants was made and resulted in a list of 38 equipments. Information about LiU´s policy and plan for substitute hazardous chemicals has been given in different occasions. 8. A collected risk assessment of IFM´s laboratory activities was made with focus on the effect caused on the surrounding environment. The risk assessment shows that fire and the water from the extinction of the fire, is the greatest risks as well as emission from the fire and the handling of solvents in the storage room behind the B-building. The work with risk assessment will continue during 2008.

10


2007

Summer week The Summer week in August is directed to young people beginning grade 8. Around one hundred young people spend a week with experiments in physics, chemistry, biology and technology. This year the Summer week was arranged in cooperation with the upper secondary school of Tranås, a town about 75 km southwest of Linköping. The first three days of the week the activities took place in Tranås, and the last two days at our department in Linköping. The pupils showed great interest and enthusiasm in the activities. This activity is a successful example of how science studies can be presented as an attractive alternative for young pupils. In November we had a Popular Science day for school teachers and pupils. This event was initiated by Professor Per Jensen in 2005, and the interest is growing. More than 600 people attended, and some of the lectures had to be given twice. A natural contact with schools is in the teachers education program, where teacher students take part of their education as observations and teaching practice in schools. Our department and the university is also developing new forms to support practising science and technology teachers with further education in their subjects. A new reform, called "Lärarlyftet", gives new possibilities for teachers from primary and secondary schools to participate in further education and research at the University. Our department offers both ordinary science courses and specially designed courses directed to practising teachers.

Equal Opportunities The department has a group (Anette Andersson, Ulf Frykman, Göran Hansson, Agneta Johansson, Stefan Klintström, Paula Lindebäck och Kajsa Uvdal) that work with equal opportunity matters. In order to prevent and combat discrimination and harassment the group has drawn up an Equal Opportunity Strategy. The department believes that working towards increasing equality will contribute to the following: • a good, attractive study and work environment • development and creativity • quality in education and research • equitable structures and processes During this year the group has worked with the following overall goals: • IFM aims to be a study and working environment that makes full use of the resources contributed to the department by students and employees with different backgrounds, life situations and skills. • IFM seeks to promote equal opportunities in the academic world and the community at large. • Admission and recruitment processes should be non-discriminatory. • IFM’s study programmes should formally offer equal opportunities and be accessible to, prepared for and considerate of needs of various student categories. • The content of IFM’s study programmes should promote equal opportunities as far as possible. • New students should be received in such a way that they all feel welcome. • Equal opportunities should prevail in terms of employees´ working conditions, salaries, influence, career prospects and scope for combining a professional career with responsibility for the home and family. • IFM seeks to make it easier for students, irrespective of gender, to combine their studies with parental responsibilities. • IFM aims to be free from all discrimination and harassment.

The equal opportunity group has worked with several projects during 2007 including three reports. The aims of the projects have been to improve the gender equality in our undergraduate education. Two studies looked at how male and female students act in groups and how they experience this on a personal level. A conclusion of these studies is that student working groups benefit from having both genders equally represented in the group. The third report studied what undergraduate students know about postgraduate studies and what would make them interested in applying to them. Result from that report shows that both male and female students ask for more information about postgraduate studies. The report shows no significant differences between men and women in planning to attend postgraduate studies.

Projects regarding equal opportunity during 2007.

Actions taken regarding equal opportunity during 2007: • A career planning discussion is now obligatory in the yearly individual study plan for postgraduate students. • All industry postgraduate students are now employed by IFM with salary. • During parental leave a stat employee receives extra support of 15% of salary provided that certain conditions are met. Holiday that is taken in conjunction with parental leave and that meets the requirements for the extra 15% is now managed by the central department in order not to burden research project. • During 2007 IFM nominated four candidates to be appointed Doctor’s of Honour and all four were women. One of these candidates was later appointed by the university.


2007

11

Organization

Organization

The Third University Task

www.ifm.liu.se/undergrad/ The undergraduate education given by the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) had six main divisions 2007. • Physics at the Engineering programs (Director of Studies: Leif Johansson) • Measurement Technology at the engineering programs and physics at the Engineering Biology and Chemical Biology programs (Director of Studies: Ragnar Erlandsson) • Biology at the Natural science, Teachers and Engineering programs (Director of Studies: Agneta Johansson) • Chemistry at the Natural science, Teachers and Engineering programs (Director of Studies: Stefan Svensson) • Physics at the Natural science and Teachers programs (Director of Studies: Magnus Boman) These divisions have in turn subprograms.

Engineering Programs • Directors of studies: Leif Johansson and Ragnar Erlandsson. • Administrative assistants: Marie Martinell Wirdeland and Anette Andersson. • Technical staff: Hasan Dzuho, Anders Evaldsson, Kjell Friberg, Claes Illergård, Jan-Ove Järrhed and Ingemar Skarp. The Institute of Technology at Linköping University offers seven different engineering M.Sc. programs. The Swedish name of the degree from one of these programs is "Civilingenjör". A total of about 700 students are annually accepted in these programs: M: Mechanical engineering (120) D: Computer science and engineering (120) Y: Applied physics and Electrical engineering (120) Yi: Applied physics and Electrical engineering, international (30) I: Industrial engineering and Management (140) Ii: Industrial engineering and Management, international (50) TB: Engineering Biology (60) KB: Chemical Biology (60) IT: Information Technology (30) The nominal time for the M.Sc. programs is 4,5 years. The first two and a half years mainly consist of compulsory courses in basic subjects. After two and a half to three years the students make a choice between different specialisations (profiles), where some courses are

12


2007

At the KB and TB programs, the IFM related profiles are: • Biotechnological physics, biomaterials (Pentti Tengvall) • Biotechnological physics, biological production (Carl- Fredrik Mandenius) • Biotechnological physics, microsystems and biosensors (Olle Inganäs) • Protein chemistry with protein engineering (Uno Carlsson) Below is a list of the IFM courses given for the engineering M.Sc. programs. The courses are classified in two fields: Tuition in Physics, and Tuition in Biological Engineering. Some Measurement Technology courses are also given for the engineering B.Sc. programs: EI Electrical Engineering, DI Computer Engineering and KI Chemical Engineering.

Chaos and Nonlinear Phenomena, 6hp Thin Film Physics, 5hp Applied Optics, 6hp Microchip fabrication, 6hp Growth of Semiconductors, 6hp Molecular Physics with Electronic Appl., 4.5hp Bio-analytical Methods, 3p Polymer Physics, 7,5hp Physical Metallurgy, 6hp Semiconductor Physics, 6hp Quantum computing, 6hp Theory of Relativity, 6hp Surface Physics, 6hp Classical Electrodynamics, 6hp Organic electronics, from materials to systems via devices, 6hp • Tuition in Biological Engineering: Industrial Biotechnology, 3p Biomaterials, 5p Biomaterials, project, 5p Bioprocess Engineering, 10p Microsystems, 5p Microsystems and Biosensors, project, 5p Biosensor Technology, 5p Surface Science, 5p

Tuition in Physics

• Basic (compulsory) courses in Physics: Engineering projects, 6hp Wave Physics, 8hp Electromagnetic Field Theory, 8hp Modern Physics, 6hp Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, 6hp Electromagnetic Theory and Experimental Physics Lab, 6hp Wave Physics and Modern Physics, 6hp Physics, 6 hp Engineering Mechanics, 6hp Electromagnetism, 4.5hp Modern Physics, 4hp Biotechnology, 2.5p Principles of Physics, 2.5p Physics, TB, 4.5p Molecular and Surface Physics, 6p Models in Physics and Electromagnetism, 3p • Specialised courses, mainly aimed at the Y-profiles: Mathematical Methods of Physics, 6hp Analytical Mechanics, 4.5hp Quantum Mechanics , 6hp Experimental Physics, 6hp Analytical Methods in Material Science, 6hp Optoelectronics, 7hp Elementary Particle Physics, 6hp Semiconductor Technology, 4.5hp Quantum Dynamics, 6hp Physics of Condensed Matter part I, 6hp Physics of Condensed Matter part II, 6hp Chemistry, 3.5p Advanced Project Work in Applied Physics, 6hp

Biology • • • •

Director of studies: Agneta Johansson. Education secretary: Kerstin Johansson. Study councellor: Eva Mattsson. Engineers: Ingevald Abrahamsson, Jonas Adolfsson, Tove Bjerg and Gunilla Sjunnesson; teachers: Jordi Altimiras, Mats Amundin, Karl-Olof Bergman, Christer Blomqvist, Kjell Carlsson, Bo Ebenman, Johan Edqvist, Anders Göthberg, Anders Hargeby, Lars Höglund, Per Jensen, Matthias Laska, Jan Landin, Ronny Lock, Örjan Lönnevik, Gizela Maluszynska, Per Milberg, Bengt Persson, Sverre Sjölander, Karin S Tonderski, Stefan Thor, Dan Wahlström, Lars Westerberg, Uno Wennergren and Thomas Östholm.

Courses in biology are offered as parts of the following study programmes: • Biology Programme • Bachelor of Science in Biology, profiles in Ecology, Environmental Management and Nature Conservation, Ethology och Animal Biology and Molecular Genetics and Physiology • Masters of Science in Biologi, profiles Applied Biology, Applied Ethology and Animal Biology, Ecology and the Environment and Molecular Genetics and Physiology • Programme for Biology and Chemistry with Mathematics • Chemical Biology • Engineering Biology • The Program for education in Linköping • Separate courses • Basic year

leading to the degree of Master of Science (160 credits) or to the degree of Bachelor of Science (120 credits). The programme includes, in the first two years, basic courses in chemistry and general biology. In the third and fourth years there are a number of advanced level courses, mainly seven profiles; Ecology, Ethology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Conservation Biology, Theoretical Ecology, Zoology and Zoophysiology and Biomedicine and Cellbiology. The latter profile is carried out in collaboration with the department of Pharmacology and others within the Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University.

The Biology Programme,

Bachelor of Science in Biology, profiles in Ecology, Environmental Management and Nature Conservation, Ethology and Animal Biology and Molecular Genetics and Physiology (120 credits). The Programmes include, in the first two years, basic courses in chemistry and general biology. In the third year here are courses specific for each profile. Master of Science in Biology, profile in Applied Biology, Applied

Ethology and Animal Biology, Ecology and the Environment and Molecular Genetics and Physiology (80 credits). The profiles in Applied Biologi and Applied Ethology and Physiology are a collaboration between the department of biology at Linköping University and the Kolmårdens Djurpark. The first year includes four courses and at the end of the year the student start with his/her Master thesis. The Master thesis is a full year project that will take most of the second year. At the end of the second year the programme ends with a final course – Communicating science. The Programme for Biology and Chemistry with Mathematics,

leading to the degree of Master of Science (160 credits) or to the degree of Bachelor of Science (120 credits). After study of mathematics (40 credits) the student makes a choice of further studies in biology or chemistry. The current Program for education for the Upper Secondary School and the Primary School started in 2001. The program involves a Biology and a Natur Science profile. The division has been responsible for the biology part of the program.

Biology courses are also given in the program Chemical Biology (160 or 180 credits) and Engineering Biology (180 credits). Separate courses. All courses within the Biology programme are also available as separate courses. Besides the courses in the Biology program 13 separate courses has been given. Basic year, with introductory courses in biology on the Upper Secondary School level.

In the period 01.01.2007 - 31.12.2007 45 students in the Biology programme put forward their final theses, 3 student in the programme for Biology and Chemistry with Mathematics, and 15 students in the programme Masters of Science in Biology, profile in Applied Biology. 29 students were awarded their Master of Science degree.


2007

13



Education for Undergraduate Students

compulsory (profile courses) and the rest can be composed to fit the students own interest. Most of the courses given by IFM are for the Y, Yi, TB and KBprograms, but some basic courses are also given for the other programs. The Y(Yi)-students can choose between twelve profiles, three of which are related to the Depart-ment of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM): • Theory, modelling and visualization (Rolf Riklund) • Materials, electronics and photonics (Ulf Helmersson) • Organic systems and sensors (Olle Inganäs)


Aquatic Ecology 15 hp Adaption: Molecules to Organism, 6 hp Advanced physiology, 15 hp Botany 1 6 hp Botany 2 6 hp Cell Biology 6 hp, Current Concepts, 6 hp Ecology , second course, 15 hp Ecology 6 hp Environmental Management, 7,5hp Ethology; Behavioral Biology, 15 hp Evolution 7,5 hp Final Thesis 30 hp Genetics 6 hp Introduction to Biology 4,5 hp Introduction to Scientific Methods, Analysis and Statistics, 6 hp Invertebrate Zoology 15 hp Methods in Applied Ethology, 6 hp Methods in Ecology, 12 hp Microbiology 6 hp Molecular Biology, 15 hp Molecular Physiology, 7,5 hp Nature Conservation in Practise, 15 hp Neurobiology, 6 hp Plant Molecular Genetics, 6 hp Population Ecology: Theories and Applications 15 hp Principals in Physiology, 6 hp Scientific Methods and Communication, 6 hp Theory of Applied Ethology, 6 hp Wetland and Streaming Water, Ecology and Application 15 hp Zoohysiology 15 hp Zoology, Physiology, Morphology and Systematics, 6 hp • The Programme for Biology and Chemistry with Mathematics: Introduction to Mathematical Models in Chemistry and Biology, 2hp Mathematical Models in Chemistry and Biology, Advanced course 4,5hp Final Thesis 30hp • Master of Science in Biology, profile in Applied Biology: Applied Botany 7,5hp Communicating Science, 7,5hp Conservation Biology ex situ 7,5hp Conservation Biology in situ 7,5hp Final thesis 60hp • Master of Sicence in Biology, profile Molecular Genetics and Physiology Molecular Physiology, 6hp Plant Molecular Genetics, 6hp Adaption: Molecules to Organism, 6hp Neurobiology, 6hp Current of Cencepts, 6hp • Masters of Science in Biology, profile Ecology and the Environment Methods in field ecology, 6hp Population Ecology, 6hp Current Concepts 6hp

14


2007

• Masters of Science in Biology, profile Applied Ethology and Animal Biology Theory of Applied Ethology, 6hp Methods of Applied Ethology, 6hp Adaption: Molecules to Organism, 6hp Neurobiology, 6hp Current Concepts, 6hp • Programme For Education – Biology courses Biologi: Genetics, Botany, 15hp Biology (ae 21-30), 15hp Biology : Zoology, Physiology, Morphology and Systematics, 15hp Biology: Cell Biology and Microbiology (ae 1-10), 15hp Environmental Management and Invertebrat Zoology (41-50), 15hp Vertebrate Zoology and Evolution (51-60), 15hp • Engineering Biology Cell Biology 6hp Project Bioinformatics, 7,5hp Project Bioinformatics, 4,5hp Physiology, 6hp Bioprocess Engineering 15hp • Chemical Biology Bioinformatics - Overview and Practical Applications, 4,5hp Cell Biology 6hp Genetics 6hp Microbiology 6hp Molecular Biology, 15hp Molecular Genetics, 6hp Molecular Physiology 6hp Neurobiology, 6hp Physiology 6hp Physiology, 6hp Plant Molecular Genetics, 6hp Principals in Physiology, 6hp Project bioinformatics, 7,5hp • Separate Courses Animal Behaviour 15hp Animal Communication I, 7, h5p Animal Communication II, 7,5hp Behaviour and Biology of the Dog, part 1 7,5p Behaviour and Biology of the Dog, part 2, 7,5hp Faunistics & Floristics 9hp summer course Genetics-Gene Technology – Gene Ethics 7,5hp Mathematical Models in Chemistry and Biology, 9hp Sex Education in Today’s Changing School 7,5hp Threats Against the Swedish Biodiversity 7,5hp Basic Year

Biology for Foundation Year 3hp Biology for Foundation Year 7,5hp

Chemistry • • • • •

Director of studies: Stefan Svensson. Education secretary: Rita Fantl. Study counselor: Helena Herbertsson. Technical staff: Kertin Frisén, Daniel Krusell, Bo Palmquist Teachers: Fredrik Björefors, Hans Borén, Kristina Borén, Uno Carlsson, Karin Enander, Helena Herbertsson, Nalle Jonsson, Stefan Klintström, Peter Konradsson, Ingemar Kvarnström, Per-Olov Käll, David Lawrence, Michail Malarik, Annika Niklasson, Gunilla Niklasson, Lars Göran Mårtensson, Lars Ojamäe, Nils-Ola Persson, Maria Sunnerhagen, Magdalena Svensson and Roger Sävenhed.

Study programmes in Chemistry: • Chemistry (Ke) • Chemical Biology (KB) • Mathematic/Biology/Chemistry(BKM) program • Chemical Analysis Engineering (KA) • Chemical Engineering (KBI) • Technical Biology (TB) • Teacher Training Programs Most of the chemistry courses offered are part of the four-year programmes, Chemistry (Ke) and Chemical Biology (KB), (160 credits). Students completing these programmes are awarded the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry. A majority of the courses in these programmes are 10 credits (≈10 weeks study time). All courses within the Chemistry Program are also available as separate courses. The program, Chemical Biology (KB), first introduced 2001, was restarted 2002 with an open entrance for the students: after a year of studies the students can choice to continue in natural science (160 credits) or to choose a more technical variant to become engineers (180 credits). Chemical Biology is a new programme in Sweden that combines understanding of complex biological processes with the fundamental principles of chemistry. The students in a combined Mathematic/Biology/Chemistry (Ma/Bi/Ke) program (160 credits) make a choice, after one-year of study of mathematics, to further studies in Chemistry and/or Biology. Some of the chemistry courses are also included in the study programmes of students majoring in Biology and in Teacher Training Programs (students becoming Upper Secondary School teachers). Biology masters are required to earn about 20 credits chemistry, while Science Education majors earn up to 60-80 credits of chemistry. Besides the above mentioned courses as part of the Mathematical Natural Science, chemistry courses are offered for engineering students in the M.Sc. program Chemical Biology (also mentioned above) and Engineering Biology (TB) (180 credits) and in the B.Sc. program for Chemical and Biological Engineering (KBI) (120 credits). The Chemical Analysis Engineering , a three year programme introduced 2006 with analytical chemistry as the main profile, enrolled 30 new students. Basic Year (68 students, 9 credits), with introductory courses in Chemistry on a secondary school level, is offered to students who do not meet the requirements for studies at the University. A revision of the courses in this foundation year started in the autumn semester.

Final theses, the last 20 credits in the Chemistry and Chemical Biology program, have been carried out by 35 students, while five students completed a 30-point variant. Besides projects conducted on campus or at the University Hospital, some projects were performed at the National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL) and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm. Under the period 25 students were awarded the Master of Science degree and four students the Bachelor science degree from the Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Mathematic/Biology/Chemistry program Altogether approximately 520 students have enrolled in about 60 courses in chemistry through the year 2007. The financial budget for the undergraduate education was ≈10 Mkr.


BIOLOGY PROGRAMME

Natural Sciences Courses

General Chemistry 1, 6hp Biochemistry 1, 6hp General Chemistry 2, 6hp Organic Chemistry 1, 6hp Organic Chemistry, 3hp Physical Chemistry, Thermodynamic, 6hp Analytical Chemistry S, 6hp Organic Chemistry 2, 12hp Analytical Chemistry T, 6hp Inorganic Chemistry, 6hp Calculation Tools for Chemistry Students, 6hp Experimental Chemistry, 6hp Physical Chemistry, Spectroscopy, 7,5hp Analytical Chemistry B, 7,5hp Inorganic Chemistry (KB), 7,5hp Project course (KB), 3hp Medicinal Chemistry, 7,5hp Coordination Chemistry, 7,5hp Gene Technology, 7,5hp Preparative Organic Chemistry, 15hp Physical-Organic Chemistry, 7,5hp Materials Chemistry, 7,5hp Organic Analytical Chemistry, 15hp Nano Chemistry, 7,5hp Forensic Chemistry, 7,5hp Organic Synthesis, 15hp Protein Chemistry, 15hp Proteiner Structure and Function, 7,5hp Combinational Protein Engineering, 7,5hp Interactions in Biomolecular Systems, 15hp Biomolecular Design, 7,5hp Final Thesis C, 15hp Final Thesis D, 30hp Final Thesis D, 30hp Final Thesis D (KB), 30hp Final Thesis D (KB), 45hp Final Thesis D (KB), 60hp Technical Courses

Chemistry for Foundation Year , 7,5 + 6hp Organic Chemistry 2 (TB+KA), 6hp Chemistry (C,Y,D), 6hp Physical Chemistry (KB), 6hp


2007

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Teacher education

Chemistry: General Chemistry (1-10), 15hp Chemistry: Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (11-20), 15hp Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Experiments and Teaching , 15hp Practice with Subject Didactics (21-30) Analytical Chemistry and Teaching Practice with , 15hp Subject Didactics (31-40) Chemistry: Organic Chemistry (41-50), 15hp Biochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (51-60), 15hp Chemistry (11-20) Perequisite Conditions and Manifestations of Life (21-30), 15hp

enrolled approximately 120 students at Campus Linköping alone, which is the highest number of students ever. Separate Courses. Two courses Planets, stars and galaxies and Physics for the curious were given as evening classes and/or distance courses and reached out to a broad audience, as a part of the of the IFM effort to communicate to the surrounding community (‘the third university task’). Each course enrolled approximately 15 students. In addition, Teaching Physics was also given as a separate course.

Courses in physics are offered as parts of the following study programmes: • Physics Program • Basic Year and Semester • Separate Courses • Program for education in Linköping. leading to a Bachelor of Science in Physics (180 credit points/hp) or to a Master of Science in Physics (120 hp). The department is responsible 25 courses in physics for the program students. The Physics program was fully adapted to the new European system for higher education, the so-called Bologna-process. The Bachelor program was reorganized and will change focus and name to ‘Physics and Nano Science’ (beginning fall 2008), in order to attract more students by taking advantage of a very strong research area at IFM. Evaluations have shown that in general a relatively high proportion of the students continue with graduate studies after their exam.

A two-semester courses in physics on a secondary school level are offered to students without the necessary qualifications for studies in science and engineering at the university as a part of the Basic year in Linköping. In addition, a one-semester Basic education is given for student that already fulfill the most basic qualifications. The Basic education

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should include high quality scientific research within the research area of the profile chosen by the student. This work can be performed either at Linköping University or at the home university.

The master's thesis

BASIC YEAR AND SEMESTER

leading to a teaching qualification either for the the later years of the compulsory school and the upper secondary school. We have given four A/B-level courses in physics (in total 60 hp points) and , in addition, two new C-level courses (30 hp). 3 students were supervised when thay carried out diploma work with a physics-profile.

Basic education, physics 19.5 hp Basic education, physics 15 hp

Information about this master's programme can be found on www.lith.liu.se/en/master/mp.html

SEPARATE COURSES

Progress.

We have also been responsible for the physics part of courses in the Naturals science profile of the program (15 hp physics). In collaboration with other groups at IFM. In addition, a summer course in Basic natural science for teacher students without all necessary qualifications for natural science studies. The department was also responsible for the natural science part of a new the interdisciplinary course Teaching and knowledge, which is compulsory for all first-year students and given for the first time. Lars-Alfred Engström was awarded the "Best teacher prize" by the students at the Arts and Sciences faculty.

• Director of studies: M. Boman. • Administrative assistant: A. Andersson. • Technicians: H. Dzuho, A. Evaldsson, K. Friberg, C. Illergård, J.-O. Järrhed and J. Wissting. • Teachers: M. Andersson, C. Asker, L.-E. Björklund, M. Ekholm, L.-A. Engström, R. Erlandsson, A. Hansson, P.-O. Holtz, M. Johansson, K. Järrendahl, L. Kroon, B. Lindquist, A. Larsson, M. Latteman, J. Lundgren, T. Marten, P. Norman, I. Nordin, A. Platau, R. Riklund, B. Sernelius, R. Uhrberg, L. Wilzén, and I. Yakimenko.

Physics Program,

Basic Year and Semester.

The elective courses during the spring semester are studied in close contact with research groups since three major research areas at the department are specified by the profiles: • Electronic Materials and Devices • Surface Science • Computational Physics

Program for education in Linköping involves a Physics profile,

Teachers and staff

Physics – Natural science

Analytical Mechanics 7.5 hp Classical Electrodynamics 7.5 hp Theory of Relativity 7.5 hp Solid State Physics and Surface Physics 7.5 hp Semiconductor Physics 7.5 hp Philosophy of Science and Physics 5p Elementary Particles 5p New Materials 7.5 hp Final thesis 15 hp Final thesis 30 hp

PHYSICS PROGRAMME

Principles of Physics 10.5 hp Mechanics I 6 hp Wave physics 6 hp Introduction to Scientific Methods and Analysis 4 hp Electronics 7.5 hp Measurement Technology 7.5 hp Electronics and Measurement Technology 12 hp Electromagnetic Fields 7.5 hp Scientific Communication 4 hp Thermodynamics and statistical physics 5 hp Solid State Physics 7.5 hp Astronomy and Geophysics 6 hp Quantum Mechanics 7.5 hp Physical Projects 7.5 hp

Planets, stars and galaxies 4.5 hp Physics for the Curious 4.5 hp Teaching Physics 4.5 hp PROGRAMME FOR EDUCATION

Teaching and knowledge 15 hp Classical mechanics and thermal physics 15 hp Wave Physics and Electromagnetism 15 hp Quantum physics, geophysics and astronomy 15 hp Teaching physics 15 hp Mechanics and physical seminars 15 hp Statistical physics and solid state physics 15 hp Basic natural science (summer course) 15 hp Natural Science: Physics 15 hp Science in our Environment (physics part) 15 hp Astronomy (part of External systems) 15 hp Natural science: Physics 15 hp Final thesis 15 hp

Master’s Programme in English Name and Organisation. Our master's programme in English,

Materials Physics and Nanotechnology, is structured to contain an autumn semester of compulsory and elective courses followed by a spring semester containing three elective profiles: Electronic Materials and Devices, Surface Science and Computational Physics. For the degree Master of Science in Engineering a thesis lasting about one semester has to be completed. All courses are given in English. The autumn semester is aimed at giving the master's students a broad knowledge of modern theoretical and experimental methodology used in studies of the physical properties of materials.

Compulsory courses are: • Physics of Condensed Matter I and II (12hp) • Analytical Methods in Materials Science (12hp) Elective courses are: • see http://www.lith.liu.se/sh2007/en/courses_in_english.html where the courses given in English are specified.

The programme started 1996 and the average number of students joining has bee ten. This year six students entered the programme. The study results of our International master's students have overall been good. Several of them have produced very good results and have after receiving their degree been recruited as PhD students at LiTH, KTH, CTH, LTH, KU and at universities abroad.

Master’s Programme in Applied Ethology and Animal Biology All over the world, problems associated with keeping animals in captivity require increased attention and knowledge. This program deals with animal behaviour and biology from an applications perspective. Central issues are the biology of stress and animal welfare, domestication effects on behaviour, physiology of behaviour and conservation biology. The programme is taught in association with Kolmården Zoo which sometimes is the teaching venue. Learning rests on a mix of classroom lectures, seminars and hands-on projects involving studies of animals in captive environments. Master’s Programme in Applied Ethology and Animal Biology, 120 ects All over the world, problems associated with keeping animals in captivity require increased attention and knowledge. After completed studies, the student should be well-acquainted with theories of animal behaviour and biology, and have a close understanding of the concepts of animal welfare and conservation. Examination requires the ability to plan, implement and present a scientific investigation in the subject framework of the programme. The instructors are members of a research team affiliated with a National Centre of Excellence that focuses on animal behaviour and welfare. Completed studies qualify for postgraduate positions to pursue a PhD. Non-academic options include government and international agencies, animal welfare inspectors, wildlife conservation, and advisors to zoos and private companies. More information:

cms.ifm.liu.se/biology/zoology


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Biological Measurements, 7,5hp Proteomics, 6hp Protein Chemistry, 7,5hp Biostructural Technologies, 7,5hp Biochemistry (TB), 7,5hp Protein Engineering, 7,5hp Life Scientific Research Review, 7,5 + 6hp Analytical Chemistry (TB), 6hp Applied Structural Biology, 7,5hp Biotechnical Biochemistry (C,D), 6hp Biomolecular Recognition, 6hp Biochemistry 1 (KA), 6hp Engineering project, 6hp Applied Chemometrics, 6hp Application Areas to Chemical Analysis Engineering, 6hp Organic Chemistry, 6hp Chemistry, 6hp

and the Environment The MSc in Ecology and the Environment will provide students with a range of practical and theoretical skills and insights required of a professional in the field of ecology and the environment. Students will develop a critical scientific approach to ecology and an awareness of its role in society. The programme includes training in skills in experimental design and ecological field methodology, both in the classroom and during the individual project in the second year which can be linked to current research projects at the department – e.g. in grassland and weed ecology, ecology and biogeochemistry of shallow waters or conservation biology. Alternatively the link can be to other universities or research institutes.

graduate Education

This master’s programme also emphasizes the need for, and use of, mathematical models and statistical analyses for addressing complex ecological problems. Such methods serve as powerful tools to e.g. identify crop management strategies for effective biological control, understand life-history strategies and the risk of population extinction in a variable environment, or evaluate the preservation status of nature reserves and the impact of management schemes. The courses cover theories in population, community and systems ecology and how they relate to current environmental problems. Examples are methods in ecology, mathematical modelling of biological systems and conservation biology. The master’s degree also qualifies for continued study on the PhD level. Vocational options include environmental and conservation biology in such areas as sustainable use of natural resources in forestry and agriculture. More information about research at Linköping University: • Theoretical Biology: cms.ifm.liu.se/theomod/theobio • Ecology: cms.ifm.liu.se/biology/ecology

regular lectures, practical laboratories and seminar discussions. The laboratory classes will utilize powerful biological model systems such as Arabidopsis or chicken to illustrate modern concepts of molecular genetics and physiology. The thesis project during the second year (diploma work) will be conducted in a research laboratory at LiU or other university, in industry or the public sector. During the first and second year, there will be a parallel seminar course in Current Concepts in Life Sciences, involving research articles and research lectures by invited speakers. During the second year, a parallel course in thesis writing and presentation techniques will be given. The aim of the thesis work is to define a research goal, to carry out the experimental project and to make a written synthesis of the data generated, in relation to the current knowledge within the field. The subject of the thesis work is chosen together with the supervisor and has to be within a subject covered by the courses. The assignment will be a qualified research task and will include training in specific methodology. The master’s programme is designed to prepare for careers industrial R&D in industry (pharmaceutical or biomedical), the public sector (forensic science) or academia (PhD programme). More information:

cms.ifm.liu.se/biology/molgen http://cms.ifm.liu.se/biology/zoology

Graduate Education IFM Graduate Program

Master’s Programme in Molecular Genetics

Per Olof Holtz, Director of Graduate Studies

and Physiology

The graduate program at IFM aims at a degree of Licentiate or Doctor of either Technology or Philosophy. During the year 2007, 32 new students entered the graduate program at IFM (see diagram I).

During the last two decades, science has made tremendous progress in the understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying complex biological processes such as embryonic development and physiology. This has also led to a greatly increased understanding of a multitude of diseases affecting animals and plants.

PhD COURSES AT IFM DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2007/08:

This master’s programme focuses on eukaryotic molecular genetics and physiology, with particular emphasis on how this relates to both embryonic development and adult homeostasis. The programme is divided into a first year of courses and a second year of work on a particular research project in a laboratory setting. The courses are taught using a multitude of formats, including

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The students, who enter our graduate program at Linköping Institute of Technology, Linköping University aim at a degree of Licentiate or Doctor of Technology or Philosophy. In this graduate program, the student will partly complete a number of PhD courses and partly perform research work resulting in a doctoral/licentiate thesis. The nominal time for training to the Doctor degree is four years (full-time training) and for the Licentiate degree approximately half the time. Most students also do teaching at undergraduate level (at maximum 20% of their time), which means that the total time to provide the Doctor degree can be up to five years. The course menu is organized jointly for the different scientific research groups at IFM. This opens the possibility to offer a broad menu with more than 50 courses, reflecting the wide range of IFMs scientific activities (see Table I). This fact is important to support of an interdisciplinary approach to research problems. The students can also follow courses given at the graduate school Forum Scientium at IFM, at other departments of Linköping University or at other universities. There is a council, the doctoral-studies board, intended to be a forum for various topics associated with the graduate studies at IFM. This council, with four meetings per year, has the following members: The Director of Graduate Studies, one representative for each scientific research area at IFM and two PhD student representatives. The PhD students are appointed by the PhD student reference group at IFM. Each graduate student has to make up an individual study plan each year. This study plan should contain a time schedule for the PhD studies, a project plan for the research work together with teaching and other duties at the department. This individual study plan should be followed up each year. Each PhD student at IFM gets a mentor. There are several reasons for the mentorship system at IFM, e.g. that each PhD student should have the possibility to go to another person than his/her supervisor with various questions related to the graduate studies. This system should open up the possibility for the PhD students to discuss problems associated with the PhD program with the mentor. The mentor is also taking part in the annual follow-up of the individual study plans. During the year 2007, Linköping University, and accordingly IFM, has modified the undergraduate and graduate programs for the Bologna process. The aim for this process is to make the higher education more coordinated with other European countries. Even if the major changes have taken place in the undergraduate program, there have been considerable changes also in the graduate program: For instance, the criteria for entrance to the PhD studies are revised. According to the Bologna process, the study plans for the different research areas as well as the individual study plans have to be modified. There will also be a new course to be developed on research methodology and ethics to become compulsory for all PhD students.

Diagram I showing the number of students entering the graduate program at IFM during the last four years.

Statistical and thermal phys II Peter Munger Quantum Mechanics I Irina Yakimenko Quantum Computers Irina Yakimenko Quantum mechanics II Irina Yakimenko Colloid chemistry P O Käll, L Ojamäe, Nils-Ola Persson Chemistry for physics/biology students Nils-Ola Persson Semiconductor Physics Bo Monemar

Magnetic resonance N T Son Group theory Ivan Ivanov Ion surface interactions Manfred Beckers Statistical Simulations in Condensed Matter Theory Igor Abrikosov Crystal Defects Finn Guiliani Semiconductor Physics Per Olof Holtz New Materials Per Olof Holtz Nano Physics Plamen Paskov Quantum Dynamics Rolf Riklund Relativity Physics Rolf Riklund Particle Physics Rolf Riklund Nucleation, Growth and Phase Transformations Lars Hultman Vacuum Technology Hans Högberg Electrodynamics Sven Stafström Quantum Chemistry Patrik Norman Parallel Computer Programming Christoph Kessler, Sven Stafström Biosensor Technology Fredrik Winquist Growth of Semiconductors Rositza Yakimova Optoelectronics Rositza Yakimova Life Science Seminars Stefan Thor, Stefan Klintström Applied Optics Hans Arwin Biomaterials Pentti Tengvall Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy Per Persson Fluorescence Spectroscopy Karin Enander, Uno Carlsson Bioinformatics, Basic course Bengt Persson Bioinformatics, Advanced course Bengt Persson Organic Chemistry S Svensson, P Konradson Surface Physics Leif Johansson Chemical Sensor and Science Technology (web based) Anita Lloyd Spetz Contemporary Sensor Systems Anita Lloyd Spetz Epitaxy Jens Birch Polarized Light Hans Arwin Protein Folding Per Hammarström Effects of Surface Modes Bo Sernelius Protein Chemistry Uno Carlsson Scanning Probe Microscopy Ragnar Erlandsson Polymer Physics Olle Inganäs Micro Systems Olle Inganäs Biotechnology Carl-Fredrik Mandenius Biotechnology, Advanced course Carl-Fredrik Mandenius Biotechnology, Exp. Techniques Carl-Fredrik Mandenius Vibrational Spectroscopy Bo Liedberg Scientific Publishing Per Jensen Biophysical Chemistry Nils-Ola Persson Biotechnical Biochemistry Stefan Klintström Ecology of Fish and Fisheries/ Limnology Anders Hargeby Biomolecular Interactions Bengt-Harald Jonsson Parallell Computer Programming Sven Stafström Electro Chemistry Fredrik Björefors, Nils-Ola Persson


2007

graduate Education

Master’s Programme in Ecology

19

Forum Scientium

Highlights during 2007 Scientific Branch of

General Information STEERING COMMITTEE DURING YEAR 2007. Prof Ingemar Lundström (chairman), prof Hans Arwin, prof Kajsa Uvdal, prof Olle Inganäs, prof Bo Liedberg, prof Carl-Fredrik Mandenius and acting prof Stefan Klintström. The web address of the head of the branch is www.ifm.liu.se/~ingemar

During 2007, the branch consisted of the following research divisions: • Applied Optics • Applied Physics • Biomolecular and Organic Electronics • Biotechnology • Molecular Physics • Molecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience RESEARCH DIVISIONS.

A multidisciplinary doctoral programme within biology, chemistry, medicine, physics and technology.

graduate Education

• Stefan Klintström, programme director • Ingemar Lundström, chairman scientific board • Susann Årnfelt, administrator

LARGER RESEARCH PROGRAMMES.

IFM is also host for the doctoral programme Forum Scientium, www.ifm.liu.se/scientium/ Forum Scientium is multidisciplinary and the graduate students have backgrounds within biology, chemistry, medicine, physics and technology. The research projects are located at two faculties, Faculty of Health Science and the Faculty of Science and Engineering. Forum Scientium has financial support from the faculty, from three strategic areas and from the supervisors. In November 2007, the Swedish Research Council announced that Forum Scientium also will get funding during the coming five years, in total 12.5 million SEK.

During 2007, the doctoral programme Forum Scientium had around 74 PhD-students. Approximately 40% of these have their research projects at the faculty of health sciences within three strategic areas: • Materials in Medicine • Prevention of diabetes and its complications • Inflammation, arteriosclerosis and ischemic heart diseases The strategic objectives are "PhD’s well prepared for their future careers through a structured graduate school which includes research of world class and cooperation and multifaceted contacts with industry and society". During 2007, nine PhD-dissertations were defended. Forum Scientium and the centre of excellence S-SENCE host together a Marie Curie Training Site with grants from the EUcommission. Within the Training Site PhD-students from abroad can participate. The training periods range between 3-24 months. During 2007, altogether nine PhD-students spent time here within this programme.

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• Biomimetic Materials Science within the Division of Molecular Physics, funded by the Foundation for Strategic Research. • Center of Organic Electronics within the Division of Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, funded by the Foundation for Strategic Research. • NanoSense within the Division of Molecular Physics, funded by the Foundation for Strategic Research. The research within the Branch of Applied Physics is multidisciplinary and the majority of the activities belong to the field "Life Science Technologies". S-SENCE is a centre of excellence in Bio- and Chemical Sensor Science and Technology. The projects within S-SENCE involve several of the divisions within the branch. The centre is directed by Doc. Mats Eriksson. The Divisions of Applied Physics and Molecular Physics and Sensor Science participate in three of the strategic research areas in preclinical and clinical medicine financed by Linköping University and the county council of Östergötland. The areas are “Materials in medicine” (director prof Pentti Tengvall, Applied Physics), “Prevention of diabetes and its complications”, and “Inflammation, arteriosclerosis and ischemic heart diseases”. Most PhD-students within the scientific branch are members of the multidisciplinary graduate school Forum Scientium. They often work in projects spanning two (or more) of divisions at IFM or the rest of the university. Forum Scientium is directed by Dr Stefan Klintström. Staff from the branch teaches in several undergraduate programs, especially in Engineering Biology. Furthermore, staff from Applied Optics has the responsibility for many of the undergraduate courses in “Measurement Technology”. Ragnar Erlandsson is the director of undergraduate studies. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES.

INVITROHEART. The EU-project Invitroheart was started during 2007 and has the objective to establish stable cell lines that reliably reflect human cardiomyocyte properties by the development of models derived from human embryonic stem cells. It includes four European SME companies and 4 academic partners with LiU as the coordinator (Prof Mandenius). VITROCELLOMICS. In another EU project, Vitrocellomics, we inves-

tigate predictive drug testing by human hepatic in vitro models derived from embryonic stem cells. Here, the objective is to establish stable cell lines that reliably reflect human hepatic properties by the development of models derived from human embryonic stem cells (Prof Mandenius). 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY -

ICSE4 was arranged in Stockholm, June 11-15, 2007, by Hans Arwin (conference chair), Mathias Schubert (Lincoln) and Uwe Beck (Berlin), and with Kenneth Järrendahl, Michal Poksinski and Susann Årnfelt in the local committee. ICSE4 had 13 oral sessions during five conference days, including 21 invited, 52 oral and 238 poster presentations. The excellent scientific achievements from front-line scientists were well balanced with a conference dinner in the Vasa museum, a boat excursion, and Stockholm from its most pleasant side including both the weather and the Mayors reception in the City Hall.

ICSE4.

FORUM SCIENTIUM. In November 2007, the Swedish Research Council announced that Forum Scientium will get funding during the coming five years, in total 12.5 MSEK. Inhibition of complement deposition.

Applied Physics

Applied Physics

MOLECULAR SURFACE PHYSICS AND NANOSCIENCE. A new division named Molecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience was established during the beginning of 2007. Prof Kajsa Uvdal is the leader of the division.

Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 (beta-2 GPI) inhibits deposition of complement factor 3 (C3b) to hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicon.


2007

21

Applied Optics www.ifm.liu.se/applopt/ Staff

• • • •

Professor: Hans Arwin Administrative assistant: Susann Årnfelt Senior research staff: Kenneth Järrendahl Associated teachers/engineers: Lennart Båvall, Claes Illergård, Michal Poksinski • PhD students: Torun Berlind, Christina Åkerlind, Henrik Wiklund, Julie Boulenguez (Marie Curie visiting student)

Visiting/diploma students from abroad: Mohammed Ibrahim, Gabriel Nzulu; from Linköping: Lars Karlsson, Roger Magnusson, Nils Nedfors, Rickard Granfeldt.

Mathias Schubert, John Woollam, Tom Tiwald, Dan Thompson, University of Nebraska - ellipsometric methodology; Aleksandra Wronkowska, Bydgoszcz chalcogenides and metal alloys; Hans Kariis, FOI - tunable coatings; Iryna Valyukh, LCD-center, Borlänge - optical properties of liquid crystals; Bruno Gallas, Paris - epitaxial MnAs layers; Antonio Ferreira da Silva, Brazil - PbSnTe films; Mikael Käll, CTH – metamaterials; Serge Berthiér, Paris – optics of insects. During September 2007 Hans Arwin was visiting scientist during one month at Université Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris.

Scientific network (external only):

SootSens, coordinatated by Prof. Anita Lloyd Spetz, was funded within the MNT ERA - Net program by NICe (Nordic Innovation Centre) in Oslo, Norway and cofunded by VINNOVA and a Romanian funding agency. The aim of the project is to develop a soot sensor for efficient control of the diesel engine particulate filter. The eight partners are from Sweden, Norway, Finland and Romania.

"SOOTSENS, SOOT SENSORS FOR A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT".

Applied Physics

EVENT. In December 2007, the Swedish Agency for Innovation

Systems, the Swedish Emergency Management Agency and the Swedish Defence Material Administration announced that they will fund a consortium lead by S-SENCE with 7.9 million SEK during three years. The project "Event detection in crisis management systems" (EVENT) will develop a crisis management system that gives an early warning for sudden changes in the municipal drinking water system. The electronic tongue, developed within S-SENCE, together with new algorithms will be used as the "event detector". The consortium consists of Linköping University/S-SENCE, the City of Linköping, Combitech AB, Proxedra AB, Senset AB, Sensistor AB and Tekniska Verken i Linköping AB. MOLECULAR PHYSICS. The molecular physics group has collaborated extensively with experimentalists and theoreticians from Lithuania and Ukraine on a range of projects related to soft nanoscience and molecular physics. This interaction across the Baltic Sea has been very beneficial for all partners, and we were during 2007 awarded a three-year grant from the Swedish Institute (SI) – “the Visby programme” to continue our efforts in this timely and challenging area of science and technology.

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ICSE4 was opened by Prof. Ingemar Lundström and xcellent reviews over inter-disciplinary fields were given by plenary speakers Maria Losurdo, Alain Diebold, Robert Collins, Rasheed M. Azzam, and Manuel Cardona. Invited speakers Herbert Wormeester, Leo Asinovski, Mattias Vaupel, Mariano Campoy Quiles, Antonello De Martino, Rasvigor Ossikovski, Eric Langereis, Karsten Hinrichs, Christian Bernhard, Vanya Darakchieva, Ian Hodgkinson, Kevin Robbie, Michael Rübhausen, Péter Petrik, Tino Hofmann, and Gang Jin focused their excellent contributions on diverse subjects of contemporary interest. The scientific program continued with 52 regular oral and 238 poster presentations. There were 13 oral sessions organized during the five conference days: 1. Surface, Interface, and Thin Films I 2. Surface, Interface, and Thin Films II 3. Imaging and Mapping 4 Industrial Applications 5. Low- and High-k Materials 6. Polymers 7. Advanced Instrumentation I 8. Advanced Instrumentation II 9. In-Situ/Real-Time Measurement/Analysis 10. Super- and Semiconductors 11. Multilayers and Nanostructures 12. Complex Materials and Thin Films 13. Biological and Medical Applications

Optical biomimetics – advanced multilayered organic struc-

Natural systems offer technologically unrealized photonic structures and design protocols and provide inspiration for applications that require unique optical performance. Studies of the optical properties of cuticles of insects to learn how nature has designed biomultilayers have been initiated and establishing of an international network is in progress. (Kenneth Järrendahl, Henrik Wiklund, Christina Åkerlind, Hans Arwin)

tures and metamaterials.

Research platform – material optics and natural nanosystems.

We combine material optics and development of ellipsometric methodology • to determine optical properties and microstructure of bulk and thin layer materials as well as their surfaces and interfaces; and • to develop methodology and measurement systems for research and industrial applications. Our main technique is spectroscopic ellipso-metry which is based on measurement of changes in the state of polarization due to reflection of polarized light. From ellipsometric data, optical and structural properties of the sample under investigation can be extracted. Our instruments cover the spectral range 0.19-33 mm (0.04-6.5 eV) and can provide generalized ellipsometric data as well as depolarization and Mueller-matrix data.

FEM-calculations of the electric field distribution in a nanostructural model of surface structures found on scales in butterfly wings.

Applied Physics

Folded tandem reflective solar cells, trapping light and sharing the solar spectrum between two different materials absorbing different parts of the solar spectrum, allow almost a doubling of power conversion efficiency in thin film plastic solar cells.

INCREASED EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR CELLS.

Péter Petrik (left), Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest, receives the 2007 Paul Drude Award at ICSE4 from Hans Arwin (Photo: Courtesy of Jimmy Bakker).

Highlights 2007 ICSE4 - 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellip-

was arranged in Stockholm by Hans Arwin (conference chair), Mathias Schubert (Lincoln) and Uwe Beck (Berlin) and with Kenneth Järrendahl, Michal Poksinski and Susann Årnfelt in the local committee. The previous ICSE conferences were held in Paris (France, 1993), Charleston (U.S.A., 1997), and Vienna (Austria, 2003). During the meeting, the 300 participants gathered at the conference reception in the magnificent Golden Hall of the famous Stockholm's Nobel prize festivals City Hall, receiving the warm welcome of Stockholm’s Mayor. A conference dinner at the Vasa museum had us enjoy Swedish tradition and our excursion by boat cruising scenic Stockholm water lines left memorable impressions from the “City on islands”.

sometry

Cetonia Aurata (Guldbagge) has a green metallic-like reflection. The cuticle has a chiral structure which causes the reflected light to become circularly polarized. Stockholm June 11-15, 2007 • www.icse4.se

Calculation of optical properties of complex nanostructures

To assist data analysis we are developing an application tool for numerical calculations of optical properties of complex nanostructures using the finite element method. A goal is to use this tool for analysis of naturally occurring nanostructures, for example the intriguing nanostructures found in the wings of Morpho rhetenor butterflies.

using FEM.


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Proteins at interfaces - biomultilayers and infrared properties. We develop methodology for engineering of multilayer structures layer-by-layer on solid substrates using biorecognition between biomolecules combined with ellipsometric in situ growth monitoring for quality assessment. (Torun Berlind, Pentti Tengvall, Hans Arwin). Scientific output 2007. 6 published and 14 accepted publications, 4

reports in manuscript and 20 conference contributions. Hans Arwin was topical editor for Applied Optics published by Optical Society of America. Lennart Båvall is representing IFM in TEKIT. Kenneth Järrendahl was vice chairman for the study board for the natural science programmes.

Other activities.

• Visiting Marie Curie fellows: Ruth Pearce, Jagoba Iturri and Emanuela Gatto.

• Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University, Munich (gas sensors; EU Marie Curie support)

The research within the Division of Applied Physics is multidisciplinary. The members of the division are electrical engineers, physicists, chemists, biochemists and biologists. Several projects are in the areas between physics and chemistry, and physics and biology. The projects are often conducted in cooperation with other divisions within the scientific branch of “Applied Physics”. The research activities also include fundamental multidisciplinary research, mainly within the surface sciences. Many projects are run in cooperation with external collaborators. The research activities include: • Biomaterials and surface biology • Chemical- and biosensors • Computer screen photo-assisted techniques • Sensor systems

Computer screen photo assisted techniques (CSPT). One of the more recent research areas at the Division of Applied Physics is related to the use of regular consumer optoelectronic devices for optical evaluation of (bio) chemical sensing assays. Computer and mobile phone screens are extremely versatile light sources with multiple degrees of freedom regarding shape, size, polarization, illuminating angle, intensity, spectral conformation, and image micro-positioning. It has e.g. been used to create chemical images from large area chemical sensors with catalytic metal gates using the so-called scanning light pulse technique. In its most familiar conformation CSPT combine computer screens with web cameras for optical evaluations. CSPT is not only a pervasive instrumentation compatible with distributed determinations of medical or environmental parameter, but is also a very versatile imaging technique able to support different assays layout and diverse optical measuring principles always with the same instrumentation. Needless to say the combination allows a natural access to expert evaluation of the tests via internet. We envisage new possibilities for advanced biomedical analysis also at primary health care units and eventually in individual homes. The potential dissemination of the CSPT concept also promises the re-exploitation of massive networks of available infrastructures (computer sets, mobile phones, communication networks) for the global monitoring of environmental or sanitary parameters. Sensing devices specifically designed for the CSPT capabilities, thus, become a crucial element for the materialization of this concept. These devices should provide sample conditioning, optical aid, embedded references and still remain handy and disposable. Our efforts in this area have focused on exploiting the optical properties of SU-8 micro-pillar forests, conventionally used for fluidic purposes (e.g. in open lateral flow devices). By properly choosing the illuminating arrangement in conventional CSPT experiments, the microstructures enable an efficient separation of excitation from emission by breaking the substrate confinement of surface generated fluorescence. The result is a proper background cancellation and up to 5 times larger fluorescent signals (see the pictures to the right). The same kind of structures has been recently demonstrated as a right platform for the generation of high-density response patterns. In this images from individual 100 _m pillars, packed at ~180 pillars/mm2 can be evaluated (Fig. 1a). Concurrently with these efforts the extension of CSPT to nonlabelled detection principles such as ellipsometry and most recently surface plasmon resonance (SPR) are in progress. Special remarkable is the ability of CSPT to produce snapshots of angle resolved SPR images in different spectral bands (Fig. 1b). The integration of these detection principles in micro-structured formats will be the next challenge for the technology.

General information.

The division hosts a centre of excellence, Swedish Sensor Centre, S-SENCE (a centre for bio- and chemical sensor science and technology). Mats Eriksson is presently the director of S-SENCE. The division is engaged in a multidisciplinary doctoral programme, Forum Scientium, which started in September 1996 at Linköping University with funding from the Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF). Within the doctoral programme there are research projects at two faculties in Linköping. Ingemar Lundström is the chairperson of its scientific advisory board and Stefan Klintström serves as the director of Forum Scientium. Most of the graduate students at the Division are engaged in Forum Scientium. Forum Scientium produce its own Activity Report, see “Graduate studies”. Research overview.

Applied Physics

Applied Physics

Staff

• Professors: Ingemar Lundström, Anita Lloyd Spetz, Fredrik Winquist, Ragnar Erlandsson, Martin Holmberg, Helen Dannetun (leave of absence) and Pentti Tengvall. • Acting professor: Dr Stefan Welin Klintström (head of the division) • Senior researchers: Doc Mats Eriksson, Doc Daniel Filippini, Doc Fredrik Björefors, Dr Anke Suska, Dr Mike Andersson and Dr Robert Bjorklund.

www.ifm.liu.se/applphys/applphys/ The research within the Division is conducted in collaboration with most of the other Divisions within the Scientific branch Applied Physics and often within the larger programs described elsewhere. This means that some activities are more extensively described at other places in the Activity Report. The research areas which are further described below are: • Computer screen photo-assisted techniques • Chemical Sensor Science • Bio-nanoIT: Natural nanosystems as biosensors • Chemical Sensor Science • Electrochemistry-based sensor development • Materials in Medicine • S-SENCE – the Swedish Sensor Centre

• Administrators: Susann Årnfelt, Kerstin Vestin and Mikael Amlé. with specific funding through bilateral, national and EU-support, during 2007 have been with: • Department of Chemical Science and Technology, and Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata” (colour indicators for CSPT; SIG-grant) • GOSPEL, Network of Excellence (artificial olfaction; EU-support) • GoodFood, Integrated Project (monitoring of food quality; EUsupport) • Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (biomimetic odor sensors; Japan/Swedish cooperation grant)

Collaborations

• Graduate students: Jenny Carlsson, Gunnar Forsgren, Roger Klingvall, John Olsson, Henrik Petersson, Christian Ulrich, Paula Linderbäck, Ali Muhammad Malik, Stephen Macken and Kristina Buchholt. • Research engineers: Jenny Carlsson, Gunnar Forsgren, Roger Klingvall, John Olsson, Henrik Petersson, Christian Ulrich, Paula Linderbäck, Ali Muhammad Malik, Stephen Macken and Kristina Buchholt.

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We are using pigment particle containing cells (melanophores from African leaf frog) for biosensing purposes. The cells react on stimuli (hormones, toxins,..) through the redistribution of the pigment particles in the cell, which in turn changes the light transmission and light scattering of the cell, easily measured physical parameters. Culturing these cells in multi well arrays provide a format easily evaluated by the method described above. Genetic engineering, giving us cells with different selectivity properties, enables then the monitoring of several parameters in a sample. The fact that the distribution of the pigment particles is controlled by so-called G-protein coupled receptors makes the approach interesting also from a more fundamental molecular biology standpoint. Recent results have shown the possibility of increasing the selectivity of these assays towards substances acting on cell transfected with _2 adrenergic receptors by inducing controlled transients of the dose response profiles. Present efforts are directed to cell transfection with fluorescent proteins and olfactory receptors as well as novel approaches for response monitoring. The complexity of melanophore responses is commonly unexploited in this kind of test. Additionally, natural cell variability can produce spurious macroscopic responses by reflecting arbitrary mixes of cell responses. We have recently demonstrated, within the European Network in Artificial Olfaction - Gospel, a multivariate procedure to incorporate the microscopic aspects of the melanophore response and the cell variability in the assays. In this imaging approach, demanding just regular optical microscopes and a digital camera, the response of individual cells is assessed, tracking the dynamic behaviour of the collective displacement of intracellular pigment-particles, its amount, intrinsic motility and natural variability. Further efforts will concentrate in the application of this method to cells transfected with foreign receptors and to combine this strategy with kinetic dose response protocols that have demonstrated enhanced discrimination in melanophore assays.

Bio-nanoIT: Natural nanosystems as biosensors.

Chemical Sensor Science. The research group of Prof Anita Lloyd Spetz runs projects over several scientific areas within IFM. Some highlights are given:


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Applied Physics

Mueller-matrix ellipsometry. A dual rotating-compensator ellipsometer has been installed and is used for optical and structural characterization of complex nanostructures including TiO2 nanorods, and chiral layers in insect cuticles.

Multifunctional biosensors Within a project financed by VR we develop multifunctional bioand chemical sensors based on wide band gap materials. The project has three partners from two scientific areas of IFM, Prof Rositza Yakimova, Material Science, growth of material, Prof Kajsa Uvdal, Applied Physics, functionalization of wide band gap material surfaces with biomolecules and Prof Anita Lloyd Spetz, Applied Physics, development of bio- and chemical sensors.

Electrochemistry-based sensor development Fredrik Björefors, associate professor. In these activities, surface chemistry and surface analysis are used for the development of artificial substrates for sensing applications. We are primarily focusing on electrochemical techniques, both for the formation and analysis of electrode/surface modifications, and for detection of chemical processes at such interfaces (this work is closely related to the activities described in a section under the Div. of Molecular Physics and Sensor Science). We have for example worked with gold surfaces modified with thiolated molecules and hydrogels for mimicking of the human olfactory system. This work was performed in collaboration with colleagues at Kyushu University, Japan, and was financed by a Vinnova/ SSF-program called Multidisciplinary BIO. The development of new methods for surface patterning was also included in this program. One important finding was the use of electric fields to establish a gradient in electrochemical potential difference along an electrode surface (see figure below). It was further demonstrated that this method could be used to produce substrates with a gradient in chemical properties, which for example is important when optimizing sensor responses. We have also developed an electrochemical set-up for analysis of different compounds in low-conducting media like fuel and engine oil. The detection is here based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, and multivariate data analysis is further used to separate and quantify different compounds from the resulting data set.

Applied Physics

Nanoparticles as sensing layers in FET sensors In a project financed by CeNano, IFM, with participants from three divisions at IFM: Prof Anita Lloyd Spetz, Applied Physics, Prof Rositza Yakimova, Material Science, Docent Per-Olov Käll and Docent Lars Ojamäe, Chemistry and Prof Kajsa Uvdahl, Applied Physics, we are using nanoparticles as sensing layers in FET devices. “SootSens, Soot sensors for a healthy environment” coordinated by Prof. Anita Lloyd Spetz, was funded within the MNT ERA - Net program (the Micro Nano Technology area within the European Research Agency Net work).The program is headed by NICe (Nordic Innovation Centre) in Oslo, Norway and the SootSens project is cofunded by VINNOVA and a Romanian national agency. The aim of the project, which runs two years, is to develop a soot sensor for efficient control of the particulate filter in the diesel engine exhaust system. The Swedish partners are Linköping University, Lund University, Mandalon Technology, SenSiC AB, AB VOLVO and VOLVO Car Corporation. Sintef participates from Norway, University of OULU from Finland and University of Iasi from Romania.

Figure. Changes in the SPR response due to the change in the refractive index close to the surface when Fe(CN)64- is oxidized to Fe(CN)63- for different total currents through the electrolyte. The lines show the mean intensity change in the SPR images, and reflect the gradient in electrochemical potential difference.

Materials in Medicine www.liu.se/mim/ Prof Pentti Tengvall, vice chairperson of the civil engineering program Engineering Biology (TB), executive person in the Materials in Medicine research program. Materials in Medicine is one of five strategic research areas between Landstinget (County) in Östergötland and Linköping University.

SEM image of Pd nanoparticles annealed at 300∞C (to the left) and Au nanoparticles annealed at 200∞C (to the right).

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Aims. The aim is to improve implant healing and to create novel applications, including new therapy methods, and evaluate therapies invented by others.

Coupling of comprehensive goals. Multidisciplinarity is necessary for the development of this area. Also, multidisciplinary projects are indispensable for future PhD training programs, such as graduate training within the research school Forum Scientium, Faculty of Health Sciences training in Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Medicine, as well as for civil engineering programs in Engineering Biology and Chemical Biology at Linköping University. Ideas and hypotheses. • Tissue reactions to implants can be modified by pharmacological agents on the implant surface. • Osteoporosis drugs, such as bisphosphonates can be used to create better fixation to bone. • Immobilized MMP-inhibitors are useful to minimize tissue weakening around sutures and to minimize fibrous encapsulation around eg pacemaker electrodes. • Better knowledge about the reactions of serum proteins (eg Complement) to implants will enable the improvement of biomaterial performance in soft tissues and the blood stream. This also relates to biomaterials induced inflammation and nitric oxide. • Tissue repair (bone, tendon/ligament, skin) can be improved or modified by growth factors, but also by common drugs and platelet extracts. • Scaffolds based on degradable materials are effective carriers of biologically active molecules for tissue regeneration. • Loosening of orthopaedic joint prostheses is largely initiated by tissue mechanics, and can be prevented by pharmacological prophylaxis. Methods. Surface immobilization chemistry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), null-, imaging- and spectroscopic ellipsometry, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, ELISA, spectro-photometry, RIA, rheometry (FOR), proteomic and genomic techniques, microtechnology and ESCA. Animal models are used for a selection of implant-related problems, including fracture and tendon rupture models. Results are evaluated mechanically by pull-out and torque tests, and with histological and histomorphometric methods. Clinical studies use validated questionnaires and radiographic methods, especially Radio-stereometric Analysis (RSA).

been used successfully in applications of so-called electronic noses, which consist of arrays of chemical sensors where response patterns are evaluated by various pattern-recognition techniques. Lately, also measurement systems suitable for aqueous solutions, so called electronic tongues have been developed. In 1995 the Centre of excellence, S-SENCE, Swedish Sensor Centre, was established at LiU with the main task to further develop and evaluate bio- and chemical sensors and sensor systems for industrial applications. The research of S-SENCE falls within the area of bio- and chemical sensors and sensor systems. In this area S-SENCE competence profile ranges from scientific expertise in sensor science, surface science and catalysis, bio-molecular interactions, microbiology, signal processing and multivariate analysis, electronic components and device fabrication. Several projects of fundamental character are also run with support from various private and governmental research funding agencies. One important event during 2007 was the announcement that a consortium lead by S-SENCE will be funded with 7.9 million SEK by the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems, the Swedish Emergency Management Agency and the Swedish Defence Material Administration, to run a security project during three years. The project "Event detection in crisis management systems" (EVENT) will develop a crisis management system that gives an early warning for sudden changes in the municipal drinking water system. The electronic tounge, developed within S-SENCE, together with new algorithms will be used as the "event detector". The consortium consists of Linköpings universitet/S-SENCE, the City of Linköping, Combitech, Proxedra, Senset, Sensistor and Tekniska verken i Linköping. Research areas.

• Gas sensors. In this project we develop chemical sensors based on the field effect, e.g. for hydrogen and ammonia monitoring. • Sensors for aqueous systems. The goal of this project area is to use artificial senses, possibly also in combination with general process information, to get an overall state of a medium in the liquid state. The sensors are electronic tongues and biosensors. Applied Physics

FunMat The inauguration of FunMat, Functional Nanoscale Materials, took place on March 27, 2007. FunMat is one of 15 VINN Excellence centres, which will run for 10 years with a budget of 63 MSEK from VINNOVA and co-funding from industrial partners and Linköping University. The centre has researchers from two divisions within IFM; Director of the centre is Prof. Lars Hultman, Material Science and Vice Director Prof Anita Lloyd Spetz, Applied Physics. The centre has 13 industrial partners during stage I (2007-2008). The activities are concentrated around development of M-A-X materials, which are conducting ceramics with applications such as coatings for cuttings tools, electrical contacts for electronics and power transmission and for chemical gas sensors. Advanced characterization on the nanoscale of M-A-X materials and other wide band gap materials is an important part in the center, see also presentation in section Other.

• Evaluation techniques. The calibration group in S-SENCE works with pattern recognition aspects of sensor arrays, that is, to develop new techniques that better utilise the information from chemical sensors and sensor arrays.

S-SENCE – the Swedish Sensor Centre At the division of Applied Physics, Linköping University, research has been conducted in the field of chemical sensors, especially socalled catalytic MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) sensors, for over 20 years. The work has resulted in sensors for a large number of chemical compounds. The sensors have


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Biomolecular and Organic Electronics STAFF

• Professor: Olle Inganäs. • Associate Professor: Docent, PhD Fengling Zhang. • Postdocs: Sophie Barrau, Xiangjun Wang (-Feb), Hideyuki Tanaka (Oct-). • Graduate Students: Mattias Andersson (PhD Nov.), Per Björk (PhD Dec.), Anna Herland (PhD Sept), Kristoffer Tvingstedt, Mahiar Hamedi, Jens Wigenius. • Visiting students: Maria Asplund, KTH, Yinhua Zhou ( Jilin University, China), Bekele Homa Badada (Addis Abeba, Ethiopia). • Project employees: Viktor Andersson. • Administrators: Mikael Amlé 35%, Stefan Klintström 10%. • Research engineer Bo Thunér (10%). • Diploma students: Petra Hansson, Jerome Garnier, Karin Magnusson, Yu-Jiu Chiu.

Research in biomolecular and organic electronics is focused on the development of polymer electronics, particularly polymer photovoltaics, and the combination of biological macromolecules with synthetic conjugated polymers for biodetection, bioimaging and supramolecular materials assembly. During 2007 three PhD theses were defended, related to electrical transport in photovoltaic organic materials, and to biodetection and bionanostructures combined with electronic polymers. We published 20 papers during 2007, and made one patent application. Summary.

also demonstrating the possibility of making multiple bandgap solar cells in arbitrary serial and parallell connection. The task of light collection for plastic solar cells has therefore been accomplished. Full electromagnetic simulation and optimisation of the folded reflective solar cells are underway. Teaching in the undergraduate curriculum included the undergraduate courses Polymer physics(Y), Organic electronics(Y), New Materials(Y), Microsystems( TB), Materials and Nanotechnology(TB), Collaborations: Within European projects. Activities within the Integrated Project NaPa (Emerging Methods of Nanopatterning) in which 35 groups across Europe participate. We contribute to the use of conjugated polyelectrolytes as tools and detectors in nanoassembly. Samples and students are moving between labs, and students participate in joint summer schools. A new geometry for light incoupling into plastic solar cells using microlenses was demonstrated together with partners from Italy. We show that soft lithography stamping involves transfer of low viscosity materials with serious limitations for the geometrical stability of thin (sub-µm) and long lines. Continuing exchange with Addis Abeba University, Ethiopia, for developing thin film organic electronics, in particular polymer photovoltaics. We participate within the SSF research centre for organic bioelectronics, OBOE. We coordinate the SSF research Center of Organic Electronics, COE. Highlights.

organic electronics. The efforts are focused on organic nanoelectronics (ONE), where nano scale phenomena and geometries in organic devices are studied, on printed organic macroelectronics (TOE) where electrochemical transistors and electrochromic pixels printed on flexible paper or polymer substrate are used to create both logic, addressing and display functions, and in organic optoelectronics (THREE) where polymer photovoltaic devices and light sources are developed. Partners and tasks in COE: • Materials and Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology,Göteborg: Synthesis of polymers for organic electronics • Biomolecular and oxrganic electronics, IFM, LiU: Devices for organic optoelectronics, printed electronics and nanoelectronics • Chemical Physics, LU: Fast photophysics in polymers and device materials • Acreo AB: Printing of organic electronics • Organic Electronics, ITN, LiU, Norrköping: Printed organic electronics • ISY, LiU: Electronic design for printed organic electronics and nanoelectronics

• New interpretation of optical processes in CPE/DNA complexes—H-aggregate formation influences photophysics – novel use of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and differential light scattering. Single molecule luminescence with polarisation resolution allow new observations on the interaction of polymers and proteins/DNA. • Amyloid nanowires decorated with luminescent conjugated polyelectrolytes, with hydrophobic luminescent conjugated polymers, or by metallic doped conjugated polymer in the form of a new form of PEDOT-S. • Electrochemical transistors constructed with decorated amyloid nanowires. • Woven logic created from PEDOT coated microwires woven into multiplexers. • Neural electrode materials study with new forms of PEDOT including polysacchararide polymeric anions under conclusion. A systems study on the integration of such materials into neural systems under way. • (Stem) cell breadboard completed--- Micropatterned electroactive polymer surfaces show surface energy switching from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, by combining geometry and surface chemistry changes.

• Theory, ITN, LiU: Functional Organic Optoelectronic Devices • Computational Physics, IFM, LiU: Theoretical physics studies of electronic transport

• Cell decoration with CPEs evaluated. CPEs discriminate between different forms of misfolded proteins in tissue studies.

• Surface Physics and Chemistry, LiU: Photoelectron spectroscopy of materials and device interfaces

biomolecules (DNA, misfolded protein in the form of amyloid nanofibres) decorated with conjugated polyelectrolytes and with luminescent polymers have been done with polarisation single molecule spectroscopy in collaboration with Ivan Scheblykin, Lund University. Light scattering studies show that many molecules contribute in the interaction. These results combined brings evidence for a new interpretation of the interaction mechanism, with implications for the design of in vitro detectors, in biochips, and in vivo decoration of biological macromolecules in complex media.

www.ifm.liu.se/biotech • Organic physics, ITN, LiU: Surface spectroscopy Staff

Organic electronics. Development of studies of photovoltaic

materials in solar cells and on field effect transistors have led to the conclusion that collection of photogenerated charges can be an efficient process if active material thickness is kept low. Transient signals of charge photogeneration and transport show evidence for monomolecular recombination kinetics in the microsecond regime, further extending studies of optical transients in the picosecond to microsecond time interval. A new class of alternating copolymers coming from Chalmers, based on alkoxyphenylene and donor-acceptor-donor alternating mers, give good candidates for both high and low bandgap materials suitable for solar cells and photodetectors. Some of our most efficient solar cells have been made from these so far unoptimised materials. Device geometries utilizing light trapping in folded reflective solar cells can enhance the power conversion efficiency considerably, up to twofold. We published the first paper on this device geometry,

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Biotechnology

Figure 1. Folded tandem reflective solar cells, trapping light and sharing the solar spectrum between two different materials absorbing different parts of the solar spectrum, allow almost a doubling of power conversion efficiency in thin film plastic solar cells.

The Center of Organic Electronics (COE), financed by the Strategic Research Foundation SSF, is a collaborative effort between Linköping University, Chalmers University of Technology and Lund University, in developing organic electronics. Our vision is to make printed organic electronics and photovoltaics into large area technologies, and to prepare for new ground in organic nanostructured materials. Activities span from chemical synthesis of novel polymers, fast photophysics and spectroscopy, device development and characterisation, to systems integration and production technology for printed COE.

Results in 2007 include: Electrolyte gated field effect transistors with ≈10 µs switch time have now been demonstrated in nano geometries. Polymer decorated protein nanofibres house electrochemical transistors, and coated microfibres can be woven for logic functions. A seven segment display including drive logic has been developed, based on screen printing of active polymer and electrolyte. Further development of a new family of polymers for solar cells gives power conversion efficiency of 3-4% in sunlight. New geometries demonstrate doubling of power conversion efficiency via light trapping, and optimized by electromagnetic simulations. Plasmon coupled photovoltaic devices has been demonstrated and simulated. A full kinetic model of charge generation and recombination in photovoltaic blend materials has been established. The Center for Organic Bioelectronics combines medicine from Karolinska Institutet and polymer science and technology from Linköping University. We contribute to the use of polymers at interfaces to biological systems, including neural systems, and at the molecular level, through interactions between conjugated polyelectrolytes and biomacromolecules as probes. Among results during 2007 we count:

OBOE.

• • • • •

Professor (head): Carl-Fredrik Mandenius Adjunct professor: Anders Brundin Secretary: Ann-Marie Holm Assistant EU-Coordinator: Magnus Fredriksson Research engineers: Maria Carlsson (lab manager), Gunnar Bergström, , Jia Dong. • Postdocs: Michael Fritzsche, Henrik Andersson, Farideh Tafazoli, Ronghui Wang, Harish Prashanth, Marcela Vandakova. • Graduate students: Tomas Mc Kenna. • Project students: Benedikt Warth.

The research and education at the division of biotechnology focus on industrial applications of biotechnology. In essence, industrial biotechnology means the integration of engineering with biosciences for production purposes. The scientific breakthroughs of the seventies and eighties in molecular genetics resulted in the industrial production of recombinant proteins in micro-organisms and animal cell cultures are now furthered by new developments. A number of bioengineering tools are currently exploited within genetic-, protein-, metabolic-, physiological- and organ engineering in order to produce foreign proteins, modified proteins, metabolites, host cells with new properties and artificial organs. It is a prime task

Summary.


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Applied Physics

Applied Physics

Biomolecular electronics. Studies of elongated and printed

EU project Invitroheart: Fluoro-optical device for screening of cardiomyocytes derived from hESC used for testing adverse effects of chemical and drugs.

Other participants are: Lundbeck A/S (DK); PreSens GmbH (D); MultiChannelSystems GmhH (D), Saarland University (D); Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE); Cellartis AB, Göteborg (SE); Pharmacelsus GmbH, Saarbrücken (D); JRC European Centre for Validation of Alternative Methods, ECVAM (IT). www.invitroheart.org

Applied Physics

Highlights.

Invitroheart • PIs: C.-F. Mandenius, M. Fredriksson, A. Brundin, Postdoc H. Andersson • Res.eng: G. Bergström, M. Carlsson, J. Dong

Vitrocellomics • PIs: C.-F. Mandenius, M. Fredriksson • Postdocs: M. Fritzsche, F. Tafazoli, M. Vandakova • Res. eng. : G. Bergström, M. Carlsson

The objective of the newly started EU-project Invitroheart is to establish stable cell lines that reliably reflect human cardiomyocyte properties by the development of models derived from human embryonic stem cells. The aim is to deliver reliable in vitro models that could be used by the pharmaceutical industry to replace experimental animals in (2) investigations on pharmacological toxicity and safety of compounds in the drug discovery and development processes, and (2) the testing of toxic effects of chemicals according to the new system of the Community on the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH). In the pharmaceutical industry reliable in vitro cell models would contribute to replace current techniques with animal experimentation in the selection and optimisation of lead compounds and in documentation of a selected drug candidate before it enters clinical phases. In the toxicity testing of chemical substances replacement of animal testing methods can be attained as well. The means to accomplish the objective are in addition to new stable human embryonic stem (hES) cell derived cardiomyocytes, (1) state of the art methods for electrophysiological cardiac cell monitoring, (2) optical micro-sensor monitoring in micro-cultivation systems for in vitro screening, (3) a multi-micro-bioreactor platform for high-throughput screening of drugs and chemicals. Comparative studies of cardiomyocytes derived from hES cells with established in vitro models will be carried out in order to validate the new models and methods. The outcome of the project is new efficient in vitro pre-validation models which will significantly reduce the use of animal experimentation for cardiotoxicity testing by 60-80%. Furthermore, it will strengthen the possibility for the participating SMEs to market new potential products in the areas of in vitro assay methods and in vitro compound screening.

In another EU project, Vitrocellomics, we investigate predictive drug testing by human hepatic in vitro models derived from embryonic stem cells. Here, the objective is to establish stable cell lines that reliably reflect human hepatic properties by the development of models derived from human embryonic stem cells.Also the aim is similar, to deliver reliable in vitro models that could be used by the pharmaceutical industry to replace experimental animals in investigations on human drug metabolism, uptake and efflux properties of compounds in the drug discovery and development processes.

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The outcome of the project is new efficient in vitro pre-validation models which will significantly reduce the use of animal experimentation for prediction of human drug metabolism and disposition by 60-80%.In addition, the models will also increase safety and quality of compounds chosen as candidates in the different stages of the drug discovery and development process. Furthermore, it will strengthen the possibility for SMEs to market new potential products in the areas of cell assays and in vitro compound screening. Other participants are: Saarland University (D); Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (SE); Instituto de Biología Experimental e Tecnológica, IBET (P); Charité University Hospital, Berlin (D); Cellartis AB, Göteborg (SE); Pharmacelsus GmbH, Saarbrücken (D); AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal (SE); JRC European Centre for Validation of Alternative Methods, ECVAM (IT). www.vitrocellomics.org Methods for stress analysis of bioprocess organisms • PIs: H. Prashanth, C-F Mandenius • PDs: T. McKenna Scientific problems around the expression of recombinant proteins in industrial production organisms are addressed. The phenomena of stress in the organisms during overproduction of the heterologous proteins are of particular interest and the role of heat-shock proteins and other signal molecules are in focus. The possibility of designing sensitive microarrays for intracellular analysis of these components is investigated with the intension of increasing the information about the physiology of the cell using high-throughput formats with improved time resolution.

Complex biotechnical products

Optimisation of bioprocesses by multi-sensor analysis By using combinations of multisensors, industrial bioprocess production can be optimised, and made more stable and reproducible. In previous studies we demonstrated this using NIR-spectroscopy, electronic noses, chromatography, and gas sensing methods implemented on real-time computer systems. During 2007 we have further improved our bioreactor laboratory with new on-line equipment for software sensor analysis. We have applied these methods together with chemometric techniques and new control strategies.

Online monitoring systems of biological production

Important intracellular proteins to be monitored that influence efficient industrialization of recombinant E. coli bioprocesses

EU project Vitrocellomics: Artificial liver reactor used for evaluating drug toxicity.

In the pharmaceutical industry reliable in vitro cell models would replace current techniques and animal experimenta-tion in the selection and optimisation of lead compounds and in documentation of a selected drug candidate before it enters clinical phases. The means to accomplish the objective are in addition to new stable human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derived hepatocytes, (1) 3D-hepatic cell culture and co-culture methods, (2) micro-cultivation monitoring systems for in vitro screening, (3) genomic and metabolomic characterization, and (4) a multi-micro-bioreactor platform for highthroughput screening of drug candidates. Comparative studies of hepatocyte derived from hESC with established in vitro models will be carried out in order to validate the new models and methods.

Biomechatronic systems • PIs: M. Björkman (IEI), C.-F. Mandenius In collaboration with the Department of Mechanical Engineering at LiU and with project support from VINNOVA we have continued to study the industrial development and design process of complex biotechnology instruments and devices. These have been termed biomechatronics in analogy to the concept of mecha-tronics recurrently used in mechanical engineering. The project will continue during 2007 and aims at presenting new conceptual models for efficient product development in the biotech instrument manufacturing sector. Several successful Swedish biotech SMEs are involved in the project and which products are to become pilot cases for the model studies.

Process Analytical Technology In 2004 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched a new initiative called Process Analytical Technology (PAT) with the aim to establish better regulatory procedures for the industrial use of process analysis in relation to approval process of new pharmaceutical and biological products. The ideas are much in line with our long-term activity. This concerns especially methods of quality by design of experiments and on-line applications. Also, in collaboration with IEI (LiU), we have analyzed how the FDA guidelines for PAT and other quality-related issues for biopharma-ceuticals could be integrated in a systems design view (Mandenius et al, 2007). This highlights one of the main obstacles in biotechnology production: to handle varying engineering and scientific traditions and standards in one technical system (see figure below). Moreover, we also include PAT methodology in teaching in engineering biology.


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for the current biotechnology research to integrate and develop these tools in order to achieve and optimize new and better industrial applications. The biotechnology division at IFM is contributing to this by inventing and developing novel analytical means that could provide better insight into the biology of industrial production systems in relation to the engineering problems. The cross-disciplinary environment of Linköping University furnishes unique opportunities for this. The combination of sensor technology, mathematical computation methods and production design, allow new approaches to the understanding and optimization of the bio-industrial production systems. The integration of these topics in the curricula of the Engineering Biology program forms an important link between education and research at the division. Our PhD-study program in biotechnology is directly connected to the research of the division and is a part of the research highlights described below.

During 2007 the division has delivered two advanced level courses in the Engineering Biology program (Bioprocess engineering, 15 hp, and Industrial Biotechnology, 6 hp) and examined 20 diploma-work theses in biotechnology.

Education.

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Collaborations. During 2007 the division had fruitful collaborations with the following companies and institutes: Cellartis AB (S), Pharmacelsus GmbH (D), Multi-Channel-Systems GmbH, Reutlingen (D), Presens GmbH, Regensburg (D), AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal (S), Saarland University (D), Charité University Hospital, Berlin (D), Hannover University (D), ECVAM Joint Research Center, Ispra (I), Dundee University (UK), University of Pittsburgh, Penn (USA), IBET, Oeiras (P) Bodenkulturuniversität, Vienna (A), Karolinska Insitiute, Stockholm (S), Sahlgrenska University Hospital (S).

Teaching. A yearly course in Surface Science (TFTB35) which is

www.ifm.liu.se/applphys/surfnano/ STAFF

Highights

• • • •

Nanoparticles for MRI contrast enhancement In this project we are designing and characterizing rare earth nanoparticles to optimize the contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), see Figure 2. This project is an interdisciplinary and includes material synthesis and design, characterization, biofunctionalization and signal optimization followed by tagging for targeting purposes. The synthesis of the material is done in close collaboration with Inorganic Chemistry, IFM, The MR signal optimization is done in cooperation with the Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV) at the medical faculty and University Hospital. We have shown that the relaxation properties of this contrast agent have an enhancing capability with respect of MRI signal, compared to the commercially available ion based Gd-DTPA contrast agent. With this new contrast agent the aim is to obtain higher resolution, tissue specific images and cell- and molecular imaging.

Professor: Kajsa Uvdal. Postdoc: Rodrigo Petoral Jr. Visiting scientists: Almas Sadreev, Yurii Sukhinin. PhD students: Cecilia Vahlberg, Luminita Savitchi, Maria Ahrén, Linnéa Olsson. • Diploma students: Maria Westman-Andreasson, Peter Ström, Petter Olsson. • Technical staff: Bo Thunér. • Administrative staff: Pia Blomstedt/Anna Maria Uhlén. The division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nano Science is a new division at Applied Physics IFM, active in the field of Nanomaterial and Molecular thin film physics and spectroscopy. Our main focus is on surface modification for sensing/biorecognition and nanoprobes for biomedical imaging. Biospecific binding

General.

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Knowledge obtained with in the project will contribute to the understanding of drug delivery targeting. Our goal is to improve the contrast to enable high resolution imaging for e.g. early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This is a true interdisciplinary project, combining Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Medicine. The material developed has high potential as a positive MR contrast agent. We have initiated and established a spin off company Spago Imaging AB, during 2007. Design of selective peptides The fundamental part of the biosensing research is devoted to the design and synthesis of new recognition molecules and to their immobilization on surfaces. This work is undertaken in collaboration with scientists at Pharmacology HU and Astra Zeneca, Södertälje. Polypeptides are synthesized and evaluated by means of selectivity and recognition. A polypeptide based minimum recognition sequence mimicking an intracellular loop of the G-protein coupled receptor (see Figure1), has been synthesized and tested with regard to its binding to the G-protein and its (a, b, g) sub-units using SPR.

an Undergraduate profile courses, 4th year for students on the programmes Chemical Biology and Engineering Biology, is conducted in our research laboratories. The students obtain hands on experience in using powerful techniques and equipment in surface science. The projects and molecular systems chosen are closely related to issues in biomolecular surface modification research. The Phd Programme. The PhD students within the division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nano Science are enrolled in the graduate school Forum Scientium.

Molecular Surface Physics and Nano Science

Figure 2. A). XPS S2p spectra for monolayers of three peptides designed for biorecognition studies. Multilayer is shown as a reference for unbonded peptide. B) nanoparticle size distribution based on TEM results from pristine material. C) MR response of nanoparticles as a function of Gd concentration. and D) Image of X. laevis fibroblasts exposed to Nanoparticles.

RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS. M. Engström and Ö Smedby Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV) T Bengtsson and C. Skoglund Pharmacology, P Aspenberg, Sports Medicine, Health University Linköping, PO Käll F Söderlind Inorganic Chemistry, Prof, Rositza Yakimova, Prof. Anita Lloyd Spetz, Applied Physics, J Kehr, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Max Lab Swedish national laboratory in Lund, A Sadreev, Y Suchinin, Theoretical Physics, Institute of nonlinear behaviour, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Industry partners Astra Zeneca Södertälje , SPAGO Imaging AB Lund.

The Centre In Nano Science And Technology (CeNano) is an organization within Linköping Institute of Technology (LiTH) at Linköping University. The mission of CeNano is to strengthen and support the competence within nano science and nano technology at LiTH. This is made by gathering researchers with nano activities at LiTH in the centre and by acting for increased collaborations and common projects in the nano realm. CeNano also acts for development and coordination of the graduate and under graduate education in this scientific area. K. Uvdal is the director of CeNano.

Sensor Science and Molecular Physics www.ifm.liu.se/applphys/sensor/ STAFF

• Professors: Bo Liedberg (head of division). • Assistant professors: Fredrik Björefors, Thomas Ederth, Karin Enander. • Visiting scientists/post docs: Lyuba Malyscheva, Ramunas Valiokas, Alexandr Onipko, Volodymyr Sugakov, Mattias Östblom, Ye Zhou.

Figure 1. Schematic structures of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) spanning the cell membrane. Peptide sequences from intercellular loops are used for design of selective surfaces.

Synchroton light for detailed characterization of biomolecules Synchrotron light is used for X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray Circular Dichroism (XCD) studies of amino acids and peptides at our national facility MAX-lab, Lund. Neurotransmitter derivatives and precursors as Dopamine-, Tyrosine- Noradrenaline-terminated Propanethiol (NA-Pt) adsorbates are investigated. Detailed information of the molecular orientation is obtained, using different take off angles relative to the supporting surface. Furthermore, structural investigation of a pure and mixed monolayers of a synthetic peptides derived from the 2nd and 3rd intracellular loops of the Alpha-2 Adrenergic receptor and shorter inactive oligopeptides is done. Electronic structure, composition, molecular binding and molecular orientation of the adsorbate are investigated.

• PhD students: Daniel Aili, Olof Andersson, Annika Borgh, Tobias Ekblad, Emma Ericsson, Daniel Kanmert, Goran Klenkar, Andreas Larsson, Hung-Hsun Lee, Erik Martinsson, Annica Myrskog, Irina Nesterenko, Patrik Nygren, Tomas Rakickas, Robert Selegård, Feng-I Tai, Christian Ulrich . • Technical staff: Bo Thunér, Chun-Xia Du, Nils Odelstam. • Administrative staff: Pia Blomstedt, Anna Maria Uhlin. Professor Kajsa Uvdal was appointed as full professor in Molecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience during the spring 2007. The division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics conducts fundamental and applied research in three closely related fields of biologically inspired surface and nanoscience: Biosensing and biochip technology; molecular thin film physics and spectroscopy; and nanoscale physics/chemistry. We are developing new and improved sensor principles for real time detection of biospecific binding phenomena at solid surfaces using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and electrochemical (EC) transducers. The division is

SUMMARY.


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PAT system analysis for manufacture of biological products

phenomena at solid surfaces are investigated Design and characterization of new and improved nanoprobes for imaging are performed. Equipment used are X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).. Super small particles i.e. particles with very small volume, with unique physical and chemical properties, have a high potential in biomedical imaging and future biosensing applications. We are designing biocompatible nanoparticles based on rare earth metal oxides. These are very promising as positive contrast agent (Patents) in MRI. Powerful equipment available at IFM, in house experience of life science technology and molecular physics as well as close collaboration with CMIV (Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization) facilitate progress in the field of novel nanomaterial design for bio medical imaging. We are now investigating protein nanoparticle interaction processes and are studying cell response in collaboration with pharmacology HU. Collaboration in the field of applied MRI is initiated together with Karolinska Institutet Stockholm. We are studying functionalization of wide band gap material surfaces to be used for multifunctional bio- and chemical sensors. This is done in collaboration with Applied Physics and Material Science. Research based on the use of synchrotron radiation is of main importance for our research group and is conducted at MAX II at MAX-lab, which is a Swedish national laboratory in Lund. MAX II is a third generation electron storage ring for synchrotron radiation. High resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray Circular Dichroism (XCD) are the techniques that we are using at these synchrotron facilities.

on Nano sensing for medical diagnostics, imaging and drug screening (NanoSense).

Figure 5. A gradient in the thickness of a mono-layer of the protein lysozyme, immobilized on a SAM. Figure 2. (Left) Rod-shaped and (Right) Butterfly wing-shaped gold nanoparticles. These particles are prepared for analytical applications, e.g., MEF.

The division is also involved in two Integrated EC project within FP 6 on 1) Nanostructure surfaces and coatings for the control of biofouling “AMBIO”. Our part in that project concerns the development and in situ characterization of nanostructures surfaces. 2) HealthCARE by Biosensor Measurements and Networking “CAREMAN”. The division participates in undergraduate teaching, primarily within the engineering biology, chemical biology and chemistry programmes: Supra-molecular chemistry, Molecule- and surface physics, Proteomics, Analytical chemistry, Computational tools in chemistry.

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Figure 1. Microarray concept for studies of extra-cellular protein-protein interactions.

An interesting approach for nanoscale patterning on planar substrates using an AFM tip as a paintbrush has been exploited jointly with Institute of Physics (IOP), Vilnius within a SI-supported program (The Visby program). The technique is often referred to as “dip pen nanolithography, DPN” and it has been used to introduce monomolecular patterns “nano-arrays” with a line width of less than < 100 nm. The fundamental part of the biosensing and biochip research is devoted to the design and synthesis of surface active compounds and new biorecognition molecules. Polypeptide as well as carbohydrate recognition molecules are synthesized and evaluated using the above mentioned transducer platforms. We are also working with de novo synthesized helix-loop-helix polypeptides and minimized sequence peptides for microarrays. A significant portion of the research utilizes solution self-assembly techniques to produce novel surface architectures and materials. A new type of oligomeric monolayers forms the base for our investigations, and we have through a fruitful combination of surface vibrational spectroscopy and quantum chemical ab initio calculations improved the understanding of the mechanisms that influence the phase behaviour and tail group reorganizations of such layers. A new project on nanoparticle plasmonics also has been initiated. Nanoparticles of gold and silver in diffenrent size and shape have been synthesized by inorganic chemists at IFM, Figure 2. We are particularly interested in using them for studies of metal-enhanced optical phenomena including, for example, metal enhanced extinction (MEE) or metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF). This research relates also to our activities on helix-loop-helix poly-peptides for controlled aggregation of gold nanoparticles (NPs) into functional entities. The plasmonics work is a part of a SSF supported initiative

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nano-array sensing applications using imaging SPR. This array has been prepared by DPN and the result is shown in Figure 4 where each array spot has been labelled with high-intensity quantum dots.

HIGHLIGHTS

3.1 Imaging optics, NTA-chelators and nanoarrays PIs: Ramunas Valiokas, Ye Zhou, Bo Liedberg. PhDs: Goran Klenkar, Olof Andersson, Emma Ericsson. We have optimized a method to fabricate a biochip based on NTAchelators that effectively can be used to immobilize his-tagged biomolecules on surfaces, e.g. gold. The approach combines traditional piezo-dispensing of mono-, bis- and tris- NTA-chelator thiol assembly on a pre-defined grid of hydrophobic molecules, Figure 3.

Figure 3. Synthesized NTA-chelator thiols

The NTA-chelators, Figure 1, have proven useful for immobilization of complex protein architectures and for studies of protein-protein interactions and ternary complex formation in real time. This project is joint effort between Linköping University, University of Frankfurt and IOP, Vilnius. We have also utilized essentially the same concepts as shown in Figure 1 and 3 to generate a functional

3.3 A novel hydrogel chemistry for patterning and biochip applications PIs: Thomas Ederth, Bo Liedberg. PhDs: Andreas Larsson, Tobias Ekblad, Emma Ericsson. Figure 4. Nanoarray prepared by DPN on gold. Each spot is about 200 nm and separated ~1 μm. The quantum dots have a diameter of 50.

3.2 Electrochemistry for patterning and surface analysis PI: Fredrik Björefors. PhDs: Christian Ulrich, Olof Andersson. Electrochemical techniques offer some unique advantages for the handling and analysis of surface immobilized molecules. Our research is primarily focused on new ways of using electric fields to form artificial patterns and structures in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Equally important is also the use of voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy to develop better protocols for surface analysis. The latter has for example been done in conjunction with optic techniques like imaging surface plasmon resonance and imaging ellipsometry. The overall aim with these activities is to develop artificial substrates, micro arrays, and analysis tools for use in biomimetic applications. Lately, we have demonstrated that electro-chemically generated electric fields offer fascinating possibilities for the formation of molecular gradients on conducting surfaces. These gradients are formed via selective and spontaneous desorption of surface immobilized molecules by just placing the surface in a solution under potential control. Interesting substrates can then be formed by for example linking biorelevant molecules to such gradients (see Figure 5 below). Heterogeneous layers, patterns and gradients are, on the other hand, difficult to evaluate using traditional electro-chemical methods since there is no straightforward way to distinguish the current response from different areas of the electrode. Another research focus is hence to develop methods to combine electrochemical measurements with tools for imaging, for example imaging ellipsometry and imaging surface plasmon resonance. These instrumental combinations will allow us to detect electrochemical processes with lateral resolution in the micrometer range. New ways of using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy has also recently been used for SAM-analysis. Here, alternating currents and potentials are employed for investigations on interfacial phenomena and ion permeation inside biomimetic structures.

A novel hydrogel chemistry based on oligo(ethylene glycols), OEGs, has been developed. The hydrogel network is generated by UV induced radical polymerisation and can be used to modify the surface of organic films, polymers and glass. The hydrogel is primarily developed for sensing application and the terminal position of the OEG chains contain OH, COOH, NH2, OCH3 etc. We are currently developing different strategies to pattern and introduce gradients on solid surfaces using this method. Figure 6 shows a patterned hydrogel with 20 μm circular spots.

Applied Physics

also involved in the development of new technology and hardware for parallel bioanalysis using microarrays and miniaturized devices. A new microarray concept for the attachment of his-tagged proteins has been explored in detail with scientists from Frankfurt and Vilnius. The transducer and microarray oriented projects are conducted in collaboration with the division of Applied Physics and Swedish industry. A flexible and powerful soft patterning technology “microcontact printing” has been utilized in conjunction with lipid vesicles to produce micro-arrays for studies of extracellular interaction phenomena, Figure 1. The so-prepared microarrays are generated on hydrogel substrates for protein-protein interaction studies using imaging ellips-ometry and SPR. The hydrogels are generated via from dextran or UV polymerization.

Figure 6. Patterned hydrogel surface for microarray applications.

3.4 Biomolecular design for advanced protein detection PIs: Karin Enander, Ye Zhou. PhDs: Daniel Kanmert, Olle Andersson. Affinity biosensors are based on the ability of immobilized ligands to specifically capture the analytes of interest. An attractive way of obtaining an extended dynamic range in a biosensor assay involves the simultaneous exposure of the analyte-containing sample to a family of ligands with different, known affinities for the analyte. In order to explore this concept we have designed a set of peptides, derived from the sequence of the tobacco mosaic virus protein and spanning more than three orders of magnitude in affinity towards an antibody fragment. Immobilization of the peptides in an array format was performed by means of piezodispensing onto a selfassembled monolayer of oligo(ethylene glycol)-containing alkane thiols on gold and the response upon introduction of the antibody fragment was evaluated by imaging SPR.


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In cooperation with Thomas Skogh and colleagues at IMK, Faculty of Health Sciences, we are studying IgG-Fc interactions of relevance to rheumatoid arthritis. One of the projects is focused on creating molecular models for detailed under-standing of interactions between IgG complexes and Fcγ receptors on immunologically active cells, Figure 7.

3.5 Supramolecular chemistry PI: Karin Enander, Bo Liedberg. PhDs: Daniel Aili, Irina Nesterenko, Robert Selegård. We are developing new methods to form supra-molecular architecture of synthetic polypeptides. These are based on so-called helixloop-helix polypeptides that can fold into four helix bundles. This particular mechanism is used to prepared supramolecular structures, e.g., stings, rings, junctions of varying size, shape and composition. Figure 9 shows some of the generated structures based on dimerization of a positively and negatively charged polypeptides into molecularly thin (~10 nm) but extremely long (~1-50 μm) fibres.

understanding of structural properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). This work combines experimental and theoretical efforts and a significant portion of that research concerns the use of ab initio quantum chemical methods for studies of oligo(ethylene glycol) SAMs. Ab initio modeling was performed for isolated molecules by using density functional theory (DFT) with non-local gradient corrections and an elaborated basis set. The first DFT-study on the modelling of self-assemblies with account for intermolecular interactions was recently published. The calculations were undertaken on a 3x3 array of molecules, Figure 10.

Figure 11. Application of the “click-chemsitry” for tuning the fluorophore – NP distance in bioassays. Each four helix bundle contributes to an incremental separation of ~2.3.

The group has also collaborated with the National Device Laboratory (NDL), Hsinschu, Taiwan, on the production of periodic nanoparticle arrays for optical and sensing applications, Figure 13.

Figure 10. Periodic 3x3 array of molecules HS-(CH2)3-CONH-(C2H4O)3H that is studied at the ab initio level using DFT methods.

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Figure 7. Structure of a human IgG-Fc dimer (grey and blue) in complex with the soluble part of an Fcγ receptor (green).

A surface model has been designed to mimic a cell opsonised by human IgG antibodies, where oriented IgG-Fc at different densities can be presented to phagocytotic cells, Figure 8. We also aim at designing a fluorescence immunoassay for the IgG variant of rheumatoid factor, autoantibodies specific for the Fc part of IgG molecules that are notoriously difficult to detect by traditional sand-wich ELISA systems. For this purpose, re-combinant glycosylated IgG-Fc molecules are being produced in a Pichia pastoris host. The long term goal is to combine this activity with our efforts on metal enhanced fluorescence using individual nanoparticles as out-lined in Figure 2 or periodic nanoparticle arrays developed jointly with NDL, Taiwan, see section 3.8 below.

Figure 9. (Top) Helix-loop-helix peptide string. (Bottom) TEM image of a peptide string.

An extension of this work is to create stable fibres of controllable length. We are developing a “click chemistry” approach where the positively charged peptide (JR2KC) functionalized with an alkynes derivative and the negatively charged peptide (JR2EC) functionalized with an aside derivative are cross-linked by the formation of a diazole ring in the presence of Cu (I). 3.6 Self assembled monolayers - experiments and theory PIs: Ramunas Valiokas, Alexander Onipko, Lyuba Malysheva, Yurij Klymenko, Bo Liedberg. PhDs: Hung-Hsun Lee, Annica Myrskog, Tomas Rakickas.

Figure 8. Schematic illustration of IgG-presenting planar surfaces for the analysis of cell activation. 1: Biotinylated self-assembled monolayer on gold; 2: Neutravidin; 3: Biotinylated peptide epitope; 4: Monoclonal antibody, the Fc part of which (yellow) interacts with Fcγ receptors presented on phago-cytotic cells.

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The syntheses and assembly of functionalized thiols and disulphides are key activities for the molecular physics group. The research is conducted in close collaboration with the division of chemistry and with scientists from the Institute of Physics, Vilnius. A broad range of samples have been synthesized and characterized with vibrational spectroscopy for future applications in our biooriented research programs. We are also heavily involved in studies aiming at improving the

We are developing strategies to decorate gold nanoparticles for the development of novel supramolecular materials for sensing applications. The idea is to utilize, for instance, helix-loop-helix polypeptides as a glue between NPs. The folding/gluing process is controlled by salinity, pH, divalent ions. A considerable portion of the work has been devoted to studies on folding of immobilized helix-loop-helix peptides, and it is evident from CD measurements that the presence of divalent ions (Zn) has a profound influence of the folding characteristics, and thereby the aggregation behaviour of the nanoparticles. We are also involved in force measurement for improving the understanding of the folding process. The helixloop-helix decorated nanoparticles are also used to develop new colorimetric sensing principles based on nanoparticle aggregation or dissociation. Gold nanoparticles are also used to enhance fluorescence intensities of immobilized fluorophores, MEF. The project aims at developing an improved under-standing of the nanoparticle or coating design rules that lead enhanced fluorescence. Here the developed “click-chemistry” is an important tool for investigating the distance dependence of fluorescence enhancement. Figure 12 explains how the “click-chemistry” can be used to precisely control the fluorophore-NP distance, ~2.3 nm/four helix bundle.

Figure 12. Periodic Au-nanoparticle array on glass for MEF applications. Each spot is ~100 nm.

3.9. Peptide-bilayer interactions and surface-induced conformational changes PI: Thomas Ederth. PhD: Patrik Nygren. Peptides play a central role in many biological processes, for example immune response, vesicle fusion and signal transduction, and the interaction of peptides with biological membranes is of immediate relevance to understanding the association of peripheral proteins to membranes and the development of alternatives to conventional antibiotic drugs. One interesting aspect of antimicrobial peptides is their specificity, the ability to selectively interact with invading cells in a host organism, a property which must be successfully embodied in any synthetic antibiotic peptide. A sticking point is the fact that the structural basis of the antimicrobial action is in general not well understood, presenting a challenge for biomimetic approaches. Previous work has demonstrated the possibility to equip peptides with catalytic function which is activated upon helix formation, and we are now continuing this study on model membranes. We are using peptides which alter their conformation from random-coil to helix upon interaction with negatively charged surfaces to investigate to which extent the lipid composition of a synthetic bilayer membrane can be used to control the degree of helicity in these peptides, with the aim of controlling, for example, the activation of e.g. specific catalytic activity at the membrane. We envision that the introduction of specific functions beyond mere lysis upon attachment to selected membranes would open entirely new possibilities for attachment of markers or performing operations on certain membranes.


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3.8 Nanoparticle for plasmonics and sensing PIs: Thomas Ederth, Karin Enander, Ye Zhou, Volodymyr Sugakov, Bo Liedberg. PhDs: Daniel Aili, Feng-I Tai, Erik Martinsson..

AMBIO is an integrated project under the EC 6th Framework programme. The project is at the crossroads between nanosciences and marine biology and is devoted to the development of antifouling coatings that function through their nanoscale physico-chemical properties, without the release of biocides which may damage the environment. Building to a large extent on past experience from the bio-materials field, we have designed a range of oligomeric and polymeric peptide and saccharide building blocks for the production of micro- and nanostructured coatings, which are used to investigate settlement cues and adhesion processes of marine fouling organisms such as algae, bacteria, mussles and barnacles. Figure 13 shows how a cationic peptide self-assembled monolayer (SAM) disrupts the normal settlement behaviour of algal spores, and the time evolution of the settlement.

diagnostics. Our contribution to the project is the fabrication of patterned array surfaces where receptors for known biomarkers can be individually distributed and which allow for low non-specific binding. Patterning is accomplished either by micro contact printing of reversible, hydrophobic barriers or by means of polymer grafting of differently functionalized polyethylene glycol hydrogels. In particular, we have developed a hydrogel grafting procedure on Ta2O5coated waveguide chips. Within CAREMAN we are also developing concepts for fluorescence signal enhancement, by investigating the dependence of fluorescence signals on the distance between the fluorophores and noble metal nanostructures. The distance is varied by spin-coating a well-defined layer of plastic film on top of immobilized gold and silver nanoparticles.

I. Nanoscale order of functional tethered lipid vesicles and biosensing

COLLABORATIONS. The division is actively taking part in several international collaborations. Self-assembly: David Allara, Penn State; Michael Grunze, Heidelberg. Wetting: Avi Marmur, Technion, Nanoparticles and nanostructures: Wei Xin Ni and Yaw-Kuen Li, Taiwan, Chad Mirkin, Northwestern, Michael Grunze, Heidelberg, Biochips: Jacob Piehler and Robert Tampe, Frankfurt, Brian MacCraith, Dublin, Günther Gauglitz, Tübingen. Plasmonics: Fredrik Höök, Lund, Brian MacCraith, Dublin. Biomimetics: Fredrik Höök, Lund, Owe Orwar and Bengt Kasemo, Chalmers and many more. Molecular design: Daniele Altschuh, Strasbourg, Lars Baltzer, Uppsala. Biomedicine: Thomas Skogh and Jonas Wetterö, Reumatoid diseases, LiU, Johnny Ludvigsson and Gunilla Westermark, Diabetes, LiU. Biofouling: Jim and Maureen Callow, Birmingham, Tony Clare, Newcastle, Peter Wilhemsen, TNO, The Netherlands, Carsten Werner, Dresden.

Sub-project I concerns the development of functional architectures based on tethered vesicles, Figure 1. This project is performed in collaboration with Fredrik Höök, Lund, and our part involves decoration of the vesicles with specific receptors and biospecific studies of their interaction with ligands using optical transducer principles.

The division interacts with numerous companies within several of the thematic areas outlined above including Ge health Care - Biacore AB, Uppsala, AstraZeneca, Södertälje, Accelerator, Stockholm, Biosensor Application Sweden AB, Sundbyberg, Attana AB, Stockholm, RGB Technologies AB, Linköping, Modpro AB, Uppsala, Åmic AB, Uppsala. Bo Liedberg is currently working part time at Åmic AB, an activity that is supported by the Strategic Foundation (SSF).

II. Luminescent conjugated polyelectrolytes for biodetection III. Molecular design, plasmonics and new nanoparticle sensing schemes IV. Chemoattractants for studies of mediated cell-signalling in human neutrophils V. Industrial project on cardiac biochip development and characterization

Applied Physics

INTERACTION WITH INDUSTRY AND SOCIETY.

Biomimetic Materials Science "Biomics", 2006-2008

PIs: Bo Liedberg, Olle Inganäs, Peter Konradsson, K.-E. Magnusson, Ingemar Lundström, Jonas Wetterö, Karin Enander. Post docs: Ye Zhou. PhDs: Patrik Nygren, Daniel Kanmert, Feng-i Tai, Timmy Fyrner.

Figure 13. (Top) Normal (A) and abnormal (B) settlement of spores of the alga Ulva on arginine-rich cationic SAMs (bar = 5 µm). (Bottom) Time evolution of the settlement. The abnormal settlement is a previously unknown behaviour of algal spores.

3.11 HealthCARE by Biosensor Measurements and Networking” (CAREMAN). PI: Karin Enander, Bo Liedberg. Post docs: Ye Zhou, PhD: Patrik Nygren, Erik Martinsson. Technical staff: Chun-Xia Du, Nils Odelstam. The objective of the EC integrated project “HealthCARE by Biosensor Measurements And Networking” (CAREMAN) is to develop a validated, intelligent and fully automated device for point-of-care

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BIOMICS involves three universities: Chalmers University of Technology, Lund University and Linköping University and was awarded a three year extension in December 2005. The program combines recent developments within traditional materials science with molecular design and self-assembly for the development of new materials and processes. We are particularly interested in finding ways to integrate biological building units with man-made polymeric and inorganic, nanoscale, materials for the development of completely new classes of functional architectures/devices. BIOMICS focused initially on three research areas: Artificial cells, Supramolecular Materials and Functional Materials. Efforts are today concentrated on two of the above areas Artificial Cells and Supramolecular Materials, and a few LiU projects are listed below.

Figure 1. Tethered lipid vesicles to a lipid bilayer on glass using cholesterol containing DNA bar codes (Benkoski & Höök, JPCB 19, 9773 (2005)).

A part of this subproject is also devoted to synthesis lipids with complex saccharides or peptide tail groups for insertion into lipid bilayers or vesicles, see Figure 1. Sub-project II deals with the development of novel technologies for biodetection. Conjugated polyelectrolytes that change luminescent properties upon interaction with biomolecules are used as reporters. This project relies to a large extent on soft lithographic patterning and micro/nano techniques for biochip development. Sub-project III focuses on the used of nanoparticles for the development of new sensing schemes. We are particularly interested in the optical properties of noble nanoparticles “plasmonics” and how the properties can be used in modern sensing. This project relies also on advanced molecular design of biorecognition molecules for immobilization. This work is undertaken in collaboration with Fredrik Höök, Lund. Sub-project IV is devoted to studies of how immobilized chemoattractant peptides of the fMLP family interact with adhered cells. The cell response has been studied with fluorescence ration monitoring and imaging on a range of different fMLP peptide self-assembled monolayers prepared on semi-transparent gold thin films. The project is undertaken with scientists at the medical faculty, Linköping University. Sub-project V is conducted in close collaboration with Åmic AB,

Uppsala. This project is supported by the materials programme committee of SSF and the aim is to strengthen the interactions academia and Swedish materials science and (bio)nanotech industry. Bo Liedberg has spent about one month at Åmic during 2007 to initiate projects of common interest to both partners. A grant was obtained late 2007 for one additional year. Åmic is also supporting a part time PhD student at Linköping University. Nanosense – Nanosensing for Medical Diagnostics, Imaging and Drun Screening

PIs: Bo Liedberg, Ingemar Lundström, Kajsa Uvdal, Per-Olof Käll, Lars Baltzer, Maria Engström, Samuel Svensson, Thomas Ederth, Karin Enander, Daniel Filippini. NANOSENSE started 2006 and is a five year research program funded by SSF. The purpose of the NanoSense project is to combine advantageous optical properties of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles with sophisticated molecular design for the development of efficient sensing platforms for use in the evergrowing fields of medical diagnostics, medical imaging, and drug screening. Noble nanoparticles with well-defined shape, composition and size are prepared with wet chemical and lithographic techniques. The unusual and tuneable properties of the above sets of nanoparticles, which arise from their ability to support local surface plasmons, will be used to enhance adsorption- and aggregation-induced shifts in the optical extinction or fluorescence quantum yields. Supramolecular, selfassembly and peptidomimetic approaches are employed to optimize the presentation of the recognition molecules and quantum yield of the fluorophores on the nanoparticle surface. Gadolinium nanoparticles for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging are also be decorated with unique recognition entities for target-selective guidance. The developed contrast agents are evaluated in house as well as at the Karolinska Institute. Finally, the strategic relevance of the NanoSense project will be manifested through extensive collaborations with AstraZeneca, Huddinge (drug screening and contrast agents), Åmic AB, Uppsala (point of care diagnostics), ModPro AB (start-up working with biorecognition and binders) and RGB Technologies AB, Linköping (start up in the diagnostic sector). These companies will offer efficient evaluation platforms for use in NanoSense. The intimate collaborations with companies offer also unique opportunities for the young researcher of NanoSense to develop their future careers in industry. The research will be divided into four main areas: • Noble nanoparticle production and optical sensing schemes • Magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic resonance imaging • Biomolecular design for target-selective guidance and metal enhanced spectroscopy • Evaluation of the developed assays with new detecion schemes and X-partners.


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Applied Physics

3.10 Nanostructured surfaces for biofouling applications PI: Thomas Ederth, Bo Liedberg. Post docs: Ye Zhou, Chun-Xia Du, Mattias Östblom. PhDs: Patrik Nygren, Tobias Ekblad.

Biology Chairman: Professor Per Jensen Biology covers all aspects of life science, from subcellular molecular processes, via organisms to whole ecosystems. Basic scientific challenges in the area concern the way in which genetic instructions influence the development of organisms which interact and constitute a complex biological system. This is knowledge which is strongly requested from society. It influences a wide range of societal issues from the use of gene technology for altering and affecting the function of various organisms, to questions of animal welfare in modern farming and the management of species and echosystems for biological conservation purposes. The scientific branch Biology has about 50 persons employed in total, of which about 20 are PhD-students. To organize and lead the activities, the branch has a steering committee, which includes all professors and other main PhD-supervisors. This group meets every month and is responsible for matters concerning budget, research, PhD-education and organization.

Biology

The scientific branch of biology is organised in three different divisions, headed by the following persons: • Ecology (professor Per Milberg) • Molecular genetics (ass professor Johan Edqvist) • Zoology (ass professor Jordi Altimiras). Within ecology, emphasis is on community and population ecology, including conservation biology. Wetland ecology is also studied in a number of international cooperative projects. Another important research area is vegetation ecology. Here, methodology and temporal trends have been studied in areas such as phenotypic plasticity and seed dormancy. A research program on molecular aspects of development of the neurosystem in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, headed by professor Stefan Thor, has been the main focus of the division of molecular biology, but during 2007, this group moved to the medical faculty. Two newly recruited groups, headed by ass professors Johan Edqvist and Cornelia Spetea-Wiklund, have since then changed the focu of the division towards plant molecular biology. In zoology, research is mainly focused on developmental aspects of cardiovascular control systems, on domestication effects on behaviour in chickens, and on comparative olfaction research. The staff is also heavily involved in undergraduate teaching in all subjects covering the biological education programs. The scientific branch has had a excellent success rate in external funding over the last couple of years, and important grants were also obtained 2007. For example, researchers within the branch received major grants from both Vetenskapsrådet and Formas, and a number of other bodies as well. Professor Per Jensen was awarded one of the strategic awards from LiU, comprising a guaranteed 2 million SEK per year in faculty support. New research facilities have been taken into use. The new research chicken house (“Wood-Gush”) was taken into full use, strengthening the cooperation between the biology branch and Vre-

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Studies of chicken behaviour and physiology are parts of both the research and the teaching in biology.

Division of Ecology Head of division: Professor Per Milberg 1. Staff:

• Professors: Jan Landin (emeritus) Per Milberg • Associate professors: Karin Sunblad Tonderski Anders Hargeby • Assistant professors: Karl-Olof Bergman Per-Arne Björklid (emeritus) Anders Götberg Dan Wahlström • Junior lecturer: Kjell Carlsson • Visiting scientists: Michael Palmer Suzanne McAlister

• PhD-students: Johan Bergstedt Hristina Bojcevska Lars Eldefors Nicklas Jansson Laila Karlsson Håkan Lättman

Division of Molecular Genetics

• Administrative staff: Susanne Andersson (Administrator) Kerstin Johansson (Administrator) Ingevald Abrahamsson (Engineer)

• Associate Professors: Johan Edqvist Cornelia Spetea Wiklund

Our emphasis is on community and population ecology, including conservation biology. Wetland ecology is studied in a number of international cooperative projects (third-world countries) as well as in Swedish wetlands, aiming at a better understanding of how to manage wetlands from an environmental conservation and biodiversity perspective. Other research projects are concerned with biodiversity in wetlands in agricultural and urban landscapes, and with ecological aspects on landscape structures. The importance of landscape structures is also dealt with in terrestrial environments, for example, their effect on invertebrates (butterflies, bumblebees, beetles) and lichens. There are a number of research projects within theoretical ecology, aiming at understanding aspects of biodiversity and stability in ecosystems, and to use this to analyse and predicts biological consequences of changes in landscape structure. There are several projects within plant ecology. Some deals with vegetation ecology (mainly grasslands and forests) focusing on methodological problems regarding detection of temporal trends in vegetation data. Another important area concerns seed biology, where the dormancy mechanisms of annual weeds are studied. One project involves the population genetic structure in a rare lichen.

2. Research and PhD-training.

Head of division: Assoc. prof. Johan Edqvist 1. Staff

• Professor: Stefan Thor

• Post.doc: Lorena Ruiz Pavón • PhD students: Magnus Baumgardt Daniel Karlsson Björn Lundin 2. Research and PhD training. In the Molecular Genetics division, research is focused on plant molecular genetics. The research performed by the two groups headed by Johan Edqvist, and Cornelia Spetea Wiklund are focused on understanding lipid transport proteins, and photosynthetic regulation, respectively, using the Arabidopsis thaliana model system (Fig. 1).

During 2007, there was one doctoral thesis defence (Laila Karlsson). There were two long-term international visitors: professor Mike Palmer (on sabatical leave from Oklahoma State University) and PhD Suzanne McAlister.

3. Highlights.

Our projects involve cooperation with a large number of universities and research institutes around the world, for example, University of Lund, SLU (Uppsala & Umeå), University of Bergen (Norway), Oklahoma State University (USA), University of Madrid, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering (Vietman), University of Leeds (UK), Alemaya University (Ethiopia). These projects concern practical and theoretical research in ecology. 4. Cooperation.

5. Tredje uppgiften. In commemoration of the birth of Linnaeus 300 years to, the division initiated a day with seven popular talks, spanning biology, medicine, geography, history and literature. Numerous groups from schools visiting IFM were hosted by one of our staff member.

Fig. 1. Arabidopsis thaliana.

The group of Cornelia Spetea Wiklund (Photosynthesis Group) uses a functional genomics approach in Arabidopsis to identify and functionally characterize proteins from the chloroplast photosynthetic (thylakoid) membrane. These membranes can undergo compositional and structural changes to provide functional flexibility in response to light fluctuations. Below are briefly described two main on-going projects: • ATP transport and GTP signaling across the thylakoid membrane. Recent results point to occurrence of an active nucleotide metabolism in the chloroplast thylakoid lumen, which is linked to a transthylakoid transport of ATP (Fig. 2). The main goal is to increase our knowledge about ATP transport and GTP signaling from the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane during PSII turnover. We perform structural and functional studies of the PsbO subunit of PSII complex as a GTPase and of the thylakoid ATP/ADP carrier.


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Biology

Scientific Branch of

tagymnasiet, a regional high school. The scientific branch Biology was instrumental in planning and organizing a popular science day, with parallel sessions containing lectures in biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics. The theme was “Science without borders” and was a part of the nationwide celebration of the birth of Linnéus. The lectures attracted in total about 600 attendants, mostly school teachers and high school students. During 2007, ass professor Cornelia Spetea-Wiklund was recruited together with her research group. The biology branch has a wide-ranging collaboration with groups and labs in different places of Sweden and abroad. For example, cooperation in both teaching and research is maintained with groups in Kenya, The Netherlands and Great Britain. Furthermore, the cooperation with Kolmården Zoo has continued and produces both research results and teaching collaboration.

• Solute transporters in the thylakoid membrane. As compared to transporters in other plant membrane systems, the field of thylakoid transporters is largely unexplored. Our in silico analyses have indicated the existence of approx. fifteen solute transporters in the Arabidopsis thylakoid membrane. Main goal of this project is to study the location, function and physiological role in thylakoid biogenesis and turnover of three types of solute transporters from Arabidopsis: (i) the ATP/ADP carrier, (ii) two phosphate transporters, and (iii) one K+-channel using the strategy illustrated in Fig. 3.

The Photosynthesis group has identified and characterized the first chloroplast member of ATP/ADP carrier family in the Arabidopsis thylakoid membrane, and proposed to be involved in the biogenesis and turnover of photosynthetic complexes. Important progress has been made in elucidating the role of GTP binding to the PsbO subunit of PSII complex, as well as in understanding the functional differences between the two PsbO isoforms in Arabidopsis. These results have been published in 3 original research articles (J. Biol. Chem., Plant J. and Biochim Biophys Acta). The LTP group has identified and characterized the first plant GLTP. Significant progress has been made in finding the biological function for plant SCP-2.

• Research grants to Cornelia Spetea Wiklund (as principle investigator) from VR and FORMAS • Senior research position from VR to Cornelia Spetea Wiklund.

Division of Zoology Head of division: Assoc. prof. Jordi Altimiras STAFF.

• Professors: Mats Amundin (adjunct professor) Per Jensen Sverre Sjölander Matthias Laska • Associate professor: Jordi Altimiras

3. Highlights.

• Assistant professors: Lars Höglund Thomas Östholm • Junior lecturer: Eva Mattson • Guest lecturer: Christer Blomqvist • Post doc: Richard Kirkden

4. Cooperation.

Biology

Fig. 3. Strategy in functional characterization of putative thylakoid solute transporters.

The research in the group headed by Johan Edqvist (Lipid Transfer Protein (LTP) group), is focused on function, structure and evolution of three classes of lipid transporting proteins, the non-specific lipid transfer protein (ns-LTP), sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) and glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP). The LTP-group is engaged in a systematic classification of evolutionary relationships and gene expression patterns among the members of the large plant specific ns-LTP gene family in order to identify the function of the enigmatic, extracellular ns-LTPs. SCP-2 is an intracellular, small, basic protein domain that in vitro enhances the transfer of lipids between membranes. It is expressed in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. The LTP-group has recently published the first evidence hat plants express SCP-2. A functional analysis suggests a role for SCP-2 in fatty acid degradation. GLTP is a ubiquitous, basic (pI 9), soluble protein of 23-24 kDa that enhances the in vitro transfer of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) between membranes. GLTPs are specific for GSLs with sugar residues attached via β-linkages to the lipid hydrocarbon backbone, such as glucosylceramide and galactosylceramide. We have started the characterization of A. thaliana AtGLTP1, which is the first identi-

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2007

es. The main areas of research is feeding and learning in relation to adaptation capacity, and social behaviour in the same perspective, using the fowl as a model species. Here, the behaviour of the red junglefowl (ancestor of all domestic chickens) and a selected White Leghorn strain is compared. Using molecular genetics technology, genomic regions of importance for the behavioural differences are identified, and candidate genes are selected. By utilising genetic crossing strategies, specific genetic strains can be created for further studies of the gene effects.

Individual external collaborations: • Cornelia Spetea Wiklund – Bengt L. Persson (Kalmar University), Benoit Schoefs (Université de Bourgogne, Dijon), Eva-Mari Aro (Turku University), Iwona Adamska (Konstanz University), David Kramer (Washington State University), and Eric Beers (Virginia Tech). • Johan Edqvist- Tiina Salminen (Åbo Akademi University), Peter Mattjus (Åbo Akademi University), Tuomo Glumoff (Oulu University) Bing Song Zheng (Zhejiang Forestry University) Matti Leino (Swedish Museum of Cultural History). Collaborations within LIU: • Cornelia Spetea Wiklund - Alexander Vener and Fredrik Elinder (IKE Cellbiology), Bengt Persson (IFM Bioinformatics). • Johan Edqvist- Maria Sunnerhagen (IFM Molecular Biotechnology) The Photosynthesis group has participated with three posters and one invited talk at the 14th International Photosynthesis Congress (Glasgow, U.K.) and one poster at the VII European Symposium of the Protein Society, Stockholm.

5. External activities.

6. Special events.

• Cornelia Spetea Wiklund was recruited in molecular genetics, and moved together with her research group from Health University.

• PhD-students: Annelie Andersson Jennie Håkansson Anna-Carin Karlsson Christina Lindqvist Isa Lindgren Daniel Nätt Anna Wirén • Administrative staff: Kerstin Johansson (Administrator) Ingevald Abrahamsson (Engineer) The research activities of the division involve the study of fundamental and applied aspects of animal biology, animal physiology and animal behaviour with special emphasis on birds and mammals. The division includes four research groups: the Applied Ethology Group (ApE) led by professor Per Jensen, the Sensory and Behavioral Physiology Group led by professor Matthias Laska, the Animal Biology Group led by adjunct professor Mats Amundin and the Cardiovascular Development Lab (CADE) led by associate professor Jordi Altimiras. Research in ethology studies the genetic basis of behavioural changes due to domestication. Particular interest is paid to side-effects on behaviour and welfare of increased selection for production, and to conservation aspects of captivity-induced behavioural chang-

RESEARCH AND PHD TRAINING.

Junglefowl chicks hatched in our facility are used for behavioural and physiological studies

Research in the Sensory and Behavioral Physiology Group focuses on odor structure-activity relationships, that is, on determining the properties of stimulus molecules that are critical for the interaction with an olfactory receptor and thus for the odor quality they evoke. A second research topic concerns correlations between chemosensory performance and ecological niches. With both topics, a comparative approach including human subjects and a variety of mammalian animal models is employed. Research in the Animal Biology Group focuses on the study of communication in marine mammals. At Kolmårdens Djurpark, adjunct professor Mats Amundin is exploring a new dolphin-human interface, called ELVIS (Echolocation Visualization and Interface System) in cooperation with the Electrical Measurement department at Lund University. ELVIS uses a hydrophone matrix to measure the pressure variations in the sonar beam click sounds of dolphins so it can be configured as an acoustically operated “touch screen”. When the dolphin aims its sonar beam at a symbol and increases the sonar sound pressure above a set level, a reward signal is played and the dolphin receives the fish chosen. A second area of work involves the census of harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea using Porpoise Click Loggers (PCL). A preliminary census was carried out between July 2006 and September 2007 in Southern Swedish waters in cooperation with the Swedish Board of Fisheries. Research in the Cardiovascular Development Lab is concerned with studying the genetic and physiological mechanisms of cardiac growth and adrenergic regulation in a fast-growing chicken strain prone to develop cardiac failure and hypertension. Because these processes are altered by prenatal stress, the ultimate goal of the studies is to manipulate the cardiovascular phenotype and potentially alleviate or delay the onset of dysfunction.


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Biology

Fig. 2. Working model of nucleotide transport and metabolism in the thylakoid membrane.

fied plant GLTP. Johan Edqvist is also involved in a research project concerning the genetics of land race crops, seed bank propagation and agricultural history, working with a 19th century seed collection belonging to the Swedish Museum of Cultural History. The group headed by Stefan Thor, are focused on studying the embryonic development of the nervous system, using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system. Neurons differ from each other in many ways, including in the morphology of their axons and dendrites and in the type of neurotransmitters they express. These and other properties will together govern each neuron’s unique role within the nervous system. We are addressing how a specific class of Drosophila neurons, the apterous neurons (ap-neurons), is generated and specified during embryonic development. Although the ap-neurons constitute a small subset of neurons, these neurons have diverse morphologies, as well as diverse neuropeptide (FMRFa) and transmitter-receptor (Dop-R) expression. Ongoing studies in the lab are addressing how ap-neurons are generated and how these highly specific combinatorial codes themselves are activated.

Matthias Laska was able to demonstrate that the olfactory sensitivity of some nonhuman primate species to putrefaction-associated odorants is at least as high as that of species such as mice and rats suggesting that the behavioral relevance of odorants rather than the relative size of olfactory brain structures determines a species´ olfactory sensitivity (Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 4169). Finally, Mats Amundin and colleagues from the University of Hawaii and the Russian Academy of Sciences reported in the Journal of experimental Biology (210:1116) the first ever investigation of polar bear hearing. Recordings of auditory evoked potential via small needle electrodes in the skin of the head showed a maximal sensitivity between 11.2 and 22.5 kHz. Technical limitations prevented measurements at higher frequencies, so the upper hearing limit is yet to be found.

PhD student Isa Lindgren spent 3 months studying the vascular pharmacology of femoral and chorioallantoic arteries from chickens incubated under chronic prenatal stress. EXTERNAL ACTIVITIES. Members of the division have been heavily involved in external lecturing and committee advicing. The group has been visible several times on national TV, radio and in several newspaper articles on various subjects relating to the research conducted.

Carolina Svärd studied diving metabolic rates of endangered Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus in Vancouver, Canada under the supervision of Dr.Andreas Fahlman COOPERATION. The Applied Ethology Group is involved in a large cooperative project with researchers from Uppsala University, SLU, KTH and Karolinska institutet, aiming at studying different aspects of the functional genomics of fowl. In total about 15 PhD-students, 5 postdocs and 6 principal investigators are involved. This is conducted within the framework of the so called Center for Functional Genetics, where Per Jensen is vice chairman.

Prof.Mats Amundin and Joanna Stenback deploy Porpoise Click Loggers in the Baltic Sea to estimate the population of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena

The extensive research on chicken physiology and behaviour is largely possible because of the excellent facilities for research in domestic chickens inaugurated in 2006 (the chicken hatchery “Kruijt” on campus and the chicken house “Wood-Gush” at Vretagymnasiet). Research funding for the division increased substantially in 2007 with support from VR and FORMAS, Carl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning and Crafoordska Stiftelsen to different research groups for new and continuing research projects. In November, Per Jensen organized a new avenue of the BRAIN seminars with the topic of Conservation Biology in focus. November was also the time chosen by Jennie Håkansson to present her PhD thesis entitled “Behavioural aspects of conservation breeding: Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) as a case study“. Elsbeth McPhee, from Cornell University acted as opponent to the dissertation. A few of the articles published by the Division in 2007 deserve to be mentioned. A scientific article from the ApE group published in PLoS ONE (PLoS ONE 10.1371/journal.pone.0000364) attracted a lot of media attention. In collaboration with researchers from SLU and KTH, Christina Lindqvist, Daniel Nätt and Per Jensen showed that chickens raised under chronic stress developed impaired learning abilities, which was associated with altered gene expression patterns in the brain. In the offspring of the stressed domestic chickens, a similar behaviour and gene expression difference was seen , showing that the acquired stress response in some sense was inherited. The authors speculate that the effect could be important when populations adapt rapidly to stressful life conditions. Albin Gräns and Jordi Altimiras demonstrated that chicken embryos respond to egg cooling with increased body movements but not increased vocalizations (Physiology & Behaviour, 91:229). They speculate that such information could be used by the incubating hen to increase heat supply to the eggs. In collaboration with colleagues from Mexico,

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The first study of auditory sensitivity in polar bears was carried out in Kolmården Animal Park by Prof.Mats Amundin and colleagues from the USA and Russia

The Division also hosted a few external master projects from the International Master Program in Applied Biology. To name a few, Caroline Svärd studied the diving physiology of Steller sea lions at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada under the supervision of Dr.Andreas Fahlman. Paolo Di Giminiani studied the behaviour and welfare of laboratory mice at the University of Porto in Portugal under the supervision of Dr.Anna Olsson. Sofie Sernekvist studied behaviour and human attachment of dogs at Eötvös University in Hungary, under the supervision of Dr. Ádám Miklósi and Dr. Márta Gácsi.

A spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi overlooks the team members of the chemosensory performance stuy in 2007. From left to right: Oskar Persson, Prof.Matthias Laska, Josefin Suorra, BSc Rosa M.Rivas Bautista and Dra.Laura T.Hernandez Salazar

The Sensory and Behavioral Physiology Group has a long-standing collaboration with the Instituto de Neuro-Etologia of the Universidad Veracruzana in Xalapa, Mexico. Josefin Suorra and Oskar Persson, two students enrolled in the Master´s program “Applied Ethology” performed the experimental part of their thesis work in Mexico and collected data on chemosensory performance of spider monkeys. Mats Amundin is collaborating with Sea World San Diego, the USNavy, Lund Tekniska Högskola, the Swedish Board of Fisheries, Aarhus university, Loughborough university, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, and the Finish Ministry of Environment. The CADE Lab is actively collaborating with Dr.Eduardo Villamor from the Neonatology Unit at Maastricht University Hospital where

Biology

Biology

HIGHLIGHTS.


2007

45

Chemistry • Steering committee: Prof. B-H Nalle Jonsson (chairman), Doc. Stefan Svensson, Prof. Uno Carlsson, Prof. Peter Konradsson, Prof. Ingemar Kvarnström, Andreas Åslund (PhD student). The e-mail adress of the head of the branch is: [email protected] • Research Divisions of Chemistry: Biochemistry Molecular Biotechnology Organic Chemistry Physical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Organic Analytical Chemistry Summary of activities: The research branch of Chemistry, cover all

traditional areas of chemistry. The major research programs Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Organic Chemistry all have a strong focus on Molecular Life Science and Chemical Biology. Research activities in Analytical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry are led by senior staff, often in co-operation with other researchers in the department and with other research programs at the University. 25 PhD students have been enrolled and two PhD Dissertations were defended at the department during 2007. The research in the different research divisions are presented in the following sections.

1. Staff.

• Professor: Uno Carlsson. • Administrator: Susanne Andersson. • Associate professors: Per Hammarström , Lars-Göran Mårtensson and Magdalena Svensson. • PhDstudents: Karin Almstedt, Ina Berg, Karin Carlsson, Satish Babu Moparthi, Sofie Nyström, Daniel Sjölander, Karin Sörgjerd, Patricia Wennerstrand. 2. Activities. The general objective of our research in biochemistry is to understand different important aspects of the protein folding process. This also includes misfolding and related diseases as well as conformational changes associated to protein-protein interactions and protein adsorption to solid surfaces. A major goal of protein engineering is the design of stabilized protein variants for use in many applications. In this project we use several strategies based on experience from our folding studies to stabilize the structure of our model protein carbonic anhydrase. Engineered proteins with varying stability and different surface structure are also employed to study the interaction with solid surfaces,

46


A publication in Nature Methods by Per Hammarström , Peter Nilsson and others show that luminescent conjugated polymers can be used for efficient detection of structural differences among discrete protein aggregates and to link protein conformational features with disease phenotypes. (see figure below) Nature Methods - 4, 1023 - 1030 (2007) “Prion strain discrimination using luminescent conjugated polymers”

3. Highlights.

Biochemistry

2007

Molecular Biotechnology 1. Staff.

• • • •

Professor: Bengt-Harald ”Nalle” Jonsson Administrator: Susanne Andersson Associate Professor: Maria Sunnerhagen,. PhDstudents: Cecilia Andrésen, Janosch Hennig, Gunnar Höst, Angelica Jarl, Johan Viljanen, Laila Villebeck, Anne Katrine Museth.

2. Activities. The research in Jonssons group is focussed on detailed molecular characterizations of structure and dynamics in protein interactions. In separate projects we study: a) enzyme design, b) chaperone function c) the protein misfolding disease ALS and d) peptide design for functionalization of nanoparticles. A hotly debated question is if a class of chaperones called the chaperonins actively unfold proteins by a mechanism that we may call ”protein massage” or if they merely act as passive isolation chambers. Therefore we investigate molecular details in the interaction between the eukaryotic chaperonin CCT and its natural substrate actin. Although all cells contain chaperones and other proteins to prevent misfolding some protein may escape these guardians and precipitate in the cell as amyloid fibers and cause diseases such as Alzheimers and ALS. The neurodegenarative disease ALS is strongly coupled to misfolding and aggregation of the protein superoxide dismutase To find the molecular basis for ALS we perform a detailed characterization of the structural and dynamical effects of a large set of different ALS-associated mutations in the gene for CuZnSOD. Therefore, we now use hydrogen/deuterium-exchange experiments, that are analysed by NMR Recently a detailed map of the conformational dynamics in CuZnSOD and an ALS-mutant have been produced. There is an increasing need for catalysts with high specificity in the modern biotech industry and for that reason we have developed novel catalytic activities in an enzymes by rational design based on computational docking of transition state analogues. Knowledge about structure and dynamics of surface-adsorbed proteins is important in the development of devices that interact with biological systems. We investigate details of the conformational rearrangements that occur upon protein/peptide adsorption to solid surfaces. The use of nanoparticles with 5-15 nm diameters allows us to use standard spectroscopic methods for measurements on interactions with solid surfaces. We have also developed a broadly applicable method for functionalization of peptides on surfaces of nanoparticles . Recently we have unraveled fundamental principles that govern the formation of helical structure on silica nanoparticles. The research in Sunnerhagens group focuses on the study of how nature bends structure for function, to aid the search for new lines of molecular therapies. To this end a range of biophysical techniques at different resolution and sensitivities are employed. These include NMR, primarily for structure determinations, as well as circular dichroism (CD), MALDI, surface plasmon resonance (Biacore), fluorescence and ultracentrifugation. Molecular biology techniques are used both for functional analysis and for producing proteins (labelled/unlabelled) and protein constructs of our own choice and design. Bacterial and immunological responses in infectious disease.

The human Ro52 protein is an autoimmune target in Sjögren’s disease, and involved in the production of fetal antibodies in pregnant mothers. We have characterised the interaction of the disease-related antibodies and are currently characterizing the subdomains of Ro52 and their interactions on a molecular level. MexR is a DNA_binding protein that regulates the expression of the Pseudomonas Aeruginosa efflux pump, and a target for antibiotic resistance mutations leading to multi-drug resistance. We have shown that the molecular basis for resistance is a combination of folding defects and local increase in dynamics. Structural biology in cancer development and protection. The oldest characterized oncogene, c-Myc, houses a series of fatal hotspot mutation sites leading to increased tumor development. We have characterized the structural properties of the transactivation domain which, surprisingly, adopts a molten globule structure, perhaps a prerequisite for its high-affinity binding to a range of biologically important target proteins. Recent results in Sunnerhagens group on the TRIM21/Ro52 protein (which is coupled to Sjögrens syndrome) has led to a proposed structural model (see below) of the RING-RBL linker region based on modeling and docking experiments. Sequence similarities and evolutionary sequence patterns suggest that the results obtained from Ro52 are extendable to the entire TRIM protein family. Hennig J et al , J Mol Biol , in press.

3. Highlights.

PhD dissertations.

• Gunnar Höst: “Engineering Carbonic Anhydrase for highly selective ester hydrolysis” • Laila Villebeck: “Structural Rearrangements of Actins Interacting with the Chaperonin Systems TRiC/Prefoldin and GroEL/ ES”


2007

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Chemistry

Chemistry


a phenomenon that is very important in many biotechnological applications. Folding in vivo is for many proteins assisted by several protein factors such as molecular chaperones. Although these proteins can fold spontaneously the chaperones suppress aggregation during folding and increase the yield. In our research we aim to gain insights into the mechanism of chaperone function that is essential for the understanding of the folding mechanism and prevention of misfolding. The protein folding and misfolding diseases represent a large collection of diseases. This group includes for example the prion diseases Creutzfeldt-Jakob’s disease and mad cow disease; the amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and familial amyloidotic polyneuoropathy (Skellefteåsjukan). All these diseases are connected to a specific protein that misfolds and often forms aggregates. We are working with proteins involved in all of the mentioned folding diseases. Our objectives are also to inhibit the formation of the toxic species of amyloid and prion diseases by using different strategies including small-molecule binding and interactions with molecular chaperones. The enzyme Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is a polymorphic enzyme and a key enzyme in treatment of childhood Leukemia and inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease. TPMT is one of the few classical examples of pharmacogenetics where the dosages of medical drugs are directly dependent on the polymorphism of the enzyme. TPMT is now cloned in E.coli and the effects of the mutations on the structure and function are investigated. Protein-protein interactions are intrinsic to virtually every cellular process. We are studying the interaction of the cellular receptor tissue factor (TF) with the coagulation factors VII (FVII) and X (FX) that is the key step in the initiation of blood clotting and thrombus formation. The information output from this project will directly be used in drug design of therapeutic agents that can intervene in the association process of FVII and FX to TF.

Physical Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry

1. Staff.

1. Staff.

1. Staff.

• • • • •

• Associate Professors: Lars Ojamäe. • Post Docs: Dr Barbara Brena, Dr. Maria Lundqvist. • PhD students: Annika Lenz.

• • • •

Professors: Peter Konradsson, Ingemar Kvarnström. Administrator: Susanne Andersson. Associate professor: Stefan Svensson. Senior researcher: Åsa Rosenquist. PhDstudents: Alma Bajramovic, , Lan Bui, Marcus Bäck, Timmy Fyrner, Veronica Sandgren, Andreas Åslund.

Organic chemistry is divided in two different subject areas, which are presented separately. 2. Activities.

a) Design and Synthesis of Nano Materials by Molecular-LEGO: Generally, the research can be described as development of approaches to design and synthesize novel nano-sized structures with unique properties and characteristics, by the use of ligands in a broad sense (i.e. ions, molecules, nano crystals, or boron cages) entrapped or coated by various organic cages or handles (e.g. cryptands, cyclodextrin or carboxylates) with careful chosen selectivity.

Figure: The doubly “armed” bio-nano compound with modifying possibilities.

The protozoan parasite Trypansoma cruzi is the causative parasite responsible for Chagas´ disease which is widely spread in South and Latin America. There are approximately 2-3 million people which have reached the chronic phase which in turn leads to 21,000 deaths annually. Today effective drugs are not available without serious side-effects and therefore the development of more effective and tolerated anti-parasite therapies are urgently required. In the epimastigote phase of T. cruzi, glycoinositolphospholipid (GIPL), 1, is the most abundant cell surface glycan expressed (See below).

Figure: A nano-sized dimeric compound with diverse but specific properties.

2. Activities. In the computational chemistry research project we use quantum-chemical computations and molecular-dynamics simulations to explore the chemistry of nanoparticles and solar cells, as well as to address fundamental issues in surface science and atmospheric chemistry. Nanoparticles exhibit many unique properties. We model crystallites of materials such as ZnO, TiO2, Y2O3 and Gd2O3 and quantum dots of GaN, which are of interest in applications ranging from nanomedicine to optoelectronics. In particular we design novel nanocompunds by functionalising the nanoparticles using organic adsorbates. One such example is the dye-sensitised solar cell, where organic molecules are chemisorbed at a nanostructured metal-oxide surface (ZnO, TiO2). Catalytic reactions at metal-oxide surfaces (RuO2) are also studied, where we are developing ab initio MD methods that are useful for elucidating the mechanisms of surfacecatalysed reactions.

Associate Professors: Per-Olov Käll, Mikhail Maliarik. Post doc.: Richard Becker. PhDstudent: Fredrik Söderlind. Visiting researcher: Fatima Monteverde.

Chemistry

Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

2. Activities. The research in inorganic chemistry at IFM is mainly focused on two areas:

(A) colloidal synthesis and characterisation of (i) magnetic metal oxide nanoparticles for MR imaging (e.g. Gd2O3, GdFeO3); (ii) wet synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles (e.g. Au, Ag) for use in plasmon resonance enhanced fluorescence for application in medical imaging and diagnostics; and (iii) electrochemical synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles for gas sensing studies (e.g. O2,NOx, CO). (B) photo-active heteronuclear coordination compounds containing metal-metal bonds. A. The rare earth metal gadolinium is a unique element because it combines a high magnetic moment (due to seven unpaired f electrons) with a very high cross-section for thermal neutrons, implying that Gd(III) containing nanocrystals have potential interest both as contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neutron capture therapy (NCT). We have demonstrated that very small nanocrystals of cubic Gd2O3 and orthorhombic (perovskite) GdFeO3 (3-5 nm) coated with diethylene glycol have considerably higher efficacy as T1 relaxation agents than conventional gadolinium containing chelates such as Gd-DTPA, possibly because of the high density of magnetic active ions located at the surface of the small particles.

The HOMO (left) and LUMO (right) orbitals of a GaN nanoparticle. Figure: Structure of the dominant GIPL species from T. cruzi.

A framework made of an organic molecule (e.g. carbohydrates, steroides, peptides, aromatic compounds, alkenes) is used to connect these various ligand-cage complexes. Linkers, consisting of either -COOH, -NH2 or –SH (common linker functionalities), is introduced to connect monomeric units into di-, tri-, oligo-, or polymeric derivatives. Such a network (molecular-LEGO) with multiplied single or diverse properties should thus be possible to construct. The idea of using molecular-LEGO can be applied in many research areas and technologies where a high degree of knowledge of the threedimensional structure is required. Our research is of a multidisciplinary character with collaborations and applications within the department (IFM), and can be divided into the following topics: 1. Design and synthesis of nanosized hybrid materials with novel functions and properties (See below); 2. Synthesis of functionalized carbohydrates, such as glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol anchors (GPI anchors), glycoglycerolipids, carbohydrate moieties found on anti-freeze proteins, and glycerophospholipids (described in previous activity reports); 3. Design, construction and behavior of artificial cell membranes (described in previous activity reports); 4. Synthesis of functionalized thiophene oligomers with specific properties.

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b) Synthesis of potential protease inhibitors: Proteases are enzymes capable of restructuring peptides and proteins by specific hydrolysis and are therefore powerful mediators for health and disease. There are five different classes of proteases, classified according to the most significant functional group in the active site of the enzyme. Design and synthesis of inhibitors and screening for efficient and selective inhibitors of key proteases have become an attractive and powerful course for new drug development. This is an area of fundamental importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Structure based drug design has been used in the search for potent and selective drug candidates. An important part of this is to find the minimum necessary chemical features for binding to a particular protease. Methods for screening of potential inhibitors are available and it is possible to screen large libraries of single compounds to identify lead compounds. Design and synthesis of inhibitors have been studied against the following proteases: HIV-1 protease, Hepatit C protease, Malaria parasite proteases, Thrombin and Gamma–Secretase (Alzeimers disease). The research projects are done in collaboration with the University of Stockholm, BMC, Uppsala and Medivir AB, Huddinge.

Another research theme concerns hydrogen bonding, where we are elucidating the phase transitions and proton-ordering phenomena involving water clusters, liquid water, ice and clathrate crystals. These investigations are of importance for understanding for example the properties of liquids, environmental processes occurring in the atmosphere, and CO2 emission from the tundra. Figure: ”Butterfly-shaped” gold nanoparticles in solution exhibiting red colour in reflected light and blue in transmitted light

A recently initiated project is aimed at the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag) of various sizes and shapes for surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence for bio imaging applications. A third project is aimed at the synthesis, by electrochemical and other wet methods, of ZnO nanoparticles for gas sensing applications. I turns out that such particles have surprisingly good sensitivity towards, e.g., O2 and NOx in the temperature range 350-500 C, The above projects are pronounced interdisciplinary with collaboration partners both within and outside IFM.

The crystal structure of a methane hydrate clathrat.

B. The photochemistry project is focused on the heteronuclear compounds with metal-metal bonds (see below). We are especially interested in the construction of multi-centered molecules with


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Material Physics The Material Physics Research Area is the largest research unit at IFM. It enrolled in 2007 over 100 employees, including 16 professors, 2 adjunct professors, 12 docents, 11 post doc researchers, ~ 15 post doc visiting scientists and ~ 40 active PhD students. The Area has a steering committee consisting of B Monemar (head), L Hultman (deputy head), U. Helmersson, M Odén, R Uhrberg, and W R Salaneck. The Research Area comprised 6 Research Divisions during 2007: • Materials Science: Head Prof Bo Monemar • Nanostructured Materials: Head Prof Magnus Odén • Plasma and Coatings Physics: Head Prof Ulf Helmersson • Surface Physics and Chemistry: Head Prof William R Salaneck • Surface and Semiconductor Physics: Head Prof Roger Uhrberg

Organic Analytical Chemistry

• Thin Film Physics: Head Prof Lars Hultman

1. Staff.

• Professor: Hans Borén. • Associate Professor: Roger Sävenhed. 2. Activities. Research in Analytical Chemistry is focused on the application of different analytical techniques related to technical, environmental, medical and forensic projects. We participate in projects regarding the regional and large-scale distribution of natural and anthropogenic compounds in the envirnonment. Chemical methods are developed for the analysis of technical products in relation to an artificial nose and an artificial tongue. Sophisticated analytical instruments are empolyed in the different studies e.g. GC-FID, GC-ECD, GC-MS, CE-DAD, HPLC-UV and HPLC- MS.

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The Material Physics Area is also the largest research unit of the Faculty. The work is mostly of experimental nature, and we have ~50 advanced laboratories (mostly in clean room environment) housing equipment of a value ~500 MSEK. The research activities are the leading ones in the country in several subfields, and the output measured e g in terms of citations account for about half of the total for the Faculty. The researchers in the Area had nearly 50 invited presentations at international research conferences in 2007. We are heavily involved in undergraduate teaching at IFM (more than 30 courses). About 10 graduate courses for PhD students at IFM are also given each year. In 2007 we examined 10 diploma works, 5 licentiate theses and 4 PhD theses. The research activities include growth of a variety of material structures with different techniques, mainly PVD-, CVD- and sublimation-based. The materials studied span a broad field, such as metallic thin films, semiconductor materials +(including nanostructures), and organic structures. Advanced characterization techniques include electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, FIB, EELS, CL) and surface studies (ARUPS, STM, AFM, XRR, ERDA), partly at external synchrotron radiation facilities, but also extensively optical, transport and magnetic resonance techniques. Collaboration with foreign laboratories is typical for all research groups; in fact most published papers have foreign coauthors. The activities in each Division are described below under sepa-

rate sections. The research is dominantly of a basic character, but direct collaboration with industry is essential in many projects. Theoretical modeling is a natural part of many projects. Our materials research at IFM is internationally recognized as a strong research environment. This is reflected by several larger Center grants to us for the period 2006-16. The area also has a large number of VR grants, and many new project grants were awarded by VR in 2007. We are engaged in about 15 EC financed projects or networks. A Nordic research center is localized to this area: SIMARC (magnetic resonance research). Five professors (L Hultman, U Helmersson, R Uhrberg, I Buyanova and W M Chen) were each awarded a five year Rector contract with a support of 2 MSEK annually. The funding for salaries and running cost of research projects was ~60 MSEK for the year 2007, of which ~10.5 MSEK was faculty support, i e the research is mainly externally funded by SSF, EC, VR, and industry. The additional external funding for equipment was ~15 MSEK. The research within the Area has generated high tech industries like Norstel AB in Norrköping, producing SiC substrates, Epigress AB in Lund, producing SiC growth systems, and Impact Coatings AB in Linköping, developing PVD-processes and equipment for functional and decorative thin films. Several patent applications were filed in 2007. One new company, PlasmAdvance, was started up. The Linköping Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CENANO has been chaired by Prof L Hultman. Prof L Hultman also serves on the Board of Linköping University. He was elected Fellow of the Forschungszentrum Dresden (FZD) in 2007. Prof W R Salaneck is Vice Rector for International Relations at Linköping University. He was named Honorary Professor at the Nanjing University, China, in 2007. Prof P O Holtz is Director of the Graduate Education (PhD students) at IFM. Prof. L I Johansson is Director of the undergraduate teaching in Physics at the Engineering programs at IFM. He is also Director of the Master Education in Materials Physics at LiTH.

Materials Science Division www.ifm.liu.se/Matephys/ Staff

• Professors: Bo Monemar, Erik Janzén, Leif Johansson, Per Olof Holtz, Weimin Chen, Rositsa Yakimova, Irina Buyanova. • Associate professors (docents): Anelia Kakanakova, Anne Henry, Ivan Ivanov, Mikael Syväjärvi, Nguyen Tien Son, Peder Bergman, Qamar-ul Wahab. • Assistant professors: Carl Hemmingsson, Fredrik Karlsson, Galia Pozina, Plamen Paskov, Urban Forsberg, Vanya Darakchieva. • Visiting scientists, post.docs: Alexander Lebedev, Alexey Toropov, Chen-Fu Chao, Chih-Wei Hsu, Ching-Lien Hsiao, Evgenii Moskalenko, Fu Ying, Hsu-Cheng Hsu, Igor Vorona, Ijaz Hussain Asghar, Leonid Vlasenko , Qing Xiang Zhao, Tatiana Shubina, Volodymyr Khranovskyy, Xingjun Wang, Yaw-Kuen Li, Yoshio Honda, Yu-Jui Chiu.


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Material Physics

Chemistry

directly linked transition and main group metal ions. Such heteronuclear compounds are capable to mediate photoinduced electron transfer between the coupled metal ions via the metal-metal bond. Apart from synthesis and structural characterization of new compounds, kinetics and mechanism of their formation, are studied. Both stationary and flash photolysis are used to study primary photochemical processes in the complexes. Time-resolved spectroscopy (nanosecond laser flash photolysis) studies of the complexes are aimed at detection of short-lived intermediates formed in the course of photoredox reactions, registration of their absorption and emission spectra, and determination of their life times and decay constants. Collaboration partners are K. Matsumoto (Waseda University, Japan), V. Plyusnin (Russian Academy of Sciences), I. Tóth (University of Debrecen, Hungary).

Material Physics

• Administrative/Technical staff: Eva Wibom, Arne Eklund, Sven Andersson. Summary of activities in the division in 2007. The research activities in the Materials Science Division cover a broad spectrum, dominated by basic research. The projects are mainly funded by external agencies, partly with direct industry collaboration. There is a strong international cooperation within most research projects. The present research program can be divided into the following partly overlapping areas:

• preparation and characterization of epitaxial films and bulk material of semiconductors with chemical vapor deposition (CVD), liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) and sublimation techniques, with a strong emphasis on SiC and III-nitrides. The characterization includes surface and interface properties, structural properties, optical properties and transport properties. • studies of properties of dopants and defects in a large variety of semiconductors, including structural as well as electronic properties. The latter covers bulk, surface and interface defects, with several techniques including laser spectro¬scopy and magnetic resonance. • studies of the electronic properties of semiconductor quantum structures and nanostructures such as heterostructures, quantum wells, quantum wires and dots, and superlattices, with various spectroscopic techniques in several material systems. • studies of electronic structure, spin relaxation and spin transport properties in spintronic semiconductor materials and related device structures. • studies of the electronic structure of III-V-nitride materials, including defects and H-related properties. Research activities in this division during 2007 have produced about 50 papers published in high quality international journals, and a similar number of conference proceedings papers. About 20 invited talks were given by the staff at international conferences or symposia. The researchers of the division are well cited in international journals, the SCI citations of papers cited during 2007 for the researchers in the division cover more than 15000 ISI citations since 1986. The highlights of the research work are presented at our website www.ifm.liu.se/Matephys/. An updated list of publications and manuscripts can also be found there. The budget for research in our division was about 24 MSEK during the period 070101-071231, excluding equipment grants. The major part of this budget comes from external sources, the faculty support for research was about 4.5 MSEK for the year. External grants originate mainly from VR, the Strategic Research Foundation, and EC. In addition there is a strong support from and intimate cooperation with several industries, mainly Norstel and Epigress, and with the Defense Research Institute FOI.

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The Division was during 2007 engaged in several European Research Projects: KORRIGAN – A Comprehensive Initiative for GaN HEMT Technology in Europe, and WIDGAP (FP6 project on outlook for wide bandgap semiconductor technology). Several pieces of new research equipment were ordered and partly delivered during 2007. One PhD student graduated: Rafal Ciechonski, PhD exam 2007-12-18: “Growth and characterization of SiC and GaN”. Linda Höglund, licentiate exam, 2007-01-26: “InGaAs based quantum dots for infrared imaging applications - growth and characterization”. The Division is very active in teaching and has the responsibility for about 20 undergraduate and graduate courses at IFM. Some research highlights during 2007:

Growth of AlN microrods (G R Yazdi and R Yakimova) AlN microrods are grown by sublimation epitaxy. They evolve from the sharp tip of pyramids which are formed at the location of threading dislocation etch pits in the 4H-SiC substrate. The microrods are perfectly oriented along the c-axis with an off angle of 8 degrees. The prismatic planes are ideally flat and with time the microrods coalesce with defect free boundaries which will result in a stress free AlN wafer.

Fig 1. Array of AlN microrods grown on SiC templates [G.R. Yazdi, APL 90 (2007) 123103]

Effects of grown-in defects on electron spin polarization in dilute nitride alloys (X. J. Wang, W. M. Chen and I. A. Buyanova) Strong electron spin polarization in GaNAs epilayers and multiple quantum well structures is observed upon optical orientation at room temperature. The effect is explained in terms of spin dependent recombination (SDR) involving deep paramagnetic defects formed upon N incorporation in GaNAs. The concentration of the corresponding defects is shown to be enhanced during growth at low temperatures but is suppressed by post-growth annealing. Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements performed in the studied structures reveal two paramagnetic defects participating in carrier recombination. One of them is identified as a complex involving the AsGa antisite. Correlation between concentrations of the defects monitored via ODMR and in optical orientation measurements is observed which suggests that the same defects may be involved in both processes.

Very high growth rate of 4H-SiC epilayers using the chlorinated precursor methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) (H. Pedersen, S. Leone, A. Henry, F.C. Beyer, V. Darakchieva, and E. Janzén) The chlorinated precursor methyltrichlorosilane (MTS), CH3SiCl3, has been used to grow epitaxial layers of 4H-SiC in a hot wall chemical vapour deposition (CVD) reactor with growth rates higher than 100 μm/h. The addition of chlorinated species to the gas mixture prevents silicon nucleation in the gas phase, thus allowing higher input flows of the precursors resulting in much higher growth rate than that of standard silicon carbide (SiC) epitaxial growth using only silane, SiH4, and hydrocarbons as precursors. Since MTS contains both silicon and carbon, with the C/Si ratio 1, MTS was used both as single precursor and mixed with silane or ethylene to study the effect of the C/Si and Cl/Si ratios on growth rate, morphology, and doping of the epitaxial layers. When using only MTS as precursor, the growth rate showed a linear dependence on the MTS molar fraction in the reactor. The growth rate dropped for C/Si1. Further, the growth rate decreased with lower Cl/Si ratio. This study shows that MTS is a promising precursor for homoepitaxial growth of SiC within the concept of chloride-based SiC growth.

mm 4H-SiC substrate in a hot-wall MOCVD reactor with rotation of the wafer during growth. The structure starts with a thin AlN nucleation layer on top of the SiC wafer followed by a 1.8 µm undoped, semi-insulating GaN layer, a 2nm AlN exclusion layer and a 23 nm AlxGa1-xN barrier. The role of the exclusion layer is to decrease the random-alloy scattering experienced by the 2DEG due to penetration into the barrier and thereby increase the mobility. But the layer will also increase the number of carriers in the 2DEG. The Al fraction x in the barrier was adjusted (to about 22%) to get a sheet carrier density of 1E13 cm-2. The total epi thickness was measured by white light reflectance in 835 points over the wafer. The results are shown in Fig.2. The thickness is highly uniform with an average of 1.77 µm and a nonuniformity (σ/average) of 2.8 %. The sheet resistance was measured by a contact-less, eddy-current technique in 25 points over the wafer and the results are shown in Fig.3. The sheet resistance is highly uniform with a very low average of 268 Ω and a nonuniformity (σ/average) of 2.1 %. The results from mercury probe CV-measurements are: Sheet carrier density 9.9E12 cm-2, V(pinch-off) = - 5.3 V, thickness of (AlGaN + AlN) = 25 nm, no electrons in the GaN layer. From the measured sheet resistance and the measured sheet carrier density we can calculate the room temperature drift mobility to be 2360 cm2/Vs.

Defects and carrier compensation in semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrates (N.T. Son, P. Carlsson, J. ul Hassan, B. Magnusson, and E. Janzén,) Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies revealed that vacancies (VC and VSi), carbon vacancy-antisite pairs (VCCSi) and the divacancy (VCVSi) are common defects in high-purity semi-insulating (HPSI) 4H-SiC substrates. The commonly observed thermal activation energies, Ea~0.8–0.9 eV, ~1.1 eV, ~1.25–1.3 eV, and ~1.5 eV, in different types of HPSI substrates were associated to different deep acceptor levels of VSi, VC, VCCSi, and VCVSi. Carrier compensation processes were proposed to explain the observed change of the thermal activation energy due to high temperature annealing. VC and VCVSi were found to be suitable defects for controlling the SI properties whereas the incorporation of VSi and VCCSi during the crystal growth or processing should be avoided for achieving stable HPSI materials.. (Phys. Rev. B 75, 155204 (2007). EPR studies of V-doped SI 4H-SiC substrates shows that only in heavily V-doped materials (n[V]~1017 cm–3 or higher), vanadium is responsible for the SI behaviour whereas in moderate V-doped substrates, the SI properties are thermally unstable and determined by intrinsic defects. We show that the commonly observed thermal activation energy Ea~1.1 eV in V-doped 4H-SiC may be related to deep levels of the carbon vacancy. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 202111 (2007). Highly uniform hot-wall MOCVD growth of high-quality AlGaN/GaN HEMT-structures on 100 mm semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrates (A. Lundskog, U. Forsberg, A, Kakanakova-Georgieva and I. Ivanov and E. Janzén). The inherent advantages of the hot-wall MOCVD reactor (much lower vertical and horizontal temperature gradients, less bowing of the wafer during growth, more efficient cracking of the precursors) compared to a conventional cold-wall reactor make it easier to obtain highly uniform growth also on large area wafers. We have grown an AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure on a semi-insulating 100

Fig.2. A map (in µm) of the total epi thickness of an AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure grown on a 100 mm SI 4H-SiC substrate. The thickness is 1.77 µm ± 2.8 %.

Fig.3. A map (in Ω) of the sheet resistance of the same wafer as shown in Fig.1. The sheet resistance is 268 Ω ± 2.1 %.

The research in the Division is very international and involves active collaboration with more than 70 laboratories worldwide. Due to space limitation we refer to the website www.ifm.liu.se/Matephys/ for further information about research projects, collaborations, publications and other activities.


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• PhD students: Ahsan Ullah Kashif, Anders Lundskog, Andreas Gällström, Arvid Larsson, Björn Magnusson, Daniel Dagnelund, Franziska Beyer, Henrik Pedersen, Jan Beyer, Jawad-ul Hassan, Linda Höglund, Patrick Carlsson, Rafal Ciechonski, Remigijus Vasiliauskas, Reza Yazdi, Sher Azam, Stefano Leone, Susanna Palmgren.

A SSF consortium.Nitride based quantum dots and wires for optoelectronic applications The NANO-N consortium, one out of five new consortia, was financed within the NANO-X program by SSF during the period 2006 - 2010. The focus for NANO-N is on nano structures made of wide bandgap semiconductors: Nitride, GaN/AlN/InN based quantum wires and dots.

Characterization of the nitride based nano structures.

Fabrication of nitride based nano wires and dots.

Optical characterization. The nitride quantum wires and dots will be characterized by means of essentially photo- and cathodo-luminescence related techniques, in particular micro-luminescence luminescence, primarily on an ensemble of dots/wires. The ultimate goal is to optically investigate a single dot/wire. In order to achieve this, a low density of dots/wires is required or alternatively the structure is covered with a mask with ultrasmall apertures in order to focus on individual dots/wires.

A nano consortium.

Material Physics

terial, self-assembled dots will form. After a succeeding capping of the barrier material (i.e. AlGaN in our case), a layer with GaN quantum dots sandwiched between AlGaN barriers remains.

Fabrication. Within the NANO-N consortium, nitride based quantum wires and dots are/will be fabricated with different growth techniques, such as CVD, HCVD, HVPE, PVD and synthesis. Whiskers A primary aim is to produce, nitride based quantum wires by means of the so called whisker method (see lefthand part of the figure below). If small droplets of a metal is deposited on the surface of a nitride based semiconductor e.g. GaN, the subsequent growth will take place under the metal droplet (normally a gold droplet). This means that wires are grown with a diameter essentially determined by the diameter of the droplet. These wires with µm lengths can be grown strain free, and accordingly without the non-desired dislocations.

Structural characterization. Within the NANO-N consortium, we will perform structural characterization of the grown nitride nano structures by means of different nano probe methods, such as HREM, SPM och SNOM together with different diffraction methods.

Simulations. In parallel with the optical and structural characterizations of the nitride quantum wires and dots, quantum chemical calculations are performed in order to predict the structural, electronic and optical properties. The theoretical predictions are subsequently compared with experimentally derived results.

with a potential for high integration. Principal objectives. For the extended NANOPTO, two more applied projects based on III-V quantum dots have been selected. These two projects within NANOPTO are:

A quantum dot based IR detector. Participants: PhD student Linda Höglund, junior researcher Fredrik Karlsson (a former NANOPTO PhD student), postdoc Mats Larsson (a former NANOPTO PhD student), and prof. Per Olof Holtz. Within the quantum dot realm of NANOPTO, a project on the development of quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) structures is running in collaboration with Acreo, Kista (doc Jan Andersson) and FLIR systems in Danderyd. This project aims at developing detector structures sensitive in the infrared range based on intersubband transitions between subbands of a quantum dot and a quantum well in a so called quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) structure (see figure below). Recently, bias mediated tuning of the detection wavelength within the infrared wavelength region is demonstrated for such DWELL infrared photo-detectors.

• Consortium leader: Prof. Per Olof Holtz. • Senior academic mentors: Prof. Erik Janzen, Prof. Bo Monemar, Doc Jens Birch, Prof. Lars Hultman and Doc Lars Ojamäe. • Industry/institute mentors: Jan Andersson, Acreo, Kista, Susan Savage, Acreo, Kista and Steven Savage, FOI, Linköping. • Junior researchers: Fredrik Karlsson, Mattias Kula, Urban Forsberg, Maria Lundskog, Ching-Lien Hsiao. • PhD students: Anders Lundskog, Chi-Wei Hsu, Supaluck Amloy.

NANOPTO Fig 4. Illustration of the growth of quantum wires by the whisker method (lefthand picture) and the fabrication of quantum dots by the Stranski-Krastanov method (righthand figure).

An extended SSF consortium: “Quantum dots and wires for optoelectronic applications”

Self-assembled dots. The fabrication of nitride based quantum dots is essentially made by the Stranski-Krastanov method in which the difference in lattice constants between the substrate material and the dot material is utilized (see righthand part of the figure above). A thin layer (wetting layer) of the dot material (i.e. GaN in our case) grown on top of the barrier material will not stay stable, but collapse due to the strong built-in strain. After a subsequent transport of ma-

The NANOPTO consortium, which was initiated in 2000, financed within the SSF materials program with the objective to investigate 0- and 1-dimensional semiconductors, got in year 2006 an extended financing for two more years. The focus for the extension is on more applied projects based on the III-V quantum dots. The projects within NANOPTO involve design, fabrication, processing and characterization of quantum wire and dot structures

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SIMARC Swedish Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance Center (SIMARC) www.ifm.liu.se/simarc Staff.

• Director: Prof. Weimin Chen • Board: Anders Lund, Linköping Univ., Professor (Chairman) Uno Carlsson, LiTH, Linköping Univ., Professor Weimin Chen, LiTH, Linköping Univ., Professor Erik Janzén, LiTH, Linköping Univ., Professor Eva Lund, HU, Linköping Univ., Professor Ann Magnusson, Uppsala Univ., Docent Bo Monemar, LiTH, Linköping Univ., Professor Einar Sagstuen, Oslo Univ. (Norway), Professor • Technical Support: Arne Eklund (part-time)

The organization of the NANO-N consortium. The funding from SSF covers primarily recruitment of junior researchers, i.e. postdocs with a maximum of five years since the PhD graduation. The junior researchers will get guidance in their research efforts of senior academic and industrial mentors, covering the different research areas involved in the development of nitride based optoelectronic devices.

The organization of our NANO-N consortium at present:

times higher than in conventional up-conversion observed in bulk semiconductors. The primary aim is to understand the mechanism behind this efficient up-conversion observed for quantum dots.

Material Physics

NANO-N

• Permanent senior scientists: Prof. Irina Buyanova, Prof. Uno Carlsson, Prof. Weimin Chen, Doc. Per Hammarström, Prof. Erik Janzén, Prof. Anders Lund, Prof. Eva Lund, Prof. Bo Monemar, Doc. Nguyen Tien Son

Fig 5. The principle intersubband transition in a quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) structure

There is a huge market for infrared photodetectors and imaging systems, e.g. for military night vision, surveillance, environmental surveys and medical diagnosis. Acreo has earlier developed a quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) based on the AlGaAs/GaAs material system. In the QWIP, the infrared illumination causes intersubband transitions between different energy states of the electron in a quantum well, giving rise to a measurable photo current. Compared to this “conventional” quantum well infrared photodetector, new possibilities to tune the detection wavelength window are opened up in a DWELL infrared photo-detector, partly by varying the quantum dot energy levels and partly by adjusting the width and composition of the quantum well. Up-conversion Quantum dots (0D) based on the InAs/GaAs material system. Participants: Prof. Per Olof Holtz, PhD Student Arvid Larsson, Dr Evgenii Moskalenko and postdoc Mats Larsson (a former NANOPTO PhD student) . This project aims at developing a novel quantum dot based upconversion process for converting light from an IR wavelength to a shorter wavelength. Similarly to conventional up-conversion observed in bulk semiconductors, the process observed in our detector structures is a strikingly non-linear process. However, the efficiency observed in this dot based up-conversion process is almost ten

• Visiting scientists: Dr. Igor Vorona, Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences Dr. Xingjun Wang, Tohoku University, Japan Prof. Leonid Vlasenko, Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences • Graduate students: Jan Beyer, Patrick Carlsson, Daniel Dagnelund, Håkan Gustafsson • Licetiate student: Anngelica Jarl The research activities at SIMARC cover several areas of various disciplines, including Materials Science, Chemical Physics, Chemistry, Applied Physics, Radiation Physics and Medical Science. The materials studied include novel spintronic materials and nanostructures, advanced electronic and photonic materials such as wide bandgap semiconductors and highly mismatched semiconductors, organic materials for dosimetry and biochemical materials.

Research activities.

Important defect issues and recombination processes in electronic materials: The goal is, by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), to identify chemical nature and geometrical structure of defects, impurities and dopants that are important in semiconductor materials and nanostructures. The activities in this area during 2007 were focussed on (i) identification of grown-in and processing induced defects in bulk and epiIF M Ac ti v it y R e p o r t

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Spintronic semiconductor materials and nanostructures: The aim is to understand the fundamental physics underlying spin phenomena such as spin relaxation, spin injection, mechanism for spin loss, etc., so that the full potential as well as the fundamental limits of spintronics can be assessed. Within this year we have concentrated our studies on the dynamics of spin injection and spin depolarization processes in ZnMnSe/CdSe quantum dot structures, and identification of dominant factors limiting spin detection in ZnO-based quantum structures. Development of spin-sensitive local probe microscopy/spectroscopy: The aim is to develop a variety of advanced spin-sensitive scanning probe microscopies (SPM) and to apply them to studies of nanomagnetism and spin detection and manipulation on the nano- and atomic scale in novel electronic and magnetic materials and nanostructures. Structures and properties of free radicals in solids: The studies have involved radical-mediated degradation of perfluoro polymer (Nafion) membrane, one-electron reduction of perfluorocarbons to anion radicals, and the effect of isotopic substitution on radical yields in irradiated systems, the latter relating to the development of ESR dosimetry. The experimental techniques have involved conventional, pulsed, and double resonance electron magnetic resonance. Spectra of ‘disordered’ systems have been analyzed by least squares’ automatic fitting based on ‘exact’ and 2nd order perturbation theory. DFT theory employed to assist the analysis has provided exceptionally good estimates of parameters, especially for the 19F hyperfine couplings of perfluorocarbon anions. ESR dosimetry.

EPR imaging of amyloid aggregates in vivo and in vitro: Amyloidosis manifest itself through extracellular deposition of insoluble protein fibrils leading to tissue damage and disease. The fibrils form when normally soluble proteins and peptides misfold and self-associate in an abnormal manner. Amyloid is associated with serious diseases including systemic amyloidosis, Alzheimer's disease, maturity onset diabetes, and prion-related transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. There is no specific treatment for amyloid deposition and these diseases are usually fatal. The amyloid fibrils are 3-10 nm wide and highly ordered. Regardless of precursor protein the protein molecules in the fibril are folded into cross-Beta-sheet structure in which the polypeptide chain is organized in Beta-sheets with their constituent Beta-strands run perpendicular to the fibril axis. Recent findings show that small soluble aggregates and not mature amyloid fibrils are likely to be the most neurotoxic species in amyloid diseases. The properties and structure of such oligomeric aggregates are of vast interest to understand amyloid disease and amyloid formation. Therapeutic strategies that dissolve pre-existing amyloid could be of little use or even deleterious due to the toxicity of such small aggregates. It is important to emphasize that formation of oligomeric aggregates and amyloid fibrils appear to be a generic property of proteins associated with a large number of misfolding diseases.

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Protein folding, misfolding, chaperone function, protein design, proteinprotein and protein-surface interaction: It is fundamental for our understanding of the living cell to know the rules that direct the folding process and determine the final tertiary structure of a protein. Solving the protein folding problem is one of the most challenging tasks in the post-genomic era. Folding in vivo seems for many proteins to be assisted by several protein factors like molecular chaperones. Although these proteins can be folded spontaneously the chaperones suppress aggregation during folding and increase the yield. Insights into the mechanism of chaperone function are in themselves essential, but should in addition contribute to the understanding of the folding mechanism. The aims of the project Isolation and characterization of folding intermediates or ensembles, that lead from precursor polypeptide to folded protein, can help to elucidate the hierarchy of interactions that direct the folding by CWEPR spectroscopy.

Protein folding chaperone function: We have succeeded in investigating in solution how the chaperonin GroEL disrupts the beta-sheet core in a substrate protein. Herein we employed spin-spin dipolar coupling and measured CW EPR. A manuscript will soon be submitted which will be included in a licentiate thesis (Anngelica Jarl, 2008). Other professional activities.

Identification of dominant factors limiting spin detection in ZnO-based materials: We identified fast spin relaxation and the fundamental band structure imposed by a weak spin-orbit interaction as the two dominant factors limiting efficiency of spin detection in ZnO based materials. Alloying of ZnO with Cd and Mg was shown to further enhance spin relaxation. Our work called for attention on the importance of spin detection in parallel to development of spin generation in these materials that have shown ferromagnetism at room temperature. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 092103 (2008)). Defects and carrier compensation in semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrates: EPR studies revealed that vacancies (VC and VSi), carbon vacancyantisite pairs (VCCSi) and the divacancy (VCVSi) are common defects in high-purity semi-insulating (HPSI) 4H-SiC substrates. Valuable information on energy levels of the defects and carrier compensation was obtained, which shed light on suitable defects for controlling the SI properties. (Phys. Rev. B 75, 155204 (2007)). EPR studies of V-doped SI 4H-SiC substrates shows that only in heavily V-doped materials V is responsible for the SI behaviour whereas in moderate V-doped substrates, the SI properties are thermally unstable and determined by intrinsic defects. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 202111 (2007)). Effects of stoichiometry on defect formation in ZnO epilayers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy: Photoluminescence (PL) and ODMR were employed to study effects of non-stoichiometry during the growth on defect formation in ZnO epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Several defects were revealed via monitoring the yellow PL emission and their magnetic resonance signatures were obtained. The defects were concluded to be common for the MBE growth and were facilitated during the off-stoichiometric growth conditions, especially under excess of oxygen. (J. Appl. Phys. 103, 023712 (2008)).

Staff.

• Professors: Magnus Odén • Post doc: José Manuel Córdoba

• I.A. Buyanova: co-organized “Symposium L: Zinc Oxide and Related Materials” at the 2007 MRS Fall Meeting, November 26 - 30, 2007, Boston, USA. • W.M. Chen: Int. Advisory and Program committee member of the Photonics West 2007, San Jose, USA, and the 24th Int. Conf. on Defects in Semiconductors, Albuquerque, USA. • I.A. Buyanova: committee member of the Int. Conf. on II-VI Compounds, Jeju, Korea

• PhD students Mohamed Ballem Lina Rogström Jianqiang Zhu Axel Knutsson Javier Tamayo (visiting from CEIT, Spain)

Invited talks at international conferences.

• Diploma students Emma Johansson Ali Hakim (at SECO Tools AB)

Scientific highlights.

Dynamics of exciton-spin injection, transfer, and relaxation in selfassembled CdSe QDs coupled with a DMS ZnMnSe: We demonstrated rather efficient optical spin injection from ZnMnSe DMS to selfassembled CdSe quantum dots. The observed spin loss, despite of expected slower spin relaxation, was shown to be caused by severe spin scattering along the path of the spin injection. This work called for further investigations to optimize spin injection efficiency in these nanostructures. (Phys. Rev. B75, 195308 (2007), Phys. Rev. B77, 035437 (2008)).

Nanostructured Materials

• S. J. Pearton, D. P. Norton, M. P. Ivill, A. F. Hebard, W. M. Chen, I. A. Buyanova, and J. M. Zavada: “Transition Metal Doped ZnO for Spintronics”, 2007 MRS Spring Meeting, San Francisco, USA, April 9-13 2007. • I. A. Buyanova, W. M. Chen and C.W. Tu: “Optical and electronic properties of GaInNP alloys – a new material system for lattice matching to GaAs”, EMRS-2007 Spring Meeting; Strasbourg, France; May 30-June 1 2007. • I. A. Buyanova, W. M. Chen and C.W. Tu: “Optical characterization of novel GaInNP alloys”, XVI International Materials Research Congress, Cancun, Mexico, Oct.28 – Nov.1 2007. • W.M. Chen, I.A. Buyanova, A. Murayama, Y. Oka, S.J. Pearton, D. P. Norton, C.R. Abernathy, A. Osinsky, and J. W. Dong: “Spin dynamics in wide bandgap semiconductors and nanostructures – potential spintronic materials”, XVI International Materials Research Congress, Cancun, Mexico, Oct.28 – Nov.1 2007. • W.M. Chen, I.A. Buyanova, A. Murayama, Y. Oka, D. P. Norton, S.J. Pearton, A. Osinsky, and J. W. Dong: “ZnO for spintronics: some critical issues”, 2007 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, USA, Nov.25-30 2007. • I.A. Buyanova, W.M. Chen, A. Murayama and Y. Oka: “Spin dynamics and spin injection in II-VI semiconductors and nanostructures”, 8th Japan-Sweden QNANO Workshop, Lund, Sweden, 13-14 December 2007. • N. T. Son, P. Carlsson, A. Gällström, B. Magnusson, and E. Janzén: “Prominent defects in semi-insulating SiC substrates”, 24th Int. Conf. on Defects in Semiconductors, Albuquerque, USA, July 21-27, 2007. - N.T. Son and E. Janzén: “EPR characterization of SiC”, 49th Rocky Mountain Conference on Analytical Chemistry, Breckenridge, Colorado, USA, July 21-26, 2007. • J. Isoya, T. Umeda, N. Mizuochi, N.T. Son, E. Janzén and T. Ohshima: “EPR Identification of Defects and Impurities in SiC: To Be Decisive”, Int. Conf. on SiC and Related Materials, Otsu, Japan, October 14-19, 2007. About 30 research groups from Europe, USA and Asia are in active collaboration with SIMARC.

Scientific cooperation.

Material Physics

taxial Zn(Cd)O; (ii) understanding and control of grown-in defects and associated spin-dependent recombination in dilute nitrides; and (iii) Defects and carrier compensation in semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrates.

• Adminstrative and Technical Staff: Therese Dannetun Karl-Olof Brolin The division of Nanostructured Materials was established 1 April 2007. The group is a direct effect of the fact that several research centers was granted IFM (i.e. FunMat, LiLiNFM, and MS2E). Naturally most of the Nanostructured Materials group’s research activities are related to these centers. The scientific aim of the group conforms to the material science paradigm: understanding of the synthesis, microstructure evolution and material properties of nanostructured materials of industrial interest.

General Information.

During 2007 large efforts have been spend on recruiting personnel and furnishing a high temperature laboratory that includes: • Physi and chemisporption facilities • Differential scanning calorimetry and dilatometry • Nanoindentation • High temperature vacuum furnaces Research Programs.

• The thermomechanical properties of nanostructured reactive arc evaporated ceramic materials are studied in model systems that include a miscibility gap. The microstructure evolution of the alloyed cathode surface is of special interest as well as the kinetics of the decomposition process. Here we use high energy small angle x-ray scattering and DSC a tools to in situ study the formation of nm-sized particles within the solid solution. • In the European STRP Project INTERFACE electroless copper deposition on carbon nanofibers is studied in order to obtain an engineered Cu-C interface and a C-Cu with an improved thermal conductivity. • Synthesis of mesoporous materials with a variable pore size (3-300 Å) based on micelles and use these mesoporous materials as chemical microreactors. Scientific Highlights.


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Petter Larsson, research engineer • Ph.D students: Erik Wallin Daniel Lundin Daniel Jädernäs Mattias Samuelsson (in collaboration with Impact Coatings AB) • Administrative and Technical Staff: Mikael Amlé, administrative assistant

Material Physics

• Diploma and Master Students: Martina Ahlberg Staffan Swedin Andreas Hedin (in collaboration with AB Sandvik)

TEM micrograph of a mesoporous material (SBA-15) with a pore size of 58 Å arranged in a hexagonal manner.

• Established a synthesis route for electroless growth of Cu on carbon nanofibres by functionalizing the fiber surface.

General Information. The Plasma & Coatings Physics group is a division at the Department of Physics and Measurement Technology (IFM), Linköping University, Sweden. The group was formed in 2004 as a result of a spin-off from the Thin Film Physics group, with which we still have close and important collaboration. The Plasma & Coatings Division works with fundamental and applied research in the field of thin film materials. An important part of the research is focused on the development of the potentially very important deposition process high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). This technique opens another dimension in the control of thin film synthesis, since the film forming particles are charged and therefore controllable. The pioneering work that has been done in the group, in collaboration with different partners, on HiPIMS is continuing. The work span from fundamental plasma investigations and modeling to different applications such as metal plasma cleaning and activation processes, direct ion implantation, low temperature and advanced film growth, and the synthesis of new materials. Some achievements are reported under Scientific highlights. Research Programs.

SEM micrograph showing selective growth of Cu particles on carbon nanofibres

Collaboration.

• Odén left LTU during 2007 but he has remained the advisor of 4 graduate students at LTU and keeps collaborating with Drs M-L Antti and M. Terner. • Drs J. Almer, U. Leinert, and J. Ilavsky, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, USA. • Prof. W. Clegg, Cambridge University. • Dr J. Molina, IMDEA Materials, Spain. • Industrial partners within FunMat.

Plasma & Coatings Physics Staff

• Academic Staff: Ulf Helmersson, professor Martina Lattemann, assistant professor

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Major research programs that the group are involved in: • Fundamental studies of PVD-processes and ion-surface interactions for development of hard materials for coatings (Swedish Research Council) • Materials Research Program on Low-Temperature Film Synthesis (Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research) • Linköping Linnaeus Initiative for Novel Functional Materials (Swedish Research Council) • InnovaTiAl, Innovative processes and materials to synthesize knowledge-based ultra-performance nanostructured PVD thin films on gamma titanium aluminides (EC, IP FP 6)

was expected that it should give rise to a force on the ions in the plasma tangentially outwards from the circular racetrack region close to the magnetron. By studying this side-transport it was found that a substantial fraction of sputtered material was indeed transported radially away from the cathode and lost to the walls in HiPIMS as well as in conventional direct current magnetron sputtering (dcMS), but more so for HiPIMS giving one possible explanation to why the deposition rate for substrates placed in front of the target are lower compared to dcMS. Furthermore, ion energy distributions of incoming Ti+ measured in the HiPIMS plasma at different distances from the target racetrack clearly showed an extended high energy tail, as shown in Fig. 1. Important conclusions from this work were that the ion energy distribution measurements confirmed the theoretical model on anomalous transport, resulting in a previously neglected cross-field side-transport.

Fig. 2. Rate of deposited mass (a) and O2 partial pressure (b) as a function of O2 gas flow for HiPIMS and DC sputtering. The approximate limit for deposition of stoichiometric alumina is indicated in (a). Fig. 1 Comparison between Ti+ ion energies from HiPIMS and dcMS at equal average power.

Alumina thin films. During 2007, we have studied HiPIMS deposition of alumina thin films. The use of HiPIMS was shown to drastically influence the process characteristics compared to conventional sputtering. Under suitable conditions, the transition to a poisoned target mode as the reactive gas flow was increased occurred for higher gas flows, and the hysteresis effect commonly observed as the gas flow is varied during conventional sputtering could be reduced, or even completely eliminated, using HiPIMS. A comparison of the hysteresis behavior for HiPIMS and conventional direct current (DC) sputtering is shown in Fig. 2. As a consequence of the altered process properties, stoichiometric alumina can be deposited under stable process conditions at high rates. This is of large practical importance in industrial applications, where process instabilities pose a substantial problem. A simple process model, qualitatively reproducing the experimental observations, was also created.

Scientific Highlights in 2007.

HiPIMS plasma transport. It has previously been found that a surprisingly large amount of electrons are transported across the magnetic field lines during the HiPIMS discharge, which cannot be explained by classical theory of diffusion and electrical conductivity, moving electrons across the magnetic field lines using collisions, or so-called Bohm diffusion. This type of anomalous transport was investigated in the HiPIMS plasma. Through modeling and investigations of this type of transport it

through the suppression of unwanted temperature-effects, such as thermal cracks, in the films. In addition, it might open the possibility of utilizing Alpha-alumina in novel applications, e.g., involving heat-sensitive substrates. To evaluate the potential of using HiPIMSdeposited Alpha-alumina as a wear-resistant coating, depositions were made onto cemented carbide cutting tools and the cutting performance was evaluated in steel turning, using state-of-the-art AlTiN as benchmark. The crater wear resistance was shown to be significantly improved with HiPIMS-alumina, as seen from Fig. 3.

Material Physics

• Discovered the microstructure of the decomposition products for TiAlN and means to control their evolution. • Reactive arc evaporated ZrAlN shows a thermally stable nanocrystalline structure. • Mesoporous materials have been synthesised (SBA-15 and SBA16) and by adding different swelling agents the pore size with Å-precision can controlled.

Using the above-described process, Alpha-alumina coatings could be deposited directly onto cemented carbide substrates at a substrate temperature as low as 650 °C. This is a low formation temperature for Alpha phase alumina compared to other, more conventional, growth techniques. This is plausibly due to the high ionization degree and suitable energy distribution of the deposition flux in HiPIMS. The Alpha phase of alumina is often desirable in applications due to its appealing properties, and a synthesis route for Alpha-alumina coatings at moderate substrate temperatures may lead to improved performance of alumina coatings in applications

Fig. 3. Top view of cutting insert rake faces after 2 minutes of steel turning using a standard AlTiN benchmark coating (top), and the same coating with an added HiPIMS deposited alumina layer (bottom).

Surface pretreatment by HiPIMS. Another area where HiPIMS are likely to find important application is the pretreatment, such as plasma cleaning, before depositing a thin film. In this case metal ions from a HiPIMS plasma are used to bombard steel surfaces. This clean and etch the substrate surface to enhance the interfacial properties such as substrate-film bonding strength. In this work we pinpoint the most important factors controlling the adhesion. The results of the investigation shows that both microstructure and chemistry plays an important role but the most important factor enhancing adhesion is the removal of the native oxide by ion etching. A further increase in substrate-film bonding strength could be seen if a chemical gradient was created in the interface region either


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• Drs J. Böhlmark and G. Greczynski Chemfilt Ionsputtering AB, Linköping, • Dr H. Ljungcrantz and T. Rosell, Impact Coatings AB, Linköping, • Prof W. Möller and Dr U. Kreissig, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany “Thin Film Physics” was given as an undergraduate course on the advanced level and “Plasma Physics for the Material Scientist” was given as a graduate course.

Teaching.

Material Physics

Spin-off activities. Members of the group have submitted one patent application and started one company (PlasmAdvance AB) during the year.

Surface and Semiconductor Physics www.ifm.liu.se/semiphys/ Figure 4. Sample pretreated at a substrate bias of Ub = 200 V. The native oxide remains but the sample is cleaned from surface contaminants. After annealing and the formation of an interfacial chemical gradient this sample shows good adhesion.

Invited lectures at International Conferences given

Staff.

• Professors: Göran Hansson, Head of Department. Roger Uhrberg, acting Head of Division. Wei-Xin Ni. • Visiting scientist: Jacek Osiecki.

during 2007.

• Ulf Helmersson: The use of high power impulse magnetron sputtering for improved thin film depositions, 16th International Colloquium on Plasma Processes, June 4-8, 2007, Toulouse, France. • Ulf Helmersson: Ionized deposition using high power impulse magnetron sputtering, Plasmas, the annual one day meeting on “Surfaces and Thin Films”, Institute of Physics, June 20, 2007, London, UK. • Ulf Helmersson: The use of high power impulse magnetron sputtering for improved thin films and thin film processes, 9th International Workshop on Plasma-Based Ion Implantation & Deposition, Sept 2-6, 2007, Leipzig, Germany. • Martina Lattemann: HIPIMS I-PVD the easy way?, Symposium on Vacuum Based Science and Technology, Sept 5-7, 2007, Greifswald, Germany. • Martina Lattemann: High power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS), International Symposium on Reactive Sputter Deposition , Dec 6-7, 2007, Leoben, Austria. Academic and industrial collaboration partners (outside the department) in on-going projects or joint publications 2007:

• Profs N. Brenning and I. Axnäs, Alfvén Laboratory, KTH, Stockholm, • Drs S. Ulrich and M. Stüber, Forschungszentrum Karsruhe, Germany, • Dr J.T. Gudmundsson, Science Institute, University of Iceland, • Prof S. Rohde and S. Kirkpatrick, University of Nebraska, USA, • Prof J.E. Greene, University of Illinois, USA • Drs T.I. Selinder and E. Coronel, AB Sandvik, Stockholm, • Prof S. Berg, Dr T. Nygren, and Dr T, Kubart, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, • Dr R. Cremer, CemeCon AG, Germany,

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• Ph.D students: Ivy Razado, Amir Karim, Ming Zhao, Bouchaib Adnane, Johan Eriksson. • Adm/Techn. staff: Kerstin Vestin, adm. asst. Karl-Olof Brolin, research eng., Leif Samuelsson, senior research eng., Ph. D. Activities. The research within the division of Surface and Semiconductor Physics concerns the following fields. Firstly, basic studies are made of the electronic and atomic structure of semiconductor surfaces, either clean or with well-characterized overlayers. Foreign atoms on a surface may result in a large variation of ordered atomic structures, i.e. surface reconstructions. Physical properties like metallic or semiconducting surface conductance may depend on what reconstruction is formed. The various physical properties are studied by a range of different techniques. The most important one is photoelectron spectroscopy from which one can obtain a complete determination of the surface electronic structure. These studies are performed at the synchrotron radiation facility, MAX-lab in Lund, Sweden. Another important technique that we use is scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) that provides information about the atomic structure of the different surfaces. A variable temperature STM (Omicron) in our lab at IFM is the major instrument used for these studies. Within this field, the division was supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR) as Roger Uhrberg has one research grant for studies of the atomic and electronic structure of semiconductor surfaces. Secondly, there are studies, development and application of silicon-based molecular beam epitaxy, which is a crystal growth technique to produce advanced semiconductor structures for fundamental physics and device studies. We have also built up competence and process capability for the development of some device

modules like SiGe-heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) for applications in optoelectronics and rf technologies, e.g. RF power HBTs for the use in GSM stations, SiGe/Si:Er HBTs for efficient excitation of Er ions for light emission at 1.55 μm and Ge-dot phototransistors. A research core, “The laboratories of nanoelectronics and nanophotonics” led by Prof. W.-X Ni, has been formed, in order to use the rapidly developing nano-technologies for the research of advanced devices. For the basic research there has been support from VR to the project “Erbium-doped silicon for laser structures” (Hansson). The division has during the year been responsible for the following undergraduate courses for students within the Engineering Programs, the MatNat Program and the International Masters Program on Material Science: TFYY87 Nanotechnology (Ni), TFYA25 Physics of Condensed Matter, Part II (Uhrberg), NFYD64 Solid State Physics and Surface Physics (Uhrberg), NFYC59 Solid State Physics (Uhrberg).

Courses.

Material Physics

by ion implantation or by thermal diffusion. Fig. 4 demonstrates a sample where insufficient etching was obtained due to insufficient bombardment energy.

Highlights.

1) By combining photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) we have been able to successfully address a long standing issue regarding the electronic structure of the clean Ge(001) surface. A clear surface state structure appears well above the Fermi-level on Ge(001) at temperatures above room temperature. The origin has been debated in the literature ever since the original report was published where the structure was interpreted as a defect induced state (defects in the c(4x2) phase). Figure 1 shows a set of photoemission spectra obtained at elevated temperatures. The evolution of the structure S, above the Fermi-level, can be followed as function of temperature. LEED patterns showing the transition from the low temperature c(4x2) reconstruction to the 2x1 phase are also shown. By combining the information from PES and LEED one can conclude that the electronic state related to S are characteristic of the 2x1 phase. This resolves the debate about the origin of the extraordinary peak above the Fermi-level. 2) The new variable temperature STM has been used to study strained silicon layers. It is of interest in several applications to study growth on strained layers. In our research, concentrated to adsorbate induced reconstructions, the strain can have important effects on the resulting atomic and electronic structure. The normal reconstruction on a clean Si(111) surface has a long range periodicity that corresponds to a 7x7 unit cell. As function of strain the surface is predicted to go through a 7x7-5x5-3x3 transformation. We have succeeded in growing extended areas of the strained 5x5 reconstruction of Si(111). Fig 2 shows an empty state STM image of such a surface where each bright spot corresponds to a Si atom.

Fig. 1. A surface state, S, appears unexpectedly above the Fermi-level on the clean Ge(001) surface. The evolution of the peak S can be related to the LEED patterns at the various temperatures. The extraordinary surface state, S, is thereby identified with the 2x1 high temperature phase.

3) Er/O doping of Si is a way to produce material for light emission at room temperature from Si-based materials. The emitted wavelength is the technologically important 1.55 µm that is used in optical fibre communication. The group uses molecular beam epitaxy for producing Er/O containing light emitting diodes that emit light at reverse bias. It has been found that the efficiency of these devices depends very much on the microstructure of the Er/O-doped layer. With both Er and O-concentrations close to 1x 1020 cm-3 it is possible to obtain planar precipitates along (113) planes that give very high intensity. With small changes in the growth conditions one can instead get randomly distributed round precipitates that give negligible intensity. On-going work is aiming at making wave-guided Si/ SiGe structures grown on SOI substrates and containing Er-doped LEDs. Processing of waveguide structures with distributed Bragg mirrors using a focussed ion beam has also been initiated in an effort to obtain stimulated emission in structures with the efficient planar precipitates.

Fig. 2- Empty state STM image of a strained Si(111) surface showing a 5x5 periodicity in contrast to the normal 7x7 reconstruction. Each bright spot corresponds to a Si atom.


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Collaborations. There is extensive collaboration with other groups at IFM for the characterization of MBE-grown structures, in particular the divisions of Materials Science and Thin Film Physics. External collaboration has been done with, e.g., groups at RWTH, Aachen (Prof. H. Kurz), Beijing Polytechnic Institute (Prof. Shen), Meiji University (Prof. Shin-Ichiro Uekusa), Sichuan Institute of Solid State Circuits (Dr. K.-C. Li), Cavendish Laboratory (Dr D. Paul), Stuttgart University (Prof. E. Kasper, Dr. K. Lyutovich), The Japanese national industrial research institute of Nagoya (Dr. P. Jin), KTH (Prof. M. Östling), CTH (Prof. M. Willander), Acreo AB (Dr. X. Wang). Johannes Kepler Universitaet (Prof. G. Bauer, Dr. T. Fromherz), HeriotWatt University (Prof. Carl Pidgeon), National Nano Device Labs in Taiwan (Dr. M.-N. Chang and J.-M. Shieh). In projects involving synchrotron radiation we collaborate with Dr. K. Sakamoto, Chiba University, Japan.

Fig. 3 The white arrows illustrate the shallow trench position produced during MBE growth in (a) the AFM topography image, and the corresponding negative ZBC position in (b) the C–AFM image with photo-illumination. The yellow arrows indicate the positive ZBC distribution with

Appointments.

1. Prof. Wei-Xin Ni was an appointed vice president of National Applied Research Laboratories (NARL) and director general of National Nano Device Laboratories (NDL) in Taiwan till Dec. 31, 2007. 2. Prof. Wei-Xin Ni is currently an appointed associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.

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Surface Physics and Chemistry Division The Division for Surface Physics and Chemistry forms a connecting node between three separate research groups that collaborate regarding science, equipment and equipment development. Research is carried out in Linköping, using unique state-of-the-art equipment funded by the Wallenberg Foundation. In addition, certain specialized studies are carried out through the Center for Advanced Molecular Materials, CAMM at the MAX Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation Studies in Lund, Sweden. The Division of Surface Physics and Chemistry conducts basic materials surface and interface science of condensed molecular

phenoxide part of the Alq3 molecules at and near the interface. The present results contribute to a quantitative description of organic spintronic devices that incorporate Alq3-Co interfaces.

1: Staff.

• Professors: William R. Salaneck, Mats Fahlman (50% IFM, 50% ITN) • Associate professors: Michel de Jong (from September, 2007, Twenty University, Netherlands) • Assistant professors: Wojciech Osikowicz • Post doctoral fellows: Fenghong Li, Yiqiang Zhan • PhD students: Slawomir Braun, Linda Lindell, Parisa Sehati, (Elin Carlegrim, ITN, Pramod Bhatt, ITN) • Administrative/Technical staff: Kerstin Vestin, Admin Assistant, Anders Evaldsson, Tech Support The projects pursued during 2007 are summarized in the paragraphs below. Further information is available form the web site: www.LiU.se/ifm/surfphys/. Detailed work on the molecular magnets, focusing on the semiconducting room temperature molecular magnet, V(TCNE) x, V = vanadium, TCNE= tetracyanoethylene, continues. The main problem with V(TCNE)x is that the material is normally extremely air sensitive and decomposes after only a few minutes or hours in air, depending on the preparation method. Recently a new and more flexible UHV method of preparation of V(TCNE)x, and even other members in this family of molecular magnets, was developed in our laboratories. The first V(TCNE)x material prepared by this method was studied using a SQUID (Scanning QUantum Interference Device). The results indicated that the material retains its magnetic ordering at least several weeks in laboratory air. The Curie temperature (TC~365 K) is very close to the Curie temperature reported for V(TCNE)x prepared by other methods. The air-stability was an unexpected by-product of the preparation in UHV. The SQUID measurements were done in collaboration with Per Nordblad at Uppsala University. Because of the highly improved air stability of the material a patent on the preparation method was applied for, in October 2007. Organic/ferromagnetic electrode interfaces have become recently the subject of thorough studies because of their applications in organic spintronics. Among those interfaces, we have investigated Alq3-Co interface, the most common interface used in organic spintronics, by means of photoelectron spectroscopy. An interfacial dipole of about 1.5 eV, in a direction that results in a shift of the whole energy band edges the Alq3 over-layer to higher binding energies with respect to the vacuum level. This results in a barrier for the hole-injection of about 2.1 eV, leading to the dominance of electron transport in spintronic devices incorporating these interfaces. Looking at the complete LSMO/ALq3/Co device, the UPS results indicate a built in potential of 0.4 ± 0.2 eV. The previously reported spin-valve effect occurred for applied potentials smaller than 0.2 eV, however, suggesting that the charge injection and transportation mechanisms for the LSMO/Alq3/Co spin-valve differ from the standard injection/transportation regime in organic semi¬conductor diode devices. Furthermore, core level XPS spectra of both Alq3 and cobalt indicate that cobalt atoms (or clusters) penetrate into the Alq3 layer upon the vapour-deposition, and chemical react with the 2: Summary of Research Activities.

Assignments.

1. Scientific programme committee of the 5th International Conference on Si Epitaxy and Heterostrudtures (ICSi-5, Marseille, France, May 22-24, 2007), and 5th International Symposium on Control of Semiconductor Interfaces (ISCSI-V, Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 12-14, 2007). Ni 2. General Chairman of the 4th International SiGe Technology and Device Meeting (ISTDM-2008, Gsinchu, Taiwan, May 11-14, 2008). Ni

solids, polymers, in connection with future organic molecular electronics. Projects are carried out mostly through a wide network of international collaborative activities, financed through EU-funded projects, the Swedish Science Council (Vetenskapsrådet), the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF), and industry.

Material Physics

Material Physics

4) The group continues its effort in making photodetectors based on structures containing Ge-dots produced by MBE for near infrared detection at 0.85-1.55 µm, i.e., Si/SiGe/Si(Ge-dot) hetero-junction phototransistors and three-terminal MOSFET detectors with coupled Ge(dot)/SiGe-quantum-well(QW) heterostructures incorporated in the active absorption. Very high photo-response values, up to ~500 and >30 mA/W at 1.31 and 1.55 µm, respectively, were observed. In order to optimize the device design, we have made a careful study on the growth-temperature dependence of the Ge dot size, density, composition, as well as the corresponding band alignment. Using nano-analysis of line profiles measured by a combination of EDX and EELS on Stranski-Krastanov Ge dots, we conclude that the average Ge composition was > 95% when the dots were synthesized at the substrate temperature TS below 450°C. The Ge composition was monotonically decreased when increasing TS, and it was saturated at ~ 50% for TS > 650°C. The value of the conduction band offset was thus a result of the magnitude of the tensile strain in the Si surrounding the compressive strained Ge dot. Due to the increased Si/Ge intermixing and reduced strain in the Si barrier, a reduction of the conduction band offset was observed at increased growth temperatures, and the band alignment was of type II. As confirmed by photoluminescence, the band gap of the Ge dots increases with increased growth temperature due to the higher degree of Si/Ge intermixing. The spacially resolved electronic properties of these Ge dots on Si were also studied using photo-assisted conductive atomic force microscope (C-AFM) in collaboration with National Nano Device Laboratories in Taiwan. In this case, the carrier confinement effect in Ge-dot/Si nanostructure systems was investigated by mapping the two-dimensional distribution of zero-bias current (ZBC) driven by non-equilibrium carriers that were exited by laser irradiation during the C-AFM experiment. Because of photo-excitation, a positive tip-current was observed only at dot locations, while the negative tip-current exhibited a ring pattern around each Ge dot (see Fig. 3). These results are explained by the effects of carrier localization in Ge/Si heterostructures with a type-II band alignment, Furthermore, the energy level as well as the fill factor of carriers to the localized sub-states could be quantified with a high spacial resolution by systematically studying the excitation intensity dependence at various photon energies, and without photo-illumination in (b) and (c), respectively.

Figure 1: Scematic drawing of the peel-off technique, and the AFM image measured around the egde formed by the peel off process.

Organic electronics is a rapidly evolving field with a vast number of applications having high potential for commercial success. Since applications such as organic light-emitting diodes, organic field-effect transistors, and photovoltaic cells encompass several thin film layers, the understanding of interfaces is a central issue for the further development of these devices.

Figure 2: Scematic energy band diagram of the standard LSMO/ALq3/Co spin-valves devices.

Energy level alignment at weakly interacting interfaces has been studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. A transition from vacuum level alignment to Fermi level pinning has been observed once the substrate work function crosses a certain threshold value, referred also as the pinning level. In the Fermi level pinning regime, it is energetically favorable to transfer electrons from the molecules to the substrate conduction band, resulting in the formation of an interfacial dipole of a magnitude that scales with φs. The direct experimental evidences for charge transfer have been shown for vacuum deposited submonolayer of tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ). The photoelectron emission study of this system revealed presence of electrons in the charge transfer states at the interface. In the context of the observed different energy level alignment regimes the research interest has been also directed towards more complex systems, containing more than one molecular overlayer.


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Thin Film Physics Division www.ifm.liu.se/thinfilm • Professors: Lars Hultman, Head of Division Jens Birch Peter Isberg, Adjunct Professor, ABB AB. • Associate Professors (Lecturers and Docents): Valeriu Chirita Hans Högberg Martin Magnusson Per Persson • Assistant Professors: Fredrik Eriksson Finn Giuliani Gueorgui Gueorguiev Johanna Rosén

Figure 4: The interfacial elecronic structure discussed in the text.

A new form of PEDOT with SO3-Na units attached as ring substituents, so-called S-PEDOT, was studied using PES. The work function was found to be somewhat lower than regular PEDOT-PSS, 4.9 eV vs 5.2 eV. The XPS showed that iron compounds remain in the films, probably acting as counter ions to the doped PEDOT segments as the Fe vs EDOT ratio was ~1:3. 3: HighliGhts. In November, Prof. W. R. Salaneck was named

Figure 3: UPS spectra and the corresponding diagrams of energy level alignment of interfaces: (1) PEDOT-PFESA/CBP/m-MTDATA and (b) PEDOT-PFESA/m-MTDATA/CBP.

In order to facilitate electron injection from La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) to organic semiconductors in organic spintronic devices, work function (WF) modification of LSMO using adsorbed monolayer of the electron donors such as tetrakis(dimethyl¬amino)ethylene (TDAE) and acridine orange base (AOB) has been investigated using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray absorption spectrospocy (XAS) both in-house and at MAX-lab. Upon exposure of LSMO to TDAE, the WF of LSMO decreases from 4.4 eV to 3.8 eV. A dipole of 0.6 eV is formed at interface between LSMO and TDAE. Then, upon deposition of Alq3 on to the molecularly-modified substrate, the WF changes to 3.5 eV. Obviously, an additional dipole of 0.3 eV is induced by Alq3. UPS data show that the expected electron injection barrier is reduced by up to ~0.6 eV, and the expected hole injection barrier is 2.2 eV from LSMO to Alq3. TDAE donates two electrons to LSMO and becomes TDAE++. It is an indication that work function of ferromagnetic electrode LSMO can be effectively tuned by electron donor or acceptor at the surface. This approach was extended to another more air-stable organic molecule AOB, which is appropriate in real device applications. When AOB is vapor-deposited on LSMO in vacuum, the WF of LSMO changes from 4.5 eV to 3.4 eV. Dipole formation at interface occurs by charge transfer between AOB and LSMO. Mn L-edge XAS spectra provide a

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Honorary Professor at the Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China. In December, he was listed in the top ten cited researchers in the world in his field (organic electronics), by Thomson Scientific, USA. 4: Cooperation. The group has close cooperation with 18 universities and industries through the EU-Integrated Project, NAIMO, Nanoscale Integrated Processing of self-organized Multifunctional Organic Materials (see www.naimo-project.org). In addition, particularly close relations exist with Konarka, Austria (www.konarkatech. com/), and Thin Film Electronics, Sweden (www.thinfilm.se), where W. R. Salaneck is also a member of the company board of directors.

Slawek Braun defended his doctoral thesis in June 2007: “Studies of materials and interfaces for organic electronics”, ISBN : 978-91-85831-94-4, Dissertation No. 1103. Pramod Blatt defended his doctoral thesis in December 2007: “Fabrication and study of inorganic and organic thin film magnets”, ISBN 978-91-85895-20-5, Dissertation No. 1152. Linda Lindel defender her Licenciate thesis in June, 2007: “Molecular Scale Interface Engineering“, LIU-TEK-LIC-2007:17, ISBN: 978-91-85715-16-9, Dissertation No. 1308. Elin Carlegrim defended her Licenciat thesis in December 2007: “Preparation and characterization of an organic-based magnet”, ISBN: 978-91-85895-21-2, Licenciate Dissertation No. 1338. W. R. Salaneck is Vice Rektor for International Relations (50%).

5: Other.

-----------

• Post-Graduate Students: Martin Dahlqvist Anders Eriksson Jenny Frodelius Axel Flink (planned dissertation May 2008) Andrej Furlan (planned dissertation Dec. 2008) Naureen Ghafoor (planned dissertation April 2008) Niklas Gunnarsson, ACREO-Jönköping Carina Höglund Lars Johnson Ali Khatibi Junaid Mohammad Jonas Lauridsen Justinas Palisaitis Jacob Sjölén, SECO Tools AB David Trinh (dissertation Feb. 2008) SAPA Technology Herbert Willmann, Andritz AG Agne Zukauskaite • Visiting Scientists / Post Docs: Javier Bareno, Univ. Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Manfred Beckers, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf • Administrative and Technical Staff: Inger Eriksson, Division Secretary & Linné Coordinator Therese Dannetun, FunMat Vinnex Center Coordinator Sven Andersson, 1st Research Engineer Karl-Olof Brolin, Research Engineer Thomas Lingefelt, 1st Research Engineer Galia Pozina, PhD, 1st Research Engineer

Aims and Vision. We conduct application-inspired basic research on thin films to fundamentally understand the atomistic nature of materials properties and behavior and learn how to make materials perform better through new methods of synthesis and processing. Emphasis is put on the relationships between growth from the vapor phase, microstructure, and properties of thin solid films. We thus extend the frontiers of materials and nano sci-ences to expand the scientific foundations for the development of materials. Our research concerns lead to unsurpassed design of new multifunctional materials for engineering, electronics, and the life sciences. Results are explored in collaboration with industry and the properties of structures unique to thin films form the basis for new and improved materials and proc-esses in applications. We further seek to discover novel phases and structures, as well as finding new materials phenomena. Research Program. The overall research program concerns the materials science and nanotechnology of thin films. It is aimed at increasing the understanding of vapor phase deposi-tion, ion-surface interactions, and reactions in ad-vanced materials. Specifically, we focus on increasing the understanding of the nature of epilayers, textured thin films, and nanoscale materials. Model systems include transition metal nitrides, wide-band gap nitrides, multifunctional ceramics (MAX phases; e.g., Ti3SiC2, Ti2AlN), nanocomposites, superlattices, fullerene-like compounds, and nm-sized metallic multilayers. Several deposition techniques are covered including unbalanced magnetron sputtering, magne-tron sputter epitaxy (MSE), and cathodic arc. Our materials science laboratory specializes in applying and developing methods for plasma characterization, analytical and high-resolution electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, ab initio calculations, and molecular dynamics simulations.

Research Programs and Projects: • SSF Strategic Research Center, MS2E • VR Linnaeus Grant, LiLi-NFM • VINNOVA Excellence Center, FunMat • SSF Ingvar Grant (Rosén) • Self-organized Nanostructures (VR) • Soft X-ray Multilayer Mirrors (VR) • Multifunctional Ceramic Films (VR) • Nanolaminate Mn+1AXn phases (VR,ABB) • Computational Materials Science (Faculty) • In situ Film Growth (SSF-SIG, KAW) • FOREMOST,INTERFACE,INNOVATIAL (EU) • Nanostructured oxides (Sandvik Tooling) • NANASY (Switzerland-CTI Nano) • Wear Resistant Nitrides (Seco Tools)


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direct evidence of charge transfer. The self organization of APFO-9/ PCBM (PCBM60 and PCBM70) blends at the (buried) anode in bulk heterojunction solar cells have been studied, revealing that the anode interface is primarily PCBM/ITO and PCBM/PEDOT-PSS, i.e., the acceptor material preferentially segregats to the anode for both ITO and PEDOT-PSS.

Material Physics

Via a careful choice of substrates with different work functions, it has been shown that the energetics of organic-organic heterojunctions depend strongly on the relation between molecular charge transfer states and substrate work function. For the substrate with work function lower than the molecular pinning levels, associated with positive integer charge transfer states (ICTSs), vacuum level alignment has been observed. It was found that the observed alignment scheme is invariant under change of deposition sequence, in agreement with previously published results. However, for the same organic semiconductors, but deposited on the substrate with work function higher than the pinning levels of the molecules, the assumption of equality of interface energetic under reversal of deposition sequence was found to be not valid. This behavior is expected to occur for a broad class of weakly interacting interfaces and can have profound consequences for the design of organic electronic devices.

Undergraduate Courses Offered: • TFYY88 Materials Science (L. Hultman) • TFYY78 CDIO – Computational Physics (V. Chirita) • NFYD 71 New Materials (L. Hultman and J. Birch) • TFFM 40 Analytical Methods in Mtrl Sci (H. Högberg) • TFYY87 Nanotechnology (J Birch) Graduate Courses Offered: • Vacuum Technology (H. Högberg) • Analytical Electron Microscopy (P. Persson) • X-ray Diffraction (J. Birch and F. Eriksson) • Crystal Defects (F. Giuliani)

• We discovered fullerene-like phosphourus-carbide (CPx) by firstprinciples calculations and synthesis by magnetron sputtering. The figures show our home-designed/built PVD system for CPx deposition with the magnetron in operation.

• SECO Tools AB for research on arc-deposition of nanostructured nitride coatings and their thermal stability for exploring age hardening. • Sandvik Tooling Sverige AB for development of PVD-oxide wearresistant coatings. • IMPACT Coatings AB – a spin-off company by Dr. H. Ljungcrantz – for film processing. A multifunc-tional nanocomposite coating is on the market. Interaction with Society.

• Press articles in Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet and NyTeknik.

Material Physics

Material Physics

Docent Degrees in 2007: • Dr. Per Persson PhD Dissertations in 2007: • Per Eklund Licentiate Examinations in 2007: • Andrej Furlan

• Multi-billion time-step Molecular Dynamics simulations were performed to study homoepi-taxial growth of Pt(111) by hyperthermal Pt atom deposition with fluxes approaching experimental conditions over 1.5 µs. The figure shows normal-ized antiphase diffraction intensity during deposi-tion and the surface morphology at 3 ML cover-age. D. Adamovic, V. Chirita, E.P. Münger, L. Hultman, J.E. Greene, Phys. Rev. B76 (2007) 115418. Sept. 2007 PRB Kaleidoscope Cover.

Diploma Works in 2007: • Lars Johnson • Lukas Hädicke • Karin Back • Richard Rachbauer Special Events in 2007.

• We are part of the Linköping Univ. Fund Raising Campaign; www.liu.se/expanding_excellence. • Lars Hultman elected Fellow of the Forschung-szentrum Dresden, Rossendorf (FZD). • Swedish Minister for Higher Education & Re-search, Lars Leijonborg visited our lab. on 21 Nov.

Scientific Highlights in 2007.

• The Division published 40 peer-reviewed papers. • We discovered the Sc3AlN anti perovskite – the first ternary of the system.

• Low temperature Ti2AlN(0001) formation was achieved by solid state topotaxy between AlN(001) and Ti(0001) via Ti3AlN(111). The figures illustrate the epitaxy of the phases. C.Höglund, M.Beckers, N.Schell, J.Birch, L.Hultman, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (2007) 174106.

• Ab initio simulations show that nanowires of endohedral MSi12 cage-like molecules are stable for light transition metals (M=Fe,Ni,Co,Ti,V,Cu). These nanowires are Si-based analogues to C nanotubes, but with an hexagonal cross-section. They are proposed as conductive components for self-assembled nanodevices. A metallic nano-wire assembled by seven endohedral hexagonal NiSi12 prisms is shown below.

Technology transfer and industry graduate students.

• One patent application filed in 2007 • ABB Corporate Research / Kanthal AB /Impact Coatings AB / SP for applications of MAX phases. • SKF-ERC BV for application of carbon-based coatings on rolling and sliding bearings.

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Theory & Modeling

www.ifm.liu.se/theomod/

The program ‘Theory and Modeling (T&M)’ at the Department of Physics and Measurement Technology (IFM) includes Theoretical Physics, Computational Physics, Theoretical Biology, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. At the same time as these disciplines are different, they all rely on a common core of mathematical modeling, mathematical/numerical methods, and simulations. One reason is that many of the fundamental laws in natural sciences and technology are formulated in a mathematical language. The field of theory and modeling is presently in a very expansive phase. The reason is the profound and rapid development of computers, efficient algorithms, software, and immense databases that we experience today. It offers new and rich opportunities to solve in realistic ways many important problems. Only a few years ago the complexity associated with shape, intricate boundary conditions, different length and time scales, immense amount of data, etc., simply made it prohibitive to tackle problems of this kind. The general field of theory and modeling is also becoming increasingly important because it may supplement expensive and/or time consuming experiments and product developments with realistic simulations based on mathematical models, rapid access to large databases, etc. It may also replace hazardous, dangerous and/or very expensive experiments and even substitute inaccessible experiments as in geophysics and astrophysics. The need for research and education in the broad field of theory and modeling is evidently great. IFM is a good place for conducting such a program, because it offers close contact with experimental activities and educational programs in engineering and science. Another important aspect is the access to the local computational facilities and expertise at the National Supercomputer Center. There are about fifty persons actively engaged in T&M. To organize common activities within T&M there is a steering committee, which includes Igor Abrikosov (theoretical physics and head of theory and modeling), Bo Ebenman (theoretical biology), Bengt Persson (bioinformatics), Sven Stafström (computational physics), Jesper Tegnér (computational biology), and Ingegärd Andersson (administrative assistant). Members of T&M carry out innovative research. During 2007 we published 67 papers in international journals with referee system. We gave large number of invited talks at international conferences. We have established collaboration with many scientists leading in their research fields, in Sweden and internationally. We actively participated in national and international research networks. In particular, we were involved in Linnaeus Strong Research Environment supported by the Swedish Research Council and in Strategic Research Center “Materials Science for Nanoscale Surface Engineering (MS2E)” and the “Center of Organic Electronics (COE)”, supported by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research. We participated

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We use sequence comparisons and machine learning techniques for detection of sequence patterns and for characterisation of protein families. Among current projects, we mention the SDRs (short-chain dehydrogenases/ reductases) and MDRs (medium-chain dehydrogenases/reductases). These wide-spread super-families are occurring in close to all living organisms. We are currently working on a functional classification of these enzymes.

Characterisation of protein families.

We use molecular modelling techniques to study molecular interactions and sequence variations in relation to structural changes. Recently, we used molecular modelling to investigate interactions between GDNF (Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) and NCAM (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule) in collaboration with the group of Carlos Ibañez at Karolinska Institutet. We could identify four charged contacts to be the main contributors to the binding. Mutations of these abolished GDNF binding to NCAM, supporting the imporance of these residues. In collaboration with Anna Wedell at Karolinska Institutet, a model of human 21-hydroxylase, CYP21, was calculated in order to better understand the molecular causes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). We calculated models for 60 disease causing forms and six normal variants. Using the models, we could predict the effects of the mutants based upon protein stability of modelled mutants which were found to correlate inversely with the corresponding clinical severity.

Molecular modelling.

Protein sequence patterns contain important information regarding functional and structural properties. Using close to 400 completely known genomes we have performed a largescale and systematic investigation of sequence patterns in order to detect over-represented and under-represented patterns. The overrepresented patterns reflect intrinsically favourable properties, containing structurally and functionally important sequences, while the under-represented patterns reveal unfavourable building blocks.

Peptide patterns.

Bioinformatics www.ifm.liu.se/bioinfo Staff

Bengt Persson, professor Anders Bresell, Ph. D. student Jonas Carlsson, Ph. D. student Joel Hedlund, Ph. D. student Jan-Ove Järrhed, sys.adm. Yvonne Kallberg, Ph. D. Kerstin Vestin, administrative assistant Masters student 2007

Fredrik Lysholm Martin Svenson Bioinformatics is a fast developing field of science, devoted to the interpretation of biological information related to DNA and proteins. At IFM, the bioinformatics group was established in the autumn 2002. Our research aims at the detection of sequence patterns and relationships, which will be used to create prediction algorithms and to do functional assignments. The methodology includes genome-wide sequence comparisons, machine-learning techniques, and molecular modelling. We apply the methods on a number of biomedical problems, often in collaborations with experimental groups. We also develop bioinformatics tools and methods for large scale analyses within proteomics. Research.

OAT – Ontology Annotation Tree-browser tool. Ontology is an important and a very attractive way of representing knowledge. In collaboration with AstraZeneca, Lund, we have developed a tool for browsing gene ontologies, denoted OAT – Ontology Annotation Tree-browser tool. Using this tool, one can interpret large amounts of data, e.g. from gene expression analysis and distinguish similarities in function and/or other properties, based upon annotated properties. The tool is available via http://www.ifm.liu.se/bioinfo/ BioGrid. We coordinate the NDGF-supported BioGrid project aiming to establish a Nordic grid infrastructure for bioinformatics. The widely used bioinformatic software packages BLAST and HMMer have been gridified, and the frequently used databases UniProtKB and UniRef have been made available on the distributed storage system within the Nordic grid. Further applications are in the pipeline to be gridified including multiple sequence alignment, molecule dynamics and phylogeny.

Furthermore, we have developed a bioinformatics profile for the civil engineering programme, which was launched during spring 2004. We are also taking part in the Master’s programme in computational biosciences, which is one branch of the Computational Science Master’s programme. Popular science. Bengt Persson is on the organising committee of the annual research school at the Nobel manor Björkborn, Karlskoga, for 2nd/3rd year of Swedish high school students. He is also giving lecture at these events. Furthermore, Persson is member of the organising committee for the annual Berzeliusdagarna aiming at increasing the interest and education in Chemistry among high school students.

Computational Physics Staff

• • • •

Professors: Sven Stafström, head of division Associate professors: Patrick Norman Assistant professors: Magnus Boman, Gueorgio Gueorguiev PhD students: Johan Böhlin, Ulf Ekström, Johan Henriksson, Magnus Hultell, Mattias Jacobsson • Visiting scientist: Lemi Demeyu, Mulugeta Bekele, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia • Adm. Assistant: Ingegärd Andersson Doctoral examination

• Ulf Ekström, Time-dependent molecular properties in the optical and x-ray regions. Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertation No. 1131, October 2007 Licentiate examination

• Magnus Hultell, “Electron-lattice dynamics in π-conjugated systems”, Dissertation No. 1295, February 2007 • Johan Böhlin “Molecular electronics – a theoretical study of electronic structure in molecular crystals and surfaces”, Dissertation No. 1315, February 2007 General. The Computational Physics group which also includes Quantum Computational Chemistry are using a wide range of methods including first principle quantum mechanical approaches and response theory, finite size scaling for studies of electron localization, the Landauer formalism for conduction studies, and classical Monte Carlo methods for studies of transport,. Most of the systems that we are studying are based on carbon. The research cuts across a range of disciplines (molecular and supramolecular electronics, materials and polymer science, device physics) with many applications in the fields of nano-technology, optoelectronics, and organic electronics. The Computational Physics group gives a large number of courses on graduate as well as under-graduate levels: Electron transport

During 2007, we have arranged courses in bioinformatics: • at LiTH (TFTB24 autumn 2007) • at HU in collaboration with IBK (spring 2006)

Teaching.


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in the ESF Programmes "Psi-k" and “InterACT”, the European Commission project NANOCASE, and in a collaborative ESF-VR project "Mineralogy and Chemistry of Earth's core (MCEC)". Members of T&M are active in undergraduate and graduate teaching. We give many basic courses, e.g. Theory of Relativity, Quantum Dynamics, Elementary Particle Physics, Electrodynamics Electromagnetism, Analytical Mechanics, Quantum Computing, Quantum Mechanics, and many other courses. T&M represents a broad and interdisciplinary research program. To find out more about each other research, and to promote collaborations within the division, we organized an annual group meeting, “Theory and Modeling Day”. December 10, 2007. So, here we are (see picture)!

• Development of the DALTON/DRIAC program packages. (PN)

Highlights.

External funding.

• We have shown that thermal fluctuations in the ring torsion angles in conjugated polymer systems can lead to electron localization [Phys. Rev. B, 75, 104304 (2007)] • We were able to perform full simulations of an organic fieldeffect transistor device. The simulations were focused on studies of charge carrier mobility and showed the importance of the gate field and the charge carrier concentration. [Phys. Rev. B, 76, 155202 (2007] • The development of a four-component relativistic approach to determine X-ray absorption spectra enables accurate calculations of K- and L-edge spectra for second-row elements. Application of the method is shown with the characterization of the chemisorption of methylsilane on a Au(1,1,1) surface. [J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 13846 (2007)] • A novel approach for the determination of electronic circular dichroism spectra has been formulated and implemented. The method is based on the complex polarization propagator technique which we have developed. [J. Chem. Phys. 126, 134102 (2007)] • The near-edge x-ray absorption and natural circular dichroism spectra of L-alanine has been determined using time-dependent density functional theory. The calculation of XNCD spectra is made possible by the aforementioned development of the complex polarization propagator. [J. Chem. Phys. 127, 165104 (2007)] • Based on the second-order residue of the quadratic response function, we have developed and implemented a four-component relativistic approach for the determination of first-order excited state properties, such as electronic dipole moments and excitedto-excited state transition moments. The formulation is based on a Kramers restricted reference state. [J. Chem. Phys. 126, 064313 (2007)] Collaborations within LiU.

• • • •

Center in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CeNano) Center of Organic Electronics (COE) Collaboration with the Thin-Film Physics group at IFM Collaboration with the Surface Physics and Chemistry at IFM and the Organic Electronics Group at ITN.

External activities and networks.

• Director of National Supercomputer Center, NSC (SS) • Department head, ITN (SS) • Member of the board of the Natural Science division of the Swedish Research Council (SS) • Member of the board of Nordita (SS) • Chairman of the Swedish Physical Society, division of Condensed Matter Physics (SS) • Coordinator of the NorFA network in Quantum Modeling of Molecular Materials. (PN) • Swedish Defence Nanotechnology program. (http://www.nanotek.se) (PN)

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Individual external collaborations.

• Patrick Norman and H. Ågren (KTH, Stockholm) • Patrick Norman and David Bishop (Ottowa, Canada) • Sven Stafström and M. Bekele (Univ. Of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) External funding is absolutely essential for the activities in the computational physics group. We are grateful for support from a number of sources including the Swedish Research Council (VR), European Commission, Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF), Swedish Defence (FMV), Nordisk Forskerutdanningsakademi (NorFA) and International Science Programme (ISP). High performance computing resources were provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) and the National Supercomputer Center, NSC, at Linköping University.

ment strategies for effective biological control of pests (Uno Wennergren PI) • Reducing the risk of spread of diseases (Uno Wennergren PI) • Long term strategies for preserving species in a dynamic landscape (Uno Wennergren PI) • Analysis and optimization of animal transport: logistics and animal welfare (Uno Wennergren PI) Members of the group are involved in several courses at graduate as well as undergraduate levels including courses in ecology, population ecology: theories and applications, mathematical models in chemistry and biology, and conservation biology. During 2007 the parallel computer cluster Lotka was launched. It is used for in silico experiments and simulation of the dynamics of complex biological systems. SOME RECENT RESEARCH RESULTS.

Ecologically unique species are vulnerable to cascading extinction Owen Petchey, Anna Eklöf, Charlotte Borrvall & Bo Ebenman

Theoretical Biology cms.ifm.liu.se/theomod/theobio.html Staff

• Professor: Bo Ebenman (head of division) • Associate professors: Uno Wennergren • Post Doc: Charlotte Borrvall • PhD students: Sofia Berg Anna Eklöf Nina Håkansson Linda Kaneryd Jenny Lennartsson Tom Lindström Malin Setzer

Understanding which species might go extinct and the consequences of such loss is critical. One consequence is a cascade of further, secondary, extinctions. While a significant amount is known about the types of communities and species that suffer secondary extinctions, little is known about their consequences for biodiversity. We examined the impact of these secondary extinctions on trophic diversity: the range of trophic roles played by the species in a community. Our analyses of natural and model food webs show that secondary extinctions cause greater loss of trophic diversity than expected by chance. Greater than expected loss of trophic diversity occurs because more trophically unique species are more vulnerable to secondary extinction. Positive correlation between a species’ extinction probability and its impact if lost defines high-risk species and should make their conservation a priority. [American Naturalist (in press)]

Recent analyses of climate data indicate that the intensity and frequency of different weather extremes have increased. Such increased environmental variability may lead to increased species extinction rates and hence have important consequences for the stability and functioning of ecosystems. Using models we have investigated the relationship between species richness and ecosystem persistence in a fluctuating environment. We found that speciesrich ecosystems are more sensitive to environmental variation than species-poor ones. Specifically, species extinction risks are higher in species-rich ecosystems than in species-poor ones. [Ecological Complexity (in press)] Splitting the tail of long distance dispersers Tom Lindström, Nina Håkansson, Lars Westerberg & Uno Wennergren A study on how to infer the dispersal, movement behaviours of animals and local spread of disease revealed different aspects of such a displacement kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence and distribution, as well as spread of disease. It is however unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amount and configuration of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel was on the other hand of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating between variance and kurtosis can cast new light on in what way long distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. [Ecology (in press)] Trade-offs between welfare and profit in animal transport Nina Håkansson & Uno Wennergren A study on the controversy and complications of animal transport showed that the trade-offs between welfare and profit can be reduced by effective route planning. We have, by computer simulations, investigated how trade-offs differs between areas in Sweden and in general landscapes. The general results are applicable to any area and hence for animal transportation in general. [Proceedings: www.isah-soc.org/index.php?action=19]

• Administrative assistant: Kerstin Johansson The research in theoretical biology is mainly focused on the structure and dynamics of complex ecological networks. Present projects include: • The response of ecosystems to species loss: using community viability analysis to quantify the risk and extent of extinction cascades (Bo Ebenman PI) • Using sensitivity analysis to identify keystone species and keystone links in ecosystems (Bo Ebenman PI) • The robustness of ecosystems to an increasingly variable world: effect of climate change on the structure and functioning of ecosystems (Bo Ebenman PI) • The response of metacommunities to habitat and species loss: the role of local and regional processes (Bo Ebenman PI) • Ecologically effective population sizes (Bo Ebenman PI) • Population growth in heterogeneous landscapes: crop manage-

The response of ecosystems to an increasingly variable world Charlotte Borrvall & Bo Ebenman

GENERAL.

Figure 1. East River Valley Trophic Web. Image produced with FoodWeb3D, written by R.J. Williams and provided by the Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab (www.foodwebs.org, Yoon et al. 2004). Yoon, Ilmi; Williams, Richard J.; Levine, Eli; Yoon, Sanghyuk; Dunne, Jennifer A.; Martinez, Neo D. 2004. Webs on the Web (WOW): 3D visualization of ecological networks on the WWW for collaborative research and education Proceedings of SPIE. 5295:124-132. 2004.

EXTERNAL ACTIVITIES AND NETWORKS. Participation in: • The newly established ESF Research Networking Programme SIZEMIC (Body-size and ecosystem dynamics: integrating pure and applied approaches from aquatic and terrestrial ecology to support an ecosystem approach). The programme is funded by the Swedish Research Council (VR) and several other national research councils in Europe. Bo Ebenman is a member of the steering committee of the programme. • Mathematics in the Living Environment (MILE). Erasmus/Socrates collaboration with York University.


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Theory & Modeling

in molecular and polymeric materials (graduate, Sven Stafström), Quantum Physics (undergraduate, Magnus Boman), Introduction to Computational Physics (undergraduate, Magnus Boman), and Quantum Mechanics (undergraduate, Patrick Norman. The group has also had 4 diploma students working in the group during the year.

EXTERNAL COLLABORATIONS.

• Bo Ebenman - Prof. Richard Law (York University, UK), Dr. Owen Petchey (Sheffield University, UK), Dr. Jon Yearsley (Lausanne University, Switzerland), Dr. Mark Emmerson (University of Cork, Ireland), Dr. Ulrich Brose (Darmstadt Technical University, Germany), and Dr. Annie Jonsson and Dr. Tomas Jonsson (Skövde Univer¬sity, Sweden). • Uno Wennergren - Prof. Jan Bengtsson (SLU, Uppsala, Sweden), Prof. Mikael Rönnquist (Bergen University), Dr. Annie Jonsson and Prof. Noel Holmgren (Skövde University), Prof. Bo Algers (SLU) and Prof. Ivar Vågsholm (SVA). EXTERNAL FUNDING. Financial support has been received from the Swedish Research Council (VR), Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS), Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF), Swedish Animal Welfare Agency and Swedish Emergency Management Agency.

Theory & Modeling

Theoretical Physics www.ifm.liu.se/theomod/theophys.html

• Administrative assistant Ingegärd Andersson • Diploma students Kh. Grasmalla Jonatan Abramsson Ulf Kargen Erik Liif Marcus Gidby John Wärnå Björn Wahlstrand • Visiting researchers

Prof. Almas Sadreev, Krasnoyarsk, Russia Prof. Lennart Stenflo, Sweden Dr. Alena Ponomareva, Moscow, Russia Prof. Yuri Vekilov, Moscow, Russia Kateryna Malyuta, Kharkov, Ukraine Dr. Dmitry Bazhanov, Moscow, Russia Dimitrii Maksimov, Karsnoyarsk, Russia Tatiana Babushkina, Karsnoyarsk, Russia During 2007 two new PhD students have joined theoretical physics: Marcus Ekholm and Olga Vekilova

Staff.

Appointments in 2007.

• Professors Igor Abrikosov (Head of T&M) Karl-Fredrik Berggen Rolf Riklund Bo Sernelius

General. The research in theoretical physics is primarily focused on condensed matter physics/theoretical materials science, nanoscience, electromagnetic modeling, and non-linear physics. Typical projects are: • Electronic structure theory and first-principles simulations of materials properties (Igor Abrikosov, Christian Asker, Francois Liot, Olga Vekilova, Dmitry Bazhanov). • Theory of local environment effects in non-periodic solids (Igor Abrikosov, Sergei Simak, Tobias Marten, Francois Liot) • Phase stabilities and phase transformations in nanostructured materials (Igor Abrikosov, Björn Alling, Tobias Marten, Eyvaz Isaev) • Mineralogy and chemistry of Earth's core (Igor Abrikosov, Sergei Simak, Arkady Mikhaylushkin, Christian Asker) • Ab initio theory of structural, physical and chemical properties of solids (Sergei Simak) • Theoretical study of materials with fast ionic conductivity for energy applications (Sergei Simak, Olle Hellman) • Nanotechnology, mesoscopic physics , ultrasmall semiconductor structures and devices in the quantum regime, quantum information, transport and quantum and classical wave chaos in microwave cavities (K-F Berggren, A Sadreev, I I Yakimenko) • Studies of dispersion forces in nanoscience (Bo E. Sernelius, Carlos Roman) • Studies of the fundamental nature of the Casimir force and its temperature dependence (Bo E. Sernelius, Mathias Boström) • Long-range intermolecular dispersion forces (Auyaporn Jiem-

• Associate Professors Peter Münger Sergei Simak Irina Yakymenko Magnus Johansson Lars Alfred Engström Bruno Lindquist • Assistant Professors Mathias Boström • PhD students Lars Kroon Auyaporn Jiemchooroj Michael Öster Björn Alling Christian Asker Olga Vekilova Marcus Ekholm Olle Hellman Tobias Marten Francois Liot Peter Steneteg

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• Visiting Scientists / Post Docs Eyvaz Isaev Arkady Mikhaylushkin Carlos Roman-Velasquez Ferenc Tasnadi


2007

chororoj, Bo. E. Sernelius, Patrick Norman) • Understanding Specific Ion Effects in Biology and Colloid Science through Mean-Field Theory and Monte Carlo Simulations (M. Boström). • Dynamical simulations of defect formation and crystal growth (Peter Münger, I. A. Abrikosov, P. Steneteg). • Energy localization in discrete systems (R. Riklund. L. Kroon, M.Johansson, M. Öster) • "Nonlinear dynamics of anharmonic lattices: localization, transport, instabilities and thermodynamics. Applications in nonlinear optics, photonics, Bose-Einstein lattices and crystals (M. Johansson, M. Öster)" We are responsible for the Competence Platform "Computational Tools for Materials Science" within the Strategic Centre in Materials Science for Nanoscale Surface Engineering at LiU, supported by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF). Also, we, together with Computational Physics Group, build the node "Materials Modeling" within the newly established Linköping Linnaeus Initiative for Novel Functional Materials, supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR). At the European level, we are actively involved in an international and interdisciplinary project "Mineralogy and Chemistry of Earth's core (MCEC)" supported by ESF with I. A. Abrikosov as one of the Principal Investigators. Our goal is to develop new theoretical methodologies and to study phase relations and thermoelastic properties of alloy phases in the Fe-Ni system, as well as in multicomponent Fe-Ni-light elements alloys in order to obtain information crucial for modeling the Earth’s core. Thus, our project will set up a foundation for the theoretical simulations within the MCEC collaborative research project. Prof. Abrikosov is also a spokesperson for Working Group 15 “Ab initio design of structural materials” within the European Science Foundation Programme “Towards Atomistic Materials Design (Psi-k)”. The theory group gives a large number of courses on graduate as well as undergraduate levels. The teaching has a wide range from analytical mechanics, quantum theory, condensed matter physics, many-body physics and statistical mechanics to quantum information and computing, elementary particle physics and general relativity. PhD examinations.

• Michael Öster: "Stability and Mobility of Localized and Extended Excitations in Nonlinear Schrödinger Models" Dissertation No. 1072 • Lars Kroon: "Spectra and Dynamics of Excitations in LongRange Correlated Structures" Dissertation No. 1109 • Auayporn Jiemchooroj: "Long-range intermolecular dispersion forces and circular dichroism spectra from first-principles calculations," Dissertation No. 1118. Licentiate examinations. Christian Asker: “Spectroscopic and elastic properties in metallic systems from first-principles methods” Thesis No: 1314

In 2007 Prof. I. A. Abrikosov received Göran Gustafsson Prize in physics (see photo), one of the most prestigious national prizes in Sweden.

Awards.

2007 HIGHLIGHTS. The most valuable achievement of theoretical physics is that it provides universal way to approaching different problems. Thus, its role in interdisciplinary research is rapidly increasing. Many projects that are carried out in the group underline this point.

High pressure surprises: Gold and Iron at Extreme Conditions [L. S. Dubrovinsky, N. A.Dubrovinskaia, W. A. Crichton, A. S. Mikhaylushkin, S. I. Simak, I. A. Abrikosov, J. S. de Almeida, R. Ahuja, W. Luo, B. Johansson, "The noblest of all metals is structurally unstable at high pressure", Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 045503 (2007); A. Mikhailushkin, S. I. Simak, L. S. Dubrovinsky, N. A. Dubrovinskaia, B, Johansson, and I. A. Abrikosov, "Pure iron compressed and heated to extreme conditions", Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 165505 (2007); L. Dubrovinsky, N. Dubrovinskaia, O.Narygina, A. Kuznetzov, V. Prakapenka, L. Vitos, B. Johansson, A. S. Mikhaylushkin, S. I. Simak, and I. A. Abrikosov, “Experimental Evidences for Body-Centred-Cubic Phase of Iron-Nickel Alloy in the Earth’s Core”, Science 316, 1880 (2007)] Gold is believed to be the noblest and the most stable metal. At ambient conditions it adopts the so-called face-centred cubic (fcc) structure. Nobody was able to change it so far. On the contrary, iron, which has the so-called body-centred cubic (bcc) structure, transforms to another, hexagonal closed packed (hcp) structure at moderate compression. However, it was believed to be stable up to the pressure and temperature conditions, which correspond to the Earth’s inner core. The results of our first-principles study supported by the laser-heated diamond anvil-cell experiments on the high-pressure high-temperature structural behaviour of these metals revealed much more intriguing behaviour of these metals. We showed that gold does transform to the hexagonal structure at pressure around 250 GPa. We also showed that in contrast to the widely accepted picture, the fcc phase of pure iron becomes as stable as the hcp phase at pressures around 300–360 GPa and temperatures around 5000–6000 K. The temperature-quenched experiments carried out in the group of Prof. Dubrovinsky (Universitat Bayreuth, Germany) indicated that the fcc phase of iron can exist in the pressure-temperature region above 160 GPa and 3700 K, respectively. Moreover, theory predicted that alloying Fe with Ni, which is believed to be present in the Earth’s core with concentration about 15 %, should stabilize the bcc structure with respect to both, hcp and fcc phases. Our experimental colleagues were able to stabilize for the first time bcc Fe-rich alloy at multimegabar pressures. This, in particular, means that the actual structure of the Earth's core may be much more complex than one believes at present.


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• The expert panel “Conservation Biology and Biodiversity in Terrestrial Systems” at the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (Bo Ebenman).

New materials with tailored properties are nowadays often based on thin layers of different materials. The individual layers can be as thin as single, or a few atomic, plains thick. To understand and be able to control the growth of such structures are thus of great importance. We have used Platinum as a model system and performed multibillion time step molecular dynamics studies of actual growth. Our simulations reveal a transition from three-dimensional multilayer growth mode to layer-by-layer growth when the kinetic energy of the impinging Pt atoms increase above 20 eV. Direct evidence is obtained to show that the observed transition in growth modes is primarily due to irradiation-induced processes which occur during the 10 ps following the arrival of each hyperthermal atom. The kinetic pathways leading to the transition involve both enhanced intralayer and interlayer adatom transport, direct incorporation of energetic atoms into clusters, and cluster disruption leading to increased terrace supersaturation.

Theory & Modeling

The figure shows equilibrium temperature (T) for the Ce1−yMyO2 Ce1−yMyO1.9688+0.0156O2 (M=Ce, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Ti, Zr, Hf, or Th) reaction as a function of PO2 for y=0.0312. The solute atom, M, is indicated at the right end points of each line. The solid lines refer to the group 4b elements and the dashed lines refer to the group 4a elements.

Left panel (courtesy of L. Dubrovinsky) shows schematic view of the Earth’s interiors. Atomium monument, which represents a unit cell of a body-centred cubic (bcc) crystal, is shown in the centre of the Earth inner core. A star shows the position within the Earth corresponding to the conditions of experiments reported in our Science article. The theory (right panel) allowed us to extrapolate the experimental data towards the conditions, which correspond to the centre of the Earth.

Theoretical study of ceria doped with tetravalent ions [D. A. Andersson, S. I. Simak, N. V. Skorodumova, I. A. Abrikosov, and B. Johansson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 031909 (2007)] Ceria-zirconia mixed oxides (Ce1−yZryO2) are used for oxygen storage/release in three-way catalysts for automotive exhaust treatment. These devices employ the ability of ceria to release oxygen by forming oxygen vacancies under reducing conditions and, conversely, to store oxygen by filling oxygen vacancies under oxidizing conditions. The excellent oxygen storage capacity (OSC) is an inherent property of ceria in the cubic fluorite structure. The addition of ZrO2 further improves the OSC. In this context it is important to understand how different 4+ ions, not only Zr4+, but also Hf4+, Ti4+, Th4+, and others, influence the redox thermodynamics and kinetics of ceria. The redox properties of ceria solid solutions and the underlying physical processes have been studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations (see figure below). We have shown that Ti4+, Zr4+, and Hf4+ decrease both the vacancy formation energy and the migration barrier in ceria, while Th4+ increases both of these parameters. The explanation for this has been found in the favorable geometry relaxation of the Ce3+-vacancy clusters for Ti4+, Zr4+, and Hf4+, which results in a gain in the band energy due to the motion of the Ce-4f states towards the valence band edge. The vacancysolute binding energy is inversely related to the vacancy formation energy, which for small solute concentrations will increase the activation energy for diffusion. According to our theoretical prediction CeO2–TiO2 should exhibit the most favorable redox properties; however, our calculations has also indicated that due to difficulties of forming CeO2–TiO2 solid solutions the realization of these properties should depend on the ability to prepare metastable material structures. After the paper was published the group by Prof. Gorte

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Quantum Stress in Chaotic Billiards [”Quantum stress in chaotic billiards” K.-F. Berggren, D. Maksimov, A. Sadreev, R. Höhmann, U. Kuhl, H.-J- Stöckmann, submitted] Chaotic quantum systems obey remarkable universal laws related to, e.g., energy levels, eigenfunctions, transition amplitudes or transport properties. These laws are independent of the details of individual systems and depend only on spin and time reversal symmetries. Two-dimensional planar systems like quantum billiards (quantum dots) have played an important role in the development of this kind of physics. Important examples are nano-sized billiards that may be fabricated from high-mobility semiconductor materials. External leads may be attached for injection and collection of particles. In a recent joint theoretical and experimental project between people in Linköping, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, and Marburg, Germany, the stress tensor for an open chaotic 2D billiard and its statistical distributions have been studied for the first time. In this case the quantum system may be emulated by a microwave cavity. As a result the interior working of a quantum billiard may thus be observed as done in this project.

The figure shows (left) probability current (Poynting vector) and (right) the distributions of the stress tensor components Txx for a planar open quantum dot as emulated by an microwave cavity with input and output leads.

Multibillion time step molecular dynamics simulation of material growth [D. Adamovic, V. Chirita, E.P. Münger, L. Hultman and J. E. Greene, Phys. Rev. B 76, 115418 (2007)].

Left panel of the figure: Normalized antiphase diffraction scattering intensity vs deposited layer thickness during Pt 111 homoepitaxy using Pt atoms with incident energies EPt of 0.2 eV thermal deposition. The deposition rate R is 10 ns-1. Right panel: Plan-view images showing the corresponding Pt 111 surface topographies after deposition of 2.5 and 5.0 ML. Atoms in the first, second, third, and fourth deposited layers are brown, yellow, green, and blue, respectively. 2007 COLLABORATIONS.

Collaborations within LiU: • Strategic Centre in Materials Science for Nanoscale Surface MSE2 • Linköping Linnaeus Initiative for Novel Functional Materials • Centre in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CeNano). • Centre for Interdisciplinary Mathematics at MAI, LiTH (Rolf Riklund and Göran Bergqvist). • Scientific visualization, ITN (Patric Ljung and K.-F. Berggren) • Linköping Computational Sciences Initiative, LCSI (I. Abrikosov, S. Stafström, B. Persson, L. Elden, A. Klarbring, A. Ynnerman) and associated to it new Master of Science programme "Computational sciences" (I. Yakimenko, coordinator). • National Supercomputer Center (NSC). External activities and networks. Participation in: • The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) network INALLOY. • European Spallation Source- Scandinavia, Lund University • National microfabrication laboratories • Swedish Research Council, Condensed Matter Physics Committee. • ESF -Network 'Electronic Structure Calculations for Solids and Surfaces' • The European Commission project NANOCASE • ESF Programme "Mineralogy and Chemistry of Earth's core (MCEC)" • Peter Münger participates in "The 'Stakeholders Tune European Physics

• Studies' (STEPS) initiative by the 'European Physics Education Network' • (EUPEN) within the SOCRATES programme." (http://www.eupen.ugent.be/) • KVA programme for collaboration with researchers in former Soviet Union (Kirenskay Institute of Physics, Krasnoyarsk, Institute of Nonlinear Physiscs, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow State University, Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, Russia) Individual external collaborations.

• Peter Münger and Prof. J.E. Greene (University of Illinois, USA). • Bo Sernelius and Prof. G. D. Mahan (Penn State University, USA), Prof. Antonio Ferreira da Silva (Salvador de Bahia, Brazil), Prof. Barry Ninham (Australian National University, Australia), Prof. Chris Binns (University of Leicester, England), Dr. Mike Ward, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, and Dr. Astrid Lambrecht, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France • Magnus Johansson with Prof. Yu.S. Kivshar, Dr. A. A. Sukhorukov, Canberra, Dr. R.A. Vicencio, Santiago (Chile), Dr. S. Aubry (Saclay, France), Dr. G. Kopidakis (Heraklion, Greece), and Dr. S. Lepri (Firenze, Italy) • Mathias Boström and Prof. Barry W. Ninham (Australian National University, Canberra, Australia); Prof. Werner Kunz (Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Regensburg University, Germany); Livia A. Moreira and Prof. Frederico W. Tavares (Escola de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); Dr Dominik Horinek and Prof. Roland R. Netz (Technische Universität München, Germany). • Magnus Johansson and Rolf Riklund with Prof. A. S. Kovalev, Dr. O.V. Usatenko, Dr. J. Prilepsky, and K. Malyuta (Kharkov, Ukraine). • Igor Abrikosov and Prof. M. I. Katsnelson (University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands), Prof. L. Dubrovinsky (Universität Bayreuth, Germany), Dr. D. I. Bazhanov (Moscow State University, Russia), Prof. Yu. Kh Vekilov (Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, Russia), Prof. L. Kaufman (MIT, USA), Dr. A. Karimi (EPFL), Switzerland, J. Onsgaard (Aalborg University), Denmark • K-F Berggren with H.-J. Stöckmann, U. Kuhl and R. Höhmann, AG Quantenchaos, Fachbereich Physik der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany • K-F Berggren and I. Yakimenko with M Pepper and A Graham (Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, UK). • Peter Münger, collaboration with Prof. Bo Ebenman and Anna Eklöf, Theoretical Biology, IFM, on "Cascading extinctions in food webs - local and regional processes". External visits.

• Björn Alling spent one month at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. • Magnus Johansson spent 6 weeks at the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden invited by the Advanced Study Group 2007: Localizing energy through nonlinearity, discreteness and disorder. • K.-F. Berggren has been guest professor and project manager for the ESS-S project at Lund University. • M. Boström spent half time at the Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry in University of Regensburg, Germany. Also he has regularly been visiting Prof. Frederico W. Tavares, Prof. Evaristo Biscaia Jr, and their students at Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.


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managed to prepare the CeO2-TiO2 samples. Their measurements [G. Zhou, J. Hanson, and R. J. Gorte, Appl. Catal. A, 335, 153 (2008)] provided solid support for our theoretical predictions.

Popularization of science.

Theory & Modeling

• Presentation by the Swedish Radio P1, 2007-06-29 • N. Olauson, “Jordens innersta hemlighet avslöjad”, Newspaper Östgöta Correspondenten, 2007-06-29 • C.-J. Bilkenroth, “Svenskar först till mitten”, Newspaper Svenska Dagbladet 2007-06-29 • Å. Spross, “Jördkärnan kartlagd av Uppsalaforskare”, Newspaper Uppsala Nya Tidning , 2007-06-29 • “Stärkt teori om jordens kärna”, Dagens Nyheter nätupplaga DN.se, 2007-06-29 • “Nya rön om jordens inre”, Norrköpings Tidningar NT.se, 200706-30 Göran Gustafsson Prize to Prof. Abrikosov was highlighted in media, e.g. in Östgöta Correspondenten, 2007-03-30, in Norrköpings Tidningar NT and in Ny Teknik. Interview with Prof. Abrikosov by Filip Wiltgren ”Miljoner till Linköpingsprofessor” published in Östgöta Correspondenten, 200703-31. Interview with Prof. K.-F. Berggren by Christian Ströberg ”Sverige vill bygga Europas största forskarby” was published in Östgöta Correspondenten, 2007-02-26. Prof. Abrikosov presented Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 for general public. Christian Asker presented research at Theoretical Physics for gymnasium students at "Öppet universitet" event 2007-10-17.

CeNano

HIGHLIGHTS.

The Centre in Nano science and technology (CeNano) is an organization within Linköping Institute of Technology (LiTH) at Linköping University. The mission of CeNano is to strengthen and support the competence within nano science and nano technology at LiTH. This is made by gathering researchers with nano activities at LiTH in the centre and by acting for increased collaborations and common projects in the nano realm. CeNano also acts for development and coordination of the graduate and under graduate education in this scientific area. Included in the mission of CeNano is also exposure of the nano activities at LiTH by seminars, actions for contact establishment, taking initiative to larger projects, etc.

• • • • • •

2007

In this CeNano supported project, calculations of nanostructures butterfly wings are performed. The “blue metallic” wings of Morpho rhetenor are visible from > 500 m and TEM images show wing-scale cross sections see Figure 1. Corresponding FEM calculation is performed, in this case the amplitude of the reflected and transmitted s-component of light as a function of incidence angle and wavelength for a 2-D nanostructure.

Lars Hultman, Chair Igor Abrikosov Per-Olof Holtz Olle Inganäs Per-Olov Käll Kajsa Uvdal, Director of CeNano

The scope of the yearly Symposium is to inform about nano science and technology activities at LiTH and in Sweden. The intention is to bring together researchers with an interest in the nano realm to promote cross-linking between projects at different departments at LiTH. The 3:rd CeNano Symposium in Nano Science and Nano Technology was held November 23, 2007. Physics building at Linköping University. Projects within CeNano were presented by involved PhD students. Invited speaker this year was Duncan Sutherland iNANO Center, University of Aarhus, Denmark

The CeNano Symposium.

• Characterisation of atherosclerotic carotis plaques by nanoparticulate MRI contrast agents” Maria Engström, Radiology /CMIV” • Synthesis and Photophysical Characterisation of Gallium Antimonide Nanocrystals: A Material Candidate for more Efficient Organic Solar Cells Olle Inganäs, PO Käll Biomolecular and organic electronics and Chemistry IFM • Atomic Force Measurements for Studies of forces Involved in Protein Folding Daniel Aili, Fengi Tai Thomas Ederth Bo Liedberg, Molecular Physics, IFM • ZnO nanoparticles for bio and chemical sensors -Anita LloydSpetz Applied Physics, IFM • Högtemperaturstudier av självorganiserade nanostrukturerade keramiska material Magnus Odén, Nanostructured materials IFM • Nano-molekylär karakterisering av proteininteraktioner med multidimensionell NMR - hur kan vi blockera rheumatiska autoantikroppar från att binda till multiproteinkomplexet UbcH6Ro52-Ubiquitin? Maria Sunnerhagen, Molecular biotechnology IFM


FEM-modeling of complex nanostructures (Kenneth Järrendahl and Hans Arwin)

The board of CeNano:

Projects supported CeNano in 2007.

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• Novel Luminescent Properties of Nanoparticles for Cell- and Molecular Imaging “-Kajsa Uvdal Molecular Surface Physics and nanoscience, IFM • Surface plasmons in polymeric solar cells Igor Zozoulenko ITN • FEM-modeling of complex nanostructures” Kenneth Järrendahl Hans Arwin, Applied Optics IFM

Figure 1 The “blue metallic” wings of Morpho rhetenor, (with permission from P. Vukusic) and TEM images show wing- cross sections.

Research on soft X-ray multilayer mirrors (Naureen Ghafoor, Fredrik Eriksson, Lars Hultman, and Jens Birch) Multilayers are needed for soft X-ray mirrors in, e.g., water window biological microscopes or space born telescopes. Compared to the state-of-the-art amorphous Cr/Sc multilayers, a 100 % increase in reflectivity was obtained from a nano-crystalline CrNx/ScNy multilayer deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering. The increased reflectivity is due to reduced interdiffusion in the presence of strong nitride bonds, thus providing also for enhanced thermal stability.

Figure 2 The reflectivity of a soft X-ray mirror as a function of grazing incidence angle.


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Other

K.-F. Berggren, C. Carlile, P. Carlsson: ”Sverige rustar för neutronkamp” Fysikaktuellt, No. 3, 14 (2007) Our evidences for body-centred-cubic phase of iron-nickel alloy in the Earth’s core, published in Science Magazine, were highlighted in media:

FunMat

2) Electrical contacts for electronics, power trans-mission, and sensors.

Senior Researchers at IFM

VINNOVA Excellence Center in Research and Innovation on Functional Nanoscale Materials FunMat is placed at Linköping University and financed in equal parts by VINNOVA, industry and the university. It was inaugurated on March 27, 2007 and will run for 10 years. The mission of FunMat is to: • Provide the strongest research platform for a consortium of companies in the area of ad-vanced surface engineering, with a focus on nanotechnology for tools, components, con-tacts, and sensors • Offer knowledge-based design of functional materials on the nanoscale to provide unique and improved surface properties with com-mensurate industrial opportunities • Expand core R&D capabilities by enlarging and protecting the IPR base of Swedish com-panies in key industrial sectors. The Center operates out of the West Wing of the Physics Building of IFM; www.liu.se/funmat. Center Board

Thomas Liljenberg, ABB (Chair) Birgit Jacobsson, CEI-Europe Sven Stafström, IFM, LiU Trine Vikinge, Accelerator i Linköping Lennart Karlsson, SECO Tools, adjunct Head

Jens Birch Finn Giuliani Hans Högberg Peter Isberg Per Persson Johanna Rosén

•

Kristina Buchholt Anders Eriksson Jenny Frodelius Andrej Furlan Niklas Gunnarsson Carina Höglund Lars Johnson Jonas Lauridsen Erik Lewin (Uppsala University) Justinas Palisaitis Lina Rogström Jianqiang Zhu Agne Zukauskaite

•

Mike Andersson Manfred Beckers Volodymyr Khranovskyy

Other

Prof. Anita Lloyd Spetz Research Coordinator

Prof. Magnus Odén

Consultants

Scientific Council Officer

Prof. Ulf Jansson, Uppsala University Prof. Peter Leisner, SP Elis Carlström, Swerea IVF

Prof. Rositza Yakimova Coordinator

Ms. Therese Dannetun Partner Companies

ABB AB, Corporate Research Accelerator i Linköping AB Ford Motor Company / Volvo Car Corporation Impact Coatings AB Ion Bond Sweden AB Kanthal AB Norstel AB

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Project Themes •

Post-docs Deputy Head

Research Program. FunMat builds an internationally competitive envi-ronment of research groups and companies. The Center offers basic research on functional materials. Problems and materials are identified by the organi-zation of the structure on the nanoscale. It serves its partners with scientific competence and innovative solutions in surface engineering. Specifically, FunMat is active in developing thin film deposition processes, advanced material analysis, and generat-ing IPR. We focus on two fields for exploring M-A-X multifunctional ceramics;

1) High-temperature-stable materials for cutting tools; power devices; chemical, biological and physical sensors; and new nanoscale materials

Prof. Magnus Odén

Plasma & Coating Physics

Prof. Ulf Helmersson

Surface Physics and Prof. William Salaneck Chemistry Prof. Mats Fahlman

Ph.D. Students

Prof. Lars Hultman

Nanostructured Materials

Surface & Semiconductor Prof. Göran Hansson Physics Prof. Wei-Xin Ni Prof. Roger Uhrberg

Research Engineers

Karl-Olof Brolin Ingemar Grahn Thomas Lingefelt Galia Pozina. Ph.D. Mikael Syväjärvi, Ph.D.

Materials Physics Prof. Bo Monemar Prof. Per-Olof Holtz Prof. Erik Janzén Prof. Leif Johansson Prof. Rositza Yakimova

• •

Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Contacts Self-Organizing Nanoscale Coatings for Cutting Tools MAX Nanolaminate Materials for New Applications Low-Energy/Friction Surfaces for Components New Nanoscale Sensor Materials and Applications

Theory and Modeling Prof. Igor Abrikosov Prof. Rolf Riklund Prof. Bo Sernelius Thin Film Physics Prof. Lars Hultman Prof. Jens Birch Prof. Peter Isberg Objective. Our objective is in doing basic research to funda-mentally

Our research was chosen for cover illustration in VINNOVA’s recent Policy “Forskning och innova-tion för hållbar tillväxt - VINNOVAs förslag till forsknings- & innovationsstrategi 2009-12".

LiLi-NFM Linköping Linnaeus Initiative for Novel Functional Materials LiLi-NFM is a coordinated laboratory for interdisci-plinary research on advanced materials. It is sup-ported by the Swedish Research Council (VR) for a 10-year period until 2016 by Linnaeus Grant. The research environment constitutes the back-bone of materials research at Linköping. It consists of ~125 researchers organized in 9 divisions located within the Physics Building of IFM. • Director: Prof. Lars Hultman • Deputy Director: Prof. Erik Janzén • Coordinator: Ms. Inger Eriksson • Research Divisions and Principal Investigators: Computational Physics Prof. Sven Stafström

understand the atomistic nature of materi-als synthesis, structure, and properties. We can thus extend the frontiers of materials and nano sciences to expand the scientific foundations for the devel-opment of materials that improve, e.g., the effi-ciency, environmental acceptability and safety in energy generation, conversion, transmission and use. The core activity of LiLi-NFM is within the largest and most rapidly developing area of physics research worldwide. In fact, the understanding of materials is the fundamental driving force in natural science and basic engineering research. We focus on studies on the nature of epilayers, thin films, and nanoscale materials. Here, we are in the forefront regarding materials synthesis including wideband gap materials (SiC, AlN, GaN, ZnO), nanocompo-sites, superlattices, fullerene-like compounds, and organic molecular materials. Our research concerns unsurpassed knowledge-based design of new functional materials for elec-tronics, engineering and the life sciences. We design novel material structures and explore outstanding phenomena. We also anticipate to be making discov-eries of novel phases and original structures. Strategy. It is our strategy for excellence to develop and integrate theory, simulations, and experiment. The philosophy for operating LiLi-NFM contains the following elements: • Natural science and basic engineering research • Strategic recruitments and tenure-track plans. • Intra-disciplinary excellence. • Inter-and multi-disciplinary modus operandi • Strong national & international collaboration • State-of-the-art laboratories • Leading computational capacity

Functional Electronic Prof. Wei-Min Chen Materials Prof. Irina Buyanova


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Other

Sandvik Tooling Sverige AB SECO Tools AB SKF Research and Development Company B.V. Volvo Technology ZnOrdic

• • • • • • •

Post-doc Javier Bareno Prof. Mats Fahlman Post-doc Eyvaz Isaev Lecturer Martin Magnuson Post-doc Arkady Michaylushkin Prof. Magnus Odén Post-doc Ferenc Tasnady

MS E 2

SSF Strategic Research Centre on Materials Science for Nanoscale Surface Engineering www.liu.se/ms2e

Scientific Highlights.

• Revealed dynamical stabilization of the BCC phase in Fe-Ni alloys at ultra-high pressure and temperature. Science 316, 1880 (2007). • Discovered epitaxial stabilization of c-SiNx and c-ZrO2 in TiN/ SiNx and ZrO2/Al2O3 nanocompo-sites using XRD, TEM, in situ STM and DFT. • Studied red-ox dynamic/kinetics of CeO2 in solid solutions with {Ti,Zr,Hf,Th} by DFT. Ti pro-motes reduction and lowers migration barriers. • UHV-Synthesis of organic-based semiconducting RT magnets & fabrication of organic spintronics. • Resolved sub-Å Ti-Ti & Ti-Al spacing in Ti2AlN with a Cs-corrected FEI 300kV Titan FEG TEM. • Developed a fast SiC growth technique (170 µm/h) using Clbased epitaxy and grew a film thicker than 200 µm of state-ofthe-art quality. • H-passivation of defect luminescence in ZnO nanostructured films for electronics & solar cells

Other

• Observed 100 x light velocity slow-down in GaN

Inventionibus iis, quae vacuo et investigatione in situ et silicio nituntur

• Board Dr. Ingrid Reineck, Sandvik Tooling Sverige AB, Chair Prof. Helen Dannetun, Dean LiTH, LiU Prof. Jan-Åke Schweitz, Dean Eng. Sci., UU Prof. Peter Isberg, ABB AB Dr. Lars Bråthe, Volvo Technology AB Prof. Reine Wallenberg, Lund University Dr. Fredrik Eriksson, LiU, Secretary • Director Prof. Lars Hultman, IFM, LiU • Deputy Director Prof. Karin Larsson, Materials Chemistry, UU

(a) Backward & (b) forward TRPL images recorded with a streak camera in a 1 mm GaN bulk sample excited by 4.66 eV laser. In transmission a resonant decrease of the light velocity by a factor ~100 is ob¬served close to the bound exciton line at 3.472 eV. T V Shubina,..,B Monemar, PRL 100, 087402 (2008)

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2007

• Senior Researchers at Linköping/LiU & Uppsala/UU Igor Abrikosov, LiU Ulf Jansson, UU Sören Berg, UU Åsa Kassman, UU Jens Birch, LiU Ilia Katardjiev, UU Hans-Olof Blom, UU Tomas Kubart, UU Valeriu Chirita, LiU Martina Lattemann,LiU

Vanya Daracheva, LiU Peter Münger, LiU Fredrik Eriksson, LiU Tomas Nyberg, UU Finn Giuliani, LiU Magnus Odén, LiU Gueorgui Gueorguiev, LiU Per Persson, LiU Ulf Helmersson, LiU S. Rohde, Nebraska Sture Hogmark, UU Johanna Rosén, LiU Hans Högberg, LiU Sergei I. Simak, LiU Eyvaz Isaev, LiU Urban Wiklund, UU Staffan Jacobsson, UU Ventslav Yanchev, UU • Post-Graduate Students Montri Aiempanakit, LiU Björn Alling, LiU Benny André, UU Lilia Arapan, UU Axel Flink, LiU Jenny Frodelius, LiU Andrej Furlan, LiU Naureen Ghafoor, LiU Fredrik Gustafsson, UU Carina Höglund, LiU Daniel Jädernäs, LiU Johan Karlsson, UU Scott Kirkpatrick, Univ. Nebraska Ali Khatibi, LiU Axel Knutsson, LiU Erik Lewin, UU Lina Liljeholm, UU Mattias Lindquist, UU Tobias Marten, LiU Aurelia Mockute, LiU Anna Pallas, UU Peter Steneteg, LiU David Trinh, LiU Erik Wallin, LiU • Visiting Scientists / Post Docs Javier Bareno, LiU Manfred Beckers, LiU Johan Bjurström, UU Jussi Koskilinna, UU Arkady Mikhaylushkin, LiU Stefano Rubino, UU Ferenc Tasnady, LiU

and Solid State Electronics (Nyberg, Katardjiev). We focus on solving strategic research issues in functional ma-terials for nanotechnology and advanced surface engineering. Our mission is to; 1) Provide strategic basic research to expand and maintain core research and development capabilities by protecting and enlarging the intellectual property base of companies in key industrial sectors; 2) Create high performance surfaces by exploring new concepts for thin film processing with the design of interfaces and surfaces on the nm and sub-nm levels; and 3) Train future generations of leading scientists and industrialists. Research Project Clusters and Project Leaders.

• Functional Materials, Nanostructures & Processes Wide-Band Gap Nitrides by MSE, Jens Birch Wide-Band Gap Nitrides; DFT&ALD, Karin Larsson Wide-Band Gap Nitrides by PVD, Ilia Katardjiev Age Hardening in Thin Films, Lars Hultman Nanostructured Oxide Films, Hans Högberg Arc Processing and DFT, Johanna Rosén Complex Oxides for Electronics, Ilia Katardjiev M-A-X compounds & Nanostructures, Ulf Jansson Nanocomposites for Contacts, Åsa Kassmann Self organizing nano-surfaces / Me-C, Urban Wiklund Triboactive Coatings of FL WS2, Staffan Jacobsson Multilayer X-Ray Mirrors, Fredrik Eriksson Quasicrystalline Film Materials, Fredrik Eriksson High-Rate HIPIMS, Ulf Helmersson Reactive Sputter Process Developm., Tomas Nyberg Hybrid PVD/CVD Processes, Hans Högberg • Computational Materials Sci. Competence Platform Quantum Surface Chemistry Calc., Karin Larsson Multiscale Materials Simulations, Igor Abrikosov Molecular Dynamics Simulations Valeriu Chirita Scientific Highlights.

• Discovered the Sc3AlN anti perovskite – the first ternary of the system. • Extended stability ranges of Cr/Sc-based soft X-ray multilayer mirrors to >300 °C was achieved for nanocrystalline nitrided mirrors. Amorphous mirrors have also been stabilized for arbitrary multilayer periods by the incorpo-ration of B4C.

Other

Strategic Recruitments in 2007.

• Achieved hysteresis-free high rate reactive deposition using our high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) technique.

SSF Strategic Research Center 2006-2010. MS2E is a consortium of

the research groups from Linköping and Uppsala; Thin Film Physics (Hult-man, Birch), Plasma Physics (Helmersson), Nano-materials (Odén), Theory & Modeling (Abrikosov), Materials Chemistry (Larsson, Jansson), Materials Science (Hogmark, Kassmann, Jacobsson)


2007

81

SCIENTIFIC BRANCH OF APPLIED PHYSICS

Pasternak B, Rehn M, Andersen L, Ågren M, Heegaard A, Tengvall P, Aspenberg P et al. Doxycycline-coated sutures improve mechanical strength of intestinal anastomoses. International journal of colorectal disease 2008;384 p.271-276. Söderlind F, Petoral R, Klasson A, Veres T, Fortin M, Engström M, Uvdal K et al. Dolloidal synthesis and characterization of ultrasmall perovskite GdFeO3 nanocrystals. Nanotechnology 2008;19 p.085608-0856016. Arvidsson S, Askendal A, Lindahl T, Tengvall P. Detection of surface bound complement at increasing serum anticoagulant concentrations. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 2008;62 p.214-219. Danilczuk M, Gustafsson H, Sastry M, Lund E, Lund A. Ammonium Dithionate – a New Material for Highly Sensitive EPR Dosimetry. Spectrochimica Acta Part A 2008;69 p.18-21. Malysheva L, Onipko A, Liedberg B. Ab Initio Modeling of Defect Signatures in Infrared Reflection - Absorption Spectra of SAMs Exposing Methyl- and Hydrogen-Terminated Oligo(ethylene glycols). Journal of physical chemistry. A, Molecules, spectroscopy, kinetics, environment, & general theory 2008;112 p.728-736. Lloyd Spetz A. Wide bandgap materials for multifunctional bio- and chemical sensors. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology for Biological/ Biomedical/Chemical sensing; 2007 HongKong, China. 2007.


Eriksson M, Wallin M, Byberg M, Grönbeck H, Skoglundh M, Lloyd Spetz A. Vibrational analysis of H2 and NH3 adsorption on Pt/SiO2 model sensors. IEEE Sensors; 2007 Atlanta USA. .:.; 2007. Di Natale C, Filippini D, Alimelli A, Pennazza G, Santonico M, DÁmico A, Paolesse R et al. Ubiquitos chemical sensing and optical imaging for ubiquitos environments. ICRA 2007 WorkshopRobotic olfaction towards real applications; 2007 Rome. 2007. Valyukh I, Arwin H, Chiginov V. UV-induced in-plane anistropy in layers of mixtures of the azo-dyes SD1/SD2 characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiU-Tryck; 2007. Klingvall R, Eriksson M, Lundström I. UV-SLPT for Gas Sensor Research on MiSiC Devices. IEEE sensors journal 2007;7 p.592-599.

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2007

Lundström I, Sundgren H, Winquist F, Eriksson M, Krantz-Rülcker T, Lloyd-Spets A. Twentyfive years of field effect gas sensor research in Linköping. Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical 2007;121 p.247-262. Hamedi M, Forchheimer R, Inganäs O. Towards woven logic from organic electronic fibres. Nature. Materials 2007;6 - 2007 p.357-362. Poksinski M, Arwin H. Total internal reflection ellipsometry: ultrahigh sensivity for protein adsorption on metal surfaces. Optics Letters 2007;32 p.1308-1310. Pearce R, Belmonte J, Shaw J, Andersson M, Buchholt K, Lloyd Spetz A, Schaffer M et al. The effect of temperature on the gas sensing properties of CVD grown. The 2nd Conference onf Sensing Technology ICST; 2007 Palmerston New Zealand. 2007. Hansson K, Johansen K, Wetterö J, Klenkar G, Benesch J, Lundström I, Lindahl T et al. Surface plasmon resonance detection of blood coagulation and platelet adhesion under venous and arterial shear conditions.. Biosensors and bioelectronics 2007;23 p.261-268. Tvingstedt K, Persson N, Inganäs O, Rahachou A, Zozoulenko I. Surface plasmon increase absorption in polymer photovoltaic cells. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.1-1. Yakimova R, Petoral R, Yazdi G, Vahlberg C, Lloyd Spetz A, Uvdal K. Surface functionalization and biomedical applications based on SiC. Journal of physics. D, Applied physics 2007;40 p.1-8. Wermelin K, Tengvall P, Aspenberg P. Surface bound bisphosphonates enhance screw fixation in rats. Increasing effect up to 8 weeks after insertion.. Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica 2007;783 p.385-392. Petoral R, Yazdi G, Vahlberg C, Syväjärvi M, Lloyd Spetz A, Uvdal K, Yakimova R et al. Surface Functionalization of SiC for Biosensor Applications. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Material Science Forum, vol 556-557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007.

Wermelin K, Suska B, Tengvall P, Thomsen P, Aspenberg P. Stainless steel screws coated with bisphosphonates gave stronger fixation and more surrounding bone. Histomorphometry in rats. Bone 2007; p.1-1. Skowronski L, Wronkowska A, Wronkowski A, Firszt F, Meczynska H, Legowski S, Strzalkowski K et al. Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Photoluminescence Investigation of Zn1!x!yBexMgySe and Cd1-x-yBexZnySe Crystals. 4th Internationa Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:Liu-Tryck; 2007. Sjöwall C, Wetterö J, Bengtsson T, Askendal A, Almroth G, Skogh T, Tengvall P et al. Solid-phase classical complement activation by C-reactive protein (CRP) is inhibited by fluid-phase CRP-C1q interaction.. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2007;352 p.251-258. Inganäs O. Single Molecule Printing with Biomolecular Nanowires Complexed with Luminescent Conjugated Polyelectrolytes. MRS Spring Meeting 2007; 2007 San Francisco, USA. 2007. Ulrich C, Petersson H, Sundgren H, Björefors F, Krantz-Rülcker T. Simultaneous estimation of soot and diesel contamination in engine oil using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical 2007;127 p.613-618.

Fortin M, Petoral R, Söderlind F, Klasson A, Engström M, Veres T, Käll P et al. Polyethylene glycol-covered ultra-small Gd2O3 nanoparticles for positive contrast at 1.5 T magnetic resonance clinical scanning. Nanotechnology 2007;18 p.395501-9pp. Larsson A, Liedberg B. Poly(ethylene glycol) Gradient for Biochip Development. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 2007;23 p.11319-11325. Linderbäck P, Areva S, Tengvall P. Pamidronate release kinetics of SBF immersed TiO2 sol-gel coatings. 21st European Conference on Biomaterials; 2007 Brighton, England. 2007. Mandenius C, Derelöv M, Detterfelt J, Björkman M. PAT and Design Science. European pharmaceutical review 2007;3 p.74-80. Petoral R, Yazdi G, Lloyd Spetz A, Yakimova R, Uvdal K. Organosilane-functionalized wide bandgap semiconductor surfaces. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;90 p.223904--. Filippini D. Optochemical sensing with ubiquitos platforms. Optik i Sverige 2007; 2007 Skellefteå. 2007.

Andersson M. SiC based field effect sensors and sensors systems for combustion control applications. Linköping: LiU Tryck; 2007.

Zhang F, Andersson M, Inganäs O. Optimizing Absorption and Transport in APFO3:PCBM Polymer Solar Cells. MRS Spring Meeting 2007; 2007 San Francisco. 2007.

Gadisa A, Perzon E, Andersson M, Inganäs O. Red and near infrared polarized light emissions from polyfluorene copolymer based light emitting diodes. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007; p.1-3.

Martinelli E, Dini F, Monti D, Paolesse R, Filippini D, DÁmico A, Lundström I et al. Optical transduction of chemical sensitivity of porphyrin nanotubes by CSPT platform. IEEE Sensors 2007; 2007 Atlanta. 2007.

Frantz S, Mikael L, Nilsson K, Inganäs O, Hammarström P. Quantum efficiency and two-photon absorption cross-section of conjugated polyelectrolytes used for protein conformation measurements with applications on amyloid structures. Chemical physics letters 2007;336 p.121-126.

Persson N, Wang X, Inganäs O. Optical limitations in thin-film low-band-gap polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction devices. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.1-1.

Zhou Y, Xu H, Dahlin A, Vallkil J, Borrebaeck C, Wingren C, Liedberg B et al. Quantitative interpretation of gold nanoparticle-based bioassays designed for detection of Immunocomplex formation. Biointerphases 2007;2 p.6-15. Klenkar G. Protein Microarray Chips. Linköping: LiU-Tryck Linköping; 2007.

Åslund A, Herland A, Hammarström P, Nilsson P, Jonsson B, Inganäs O, Konradsson P et al. Studies of Luminescent Conjugated Polythiophene Derivatives: Enhanced Spectral Discrimination of Protein Conformational States. Bioconjugate chemistry 2007; p.1860-1868.

Berlind T, Poksinski M, Hultman L, Tengvall P, Arwin H. Protein Adsorption on Carbon Nitride Films Studied with in situ Ellipsometry. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiUTryck; 2007.

Andersson L, Zhang F, Inganäs O. Stoichiometry, mobility, and performance in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Organic Electronics 2007;8 p.423-430.

Inganäs O. Polymera och Organiska Solceller. Energitinget; 2007 Älvsjö, Stockholm. 2007.

Dantas N, Arwin H, Nzulu G, Rappl P, Ferreira da Silva A, Persson C. Optical characterization of rocksalt pb1-xSnxTe alloys. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiU-Tryck; 2007. Campoy-Quiles M, Nelson J, Bradley D, Zhokhavets V, Gobsch G, Vaughan H, Monkman A et al. On the determination of anisotropy in polymer thin films: A comparative study of optical techniques. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiU-Tryck; 2007. Yakimova R, Steinhoff G, Petoral R, Vahlberg C, Khranovskyy V, Yazdi G, Uvdal K et al. Novel material concepts of transducers for chemical and biosensors. Biosensors and bioelectronics 2007;22 p.2780-2785. Andersson L, Inganäs O. Non-equilibrium effects on electronic transport in organic field effect transistors. Organic Electronics 2007; p.423-430.

Mammo W, Admassie S, Gadisa A, Zhang F, Inganäs O, Andersson m. New low band gap alternating polyfluorene copolymer-based photovoltaic cell. Solar energy materials and solar cells 2007; p.1010-1018.

Bakker J, Arwin H, Lundström I, Filippini D. Immunodetection using computer screen photoassisted ellipsometry. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiU-tryck; 2007.

Ulrich C, Andersson O, Lundström I, Björefors F. New Methods in Surface Science and Surface Analysis-Towards Biomimetic Sensing. A Vinnova program conference: Multidisciplinary BIO; 2007 Sigtuna. 2007.

Faxälv L, Tengvall P, Lindahl T. Imaging of blood plasma coagulation and its propagation at surfaces. Journal of biomedical materials research 2007; p.1-1.

Filippini D, Suska A, Lundström I. Natural nanosystems. International Symposium on Biomolecular Nanoscale Assemblies; 2007 Copenhagen. 2007. Lloyd Spetz A, Buchholt K, Lutic D, Strand M, Käll P, Sanati M, Yakimova R et al. Multifunctional chemical sensors based on wide band gap materials. MRS Spring Meeting; 2007 San Francisco USA. 2007. Gallas B, Rivory J, Arwin H, Vidal F, Etgens V, Stchakovsky M. Monitoring the a to B phase transition in MnAs/GaAs (001) thin films as function of temperature. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiU-Tryck; 2007. Macken S, Di Natale C, Poalesse R, DÁmico A, Lundström I, Filippini D. Microstructured devices for computer screen photo-assisted optical fingerprinting of high density response patterns. Transducers ´07 - Eurosensors XXI; 2007 21; Lyon. 2007. Wigenius J, Inganäs O. Limits to Nanopatterning of Fluids on Surfaces. E-MRS Strasbourg 2007; 2007 Strasbourg. 2007. Skowronski L, Wronkowska A, Wronkowski A, Zielinski L, Firszt F, Marasek A, Paszkowics W et al. Lattice absorption of Be-containing semiconductor alloys determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiU-Tryck; 2007. Arwin H, Askendal A, Tengvall P, Thompson D, Woollam J. Infrared ellipsometry studies of thermal stability of protein monolayers and multilayers. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiU-Tryck; 2007. Andersson M, Lloyd Spetz A, Becker E, Skoglundh M. In Situ DRIFT study of hydrogen and CO adsorption on Pt/SiO2 model sensors. IEEE Sensors; 2007 Atlanta USA. .:.; 2007. Gadisa A, Zhang F, Sharma D, Svensson M, Andersson M, Inganäs O. Improvements of fill factor in solar cells based on blends of polyfluorene copolymers as electron donors. Thin solid films : an international journal on the science and technology of thin and thick films 2007; p.3126-3131.

Nilsson P, Åslund A, Berg I, Nyström S, Konradsson P, Herland A, Inganäs O et al. Imaging distinct conformational states of amyloid-beta fibrils in Alzheimer's disease using novel luminescent probes. ACS Chemical biology 2007;2 p.553-560. Wronkowska A, Wronkowski A, Bukaluk A, Skowronski L, Trzcinski M, Okulewics K, Arwin H et al. IR-UV ellipsometry, XRD and AES investigation of In/Cu and In/Pd thin films. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiUTryck; 2007. Ieva E, Buchholt K, Colaianni L, van der Werf I, Lloyd Spetz A, Käll P, Torsi L et al. Gold Nanoparticle Sensors For Environmental Pollutant Monitoring. 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces IWASI; 2007 Bari. 2007. De S, Pascher T, Maiti M, Kesti T, Zhang F, Inganäs O, Yartsev A et al. Geminate charge recombination in alternating polyfluorene Copolymer/Fullerene blends. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2007;129 p.8466-8472. Lloyd Spetz A, Lutic D, Sanati M. Gas sensors in Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials. In:null, editors. Gas sensors in synthesis, properties and applications of oxide nanomaterilas. null ed.John Wiley & Sons; 2007. p.411-450. Inganäs O. From Low Bandgap to Black: APFO/ Fullerene Blends in New Geometries. Complutense Internacional Symposium SIC-07: Materials for Renewable Energies: Orgnic and Hybrid Solar Cells; 2007 Madrid, Spanien. 2007. Tvingstedt K, Andersson V, Zhang F, Inganäs O. Folded Reflective Tandem Polymer Solar Cell doubles Efficiency. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.1-3. Suska A, Malik M, Lundström I, Filippini D. Flexible cell patterning using magnetic nano-chaperons. ISOEN 2007; 2007 St. Petersburg. 2007. Alimelli A, Pennazza G, Santonico M, Paolesse R, Filippini D, DÁmico A, Lundström I et al. Fish freshness detection by a computer screen photoassisted based gas sensor array. Analytica chimica acta : international journal devoted to all branches of analytical chemistry 2007;582 p.320-328.

Inganäs O, Mats R. A. New polymers for plastic solar cells. Proceedings of SPIE 2007; p.1-1. IF M Ac ti v it y R e p o r t

2007

83


Publications

Larsson A, Du C, Liedberg B. UV-Patterned Poly(ethylene glycol) Matrix for Microarray Applications. Biomacromolecules 2007;8 p.3511-3518.

Tengvall P, Arvidsson S, Askendal A. Factor XII Dependent Complement Deposition from Blood Plasma onto Silicon,Ttitanium and Aluminium. 21 st European Conference on Biomaterials; 2007 Brighton, UK. 2007. Buchholt K, Martinelle E, Paolesse R, DÀmico A, Lundström I, Lloyd Spetz A, DiNatale C et al. FET trandsuction of electric dipole changes in organic layers. Transducers 2007; 2007 Lyon, France. 2007. Zhang T, Ceder M, Inganäs O. Enhancing the photovoltage of polymer solar cells by using a modified cathode. Advanced materials 2007;19 p.1835-1835. Zhang F, Ceder M, Inganäs O. Enhancing the Photovoltage of Solar Cells by Using a Modified Cathode. Advanced materials 2007;19 p.1835-1838. Arwin H, Poksinski M, Johansen K. Enhancement in ellipsometric thin film sensivity near surface plasmon resonance conditions. 4th Internations Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiU-Tryck; 2007. Derelöv M, Detterfelt J, Björkman M, Mandenius C. Engineering Design Methodology for BioMechatronic Products. Biotechnology progress 0; p.null. Arwin H, Boulenguez J, Järrendahl K, Bertier S. Ellipsometric study of photonic structures in wing scales of butterflies. Optik i Sverige; 2007 Skellefteå. 2007. Boulenguez J, Arwin H, Järrendahl K, Berthier S. Ellipsometric study of photonic structures in wing scales of butterflies. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiU-Tryck; 2007. Tengvall P, Arvidsson S, Askendal A. Ellipsometric detection of blood plasma contact activation on model biomaterial surfaces. ICSE4; 2007 Stockholm. 2007.


Andersson M. Electronic Transport in Polymeric Solar Cells and Transistors. Linköping: Linköpings universitet; 2007. Inganäs O. Electronic Polymers at the Interface to Biosystems. Plenary Lecture at the E-MRS Spring Meeting May 28-1 June; 2007 Strasbourg, Frankrike. 2007. Inganäs O. Electronic Polymers Interfacing Biological Systems. University of California at Los Angeles Dept. Materials Science; 2007 Los Angeles, USA. 2007. Tvingstedt K, Inganäs O. Electrode Grids for ITO-free Organic Photovoltaic Devices. Advanced materials 2007;0000 p.1-6.

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2007

Björefors F, Petoral R, Uvdal K. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Investigations on ion Permeation in Functionalized Self-Assembled Monolayers. Analytical chemistry 2007;79 p.8391-8398. Thompson D, Castro L, Arwin H, Pfeiffer G, Tiwald T, Woollam J. Effects of temperature fluctuations at solid liquid interfaces on ellipsometric and surface plasmon resonance measurements. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiUTryck; 2007. Berlind T, Pribil G, Thompson D, Woollam J, Arwin H. Effects of Ion Concentration on Refractive Indices of Fluids Measured by the Minimum Deviation Technique. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiU-Tryck; 2007. Darakchieva V, Paskova T, Schubert M, Paskov P, Arwin H, Monemar B, Hommel D et al. Effect of anisotropic strain on GaN phonons in c-plane and a-plane. First International Symposium on Growth of III-Nitrides; 2006 Linköping, Sweden. Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 300:2007. Pasternak B, Missios A, Askendal A, Tengvall P, Aspenberg P. Doxycycline-coated sutures improve the sutur-holding capacity of the rat Achilles tendon. Acta orthopaedica 2007;78 p.680-686. Filippini D, Di Natale C, Paolesse R, DÁmico A, Lundström I. Distributed chemical monitoring for safety and security with computer screen photo-assissted techniques. Safety and Security in Europe 2007; 2007 Potsdam. 2007. Alimelli A, Filippini D, Paolesse R, Moretti S, Ciolfi G, DÁmico A, Lundström I et al. Direct quantitative evaluation of complex substances using computer screen photo-assisted technology: The case of red wine. Analytica chimica acta : international journal devoted to all branches of analytical chemistry 2007;597 p.103-112. Eskhult J, Ulrich C, Björefors F, Nyholm L. Current oscillations during chronoamperometric and cyclic voltammetric measurements in alkaline Cu(II)-citrate solutions. Electrochimica acta : the journal of the International society of electrochemistry 2007;53 p.2188-2197. Björk P, Nilsson P, Lenner L, Kågedal B, Persson B, Inganäs O, Jonasson J et al. Conjugated polythiophene probes target lysosome-related acidic vacuoles in cultured primary cells. Molecular and cellular probes 2007;21 p.329-337. Herland A, Inganäs O. Conjugated polymers as optical probes for protein interactions and protein conformations. Macromolecular rapid communications 2007;28 p.1703-1713. Herland A. Conjugated Polymers, Amyloid Detection and Assemmbly of Biomolecular Nanowires. Linköping: Linköpings universitet; 2007.

Inganäs O. Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as Tools for Decorating Biomolecules in vitro, in Tissue and in vivo. MRS Spring Meeting 2007; 2007 San Francisco. 2007.

Lindgren L, Zhang F, Admassie S, Wang X, Inganäs O. Blue light-emitting diodes based on novel polyfluorene copolymers. Journal of luminescence 2007; p.610-613.

Wigenius J, Fransson S, Inganäs O. Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as Reporter Molecules;Biochip Constructed by Soft Litography Method. BIOSCOPE 2007; 2007 Köpenhamn. 2007.

Arvidsson S, Askendal A, Tengvall P. Blood plasma contact activation on silicon titanium and aluminium. Biomaterials 2007;28 p.1346-1354.

Wigenius J, Fransson S, Inganäs O. Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as Reporter Molecules. E-MRS 2007 Strasbourg; 2007 Strasbourg. 2007. Inganäs O. Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as Optical Probes of Biomolecules and Biosystems. Optical Probes 2007, invited lecture; 2007 Åbo, Finland. 2007.

Wermelin K, Aspenberg P, Linderbäck P, Tengvall P. Bisphosphonate coating on titanium srews increases mehanical fixation in rat tibia after two weeks. Journal of biomedical materials research 2007; p.1-1. Björk P. Biological Sensing and DNA Templated Electronics using Conjugated Polymers. Linköping: Linköpings universitet; 2007.

Nilsson K, Åslund A, Berg I, Nyström S, Konradsson P, Herland A, Inganäs O et al. Conformational Mapping of Amyloid-beta Deposits Using Novel Fluorescent Probes. ACS Chemical biology 2007; p.553-553.

Larsson A. Biochip design based on tailored ethylene glycols. Linköping: Liu-Tryck; 2007.

Pennazza G, Santonico M, Paolesse R, Filippini D, DÁmico A, Lundström I, Di Natale C et al. Computer screen photo-assisted technology based artificial olfaction. ISOEN 2007; 2007 St. Petersburg. 2007.

Darakchieva V, Paskova T, Schubert M, Arwin H, Paskov P, Monemar B, Hommel D et al. Anisotropic strain and phonon deformation potentials in GaN. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.195217--.

Filippini D, Di Natale C, Paolesse R, DÁmico A, Lundström I. Computer screen photo-assisted techniques for global monitoring of environmental and sanitary parameters. Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical 2007;121 p.93-102.

Arwin H. Analysis of protein layer structure using real-time ellipsometry. Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft DPG Srping Meeting; 2007 Regensburg. 2007.

Malik M, Macken S, Di Natale C, Paolesse R, DÁmico A, Lundström I, Filippini D et al. Computer screen photo-assisted fingerprinting of the excitation-emission-matrix of fluorescent indicators. ISOEN 2007; 2007 St. Petersburg. 2007. Nilsson C, Jänis A, Kariis H, Arwin H, Järrendahl K. Combining Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Vector Network Analysis to obtain Electromagnetic Response in a Wide Wavelength Region. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiUTryck; 2007. Francioso L, Bjorklund R, Krantz-Rülcker T, Siciliano P. Classification of multiple defect concentrations in white wine by platinum microelectrode voltammetry. Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical 2007;125 p.462-467.

Larsson A. Biochip design based on tailored ethylene glycols. Linköping: Unitryck; 2007.

Komaguchi K, Matsubara Y, Shiotani M, Gustafsson H, Lund E, Lund A. An ESR and ENDOR study of irradiate 6Li-formate. Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 2007;66 p.754-760. Inganäs O. Alternating Polyfluorene/Fullerene Solar Cells - Optical and Electronic Processes for Colllecting the Solar Spectrum. Second International Conference on Electroactive Polymers; Materials and Devices; 2007 Goa, Indien. 2007. Herland A, Björk P, Hania P, Scheblykin I, Inganäs O. Alignment of a conjugated polymer onto amyloid-like protein fibrils. Small 2007; p.318-325.

Buchholt K, Ieva E, Torsi L, Cioffi N, Colaianni L, Söderlind F, Käll P et al. A comparison between the use of Pd- and Au-nanoparticles as sensing layers in a field effect NOx-sensitive sensor. The 2nd Conference on Sensing Technology ICST; 2007 Palmerston, New Zealand. 2007. Gadisa A, Mammo W, Andersson M, Admassie S, Zhang F, Andersson M, Inganäs O et al. A New Donor-Acceptor-Donor Polyfluorence Copolymer with Balanced Electron and Hole Mobility. Advanced functional materials 2007;0000 p.1-7. Viljanen J, Larsson J, Larsson A, Broo K. A Multipurpose Receptor Composed of Promiscuous Proteins. Analyte Detection through Pattern Recognition. Bioconjugate chemistry 2007;18 p.1935-1945. Andersson M, Everbrand L, Lloyd Spetz A, Nyström T, Nilsson M, Gauffin C, Svensson H et al. A MISiCFET based gas sensor system for combustion control in small-scale wood fired boilers. IEEE Sensors; 2007 Atlanta USA. .:.; 2007. Wiklund H, Arwin H, Järrendahl K. A FEMbased application for numerical calculations of ellipsometric data: A tool for analysis of advanced optical structures. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:Liu-Tryck; 2007. Perzon E, Zhang F, Andersson M, Mammo W, Inganäs O, Andersson M. A Conjugated Polymer for Near Infrared Optoelectronic Applications. Advanced materials 2007;19 p.3308-3311. Perzon E, Zhang F, Andersson M, Mammo W, Inganäs O, Andersson M. A Conjugated Polymer for Near Infrared Optoelectronic Applications. Advanced materials 2007;2007 p.3308-3311.

Dahlgren L, Sjölander S, Strid J, Szczepanski A. Utomhuspedagogikens kunskapskälla. Närmiljö blir lärmiljö.. Lund: Studentlitteratur; 2007. Glimskär A, Bergman K, Claesson K, Sundqvist S. Fältinstruktion för fjärilar, humlor, grova träd och lavar i ängs- och betesmarker. Nationell inventering av landskapet i Sverige.. Umeå: Institutionen för skoglig resurshushållning och geomatik; 2007. Gunnarsson U, Hellström A, Tixier-Boichard M, Minvielle F, Bed’hom B, Ito S, Jensen P et al. Mutations in SLC45A2 Cause Plumage Color Variation in Chicken and Japanese Quail. Genetics 2007;175 p.867-877. Kallner Bastviken S, Eriksson P, Ekström A, Sundblad-Tonderski K. Seasonal Denitrification Potential in Wetland Sediments with Organic Matter from Different Plant Species. Water, air and soil pollution 2007;183 p.25-35. Karlsson L, Milberg P. A comparative study of germination ecology of four Papaver taxa. Annals of Botany 2007;99 p.935-946. Karlsson L, Milberg P. Comparing after-ripening response and germination requirements of/ Conyza canadensis /and/ C. bonariensis /(Asteraceae) through logistic functions.. Weed research 2007;47 p.433-441. Karlsson L, Milberg P. Seed dormancy pattern and germination preferences of the South African annual Papaver aculeatum.. South African journal of botany 2007;73 p.422-428. Karlsson L. Comparative studies of seed dormancy and germination. Linköping: Unitryck; 2007. Laska M, Shepherd G. Olfactory discrimination ability of CD-1 mice for a large array of enantiomers. Neuroscience 2007;144 p.295-301.

SCIENTIFIC BRANCH OF BIOLOGY

Bergman K, Ask L, Askling J, Ignell H, Wahlman H, Milberg P. Importance of boreal grasslands in Sweden for butterfly diversity and effects of local and landscape habitat factors. Biodiversity and conservation 2008;17 p.139-153.

Laska M, Joshi D, Shepherd G. Olfactory discrimination ability of CD-1 mice for aliphatic aldehydes as a function of stimulus concentration.. Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology 2007;193 p.955-961.

Linderbäck P, Ericsson E, Tengvall P. Alendronate release and binding at CaP interfaces. ScanBalt Biomaterials Days; 2007 Åbo, Finland. 2007.

Altimiras J, Gräns A. Ontogeny of vocalizations and movements in response to cooling in chickens fetuses. Physiology and behavior 2007;91 p.229-239.

Laska M, Rivas Bautista R, Höfelmann D, Sterlemann V, Hernandez Salazar L. Olfactory sensitivity for putrefaction-associated thiols and indols in three species of nonhuman primates. Journal of experimental biology 2007;210 p.4169-4178.

Arwin H, Valyukh I, Valyukh S, Chigrinov V. Characteristic functions for uniformly twisted birefringent media. Journal of applied physics 2007;102 p.063110-063110.

Levin M, Wiklund P, Arwin H. Adsorption and film growth of N-methylamino substituted triazoles on copper surfaces in dydrocarbon media. Applied surface science 2007;254 p.1528-1533.

Baumgardt M, Miguel-Aliaga I, Karlsson D, Ekman H, Thor S. Specification of Neuronal Identities by Feedforward Combinatorial Coding. PLoS Biology 2007;5 p.0295-0308.

Laska M, Bauer V, Hernandez Salazar L. Selfanointing behavior in free-ranging spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) in Mexico. Primates 2007;48 p.160-163.

Gallas B, Rivory J, Arwin H, Vidal F, Etgens V. Changes in optical properties of MnAs thin films on GaAs (001) induced by a to B phase transitions. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiU-Tryck; 2007.

Di Natale C, Paolesse R, Alimelli A, Filippini D, DÁmico A, Lundström I. A novel gas-chromatography based sensor array: CSPT imaging of time resolved diffusion of gases in porphyrins embedded polymers. IEEE Sensors 2007; 2007 Atlanta. 2007.

Bergman K, Ek T, Johanneson J, Jonsson S, Westerberg L. Brist- och funktionalitetsanalys -Östergötlands eklandskap. Linköping: Länsstyrelsen Östergötland; 2007.

Nkurunziza L, Milberg P. Repeated grading of weed abundance and multivariate methods to improve efficacy in on-farm weed control trials.. Weed biology and management 2007;7 p.132-139.

Lloyd Spetz A, Lutic D, Strand M, Sanati M. Catalytic properties of oxide nanoparticles applied in gas sensors. Topics in catalysis 2007;45 p.105-109.

Bodin H, Sundblad-Tonderski K. Impact of loads, season, and plant species on the performance of a tropical constructed wetland polishing effluent from sugar factory stabilization ponds. Ecological engineering 2007;29 p.66-76. IF M Ac ti v it y R e p o r t

2007

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Suska F, Emanuelsson L, Johansson A, Tengvall P, Thomsen P. Fibrous capsule formation around titanium and copper. Journal of biomedical materials research 2007; p.1-1.

Sundberg C, Sundblad-Tonderski K, Lindgren P. Potential nitrification & denitrification and the corresponding composition of the bacterial communities in a compact constructed wetland treating landfill leachates. Water science and technology 2007;56 p.159-166. Farrell A, Axelsson M, Altimiras J, Sandblom E, Claireaux G. Maximum cardiac performance and adrenergic sensitivity of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax at high temperatures. Journal of experimental biology 0;210 p.1216-1224. Laska M, Freist P, Krause S. Which senses play a role in nonhuman primate food selection ? A comparison between squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys. American journal of primatology 0;69 p.282-294. Lindqvist C, Janczak A, Nätt D, Baranowska I, Lindqvist N, Wichman A, Lundeberg J et al. Transmission of Stress-Induced Learning Impairment and Associated Brain Gene Expression from Parents to Offspring in Chickens. PLoS ONE 0; p.null. Nachtigal P, Supin A, Amundin M, Röken B, Möller T, Mooney T, Taylor K et al. Polar bear Ursus maritimus hearing measured with auditory evoked potentials. Journal of experimental biology 0;210 p.1116-1122. Rubin C, Lindberg J, Fitzsimmons C, Savolainen P, Jensen P, Lundeberg J, Andersson L et al. Differential gene expression in femoral bone from red junglefowl and domestic chicken, differing for bone phenotypic traits. BMC Genomics 0;8 p.null. Rubin C, Brändström H, Wright D, Kerje S, Gunnarsson U, Schütz K, Fredriksson R et al. Quantitative trait loci for bmd and bone strength in an intercross between domestic and wildtype chickens. Journal of bone and mineral research 0;22 p.375-384.


Wright D, Kerje S, Brändström H, Schütz K, Kindmark A, Andersson L, Jensen P et al. The genetic architecture of a female sexual ornament. Evolution : international journal of organic evolution 0;62 p.86-98.

SCIENTIFIC BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY

Almstedt K, Mårtensson L, Carlsson U, Hammarström P. Thermodynamic interrogation of a folding disease - mutant mapping of position 107 in human carbonic anydrase II linked to marble brain disease. Biochemistry 2008;47 p.12881298.

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Viljanen J, Larsson J, Broo K. Orthogonal Protein Purification – Expanding the Repertoire of GST Fusion Systems. Protein expression and purification 2008;57 p.17-26. Söderlind F, Petoral R, Klasson A, Veres T, Fortin M, Engström M, Uvdal K et al. Dolloidal synthesis and characterization of ultrasmall perovskite GdFeO3 nanocrystals. Nanotechnology 2008;19 p.085608-0856016. Persson P, Cooper M, Ynnerman A, Jonsson B, Tibell L. Use of Chemical Force Feedback for Multisensory Insights into Ligand Docking. VII European Symposium of The Protein Society – From Proteins to Proteome; 2007 7; Stockholm/ Uppsala, Sweden. 2007. Hammarström P. The Bloody Path of Amyloids and Prions. The Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2007;6 p.1136-1138. Thorstensson F, Wångsell F, Kvarnström I, Vrang L, Hamelink E, Jansson K, Hallberg A et al. Synthesis of novel potent hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitors:. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 2007;15 p.827-838. Lawrence D. Support Service For Publication Of Open Access Journals. IATUL – Global Access to Science – Scientific Publishing for the Future; 2007 Stockholm. 2007. Åslund A, Herland A, Hammarström P, Nilsson P, Jonsson B, Inganäs O, Konradsson P et al. Studies of Luminescent Conjugated Polythiophene Derivatives: Enhanced Spectral Discrimination of Protein Conformational States. Bioconjugate chemistry 2007; p.1860-1868. Villebeck L. Structural Rearrangements of Actins Interacting with the Chaperonin Systems TRiC/ Prefoldin and GroEL/ES. Linköping: Unitryck; 2007. Frantz S, Mikael L, Nilsson K, Inganäs O, Hammarström P. Quantum efficiency and two-photon absorption cross-section of conjugated polyelectrolytes used for protein conformation measurements with applications on amyloid structures. Chemical physics letters 2007;336 p.121-126. Sigurdson C, Nilsson K, Hornemann S, Manco G, Polymenidou M, Schwarz P, Leclerc M et al. Prion strain descrimination using luminescent conjugated polymers. Nature Methods 2007;4 p.1023-1030. Fortin M, Petoral R, Söderlind F, Klasson A, Engström M, Veres T, Käll P et al. Polyethylene glycol-covered ultra-small Gd2O3 nanoparticles for positive contrast at 1.5 T magnetic resonance clinical scanning. Nanotechnology 2007;18 p.395501-9pp. Bäck M, Johansson P, Wångsell F, Thorstensson F, Kvarnström I, Ayesa S, Wähling H et al. Novel potent macrocyclic inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease: Use of cyclopentane and cyclopentene P2-motifs. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 2007;15 p.7184-7202.

Jonsson B. Nanopartiklar ger peptider liv. Kemivärlden Biotech 2007; p.26-28. Lloyd Spetz A, Buchholt K, Lutic D, Strand M, Käll P, Sanati M, Yakimova R et al. Multifunctional chemical sensors based on wide band gap materials. MRS Spring Meeting; 2007 San Francisco USA. 2007. Maliarik M, Nagle J, Ilyukhin A, Murashova E, Mink J, Skripkin M, Glaser J et al. Metal-Metal bond in tetracyanometallates (M = PtII, PdII, NiII) of monovalent thallium. Crystallographic and spectroscopic characterisation of the compounds Tl2Ni(CN)4 and Tl2Pd(CN)4. Inorganic chemistry 2007;46 p.4642-4653. Lawrence D, Berkesand P. Making the most of Electronically Published Theses: Combining Text with Video, Sound and Data. ETD 2007; 2007 Stockholm. 2007. Mishra R, Sörgjerd K, Nyström S, Nordigården A, Chiu Y, Hammarström P. Lysozyme Amyloidogenesis is Accelerated by Specific Nicking but Decelerated by Intact Protein Binding and Conversion. Journal of molecular biology 2007;366 p.1029-1044. Lawrence D. Linköping University Electronic Press Journal Publication Service. Mötesplats Open Access - erfarenheter, idéer och planer; 2007 Stockholm. 2007. Nilsson P, Åslund A, Berg I, Nyström S, Konradsson P, Herland A, Inganäs O et al. Imaging distinct conformational states of amyloid-beta fibrils in Alzheimer's disease using novel luminescent probes. ACS Chemical biology 2007;2 p.553-560. Ieva E, Buchholt K, Colaianni L, van der Werf I, Lloyd Spetz A, Käll P, Torsi L et al. Gold Nanoparticle Sensors For Environmental Pollutant Monitoring. 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces IWASI; 2007 Bari. 2007.

Persson P, Cooper M, Tibell L, Ainsworth S, Ynnerman A, Jonsson B. Designing and Evaluating a Haptic System for Biomolecular Education. IEEE Virtual Reality Conference 2007; 2007 Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. Piscataway, NJ, USA:IEEE Computer Society Press; 2007. Höst G, Jonsson B. Converting human carbonic anhydrase II into a benzoate ester hydrolase through rational redesign. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Proteins & proteomics 0; p.null. Villebeck L, Persson M, Luan S, Hammarström P, Lindgren M, Jonsson B. Conformational Rearrangements of Tail-less Complex Polypeptide 1 (TCP-1) Ring Complex (TRiC)-Bound Actin. Biochemistry 2007;46 p.5083-5093. Nilsson K, Åslund A, Berg I, Nyström S, Konradsson P, Herland A, Inganäs O et al. Conformational Mapping of Amyloid-beta Deposits Using Novel Fluorescent Probes. ACS Chemical biology 2007; p.553-553. Höst G, Razkin J, Baltzer L, Jonsson B. Combined enzyme and substrate design: grafting of a cooperative two-histidine. ChemBioChem : : a European journal of chemical biology 2007;Sep 3;813 p.1570-1576. Karlsson M, Carlsson U. Adsorption at the liquidsolid Interface: Influence of protein stability on conformational changes. Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloidal Science 2nd edition 2007;1 p.1-16. Buchholt K, Ieva E, Torsi L, Cioffi N, Colaianni L, Söderlind F, Käll P et al. A comparison between the use of Pd- and Au-nanoparticles as sensing layers in a field effect NOx-sensitive sensor. The 2nd Conference on Sensing Technology ICST; 2007 Palmerston, New Zealand. 2007. Lawrence D, Sandewall E, Berkesand P. A Swedish Journal Publication Service. Högskolor och Samhälle I Samverkan – 07; 2007 Jönköping. 2007.

Tibell L, Persson P, Cooper M, Ynnerman A, Jonsson B. Experience the Aperceptual through Virtual Reality! Tactile and Visual VR Representations as Cognitive Tools in Molecular Life Science. ESERA 2007; 2007 Malmö, Sweden. 2007.

Viljanen J, Larsson J, Larsson A, Broo K. A Multipurpose Receptor Composed of Promiscuous Proteins. Analyte Detection through Pattern Recognition. Bioconjugate chemistry 2007;18 p.1935-1945.

Höst G. Engineering carbonic anhydrase for highly selective ester hydrolysis. Linköping: Unitryck; 2007.

SCIENTIFIC BRANCH OF MATERIAL PHYSICS

Nilsing M, Persson P, Lunell S, Ojamäe L. DyeSensitization of the TiO2 Rutile (110) Surface by Perylene Dyes: Quantum-Chemical Periodic B3LYP Computations. Journal of physical chemistry 2007;111 p.12116-12123. Villebeck L, Babu Moparthi S, Lindgren M, Hammarström P, Jonsson B. Domain-specific chaperone-induced expansion is required for beta-actin folding: a. Biochemistry 2007;Nov 6;4644 p.12639-12647.

Carlegrim E, Kanciurzewska A, de Jong M, Fahlman M. The unoccupied electronic structure of the semi-conducting room temperature molecular magnet V(TCNE)2. Chemical physics letters 2008;452 p.173-177. Mayrhofer P, Hultman L, Schneider J, Staron P, Clemens H. spinodal decomposition of cubic Ti1xAlxN: Comparison between experiments and modeling. Journal of materials research 2007; p.1054-1059. Chen W, Bouianova I, Murayama A, Oka Y, Norton D, Pearton S, Osinsky A et al. ZnO for spintronics: some critical issues. 2007 MRS Fall Meeting; 2007 Boston, USA. 2007.

Pearton S, Norton D, Ivill M, Hebard A, Zavada J, Chen W, Bouianova I et al. ZnO Doped With Transition Metal Ions. IEEE transactions on electron devices 2007;54 p.1040-1048. Pedersen H, Leone S, Henry A, Beyer F, Darakchieva V, Janzén E. Very high growth rate of 4H-SiC epilayers using the chlorinated precursor methyltrichlorosilane (MTS). Journal of crystal growth 2007;307 p.334-340. Pedersen H, Leone S, Henry A, Darakchieva V, Janzén E. Very high epitaxial growth rate of SiC using MTS as chloride-based precursor. EuroCVD-16; 2007 Hague, Netherlands. Surface and Coatings Technology:Elsevier; 2007. Toumisto F, Paskova T, Figge S, Hommel D, Monemar B. Vacancy defect distribution in heteroepitaxial a-plane GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. First International Symposium on Growth of III-Nitrides; 2006 Linköping, Sweden. Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 300:Elsevier; 2007. Kakanakova-Gueorguie A, Forsberg U, Ivanov I, Janzén E. Uniform hot-wall MOCVD epitaxial growth of 2 inch AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures. Journal of crystal growth 2007;300 p.100-103. Karlsson P, Johansson L, Richter J, Virojanadara C, Blomquist J, Uvdal P, Sandell A et al. Ultrathin ZrO2 films on Si-rich SiC(0001)-(3x3): Growth and thermal stability. Surface science 2007;601 p.2390--. Gomes P, Iikawa F, Cerdeira F, Larsson M, Elfving A, Hansson G, Ni W et al. Type I optical emissions in Ge/Si quantum dots. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.051917--. Paskov P, Monemar B, Toropov A, Bergman P, Usui A. Two-electron transition spectroscopy of shallow donors in bulk GaN. Proc. of the International Workshop on Nitride Semiconductors IWN2006; 2006 Kyoto, Japan. Physica Status Solidi C:WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2007. Larsson A, Moskalenko E, Larsson M, Holtz P. Tuning of the charge state of InAs/GaAs quantum dot by a magnetic field. Nordic Semiconductor Meeting, NSM22; 2007 Stockholm, Sweden. in press:-; 2007. Pearton S, Norton D, Ivill M, Hebard A, Chen W, Bouianova I, Zavada J et al. Transition Metal Doped ZnO for Spintronics. 2007 MRS Spring Meeting; 2007 San Francisco, USA. Warrendale, PA:Materials Research Society; 2007. Höglund C, Beckers M, Schell N, Borany J, Birch J, Hultman L. Topotaxial growth of Ti2AlN by solid state reaction in AlN/Ti(0001) multilayer thin films. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007; p.174106-174106.

Pozina G, Hemmingsson C, Bergman P, Trinh D, Hultman L, Monemar B. Time-resolved spectroscopy of freestanding GaN layers grown by halide vapour phase epitaxy. Superlattices and microstructures 0; p.1-5. Henry A, ul-Hassan J, Pedersen H, Beyer F, Bergman P, Andersson S, Janzén E et al. Thick epilayers for power devices. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Materials Science Forum, vol. 556-557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Emmerlich J, Music D, Eklund P, Wilhelmsson O, Jansson U, Schneider J, Högberg H et al. Thermal stability of Ti3SiC2 thin films. Acta materialia. 2007;55 p.1479-1488. Willmann H, Mayrhofer P, Hultman L, Mitterer C. Thermal stability and age hardening of supersaturated AlCrN hard coatings. International heat treatment and surface engineering 2007; p.75-79. Ivanov I, Janzén E. Theory of the Stark Effect on the Donor Levels in 4H Silicon Carbide. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Materials Science Forum, vol. 556-557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Hornos T, Nguyen S, Janzén E, Gali A. Theoretical study of small silicon clusters in 4H-SiC. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;76 p.165209--. Helmersson U. The use of high power impulse magnetron sputtering for improved thin films and thin film processes. International Workshop on Plasma-Based Ion Implantation Deposition; 2007 9; Leipzig, Germany. 2007. Helmersson U. The use of high power impulse magnetron sputtering for improved thin film depositions. International Colloquium on Plasma Processes; 2007 16; Toulouse, France. 2007. Sigurjonsson P, Lundin D, Helmersson U, Gudmundsson J. The plasma parameters in a high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge (HiPIMS). 60th Gaseous Electronics Conference; 2007 Arlington, VA, USA. 2007. Helmersson U, Ahlberg M, Lattemann M. The effect on film microstructure from the use of energetic deposition by HIPIMS. SVC Annual Technical Conference; 2007 50; Louisville. 2007. Moskalenko E, Larsson M, Karlsson F, Holtz P, Monemar B, Schoenfeld W, Petroff P et al. The effect of the external lateral electric field on the luminescence intensity of InAs/GaAs quantum dots. Physics of the solid state 2007;49 p.1995--. Eklund P, Palmquist J, Höwing J, Trinh D, ElRaghy T, Högberg H, Hultman L et al. Ta4AlC3: Phase determination, polymorphism and deformation. Acta materialia. 2007;55 p.4723-4729. Gauthier Y, Zasada I, De Santis M, Langlais V, Virojanadara C, Johansson L. Surface structure and composition of the missing-row reconstruction of VC0.8(110): A LEED , GIXRD and photoemission study. Surface science 2007;601 p.3384--.


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Sundberg C, Stendahl J, Sundblad-Tonderski K, Lindgren P. Overland flow systems for treatment of landfill leachates - Potential nitrification and structure of the ammonia-oxidising bacterial community during a growing season.. Soil biology and biochemistry 2007;39 p.127-138.

Petoral R, Yazdi G, Vahlberg C, Syväjärvi M, Lloyd Spetz A, Uvdal K, Yakimova R et al. Surface Functionalization of SiC for Biosensor Applications. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Material Science Forum, vol 556-557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Höglund L, Asplund C, Wang Q, Almqvist S, Petrini E, Malm H, Borglind J et al. Study of the performance and voltage mediated tuning of the detection wavelength in Quantum Dots-in-a-Well Infrared Photodetectors. The 6th International Conference on Low Dimensional Structures and Devices; 2007 St Andres, Colombia. in press:-; 2007. Braun S. Studies of materials and interfaces for organic electronics. Linköping: UniTryck; 2007. Paskova T, Paskov P, Darakchieva V, Kröger R, Hommel D, Monemar B, Preble E et al. Strainfree low-defect-density bulk GaN with nonpolar orientation. Proc. of the MRS Fall Meeting; 2006 Boston, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 955E:The Materials Research Society; 2007. Koyama1 T, Nishibayashi K, Murayama A, Oka Y, Toropov A, Bouianova I, Chen W et al. Spin dynamics of type-II excitons in diluted magnetic double quantum wells. 28th Int. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors; 2006 Vienna, Austria. AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 893:2007.


Chen W, Bouianova I, Murayama A, Oka Y, Pearton S, Norton D, Abernathy C et al. Spin dynamics in wide bandgap semiconductors and nanostructures - potential spintronic materials. XVI International Materials Research Congress; 2007 Cancun, Mexico. 2007.

Bouianova I, Bergman P, Chen W, Izadifard M, Hong Y, Tu C. Role of nitrogen in photoluminescence up-conversion in GaInNP/GaAs heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. 28th Int. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors; 2006 Vienna, Austria. AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 893:2007. Shubina T, Toropov A, Lublinskaya O, Kopev P, Ivanov S, El-Shaer A, Al-Suleiman M et al. Recombination dynamics and lasing in ZnO/ ZnMgO single quantum well structures. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.201104--. Nguyen S, Ivanov I, Kuznetsov A, Svensson B, Zhao Q, Willander M, Morishita N et al. Recombination centers in as-grown and electron-irradiated ZnO substrates. Journal of applied physics 2007;102 p.093504--. Monemar B, Paskov P, Bergman P, Toropov A, Shubina T. Recent developments in the III-nitride materials. Proc. of the International Workshop on Nitride Semiconductors IWN2006; 2006 Kyoto, Japan. Physica Status Solidi B, vol. 244:WILEYVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2007. Helmersson U, Wallin E, Lattemann M. Reactive High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputter Deposition of Alumina. AVS 54th International Symposium; 2007 Seattle, USA. 2007. Söderberg H, Birch J, Hultman L, Odén M. RHEED studies during growth of TiN/SiNx/TiN trilayers on MgO(001). Surface science 2007;601 p.2352-2356. Azam S, Svensson C, Wahab Q. Pulse input Class-C power amplifier response of SiC MESFET using physical transistor structure in TCAD. Solid-state electronics : an international journal 2007;in press p.---.

Bouianova I, Chen W, Murayama A, Oka Y. Spin dynamics and spin injection in II-VI semiconductors and nanostructures. 8th Japan-Sweden QNANO Workshop; 2007 -. 2007.

Berlind T, Poksinski M, Hultman L, Tengvall P, Arwin H. Protein Adsorption on Carbon Nitride Films Studied with in situ Ellipsometry. 4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2007 4; Stockholm. Linköping:LiUTryck; 2007.

Gomes P, Iikawa F, Cerdeira F, Larsson M, Elfving A, Hansson G, Ni W et al. Size dependent spatial direct and indirect transitions in Ge/Si QDs. The 6th International Conference on Low Dimensional Structures and Devices; 2007 St Andres, Colombia. in press:-; 2007.

Chen W, Bouianova I, Oka Y, Abernathy C, Pearton S. Prospects of potential semiconductor spin detectors. Proc. of the IUMRS International Conference in Asia 2006 IUMRS-ICA-2006; 2006 Jeju, Korea. Solid State Phenomena, vol. 124-126:Trans Tech Publications; 2007.

Willmann H, Beckers M, Giuliani F, Birch J, Mayrhofer P, Mitterer C, Hultman L et al. Singlecrystal growth of NaCl-structure Al-Cr-N thin films on MgO(001) by magnetron sputter epitaxy. Scripta materialia. 2007;57 p.1089-1092.

Asghar M, Hussain I, Noor N, Iqbal F, Wahab Q, Bhatti A. Properties of dominant electron trap center in n-type SiC epilayers by means of deep level transient spectroscopy. Journal of applied physics 2007;101 p.073706--.

Syväjärvi M, Yakimova R. Silicon carbide epitaxial layer and method of producing the same. 2007.

Nguyen S, Carlsson P, Gällström A, Magnusson B, Janzén E. Prominent defects in semiinsulating SiC substrates. 24th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors; 2007 Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. Physica B, Vol. 401-402:Elsevier; 2007.

Willander M, Nour O, Wahab Q. SiC for chemical sensing. Materials Science and Engineering Reviewes 2007;R56 p.16-19.

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Yakimova R, Monemar B. Preface. First International Symposium on Growth of Nitrides ISGN-1; 2006 Linköping, Sweden. Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 300:Elsevier Science; 2007. Cavalerio A, Gruen R, Helmersson U, Möller W, Musil J, Oehr C. Plasma and Surface Engineering 2006. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH; 2007. Esmaeili M, Harati Zadeh H, Monemar B, Paskov P, Holtz P, Bergman P, Iwaya M et al. Photoluminescence study of MOCVD-grown GaN/AlGaN MQW nanostructures: influence of Al composition and Si doping. Nanotechnology 2007;18 p.025401--. Sakamoto K, Eriksson J, Ueno N, Uhrberg R. Photoemission study of the thallium induced Si(111)-´`3x´`3 surface. Surface science 2007;601 p.5258-5258. Darakchieva V, Monemar B, Paskova T, Einfeldt S, Hommel D, Lourdudoss S. Phonons in strained AlGaN/GaN superlattices. 6th International Symposium on Blue Laser and Light Emitting Diodes; 2006 Montpellier, France. Physica Status Solidi, vol C4:WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2007. Alami J, Eklund P, Andersson J, Lattemann M, Wallin E, Böhlmark J, Persson P et al. Phase tailoring of Ta thin films by highly ionized pulsed magnetron sputtering. Thin solid films : an international journal on the science and technology of thin and thick films 2007;515 p.3434-3438. Höglund L, Asplund C, Wang Q, Almqvist S, Petrini E, Malm H, Borglind J et al. Performance of Quantum Dots-in-a-Well Infrared Photodetectors: Status and prospects. The Nanotech Northern Europe 2007; 2007 Helsinki, Finland. 2007. Bouianova I, Bergman P, Pozina G, Chen W, Rawal S, Norton D, Pearton S et al. Origin of near-band-edge emission in ZnCdO alloys. 2007 MRS Fall Meeting; 2007 Boston, USA. 2007. Petoral R, Yazdi G, Lloyd Spetz A, Yakimova R, Uvdal K. Organosilane-functionalized wide bandgap semiconductor surfaces. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;90 p.223904--. Wang X, Bouianova I, Chen W, Pan C, Tu C. Optically detected magnetic resonance studies of intrinsic defects in ZnO epilayers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Physica. B, Condensed matter 2007;401-402 p.413-416. Dagnelund D, Vorona I, Wang X, Bouianova I, Chen W, Geelhaar L, Riechert H et al. Optically detected cyclotron resonance studies of InxGa1xNyAs1-y/GaAs quantum wells sandwiched between type-II AlAs/GaAs superlattices.. Journal of applied physics 2007;101 p.073705--.

Dagnelund D, Vorona I, Bouianova I, Chen W, Geelhaar L, Riechert H. Optically detected cyclotron resonance studies of InGaNAs quantum well structures. 28th Int. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors; 2006 Vienna, Austria. AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 893:2007. Paskov P, Monemar B, Kamiyama S, Amano H, Akasaki I. Optical properties of undoped, ndoped and p-doped GaN/AlN superlattices. Proc. of the MRS Fall Meeting; 2006 Boston, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 955E:The Materials Research Society; 2007. Harati Zadeh H, Monemar B, Paskov P, Holtz P, Valcheva E, Persson P, Iwaya M et al. Optical observation of discrete well width fluctuations in wide band gap III-nitride quantum wells. Proc. of the E-MRS Fall Meeting; 2006 Warsaw, Poland. Physica Status Solidi B, vol. 244:WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2007. Bouianova I, Chen W, Tu C. Optical and electronic properties of GaInNP alloys - a new material system for lattice matching to GaAs. EMRS-2007 Spring Meeting; 2007 Strasbourg, France. 2007. Kiselov V, Kalabukhova E, Lukin S, Sitnikov A, Yukhymchyk V, Yakimova R. Optical and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Sponge Silicon Carbide Prepared by Direct Synthesis. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Material Science Forum, vol. 556-557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Darakchieva V, Monemar B, Usui A. On the lattice parameters of GaN. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.031911--. Beckers M, Schell N, Martins R, Mucklich A, Möller W, Hultman L. Nucleation and growth of Ti2AlN thin films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering onto MgO(111). Journal of applied physics 2007;102 p.0749161-0749168. Yakimova R, Steinhoff G, Petoral R, Vahlberg C, Khranovskyy V, Yazdi G, Uvdal K et al. Novel material concepts of transducers for chemical and biosensors. Biosensors and bioelectronics 2007;22 p.2780-2785. Eklund P. Novel ceramic nc-TiC/a-SiC nanocomposite coatings for electrical contact applications. Surface engineering : a joint publication of the Institute of metals and the Wolfson institute for surface engineering 2007;23 p.406-411. Yazdi G, Syväjärvi M, Yakimova R. Novel approach to AlN growth for power device applications. WASMPE 2007; 2007 Olbia, Sardinia, Italy. Proceedings WASMPE 2007:2007. Paskova T, Kroeger R, Hommel D, Paskov P, Monemar B, Preble E, Hanser A et al. Nonpolar a- and m-plane bulk GaN sliced from boules: structural and optical characteristics. Proc. of the International Workshop on Nitride Semiconductors IWN2006; 2006 Kyoto, Japan. Physica Status Solidi C, vol. 4:WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2007.

Wilson S, Jourdain R, Zhang Q, Dorey R, Bowen C, Willander M, Wahab Q et al. New materials for micro-scale sensors and actuators an engineering review. Materials science & engineering. R, Reports 2007;56 p.1-129. Ruppi S, Larsson A, Flink A. Nanoindentation hardness, texture and microstructure of alfaAl2O3 and kappa-Al2O3 coatings. Thin solid films : an international journal on the science and technology of thin and thick films 2007; p.1-8. Trinh D, Ottosson M, Collin M, Reineck I, Hultman L, Högberg H. Nanocomposite Al2O3-ZrO2 thin films grown by reactive dual radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. Thin solid films : an international journal on the science and technology of thin and thick films 2007; p.1-6.

Pozina G, Monemar B, Paskov P, Hemmingsson C, Hultman L, Amano H, Akasaki I et al. Metastability of the UV luminescence in Mg-doped GaN layers grown by MOVPE on quasi-bulk GaN templates. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors; 2007 Albuquerque, USA. Physica B, Vol. 401-402:-; 2007. Wang S, Tångring I, Gu Q, Sadeghi M, Larsson A, Wang X, Ma C et al. Metamorphic InGaAs quantum wells for light emission at 1.3-1.6 ìm.. Thin solid films : an international journal on the science and technology of thin and thick films 2007;515 p.4348-4351.

Eklund P. Multifunctional nanostructured TiSi-C thin films. Linköping: Liu Tryck; 2007.

Bouianova I, Bergman P, Pozina G, Chen W, Rawal S, Norton D, Pearton S et al. Mechanism for radiative recombination in ZnCdO alloys.. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;90 p.261907--.

Lloyd Spetz A, Buchholt K, Lutic D, Strand M, Käll P, Sanati M, Yakimova R et al. Multifunctional chemical sensors based on wide band gap materials. MRS Spring Meeting; 2007 San Francisco USA. 2007.

Eklund P, Beckers M, Frodelius J, Högberg H, Hultman L. Magnetron sputtering of Ti3SiC2 thin films from a compound target. Journal of vacuum science & technology. A 2007; p.13811388.

Lindell L. Molecular scale interface engineering. Linköping: LiU Tryck; 2007.

Bouianova I, Chen W, Oka Y, Abernathy C, Pearton S. Magneto-optical spectroscopy of spin injection and spin relaxation in ZnMnSe/ZnCdSe and GaMnN/InGaN spin light-emitting structures. 2006 E-MRS Fall Meeting; 2006 Warsaw, Poland. physica status solidi (a), vol. 204:Wiley; 2007.

Alling B, Ruban A, Karimi A, Peil O, Simak S, Hultman L, Abrikosov I et al. Mixing and decomposition thermodynamics of c-Ti1-xAlxN from first-principles calculations. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.0451231-04512313. Lim W, Norton D, Pearton S, Wang X, Chen W, Bouianova I, Osinsky A et al. Migration and Luminescence Enhancement Effects of Deuterium in ZnO/ZnCdO Quantum Wells. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;92 p.032103--. Lattemann M, Wallin E, Helmersson U. Microstructure evolution in high power impulse magnetron sputtering deposited titanium nitride. AVS 54th International Symposium; 2007 Seattle, USA. 2007. Eklund P, Joelsson T, Ljungcrantz H, Wilhelmsson O, Czigàny Z, Högberg H, Hultman L et al. Microstructure and electrical properties of Ti-Si-C-Ag nanocomposite thin films. Surface and Coatings Technology 2007;201 p.6465-6469. Emmerlich J, Gassner G, Eklund P, Högberg H, Hultman L. Micro and macroscale tribological behavior of epitaxial Ti3SiC2 thin films. Wear 2007; p.1-6. Pozina G, Paskov P, Bergman P, Hemmingsson C, Hultman L, Monemar B, Amano H et al. Metastable behavior of the UV luminescence in Mg-doped GaN layers grown on quasibulk GaN templates. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.221901--.

Dagnelund D, Bouianova I, Chen W, Murayama A, Furuta T, Hyomi K, Souma I et al. Magnetooptical and tunable laser excitation spectroscopy of carrier and spin injection from ZnMnSe diluted magnetic quantum well to CdSe nonmagnetic quantum dots. EMRS-2007 Spring Meeting; 2007 Strasbourg, France. Materials Science & Engineering B 147:-; 2007. Nguyen S, Ivanov I, Kuznetsov A, Svensson B, Zhao Q, Willander M, Morishita M et al. Magnetic resonance studies of defects in electronirradiated ZnO substrates. 24th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors; 2007 Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. Physca B, Vol. 401-402:elsevier; 2007. Hsu C, Ganguly A, Chen C, Paskov P, Holtz P, Chen K, Chen L et al. Luminescent Behaviors of GaN Nanowires with Different Surface Conditions: Toward Optical DNA Sensing. International Conference on One-Dimensional Nanostructures ICON; 2007 Malmö, Sweden. in press:-; 2007. Shubina T, Vasson A, Leymarie J, Gippius N, Jmerik V, Monemar B, Ivanov S et al. Localized plasmons at pores and clusters within inhomogeneous indium nitride films. Physica status solidi. C, 2007;4 p.2445-2448.


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Yakimova R, Petoral R, Yazdi G, Vahlberg C, Lloyd Spetz A, Uvdal K. Surface functionalization and biomedical applications based on SiC. Journal of physics. D, Applied physics 2007;40 p.1-8.

Yakimova R, Syväjärvi M. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of SiC. In:Peter Capper, Michael Mauk, editors. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Materials. null ed.Wiley; 2007. p.179-202. Adamovic D, Chirita V, Münger P, Hultman L, Greene J. Kinetic pathways leading to layerby-layer growth from hyperthermal atoms: A multibillion time step molecular dynamics study. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;76 p.1154181-1154187. Adamovic D, Chirita V, Münger P, Hultman L, Greene J. Kinetic pathways leading to layerby-layer growth from hyperthermal atoms: A Multibillion time step molecular dynamics study. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;76 p.115418-115425. Helmersson U. Ionized deposition using high power impulse magnetron sputtering. The annual one day meeting on Plasmas, Surfaces and Thin Films; 2007 London. 2007. Lattemann M, Ulrich S. Investigation of structure and mechanical properties of magnetron sputtered monolayer and multilayer coatings in the ternary system Si–B–C. Surface and Coatings Technology 2007;201 p.5564-5569. Wilhelmsson O, Eklund P, Giuliani F, Högberg H, Hultman L, Jansson U. Intrusion-type deformation in epitaxial Ti3SiC2/TiC0.67 nanolaminates. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.12312411231243. Nguyen S, Carlsson P, Magnusson B, Janzén E. Intrinsic Defects in Semi-Insulating SiC: Deep Levels and their Roles in Carrier Compensation. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Materials Science Forum:Trans Tech Publications; 2007.


Gil B, Bigenwald P, Leroux M, Paskov P, Monemar B. Internal structure of the neutral donor bound exciton complex in cubic zinc blende and wurtzite semiconductors. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.085204--. Kröger R, Paskova T, Figge S, Hommel D, Rosenauer A, Monemar B. Interfacial structure of a-plane GaN grown on r-plane sapphire. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;90 p.081918--. Jädernäs D, Lattemann M, Helmersson U. Interface investigation of steel substrates pretreated by high power impulse magnetron sputtering. AVS 54th International Symposium; 2007 Seattle, USA. 2007.

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Jädernäs D, Lattemann M, Helmersson U. Interface engineering and surface pretreatment utilizing ionized PVD. International Vacuum Congress; 2007 17; Stockholm. 2007. Jädernäs D, Lattemann M, Helmersson U. Interface engineering and surface pretreatment utilizing ionized PVD. Symposium on Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition; 2007 Kolmården, Sweden. 2007. Syväjärvi M, Sritirawisarn N, Yakimova R. Initial Growth in 3C-SiC Sublimation Epitaxy on 6H-SiC. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Material Science Forum, vol. 556-557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Ewing D, Porter L, Wahab Q, Ciechonski R, Syväjärvi M, Yakimova R. Inhomogeneous electrical characteristics in 4H-SiC Schottky diodes. Semiconductor science and technology 2007;22 p.1287-1291. Shubina T, Ivanov S, Jmerik V, Mizerov A, Leymarie J, Vasson A, Monemar B et al. Inhomogeneous InGaN and InN with In-enriched Nanostructures. -; 2007 -. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 893:-; 2007. Ewing D, Porter L, Wahab Q, Ma X, Sudharsan T, Tumakha S, Goa M et al. Inhomogeneities in Ni/4H-SiC Schottky barriers: Localized Fermilevel pinning by defect states. Journal of applied physics 2007;101 p.114514--. Braun S, de Jong M, Osikowicz W, Salaneck W. Influence of the electrode work function on the energy level alignment at organic-organic interfaces. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.2021081-202108-3. Wallin E, Andersson J, Lattemann M, Helmersson U. Influence of residual water on magnetron sputter deposited crystalline Al2O3 thin films. Thin solid films : an international journal on the science and technology of thin and thick films 0; p.null. Valcheva E, Dimitrov S, Monemar B, Harati Zadeh H, Persson P, Amano H, Akasaki I et al. Influence of Well-Width Fluctuations on the Electronic Structure of GaN/AlxGa1-xN Multiquantum Wells with Graded Interfaces. Acta physica Polonica. A 2007;112 p.395-400. Gällström A, Magnusson B, Carlsson P, Nguyen S, Henry A, Beyer F, Syväjärvi M et al. Influence of Cooling Rate after High Temperature Annealing on Deep Levels in High-Purity Semi-Insulating 4H-SiC. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Materials Science Forum, vol. 556-557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Khranovskyy V, Minikayev R, Trushkin S, Lashkarev G, Lazorenko V, Grossner U, Paszhkowicz W et al. Improvement of ZnO films properties by buffer layer application. Journal of crystal growth 2007;308 p.93-98.

Vorona I, Mchedlidze T, Dagnelund D, Bouianova I, Chen W, Köhler K. Identification of point defects in Ga(Al)NAs alloys. 28th Int. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors; 2006 Vienna, Austria. AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 893:2007. Wallin E, Helmersson U. Hysteresis-free reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering. Thin solid films : an international journal on the science and technology of thin and thick films 0; p.null. Wallin E, Helmersson U. Hysteresis-free reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering. The Symposium on Reactive Sputter Deposition; 2007 Leoben, Austria. 2007. Helmersson U, Wallin E, Lattemann M. Hysteresis-free reactive deposi-tion of alpha-Al2O3 using high HIPIMS. HIPIMS ABS-Days Conference; 2007 4; Sheffield, UK. 2007. Wallin E, Helmersson U. Hysteresis-free Reactive High Poweer Impulse Magnetron Sputtering. Thin solid films : an international journal on the science and technology of thin and thick films 2007; p.---. Bouianova I, Chen W, Izadifard M, Pearton S, Bihler C, Brandt M, Hong Y et al. Hydrogen passivation of nitrogen in GaAsN and GaNP alloys: how many H atoms are required for each N atom?. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;90 p.021920--. Hemmingsson C, Paskov P, Pozina G, Heuken M, Schineller B, Monemar B. Hydride vapour phase epitaxy growth and characterization of thick GaN using a vertical HVPE reactor. First International Symposium on Growth of IIINitrides; 2006 Linköping, Sweden. Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 300:Elsevier; 2007. Eklund P, Murugaiah A, Emmerlich J, Czigàny Z, Frodelius J, Barsoum M, Högberg H et al. Homoepitaxial growth of Ti-Si-C MAX-phase thin films on bulk Ti3SiC2 substrates. Journal of crystal growth 2007;304 p.264-269. Lundskog A, Forsberg U, Kakanakova-Gueorguie A, Ciechonski R, Ivanov I, Darakchieva V, Janzén E et al. Highly Uniform Hot-Wall MOCVD Growth of High-Quality AlGaN/GaN HEMTStructures on 100 mm Semi-Insulating 4H-SiC Substrates. ICNS-7; 2007 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. in press:-; 2007. Lattemann M. High power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS). International Symposium on Reactive Sputter Deposition; 2007 Leoben, Austria. 2007. Wahab Q. High Temperature electronic materials. In:S. Kasap, P. Capper, editors. Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic materials. null ed.Springer; 2007. p.537-563.

Howe B, Bareño J, Sardela M, Wen J, Greene J, Hultman L, Voevodin A et al. Growth and physical properties of epitaxial metastable Hf1-xAlxN alloys deposited on MgO(001) by ultrahigh vacuum reactive magnetron sputtering. Surface and Coatings Technology 2007;202 p.809-814. Söderberg H, Odén M, Flink A, Birch J, Persson P, Beckers M, Hultman L et al. Growth and characterization of TiN/SiN(001) superlattice films. Journal of materials research 2007;22 p.3255-3264. Ciechonski R. Growth and characterization of SiC and GaN. Linköping: LiU Tryck; 2007. Lebedev A, Zelenin V, Abramov P, Bogdanova E, Lebedev S, Nelson D, Razbirin B et al. Growth and Study of Thick 3C-SiC Epitaxial Layers Produced by Epitaxy on 6H-SiC Substrates. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Materials Science Forum, vol. 556.557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Pedersen H, Henry A, ul-Hassan J, Bergman P, Janzén E. Growth and Photoluminescence study of Aluminium doped SiC epitaxial layers. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Materials Science Forum:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Bauer M, Helmersson U. Gas-rarefaction in High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering. Symposium on Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition; 2007 Kolmården, Sweden. 2007. Yazdi G, Syväjärvi M, Yakimova R. Formation of needle-like and columnar structures of AlN. Journal of crystal growth 2007;300 p.130-135. Pearton S, Norton D, Ivill M, Hebard A, Zavada J, Chen W, Bouianova I et al. Ferromagnetism in Transition-Metal Doped ZnO. Journal of electronic materials 2007;36 p.462-471. Braun S, Salaneck W. Fermi level pinning at interfaces with tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ): The role of integer charge transfer states.. Chemical physics letters 2007;438 p.259-262. Dagnelund D, Bouianova I, Chen W, Murayama A, Furuta T, Hyomi K, Souma I et al. Exciton spin injection from a ZnCdMnSe diluted magnetic quantum well to self-assembled CdSe quantum dots. Fourth International School and Conference on Spintronics and Quantum Information Technology Spintech IV; 2007 Maui, Hawaii, USA. 2007. Sabooni M, Esmaeili M, Harati Zadeh H, Monemar B, Paskov P, Holtz P, Kamiyama S et al. Exciton localization behaviour in different well width undoped GaN/Al0.07Ga0.93N nanostructures. Opto-Electronics review 2007;15 p.163-167. Eklund P, Högberg H, Hultman L. Epitaxial TiC/ SiC multilayers. Physica status solidi. Rapid research letters 2007;1 p.113-115.

Persson P, Kodambaka S, Petrov I, Hultman L. Epitaxial Ti2AlN(0001) thin film deposition by dual-target reactive magnetron sputtering. Acta materialia. 2007;55 p.4401-4407. Moskalenko E, Larsson M, Karlsson F, Holtz P, Monemar B, Schoenfeld W, Petroff P et al. Enhancement of the luminescence intensity of InAs/GaAs quantum dots induced by an external electric field. Nano letters 2007;7 p.188-193. Holtz P, Moskalenko E, Larsson M, Karlsson F, Schoenfeld W, Petroff P. Enhancement of the Luminescence from Single InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots by Application of an Electric Field. Nanotech Northern Europe 2007; 2007 Helsinki, Finland. 2007. Holtz P, Moskalenko E, Larsson M, Karlsson F, Schoenfeld W, Petroff P. Enhancement of the Luminescence from Single InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots by Application of an Electric Field. The Quantum Dot Meeting; 2007 Nottingham, GB. 2007. Kashif A, Johansson T, Svensson C, Arnborg T, Wahab Q. Enhancement in RF performance of LDMOS transistor utilizing large signal TCAD physical simulation. Conference on RF measurement technology RFMTC07; 2007 Gälve, Sweden. Proceedings of RFMTC07:okänd; 2007. Braun S, Osikowicz W, Wang Y, Salaneck W. Energy level alignment regimes at hybrid organic-organic and inorganic-organic interfaces.. Organic Electronics 2007;8 p.14-20. Yazdi G, Syväjärvi M, Vasiliauskas R, Yakimova R. Employing discontinuous and continuous growth modes for preparation of AlN nanostructures on SiC substrates. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Material Science Forum, vol. 556557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Virojanadara C, Hetzel M, Johansson L, Choyke W, Starke U. Electronic and atomic structure of the 4H-SiC(1-102)-c(2x2) surface. Surface science 2007;in press p.---. Sigurjonsson P, Lundin D, Gudmundsson J, Helmersson U. Electron energy in high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharge. Symposium on Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition; 2007 Kolmården, Sweden. 2007. Emmerlich J, Eklund P, Rittrich D, Högberg H, Hultman L. Electrical resistivity of Tin+1ACn (A=Si, Ge, Sn, n=1-3) thin films. Journal of materials research 2007;22 p.2279-2287. Holtz P, Moskalenko E, Larsson M, Karlsson F, Schoenfeld W, Petroff P. Electric Field Induced Enhancement of the Luminescence from Single InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots. The 7th Conference on the Physics of Light Matter Coupling in Nanostructures PLMCN7; 2007 Havana, Cuba. 2007.

Odén M. Elastic strain evolution and εmartensite formation in individual austenite. Materials letters : an interdisciplinary journal devoted to the rapid publication of short communications on the science, applications and processing of materials 2007;62 p.338-340. Shubina T, Glazov M, Ivanov S, Vasson A, Leymarie J, Monemar B, Araki T et al. Effects of nonstoichiometry and compensation on fundamental parameters of heavily-doped InN. Physica status solidi. C, 2007;4 p.2474-2477. Ghafoor N, Eriksson F, Persson P, Hultman L, Birch J. Effects of ion-assisted growth on the layer definition in Cr/Sc multilayers. Thin solid films : an international journal on the science and technology of thin and thick films 2007;516 p.982-990. Holtz P, Moskalenko E, Larsson M, Karlsson F, Schoenfeld W, Petroff P. Effects of External Fields on the Excitonic Emission from Single InAs/ GaAs Quantum Dots. The 6th International Conference on Low Dimensional Structures and Devices; 2007 St Andres, Colombia. Microelectronics Journal:Elsevier; 2007. Paskova T, Becker L, Böttcher T, Hommel D, Paskov P, Monemar B. Effect of sapphire-substrate thickness on the curvature of thick GaN films grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Journal of applied physics 2007;102 p.123507--. Darakchieva V, Paskova T, Schubert M, Paskov P, Arwin H, Monemar B, Hommel D et al. Effect of anisotropic strain on GaN phonons in c-plane and a-plane. First International Symposium on Growth of III-Nitrides; 2006 Linköping, Sweden. Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 300:2007. Monemar B, Paskov P, Bergman P, Keller S, DenBaars S, Mishra U. Effect of an (Al,In)N insertion layer on the radiative emission properties of (In,Ga)N/GaN multiple quantum well structures. Physica status solidi. A, Applied research 2007;204 p.304-308. Monemar B, Paskov P, Bergman P, Keller S, DenBaars S, Mishra U. Effect of an (Al,In)N insertion layer on the radiative emission properties of (In,Ga)N/GaN multiple quantum well structures. Proc ISBLLED 2006; 2006 Montpellier, France. physica status solidi, vol. 204:WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2007. Lattemann M, Helmersson U. Effect of adspecies flux on texture and structure evolution in TiN thin films deposited by pulsed i-PVD. International Vacuum Congress; 2007 17; Stockholm. 2007. Lattemann M. Effect of adspecies flux on texture and structure evolution in TiN thin films deposited by pulsed i-PVD. Symposium on Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition; 2007 Kolmården, Sweden. 2007.

Lattemann M, Helmersson U. HIPIMS I-PVD the easy way?. Symposium on Vacuum Based Science and Technology; 2007 Greifswald, Germany. 2007. IF M Ac ti v it y R e p o r t

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Nguyen S, Janzén E. EPR characterization of defects in SiC. 49th Rocky Mountain Conference on Analytical Chemistry; 2007 Breckenridge, Colorado, USA. 2007. Murayama A, Furuta T, Hyomi K, Souma I, Oka Y, Dagnelund D, Bouianova I et al. Dynamics of exciton-spin injection, transfer, and relaxation in self-assembled quantum dots of CdSe coupled with a diluted magnetic semiconductor layer of Zn0.80Mn0.20Se.. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.195308--. Pozina G, Hemmingsson C, Bergman P, Trinh D, Hultman L, Monemar B. Dynamics of bound excitons versus thickness in freestanding GaN wafers grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;90 p.221904--. Joelsson T, Flink A, Birch J, Hultman L. Deposition of single-crystal Ti2AlN thin films by reactive magnetron sputtering from a 2Ti:Al compound target. Journal of applied physics 2007;102 p.0749181-0749188. Wallin E, Svedin S, Lattemann M, Helmersson U. Deposition of crystalline alumina by reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering. International Vacuum Congress; 2007 17; Stockholm. 2007. Wallin E. Deposition of crystalline alumina by reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering. Symposium on Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition; 2007 Kolmården, Sweden. 2007.


Nguyen S, Carlsson P, ul-Hassan J, Magnusson B, Janzén E. Defects and carrier compensation in semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrates. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.155204-155212. Kröger R, Paskova T, Monemar B, Figge S, Hommel D, Rosenauer A. Defect structure of a-plane GaN grown by hydride and metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy on r-plane sapphire. Proc. of the International Workshop on Nitride Semiconductors IWN2006; 2006 Kyoto, Japan. Physica Status Solidi C, vol. 4:WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2007. Monemar B, Sernelius B. Defect related issues in the “current roll-off” in InGaN based light emitting diodes. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.181103-1-181103-3. Toumisto F, Paskova T, Kröger R, Figge S, Hom-

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mel D, Monemar B, Kersting R et al. Defect distribution in a-plane GaN on Al2O3. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;90 p.121915--. Nguyen S, Carlsson P, Gällström A, Magnusson B, Janzén E. Deep levels and carrier compensation in V-doped semi-insulating 4H-SiC. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.202111--. Carlsson P, Nguyen S, Umeda T, Isoya J, Janzén E. Deep Acceptor Levels of the Carbon VacancyCarbon Antisite Pairs in 4H-SiC. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Materials Science Forum, vol.556-557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Dagnelund D, Wang X, Vorona I, Bouianova I, Chen W, Utsumi A, Furukawa Y et al. Critical issue of defects in Ga(In)NP alloys: a new and promising material system for integration of III-V-based optoelectronics with Si-based microelectronics. 31th Workshop on Compound Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits WOCSDICE 2007; 2007 Venice, Italy. 2007. Wagner M, Mustafa E, Hahn S, Syväjärvi M, Yakimova R, Jang S, Sakwe S et al. Contactless Electrical Defect Characterization and Topography of a-Plane Grown Epitaxial Layers. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Material Science Forum, vol. 556-557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Khranovskyy V, Grossner U, Kopylova L, Lazorenko V, Budnikov A, Lashkarev G, Svensson B et al. Conductivity increase of ZnO:Ga films by rapid thermal annealing. Superlattices and microstructures 2007;42 p.379-386. Odén M. Comparison of two different precipitation routes leading to Yb doped Y2O3 nano-particles. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2007;27 p.1991-1998. Aavikko R, Saarinen K, Tuomisto F, Magnusson B, Nguyen S, Janzén E. Clustering of vacancy defects in high-purity semi-insulating SiC. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.085208--. Shishkin Y, Rao S, Kordina O, Agafonov I, Maltsev A, ul-Hassan J, Henry A et al. CVD of 6HSiC on Non-Basal Quasi Polar Faces. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Materials Science Forum:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. Paskova T, Becker L, Böttcher T, Hommel D, Paskov P, Monemar B. Bending in HVPE grown GaN films: origin and reduction possibilities. Proc. of the International Workshop on Nitride Semiconductors IWN2006; 2006 Kyoto, Japan. Physica Status Solidi C, vol. 4:WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2007. Bouianova I, Vorona I, Chen W, Izadifard M, Hong Y, Tu C. Band alignment in novel GaInNP/ GaAs heterostructures. 31th Workshop on Compound Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits WOCSDICE 2007; 2007 Venice, Italy. 2007.

Virojanadara C, Hetzel M, Johansson L, Choyke W, Starke U. Atomic and electronic structure of the (2_1) and c(2_2) 4H-SiC(1 02) surfaces. International Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials ICSCRM; 2007 Kyoto, Japan. in press:-; 2007. Brenning N, Lundin D, Kirkpatrick S, Helmersson U. Anomalous transport through lowerhybrid waves in a HIPIMS sputtering magnetron. International Vacuum Congress; 2007 17; Stockholm. 2007. Lundin D, Kirkpatrick S, Brenning N, Helmersson U. Anomalous electron transport in high power impulse magnetron sputtering plasmas. International Vacuum Congress; 2007 17; Stockholm. 2007. Darakchieva V, Paskova T, Schubert M, Arwin H, Paskov P, Monemar B, Hommel D et al. Anisotropic strain and phonon deformation potentials in GaN. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.195217--. Wallin E. Alumina Thin Film Growth: Experiments and Modeling. Linköping: Linköping University; 2007.

Lebedev A, Zelenin V, Abramov P, Bogdanova E, Lebedev S, Nel’son D, Razbirin B et al. A study of thick 3C-SiC epitaxial layers grown on 6H-SiC substrates by sublimation epitaxy in vacuum. Semiconductors 2007;41 p.273-275. Tonchev V, Yakimova R. A model of far from equilibrium growth. Khimiya = Chemistry : Bulgarian journal of chemical education 2007;67 p.15--. Hornos T, Gali A, Nguyen S, Janzén E. A Theoretical Study on Aluminium-Related Defects in SiC. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Materials Science Forum:Trans Tech Publications; 2007. ul-Hassan J, Bergman P, Henry A, Pedersen H, McNally P, Janzén E. 4H-SiC Epitaxial layers Grown on on-axis Si-face substrates. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Materials Science Forum, vol. 556-557:Trans Tech Publications; 2007.

SCIENTIFIC BRANCH OF THEORY AND MODELING

Odén M. Alternative method to precipitation techniques for synthesizing. Powder technology 2007;177 p.77-82.

Petchey O, Eklöf A, Borrvall C, Ebenman B. Trophically unique species are vulnerable to cascading extinction. American naturalist 2008; p.0-0.

Malinauskas T, Aleksiejunas R, Jarasiunas K, Beaumont B, Gibart P, Kakanakova-Gueorguie A, Janzén E et al. All-optical characterization of carrier lifetimes and diffusion lengths in MOCVD-, ELO-, and HVPE- grown GaN. Journal of crystal growth 2007;300 p.223-227.

Lima E, Horinek D, Netz R, Biscaia E, Tavares F, Kunz W, Boström M et al. Specific Ion Adsorption and Surface Forces in Colloid Science. Journal of physical chemistry. B, Condensed matter, materials, surfaces, interfaces, & biophysical 2008;112 p.1580-1585.

Yazdi G, Syväjärvi M, Yakimova R. Aligned AlN nanowires and microrods by self-patterning. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;90 p.123103-123105.

Henriksson J, Saue T, Norman P. Quadratic response functions in the relativistic four-component Kohn-Sham approximation. Journal of chemical physics 2008;128 p.024105-1-024105-9.

Gali A, Hornos T, Nguyen S, Janzén E, Choyke W. Ab initio supercell calculations on aluminumrelated defects in SiC. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.045211--.

Nordling E, Kallberg Y, Johansson J, Persson B. Molecular dynamics studies of x-helix stability in fibril-forming peptides. Journal of ComputerAided Molecular Design 2008;22 p.53-58.

Wallin E, Andersson J, Münger P, Chirita V, Helmersson U. Ab initio studies of adsorption and diffusion processes on alpha-Al2O3 (0001) surfaces. International Symposium on Reactive Sputter Deposition; 2007 Leoben, Austria. 2007. Wallin E, Andersson J, Münger P, Chirita V, Helmersson U. Ab initio studies of adsorption and diffusion processes on alpha-Al2O3 (0001) surfaces. AVS 54th International Symposium; 2007 Seattle, USA. 2007. Syväjärvi M, Kakanakova-Gueorguie A, Yazdi G, Forsberg U, Janzén E. A surface study of wet etched AlGaN epilayers grown by hot-wall MOCVD. Journal of crystal growth 2007;300 p.242-245.

Horinek D, Serr A, Bonthuis D, Boström M, Kunz W, Netz R. Molecular Hydrophobic Attraction and Ion-Specific Effects Studied by Molecular Dynamics. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 2008;24 p.1271-1283. Mikhaylushkin A, Sato T, Carlson S, Simak S, Häussermann U. High-pressure structural behavior of large-void CoSn-type intermetallics: Experiments and first-principles calculations. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2008;77 p.1-1. Borrvall C, Ebenman B. Biodiversity and persistence of ecological communities in variable environments. Ecological complexity 2008; p.0-0. Pena J, Nilsson R, Björkegren J, Tegnér J. Towards scalable and data efficient learning of Markov Boundaries. International journal of approximate reasoning 2007;45 p.211-232.

Ekström U. Time-dependent molecular properties in the optical and x-ray regions. Linköping: LiU-Tryck; 2007.

Asker C. Spectroscopic and elastic properties in metallic systems from first-principles methods. Linköping: LiU-Tryck; 2007.

Usatenko O, Melnyk S, Yampolski V, Johansson M, Kroon L, Riklund R. Three Types of Spectra in One-Dimensional Systems with Random Correlated Binary Potential. Telecommunications and radio engineering 2007;66 p.353-362.

Kroon L. Spectra and dynamics of excitations in long-range correlated structures. Linköping: LiUTryck; 2007.

Kissavos A, Shallcross S, Kaufman L, Grånäs O, Ruban A, Abrikosov I. Thermodynamics of ordered and disordered phases in the binary Mo-Ru system. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.1842031-184203-8. Andersson D, Simak S, Skorodumova N, Abrikosov I, Johansson B. Theoretical study of CeO2 doped with tetravalent ions. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;76 p.1741191-17411910. Ruban A, Simak S, Korzhavyi P, Johansson B. Theoretical investigation of bulk ordering and surface segregation in Ag-Pd and other isoelectornic alloys. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.054113-105411316. Carlile C, Berggren K, Carlsson P, Johansson C. The European Spallation Source in Lund - A Progress Report from the ESS-Scandinavia Consortium. Meeting of the International Collaboration on Advanced Neutron Sources; 2007 18; Dongguan , Guangdong, Kina. 2007. Tegnér J, Nilsson R, Bajic V, Björkegren J, Ravasi T. Systems biology of innate immunity. Cellular immunology : an international journal 2007; p.xxx-xxxx. Berggren K, Carlile C, Carlsson P. Sverige rustar för neutronkamp. Fysikaktuellt 2007; p.14-15.

Johansson M, Öster M, Gaididei Y, Christiansen P, Eriksson A. Some properties of a physically motivated generalized DNLS equation with intersite nonlinearities. Hamiltonian Lattice Dynamical Systems; 2007 Leiden. 2007. Tu G, Rinkevicius Z, Vahtras O, Ågren H, Ekström U, Norman P, Carravetta V et al. Selfinteraction-corrected time-dependent densityfunctional-theory calculations of x-ray-absorption spectra. Physical review.. A 2007;76 p.022506-1022506-7. Sernelius B. Reply to “Comment on ‘Effects of spatial dispersion on electromagnetic surface modes and on modes associated with a gap between two half spaces’. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.036102-1-036102-3. Sernelius B. Reply to the ‘Comment on ‘‘Possible induced enhancement of dispersion forces by cellular phones’’’ by R. K. Adair, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, DOI: 10.1039/b405698a. PCCP; 2007. Andersson D, Simak S, Skorodumova N, Abrikosov I, Johansson B. Redox properties of CeO2– MO2 (M=Ti, Zr, Hf, or Th) solid solutions from first principles calculations. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;90 p.31909-1-31919-3. Pena J. Reading Dependencies from Polytreelike Bayesian Networks. The 23rd Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence UAI 2007; 2007 23; Vancouver, BC Canada. Corvallis, Oregon, USA:AUAI Press; 2007.

Ponomareva A, Isaev E, Skorodumova N, Vekilov Y, Abrikosov I. Surface segregation energy in bcc Fe-rich Fe-Cr Alloys. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.245406-1-245406-7.

Berggren K, Petersen H, Thiede J. Rapport - International evaluation of the Swedish organization of polar research (Swedish Research Council). 2007.

Edin F, Macoveanu J, Olesen P, Tegnér J, Klingberg T. Stronger synaptic connectivity as a mechanism behind development of working memory-related brain activity during childhood. Journal of cognitive neuroscience 2007;19:5 p.750-760.

Holden H, Asmussen S, Glowinski R, Moerdijk I, Serra J, Trautmann, G, Tveito A et al. Quality and Renewal 2007: An overall evaluation of research at Uppsala University. Mathematics, Scientific computing, Image Analysis (panel 12). Västerås: Edita; 2007.

Nilsson R. Statistical Feature Selection with applications in life science. Linköping: LiU-Tryck; 2007.

Mikhaylushkin A, Simak S, Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia, N, Johansson, B, Abrikosov I. Pure Iron Compressed and Heated to Extreme Conditions. Physical review letters / publ. by the American Physical Society 2007;99 p.165505-1-165505-4.

Öster M. Stability and Mobility of Localized and Extended Excitations in Nonlinear Schrödinger Modles. Linköping: Liu-Tryck; 2007. Asker C. Spectroscopic and elastic properties in metallic systems from first-principles methods. Linköping: LiU Tryck; 2007.

Berggren K. Promoveringsskrift våren 2007. Linköping: LiU-Tryck; 2007. Berggren K. Promoveringsskrift hösten 2007. Linköping: LiU-Tryck; 2007.


2007

93


Kalabukhova E, Lukin S, Savchenko D, Mitchel W, Greulich-Weber S, Gerstmann U, Pöppl A et al. EPR, ESE and Pulsed ENDOR Study of Nitrogen Related Centers in 4H-SiC Wafers Grown by Different Technologies. ECSCRM 2006; 2006 Newcastle, UK. Material Science Forum, vol. 556557:Trans tech Publications; 2007.

Demeyu L, Stafström S. Monte Carlo simulation of controlled charge carriers diffusion in highly ordered iodine doped pentacene film. Physica status solidi. A, Applied research 2007;204 p.3545-3555.

Tegnér J, Björkegren J. Perturbations to uncover gene networks. Trends in genetics : DNA, differentiation & development 2007;23:1 p.34-41.

Böhlin J. Molecular electronics - A theoretical study of electronic structure in molecular crystals and surfaces. Linköping: LiU-Tryck; 2007.

Lima E, Biscaia E, Boström M, Tavares F, Prausnitz J. Osmotic Second Virial Coefficients and Phase Diagrams for Aqueous Proteins from a Much-Improved Poisson-Boltzmann Equation†. Journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials, interfaces, and hard matter 2007;111 p.1605516059.

Böhlin J. Molecular Electronics: A Theoretical study of electronic structure in molecular crystals and surfaces.. Linköping: LiU-Tryck; 2007.

Immerstrand C, Hedlund J, Magnusson K, Sundqvist T, Holmgren-Peterson K. Organelle transport in melanophores analyzed by white light image correlation spectroscopy.. Journal of microscopy 2007;225 p.275-282. Roman C, Sernelius B. Numerical study of the effect of structure and geometry on van der Waals forces. Journal of physics. A, Mathematical and theoretical 0; p.null. Simak S, Abrikosov I, Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N, Crichton W, Mikhaylushkin A, de Almeida J et al. Noblest of All Metals Is Structurally Unstable at High Pressure. Physical review letters / publ. by the American Physical Society 2007;98 p.045503-1-045503-4.


Macoveanu J, Klingberg T, Tegnér J. Neuronal population firing rates predicts distance dependent distractor effects on mnemonic accuracy in a visuo-spatial working memory task. Biological cybernetics : : communication and control in organisms and automata 2007;96 p.407-419.

Andersson D, Simak S, Johansson B, Abrikosov I, Skorodumova N. Modeling of CeO2, Ce2O3, and CeO2−x in the LDA+U formalism. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.035109-1-035109-6. Alling B, Ruban A, Karimi A, Peil O, Simak S, Hultman L, Abrikosov I et al. Mixing and decomposition thermodynamics of c-Ti1-xAlxN from first-principles calculations. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.0451231-04512313. Klein T, Achatz P, Kacmarcik J, Marcenat C, Gustafsson F, Marcus J, Bustarret E et al. Metalinsulator transition and superconductivity in boron-doped diamond. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.165313-1-165313-7. Baykov V, Korzhavyi P, Smirnova E, Abrikosov I, Johansson B. Magnetic properties of 3d impurities in GaAs. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials 2007;310 p.2120-2122. Jiemchooroj A. Long-range intermolecular dispersion forces and circular dichroism spectra from first-principles calculations.. Linköping: LiU-Tryck; 2007.

Jiemchooroj A, Ekström U, Norman P. Near-edge x-ray absorption and natural circular dichroism spectra of L-alanine: A theoretical study based on the complex polarization propagator approach. Journal of chemical physics 2007;127 p.165104-1165104-8.

Pena J, Björkegren J, Tegnér J. Learning and validating Bayesian network models of genetic regulatory networks. In:null, editors. Advances in Probabilistic Graphical Models. null ed.Springer Verlag; 2007. p.359-376.

Berggren K, Yakymenko I. Nature of electron states and symmetry breaking in quanum point contacts according to the local spin density approximation. Journal of physical chemistry. B, Condensed matter, materials, surfaces, interfaces, & biophysical 2007; p.0-0.

Adamovic D, Chirita V, Münger P, Hultman L, Greene J. Kinetic pathways leading to layerby-layer growth from hyperthermal atoms: A multibillion time step molecular dynamics study. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;76 p.1154181-1154187.

Tegnér J, Josefin S, Björkegren J. Multi-organ whole-genome measurements and reverse engineering to uncover gene networks underlying complex traits. Journal of lipid research 2007;48 p.267-277.

Adamovic D, Chirita V, Münger P, Hultman L, Greene J. Kinetic pathways leading to layerby-layer growth from hyperthermal atoms: A Multibillion time step molecular dynamics study. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;76 p.115418-115425.

Stafström S, Demeyu L, Bekele M. Monte Carlo simulations of charge carrier mobility in semiconducting polymer field-effect transistors. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;76 p.155202-155208.

94


2007

Lima E, Biscaia E, Boström M, Tavares F. IonSpecific Forces between a Colloidal Nanoprobe and a Charged Surface. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 2007;23 p.7456-7458.

Hultell M, Stafström S. Impact of ring torsion on the intrachain mobility in conjugated polymers. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.104304-104311.

Olesen P, Macoveanu J, Tegnér J, Klingberg T. Development of Brain Activity Related to Working Memory and Distraction. Cerebral Cortex 2007;17 p.1047-1054.

Wahlström J, Dengjiel J, Persson B, Duyar H, Rammensee H, Stefanović S, Eklund A et al. Identification of HLA-DR-bound peptides presented by human bronchoalveolar lavage cells in sarcoidosis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2007;117 p.3576-3582.

Nilsson R, Pena J, Björkegren J, Tegnér J. Detecting Multivariate Differentially Expressed Genes. BMC bioinformatics 2007;8:150 p.1-10.

Kovacs A, Tornvall P, Nilsson R, Tegnér J, Hamsten A, Björkegren J. Human C-reactive protein slows atherosclerosis development in a mouse model with human-like hypercholesterolemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007;104 p.13768-13773.

Monemar B, Sernelius B. Defect related issues in the “current roll-off” in InGaN based light emitting diodes. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.181103-1-181103-3. Nilsson R, Pena J, Björkegren J, Tegnér J. Consistent feature selection for pattern recognition in polynomial time. Journal of machine learning research 2007;8:3 p.586-612.

Mikhaylushkin A, Simak S, Johansson B, Häussermann U. High-pressure behavior of phosphorus from first principles calculations. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;76 p.092103-1-092103-4.

Abrikosov I, Kissavos A, Liot F, Alling B, Simak S, Peil O, Ruban A et al. Competition between magnetic structures in the Fe rich fcc FeNi alloys. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;76 p.014434-1-01443415.

Tellgren E, Henriksson J, Norman P. First-order excited state properties in the four-component Hartree-Fock approximation: The excited state electric dipole moments in CsAg and CsAu. Journal of chemical physics 2007;126 p.0643131-064313-8.

Alling B, Marten T, Abrikosov I, Karimi A. Comparison of thermodynamic properties of cubic Cr 1-x Al x N and Ti 1-x Al x N from first-principles calculations. Journal of applied physics 2007;102 p.044314-1-044314-8.

Daehlen M, Berggren K. Evaluation of the Nordic Data Grid Facility (NDGF). Köpenhamn: NOS-N; 2007. Kissavos A, Vitos L, Abrikosov I. Energy dependence of exact muffin-tin-orgital structure constants. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.115117-1-115117-1. Jiemchooroj A, Norman P. Electronic circular dichroism spectra from the complex polarization propagator. Journal of chemical physics 2007;126 p.134102-1-134102-7. Music D, Takashashi T, Vitos L, Asker C, Abrikosov I, Schneider J. Elastic properties of Fe-Mn random alloys studied by ab initio calculations. Applied physics letters : a publication of the American Institute of Physics 2007;91 p.1919041-191904-3. Moreira L, Boström M, Ninham B, Biscaia E, Tavares F. Effect of the Ion-Protein Dispersion Interactions on the Protein-Surface and ProteinProtein Interactions. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 2007;18 p.223-230. Sjöstrand D, Carlsson J, Paratcha G, Persson B, Ibánñez C. Disruption of the GDNF Binding Site in NCAM Dissociates Ligand Binding and Homophilic Cell Adhesion. Journal of biological chemistry 2007;282 p.12734-12740. Johansson M. Discrete reduced-symmetry solitons in two dimensional nonlinear waveguide arrays. Nonlinear Physics in Periodic Structures and Metamaterials; 2007 Dresden. 2007.

Simak S, Ruban A. Comment on "Symmetry and Stability of delta Plutonium: The Influence of Electronic structure". Physical review letters / publ. by the American Physical Society 2007;99 p.019703-1-019703-1. Ekström U, Ottosson H, Norman P. Characterization of the Chemisorption of Methylsilane on a Au(1,1,1) Surface from the Silicon K- and L-Edge Spectra: A Theoretical Study Using the FourComponent Static Exchange Approximation. Journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials, interfaces, and hard matter 2007;111 p.1384613850.

Pena J. Approximate counting of graphical models via MCMC. 11th International Conference on Artificial Intellligence and Statistics; 2007 San Juan, Puerto Rico. Madison, USA:Omnipress; 2007. Hellgren M, Strömberg P, Matras S, Farres J, Persson B, Parés X, Höög J et al. Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 is major hepatic enzyme for human retinol metabolism. Cellular and molecular life sciences 2007;64 p.498-505. Skorodumova N, Simak S, Kochetov A, Johansson B. Ab initio study of electronic and structural properties of gold nanowires with light-element impurities. Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics 2007;75 p.235440-1235440-4. Wallin E, Andersson J, Münger P, Chirita V, Helmersson U. Ab initio studies of adsorption and diffusion processes on alpha-Al2O3 (0001) surfaces. International Symposium on Reactive Sputter Deposition; 2007 Leoben, Austria. 2007. Wallin E, Andersson J, Münger P, Chirita V, Helmersson U. Ab initio studies of adsorption and diffusion processes on alpha-Al2O3 (0001) surfaces. AVS 54th International Symposium; 2007 Seattle, USA. 2007. Baev A, Henriksson J, Norman P, Ågren H. A quantum mechanical - electrodynamical approach to nonlinear properties: Application to optical power limiting with platinum-organic compounds. Journal of nonlinear optical physics & materials 2007;16 p.157-169. Jansson A, Carlsson J, Olsson A, Storm P, Margolin S, Gunnarsson C, Stenmark A et al. A new polymorphism in the coding region of exon four in HSD17B2 in relation to risk of sporadic and hereditary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007;106 p.57-64.

Bresell A, Persson B. Characterization of oligopeptide patterns in large protein sets. BMC Genomics 2007;8:346 p.1-15. Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N, Narygina O, Kantor I, Kuznetzov A, Prakapenka V, Vitos L et al. Body-Centered Cubic Iron-Nickel Alloy in Earth's Core. Science / American Association for the Advancement of Science 2007;Vol. 316. no. 5833 p.1880-1883. Kroon L, Bogdan M, Kovalev A, Malyuta E. Bifurcation picture and stability of the gap and outgap discrete solitons. Low temperature physics 2007;33 p.481-483.


Isaev E, Simak S, Abrikosov I, Ahuja R, Vekilov Y, Katsnelson M, Lichtenstein A et al. Phonon related properties of transition metals, their carbides, and nitrides: A first-principles study. Journal of applied physics 2007;101 p.123519-1-12351918.

Yakymenko I, Berggren K. Are there bound states in 2D semiconductor constrictions?. SwedenJapan QNANO Workshop, December 13-14 2007; 2007 8; Lund. Lund:2007.


2007

95

Theses

EKSTRÖM, Ulf: Time-dependent molecular properties in the optical and x-ray regions. Dissertation No 1131 (23 oktober 2007)

DOCTORAL THESES

ÖSTER, Michael: Stability and Mobility of Localized and Extended Excitations in Nonlinear Schrödinger Models. Dissertation No 1972 (16 februari 2007) BORGH, Annika: Biomimetic surfaces - preparation, characterization, application. Dissertation No 1069 (30 mars 2007) ANDERSSON, Mike: SiC based field effect sensors and sensor systems for combustion control applications. Dissertation No 1077 (23 mars 2007) HÖST, Gunnar: Engineering carbonic anhydrase for hughly selective ester hydrolysis. Dissertation No 1085 (4 april 2007) EKLUND, Per: Multifunctional nanostructured Ti-Si-C thin films. Dissertation No 1087 (20 april 2007)

ANDERSSON, Mattias: Electronic transport in polymeric solar cells and transistors. Dissertation No 1142 (20 november 2007) BJÖRK, Per: Biological Sensing and DNA Templated Electronics Using Conjugated Polymers Dissertation No 1154 (14 december 2007) CIECHONSKI, Rafal R. : Growth and characterization of SiC and GaN Dissertation No 1151 (18 december 2007)

LICENTIATE THESES

WALLIN, Erik: Alumina thin film growth: Experiments and modeling. Thesis No 1292. LiU-TEK-LIC-2007:1

KARLSSON, Laila: Seed dormancy and germination in an ecological context - Comparative studies of annual weeds. Dissertation No 1088 (17 april 2007)

HULTELL, Magnus: Electron-Lattice Dynamics in π-Conjugated Systems Thesis No 1295. LiU-TEK-LIC-2007:2

NILSSON, Roland: Statistical feature selection with applications in life science. Dissertation No 1090 (4 maj 2007)

FURLAN, Andrej: Experiments and Theoretical Modeling of Fullerene.like CNx and CPx Thin Film Structures

KLENKAR, Goran: “Protein Microarray Chips”. Dissertation No 1096 (12 juni 2007)

HÖGLUND, Linda: InGaAs-based quantum dots for infrared imaging applications - growth and characterization. Thesis No 1297. LiU-TEK-LIC-2007:6

VILLEBECK, Laila: Structural rearrangements of Actins Interacting with the Chaperonin Systems TRiC/Prefoldin and GroEL/ES Dissertation No 1099 (25 maj 2007) BRAUN, Slawomir: Studies of materials and intervaces for organic electronics. Dissertation No 1103 (8 juni 2007) LARSSON, Andréas: Biochip design based on tailored ethylene glycols. Dissertation No 1111 (13 september 2007) Publications & Theses

HÅKANSSON, Jennie: Behavioural aspects of conservation breeding Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) as a case study. Dissertation No 1137 (23 november 2007)

HERLAND, Anna: Conjugated Polymers, Amyloid Detection and Assembly of Biomolecular Nanowires Dissertation No 1117 (14 september 2007) KROON, Lars: ”Spectra and Dynamics of Excitations in Long-Range Correlated Structures” Dissertation No 1109 (14 september 2007)

LINDELL, Linda: Molecular scale interface engineering Thesis No 1308. LiU-TEK-LIC-2007:17 ASKER, Christian: Spectroscopic and Elastic Properties in metallic systems From First-Principles methods. Thesis No 1314. LiU-TEK-LIC-2007:23 BÖHLIN, Johan: Molecular Electronics: A Theoretical study of electronic structure in molecular crystals and surfaces. Thesis No 1315. LiU-TEK-LIC-2007:24

Undergraduate Theses ENGINEERING PROGRAMS – MATHEMATICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES PROGRAM

ADOLFSSON Malin: Ex-1728 AGHOLME Fredrik: Simvastatin on stainless steel implant surfaces, radiographic evaluation in a rat model. Ex-1723


2007

ERLANDSSON Robert: First-principles calculations of linear and nonlinear absorption in platinum-organic compounds. Ex-1702

AXELSSON Rickard: Mass transport during actuation of poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) for neural drug delivery devices. Ex-1724

ERSSON Lisa: Karakterisering av blekt massa till PM2. Ex-1739

BACK Karin: Thermal stability o κ- and γ-alumina coatings. Ex-1711 BERG Sofia: The ecological significance of large predatory species in the Baltic Sea and Lake Vättern. Ex-1821 BOSTRÖM Jonas: A systematic study of the sulfur L-edge with the four-component static exchange approximation. Ex-1763

AHLBERG Martina: Microstructural evolution and properties of TiN thin films deposited by HIPIMS. Ex-1710

BRORSDOTTER Anna: Validation of the cleaning in place (CIP) system at Kraft Foods Marabou plant in Upplands Väsby.. Ex-1700

AHRNE Martin: Development of a biophotonic sensor based on electrochemiluminescence. Ex1735

BRUSMAN Anna-Lena: Etiska aspekter av preimplantatorisk genetisk diagnostik och genterapi. Ex-1814

ÅKERBERG Martin: Hur reologin hos bitumen påverkas av modifiering med nanomaterial. Ex1859

CRONHOLM Pontus: The ability of different commercially produced nanoparticles to cause DNA damage and cytotoxic effects in lung cells. Ex-1752

ALMLÖF Karin: Kartläggning av bottenfaunan i Torshagsån. Ex-1811 ANDERSSON Christine: Protein binding to structured quartz crystal microbalance surfaces. Ex-1759 ANDERSSON Jennie: Physical characterization, signal processing and investigation of size effects for biosensor based on single electron tunneling. Ex-1737 ANDERSSON Johan: Gaskromatografisk analys av organiska syror i lakvatten från biogasreaktorer samt utbytesbestämning av flyktiga fettsyror i gasfas som överförs till en vätskefas. Ex-1781 ANDERSSON Klas: Physical understanding of biosensing in single electron structures. Ex-1738 ANDERSSON Marie: The effect of enrichment on the behaviour of fattening pigs with different personality traits. Ex-1766 ANDERSSON Therese: Evaluation of surface modification methods for titanium fixtures topographic characterization and a SBF study. Ex-1729 ANDERSSON Viktor: Investigation of a laterial tandem solar cell. Ex-1731 ANSKER Johanna: Development of methods to reduce high actinomycete numberts in slow sand filtrate from previously drained filter. Ex-1833 AXELSSON Maria: The development of a Mixing Time Measurement standard. Ex-1884

96

AXELSSON Pauline: Model studies of liposomes designed to be of relevance for drug delivery. Ex-1733

DARAI Mariam: Optimization of the biodegradability of osteogeneti bone implant. Ex-1825 DONG Jia: Medium optimization for a 3D-artificial liver multi-compartment bioreactor. Ex-1747 DUNBRING Daniel: Bkophysical characterization of tryptophan mutants in carbonic anydrase from Neisseria Gonorrhoeae. Ex-1791 EDSTAM Monika: The evolutionary origin of Gprotein-coupled receptors. Ex-1792 EKSTRAND Helena: Model studies of liposomes designed to be of relevance for drug delivery. Ex-1733 ELFWING Magnus: The ontogeny of the baroreflex in domestic broiler chickens (Gallus galus domesticus). Ex-1822

FALK Magnus: Immobilization of right handed coiled coil peptide on gold surfaces for production of gold nanoparticles. Ex-1753 FRANSSON Emma: Suction Induced Hemolysis - surface and geometry related modifications of the suction device and their affect on free hemoglobin concentration. Ex-1727 FRANSSON Karin: Patient-specific voxel-based dosimetry. Ex-1826 GRANBERG Johan: Production and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles for drug carrier applications. Ex-1853 GULLQVIST Erik: Utveckling av mätsystem för minskad mätonoggrannhet i livsmedelsindustrin. Ex-1857 GUSTAFSON Ida: Effect of hypoxic incubation of β-adrenergic signalling in adult broilerchickens (Gallus gallus). Ex-1832 GUSTAFSSON Malin: Development of a fedbatch cultivation protocol for periplasmic expression of affibody® molecules. Ex-1748 HAGELBERG Katrin: Optimization and evolution of a flow cytometry protocol for platelet function testing. Ex-1745 HÄGGLUND Annika: Nutrition of yeast for industrial production of bioethanol. Ex-1718 HÅKANSSON Maria: In vitro models for the study of neurite outgrowth of spiral ganglion cells – microfabrication in poly (dimethylsiloxane) and evaluation with PC12 cell cultures. Ex-1704 HAMADE Fadi: Beräkningsmodell för massbalanser för Slottshagens reningsverk. Ex-1805 HEDIN Andreas: Properties of arc evaporated Ti-Si-C-N hard coatings. Ex-1761

ELHAJ IBRAHIM Nazar Osman: Characterization of Er/O doped Si structures. Ex-1719

HENRIKSSON Anders: Design and synthesis of carbohydrate structures related to antifouling studies. Ex-1782

ELIASON Marie: Behavioural responses of chicken to the odour of conspecific and heterospecific blood - an exploratory study. Ex-1744

HIDRUP Anna: Utvärdering av homogeniseringens samt fermenteringens inverkan vid yoghurttillverkning. Ex-1714

ELOFSSON Karin: Ex-1760

HOLMGREN Mary: A method to evaluate environmental enrichments for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in zoos. Ex-1769

ERICSSON Emma: A poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel for biomolecular interaction analysis. Ex-1806 ERIXON Sandra: Utvärdering av process- och receptförändringar vid tillverkning av lättyoghurt. Ex-1713

HOMMEN Sara: Olfactory discrimination ability of CD-1 mice as a function of carbon chain length and type of functional group. Ex-1870


2007

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JIEMCHOOROJ, Auayporn: Long-range intermolecular dispersion forces and circular dichroism spectra from first-principles calculations. Dissertation No 1118 (2 oktober 2007)

JOHANSSON Andreas: Increasing the stability of Bovine carbonic anydrase II through protein engineering: Biophysical characterization of an introduced disulfide bond. Ex-1796 JOHANSSON Daniel: Surface immobilization of a polypeptide chain fragment for studies of gold ion incorporation. Ex-1740 JOHANSSON Jan-Erik: Characterization of conjugated polyelectrolyte-DNA aggregates: A fluorescence and light scattering study. Ex-1757 JOHANSSON Petter: Detection of Brucella Abrotus in serum using thermally blocked magnetic nanoparticles. Ex-1764 JOHANSSON Victor: Tree and site quality preferences of six epiphytic lichens growing on oaks in south eastern Sweden. Ex-1770 JOHNSON Lars: Nanoindentation in situ a transmission electron microscope. Ex-1732 JONASON Dennis: Monitoring of butterflies within a landscape context. Ex-1771 JONSSON Sofia: Quantification of changes in oak habitats from the 18th century until today in south-east Sweden. Ex-1743 JONSSON Victoria: Biological responses as critical phenomena mathematical modelling of biocompatibility and cell proliferation on surfaces. Ex-1715 KANNISTO Kristina: Heat-sensitive TRP channels detected in pancreatic beta cells by microfluorometry and western blot. Ex-1888 KHETUBOL Adis: Investigation of solar cells from an APFO polymer series. Ex-1823


KRISTOFFERSSON Johan: Secondary extinction in metacommunities – The role of dispersal at different trophic levels. Ex-1868

LINDSTRÖM Björn: Analys av nedbrytningsprodukter av polymerer för bitumenändamål. Ex-1837

NORLING Katrin: Kontinuerlig kemisk mätning av inkommande vatten vid avloppsreningsverket i Linköping. Ex-1780

RAMSTRÖM Ida: Signalling cross-talk between thrombin and epinephrine receptors in human blood platelets. Ex-1746

SVELANDER Madeleine: Are Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus) able to detect fish rich in oil by the use of olfaction? Ex-1777

LJUNGH Jakob: Social behavior in F&-generation of Red Jungle Fowl – White leghorn crossing homozygous for MCW 106. Ex-1762

NZULU Gabriel Kofi: Optical analysis of doped PbTe samples using UV-VIS and IR ellipsometry. Ex-1854

ROSENDAHL Marie: A study of the effects on the microfilament and vimentin organization after reducing the expression of profilin, an important regulator of actin polymerization. Ex-1819

SVENSSON-MEJER Tobias: Spray-freeze drying of enzyme: The effect of the formulation on particle structure and enzyme activity. Ex-1707

LOOR Victor: Aktivering av immunsystemet vid stress. Studier av metoder att mäta IL-6 i relation till phykosociala faktorer. Ex-1828

ÖBERG Elisabet: Syntes och karakterisering av di-block copolymerer. Ex-1787

LU David:. Returslamflödets påverkan på överskottslammets torrhalt samt kartläggningav anoxbassängens beteende vid olika syredosering hos SCMS. Ex-1701 LUNDGREN Therese: Platelet adhesion to proteins at varying glucose concentrations and in type 2 diabetes. Ex-1816 LUNDIN Niklas: Development and establishment of a new improved method for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in clinical samples. Ex-1812 LUNDMAN Sverker: Cloning and expression of a putative carbonic anydrase from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Ex-1856 LUNDSKOG Anders: Characterization of advanced A1GaN HEMT structures. Ex-1829 MALM Hanna: Comparison of expression of native versus optimised coding sequences in insect cells for the production of difficult proteins. Ex1840 MALM Patrik: Development of a hierarchical k-selectin clustering algorithm – application to allergy. Ex-1874 MALMERBERG Erik: Flash induced microspectroscopic characterization of single Reaction Center crystals from Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26. Ex-1749 MALMSTRÖM Gustav: A computational method for the calculation of pKa shifts in proteins. Ex1765

KUMLIN Jonny: Nucleoside analogues in solid tumors. Ex-1815

MATTSSON Annika: Influence of different surfactants on cell growth for HEK 293 cell cultures. Ex-1756

LEIJON Jonas: The effect of surface-immobilized heparin on the conformation of a model protein adsorbed to a model biomaterial surface. Ex-1754

MAURITZSON Sandra: Electrochemical investigations of membrane like SAMs on gold surfaces. Ex-1783

LENNARTSSON Christian: The frequency dependence of the surface sensitivity of resonator biosensors. Ex-1834

MILVERT Gunnar: Nya bedömningsgrunder för sjöar och vattendrag. Kommer vår bild av miljöstörningar att förändras? Ex-1827

LIDÉN Per: Mothodology in development of Escherichia coli fermentation processes: Experimental design applied to a multi-fermenter system. Ex-1873

NIKKINEN Henrik: Molecular affinity array for detection of a protein analyte. Ex-1871

LIND Jenny: Behavioural effects of food deprivation on red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and White Leghorn layers. Ex-1863

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2007

NILSSON Ulrika: Synthesis of ring-oxygen substituted naphtoxylosides. Ex-1799

ODELSTAM Nils: Fabrication and electrochemical evaluation of poly-(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels for biomimetic sensor applications. Ex-1755 OHM Christian: Phase and intensity monitoring of the particle beams at the ATLAS experiment. Ex-1808 OLSÉN Hanna: First application of an Echolocation Visualization and Interface System (ELVIS) for dolphins. Ex-1772 OLSSON Linnéa: Ratiometric fuorescent biosensing based ona minimised antibody-antigen recognition system. Ex-1726 OLSSON Petter: Rare earth nanoparticles for bone imaging applications in MRI: - Synthesis, biofunctionalizaton and characterization. Ex-1734 OMER IBRAHIM Mohammed: Total internal reflection infrared ellipsometry using silicon as a substrate. Ex-1736 OSMAN Ehab: Atheroma-relevant oxysterols and p53-mediated apoptosis in atherosclerosis. Ex-1813 OSMAN Ehab: The immunological response by vaccination with GAD 65 in type 1 diabetes. Ex-1865 PALISAITIS Justinas: Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of single self-assembled InAs/ GaAs quantum dots. Ex-1839 PETERSSON Birgitta: Utveckling avv en LCMS-metod för analys av gamma-hydroxibutyrat, gamma-butyrolakton, 1,4-butandiol, amfetamin och metadon. Ex-1784 PETROVIC Suzana: Blodalternativ – hemogrobinbaserade och fluorokarbonbaserade syrebärare. Ex-1835 PIROOTI Halala: Development of alternative derivatization technologies for silicabased HPLC stationary phases. Ex-1785 PLANTHABER Martin: Great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) as a diversity indicator species and evaluation of sampling methods. Ex-1779 RABIA Kaneez: An electron paramagnetic resonance study of defects in electron-irradiated 3CSiC. Ex-1703 RAMSTEDT Sandra: Osteoblanst behaviour on injectable biomaterials intended for augmentation of vertebral compression fractures. Ex-1824

ROUTIMAA Jenny: Are seals willing to pay for access to artificial kelp and live fish? Ex-1774

SWEDIN Staffan: Growth of alumina thin films using reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering. Ex-1712

SALAGIC Belma: Enhanced amyloid fibril formation of insulin in contact with catalytic hydrophobic surfaces. Ex-1789

SZPRYNGIEL Scarlett: Modeling transthyretin amyloid diseases in Drosophila melanogaster . Ex-1802

SALIH Moawia: Polymer solar cells produced by blade coating. Ex-1847

TOMSON Peter: Validering av metoder för analys av metaller i låga halter med ICP/MS DRC teknik. Ex-1807

SANDELL Joakim: Bumblebee distribution in speace and time in three landscapes in south eastern Sweden. Ex-1775 SANDSTRÖM Niklas: In-plane liquid aspiration with a thermally responsive polymer composite. Ex-1708 SCHÉELE von Andreas: Fisksamhället i Spexultasjön, Nässjö. Ex-1869 SELEGÅRD Robert: Synthesis of LCP based GAG analogues, for detection and potential inhibition of prion protein (PrPSc). Ex-1801 SERNEKVIST Sofie: The secure base effect in dog (Canis familiaris) – owner relationship. Ex1776 SERNELIUS David: Extraction and Validation of the FIDEL Field Model Parameters for the Main Dipoles of the LHC. Ex.1830 SINNADURAI Kalpana: Production of monoclonal antibody in hybridoma cultivation – PAT applications with perfusion chromatography and NIR-spectroscopy. Ex-1836 SJÖBLOM Hanna: A study of allelic loss in TP53 in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Ex-1817 SRITONWONG Phongbandhu: Effect of traps on the behavior of SiC MOS capacitors for gas sensors. Ex-1720 STENLUND Patrik: Fluorescent nanofibers for use in biomedical diagnostics. Ex-1846 STRIDH Sara: A comparison of two parallel Hybas ™ laboratory systems inoculated with deammonifying and nitrifying biofilm respectively. Ex-1705

About this publication • Editor: Ingegärd Andersson, Linköping University. • Print: LTAB, Linköpings tryckeri AB. • Production: Peter Karlsson, Svarteld form & foto AB. IFM Activity Reports are also available at www.ifm.liu.se/ar/

TYBRANDT Klas: Development and characterization of a polymer/polymer solar cell. Ex-1742 TYRSTAM Sabina: Påverkas bottenfaunan av att timmer lagras i sjöar? En studie i Kisasjön efter stormen Gudrun. Ex-1867 VESTMAN ANDREASSON Maria: Silanized and PEGylated Gd2O3 nanoparticles to be used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging: Preparation, characterization and toxicity studies. Ex-1721 Von POST Fredrik: Microcontact printing of antibodies in complex with conjugated polyelectrolytes. Ex-1872 WALLER Maira: Metan som kolkälla för denitrifikation – Studie av fördenitrifikationsprocess efter anacrob behandling I UASB-reaktorer. Ex-1750 WAN-YU Lin: Microcylidrical electrochemical transistors on textile fibers. Ex-1751 WIBERG Heli: Thermophilic digestion of thin stillage. Ex-1803 WIKSTRÖM Linnea: Monitoring of butterflies in semi-natural grasslands – phenology, daily variation and weather effects. Ex-1778 WINROTH Gustaf: Energy Calibration of different Modes of a pn-CCD-camera on board the X-Ray Observatory XMM-Newton. Ex-1730 ZETTERLUND Annika: Effektiv utläsning av extraktivämnen under sulfatkokning vid tillverkning av barrvedsmassa för kartong. Ex-1706 Publications & Theses

JAYAWARDENA Umesh: Establishment of an in vitro whole blood pyrogen assay used to study the inflammatory response induced by road dust particles. Ex-1795

STRÖM Peter: Silanized and PEGylated Gd2O3 nanoparticles: A new contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging. Ex-1722 SUNDQVIST Hanna: Untrasound treatment on digested studge in order to increase the biogas production. Ex-1709


2007

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