Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 13-18
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Bioenergy and carbon sequestration potential from energy tree plantation in rural wasteland of North-Eastern India Moonmoon Hiloidhari1,2, Hemantajeet Medhi1, Karabee Das3, Indu Shekhar Thakur2, D C Baruah*1 1
Department of Energy, School of Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur-784028, Assam, India School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India 3 IVEM, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Received : 17 August 2016 Accepted : 03 October 2016
Keywords: Bioenergy, Carbon sequestration, Negative emission, Energy tree, Wasteland
ABSTRACT In this study, carbon sequestration potential via energy tree plantation in the rural wasteland of Assam, India was estimated under two different plantation species scenarios,viz., (i) Acacia nilotica, and (ii) Bambusa tulda. Furthermore, CO2 emission reduction potential in local tea industries by replacing coal with bioenergy available from the energy plantation was also investigated. It was observed that plantation of B. tulda could sequester more carbon than A. nilotica. Both the plantations could generate adequate bioenergy to substitute coal in tea industries. Over a 50-year time period, using bioenergy as a replacement to coal in tea industries could result in significant negative CO2 emission. Compared to A. nilotica, higher emission reduction is achievable from B. tulda bioenergy feedstock. It is also recommended to undertake further study through site-specific data coupled with life-cycle assessment for precise understanding of carbon sequestration potential of bioenergy plantation.
© 2016 ISEES, All rights reserved
1. Introduction Tree plantations are artificial forests that differ from natural forests in terms of their structure and function[Bauhus et al., 2010]. Plantation is defined as ‘forests of introduced species and in some cases, native species, established through planting or seeding, with few species, even spacing and/or even-aged stands’ [FAO’s definition of plantation reported invan Bodegom et al., 2008]. This definition includes industrial plantations, small-scale home and farm plantations, agro-forestry plantations, and plantations established forecosystem protection.Plantation helps to restore damaged ecosystem by controlling soil erosion, improving soil health and productivity, regulating hydrological cycle and preserving biodiversity. Plantation of selected tree species can also provide fodder for cattle.Tree growing in combination with agro-forestry systems, ethno-forestry systems, individual farms, watersheds and regional landscape can be integrated to take advantage of the services provided by adjacent natural, semi-natural or restored ecosystems [Pandey, 2007]. Several tree species such as tamarisk (Tamarix spp.), gum tree (Eucalyptus spp.), leucaena (Leucaena spp.), cypress (Cupressus spp.), casuarinas (Casuarina spp.), mesquite (Prosopis spp.), neem (Azadirachtaspp), acacia (Acacia spp.), teak (Tectonagrandis), cassia (Casia spp.), and bamboo (Bambusa tulda) have been identified as suitable plantation species [Lal, 2004; Jha and Lalnunmawia, 2003]. Energy tree plantation is the practice of planting trees and shrubs, which are harvestable in a comparably shorter time and are specifically meant for fuel use purpose. Energy tree plantation could be a more effective
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Corresponding Author: e-mail:
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optionto meet energy demand and sequestercarbon than simply growing trees as a carbon store[Hall and House, 1994; Hall et al., 1991].Sustainable production of biomass energy helps in substitution of fossil energy, reduction in accumulation of GHGs and socio-economic development [Rootzén et al., 2010, Lehtonen and Okkonen, 2016; Suttles et al., 2014]. Energy plantation could also offer income generation source to poor farmers [Liu et al., 2011]. Marland and Schlamadinger [1997] reported that when high-yielding forest products are efficiently used to displace fossil fuels, greater carbon mitigation benefits could also be achieved, and the benefit increases rapidly with increasing productivity. Hedenus and Azar [2009] analyzed the cost-effectiveness of bioenergy plantations against long-rotations forests aimed at carbon capture and storage using linear optimization model. They found that under a stringent climate policy, short-rotation bioenergy plantations would be more cost effective than long rotation forest. Numbers of short-rotation plants are suitable for growing in marginal lands where input requirement (e.g. fertilizer, crop care) is minimal and thus cost per unit of production is also less. Availability of land resources, only if we consider agricultural land for energy plantation is a major challenge. Clearing of natural forests or agricultural lands for energy plantation would only deepen the crisis relating to food, climate, and biodiversity. But, energy plantation in wasteland/degraded areas could create a win-win situation providing energy and sequestering carbon. It is reported that globally 1836 million hectares (Mha) of degraded lands are available to produce about 190 EJ of woody biomass energy annually [Nijsen et al., 2012].
Hiloidhari et al. / Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 13-18
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India has large tracts of unused /wastelands, both in theforest and non-forest areas which could be used for energy tree plantations. Approximately 68.35 million hectares (Mha) land in India is lying as wastelands. These wastelands comprise of non-forest lands with less fertility, like sandy land, salt-affected land, gullied and riverine land, undulating uplands, mined and industrial wastelands, waterlogged areas, and strip lands. Out of these, nearly 50% are non-forest lands, which can be made fertile again if treated properly and plantations can be made feasible.About 35 Mha of degraded lands are distributed in rural areas [MoRD, Govt. of India]. Energy tree plantations in rural wasteland areas could provide much-needed fuelwood for households. Plantation could be also used to generate decentralized electricity and supplying energy in local industries. Assam is a North Eastern state of India. Out of the total geographical area of 7.8Mha in the state, more than 90% areas are rural dominated. Being located in the tropical region, the climate of Assam is very conducive for thegrowth of diverse vegetation. Total forest cover in the state is reported to be 1.9 Mha (25% of total geographical area) [Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Assam, 2007]. Assam is an agricultural based state and produces both food and cash crops. Among cash crops, tea production plays as a major commercial yield for Assam. About 50% of tea produced in India originates from Assam. Tea plantation covers a total area of about 0.27 Mha in Assam. Assam is still considered as a less developed state in India, despite, of its high fertile land and agriculture production. The energy crisis is regarded as one of the major reasons for sluggish development. Power crisis has badly affected the growth of industrial activities including tea industries of the state. Thus, additional generation of energy using renewable resources is very crucial for overall growth and development of Assam. Another way to overcome energy crisis is by utilizing thewastelands for energy tree plantation. About 0.87 Mha of lands,which account to be 11.19% of the total geographical area,are reported to be distributed as wastelandsin Assam [Wasteland Atlas of India, 2010]. Of this total, about 0.36 Mha are distributed as scrublands (both open and dense scrubs), and 0.34 Mha as under-utilized/ degraded forest (both scrub dominated and agricultural). Keeping in view the above discussions, the present study is conducted in a rural area of Assam, India with theobjectives to(i) estimatecarbon sequestration potential of Acacia nilotica and Bambusa tulda plantation and, (ii) estimate potential of coal replacement and prospect of CO2 emission reduction in tea industries by using bioenergy available from energy tree plantation.
2. Study area The study area Jamugurihaat is situated in a rural landscape of Sonitpur district (Assam, India) and covers an area of 6581 ha comprising 27 villages. Geographical location of the area is 92°57´8´´ E and 26°44´4´´ N. Average summer and winter temperatures of the region are 290C and 160C, respectively. On the other hand, annual rainfall varies between 1355 to 2348 mm. Land use land cover (LULC) is primarily dominated by rice fields, followed by rural home garden forest/plantations, forest in public areas, scrub forest lands, bamboo plantation, pastures/grasslands. The bamboo plantation is a common rural household plantation of the study area.
3. Materials and method The methodology comprises of remote sensing and GIS data, biomass allometric model, field survey data and relevant literature as described below.
3.1. Selection of land for plantation The term scrub forest landis used to define degraded forest areas inside notified forest of India with less than 20% forest cover [Wasteland Atlas of India, 2010]. Such lands are generally found in the fringe areas of forest. Distributions of such areas outside notified forests are also observed in the present study region. These lands (scrublands) are currently not beingused to its optimum.
3.2. Selection of plant species for plantation
AGP, the A. nilotica tree can grow to a height of 5-20 m. Its leaves are used as feed for sheep, goats, and cattle. The wood is regarded as quality timber and can be used for wood, poles, carpentry, boat and house construction. It is also considered as very good firewood and also produces good quality charcoal. Bark and pods are used in the tanning industry.
3.2.2. Bambusa tulda It is an evergreen or deciduous, tufted, gregarious bamboo with culms usually 7-23 m high and 5-10 cm in diameter. In India, it is found in the natural forests of Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura and cultivated in Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Bengal. The species also occurs in Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand. This bamboo is used throughout North-East India for covering the houses and scaffolding. The tender shoots are used for making pickles. The International Network for Bamboo and Rattanhas described many economical values of B. tulda including its uses for the manufacture of wrapping, writing and printing paper. It is also used for making toys, mats, screens, wall plates, wall hangers, hats, baskets, and food grain containers. This is one of the five quick-growing species of bamboos preferred for raising plantations in India.
3.3. Mapping of scrublands distribution Ortho-rectified WorldView-2 multispectral image of 2010 covering the study area is used for mapping of scrublands. World View-2 is a very high-resolution satellite image capable of providing images both at 0.5 m panchromatic (Pan) and 2.0 m multispectral (MS) resolution. Prior to mapping, field visits have done to random locations of the study area for collection of ground control points (GCP) using handheld GPS. The image is digitally classified to map scrublands distribution in the area of interest. Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) is used for classification. MLC is a supervised method of image classification commonly used with remote sensing data [Weber and Dunno, 2001]. After classification, a post-classification smoothening treatment, i.e., majority filter is applied to the classified image. Post-classification smoothening is necessary to eliminate the salt and pepper effect from the result, caused by a single or small fraction of isolated pixels, leading to misclassification [Carleer and Wolff, 2004]. Finally, the classified raster image is converted to vector format and overlaid with the village boundary layer of the study area to estimatevillage wise distribution of scrublands. Such analysis is done using ArcGIS software.
3.4. Energy tree plantation For plantation purpose, plant populations of 2770 ha-1 (A. nilotica) and 3500 ha -1(B. tulda) and a rotation period of 5 years have been considered based on published reports [Singh and Toky,1995; Shanmughavel and Francis, 1996]. It is assumed that only 50% of the available scrublands could be utilized for energy plantation considering possible competitive uses of land in future. One fifth of the land will be planted each year so that biomass could be harvested annually from the 5th year onward.
3.5. Estimation of carbon sequestration potential Carbon sequestration involves the net removal of CO 2 from theatmosphere and its storage in long-lived pools of carbon. Such pools include the aboveground plant biomass, belowground biomass such as roots, soil microorganisms, and also the relatively stable forms of organic and inorganic carbon in soils and deeper subsurface environments, and the durable products derived from biomass such as timber [Nair et al., 2009]. Knowledge of aboveground biomass of a tree is important to estimate aboveground carbon sequestration potential since approximately 50% of the aboveground biomass is carbon [Drake et al., 2003; Chave et al., 2008]. Both aboveground and belowground carbon sequestration potentials are determined based on allometric model and available literature [Takimoto et al., 2008; Nath et al., 2010;Baruah, 2011].
3.5.1.Carbon sequestration potential of A. nilotica
Two different plantation scenarios using viz. (i) Acacia nilotica (acacia) and (ii) Bambusa tulda (bamboo) are taken into consideration for this study. Both these species are fast growing, have short rotation period, are locally available, adaptable to local soil and climatic conditions and regarded as a potential feedstock for bioenergy. Short descriptions of the plants are given below.
For estimation of aboveground biomass of A. nilotica, following biomass allometric regression model developed by Chave et al.[2005] is used. (1) U
3.2.1. Acacia nilotica
where, AGB is aboveground biomass, tonne; a and b are the model’s fitted parameters where a = –1.083 and b = 2.266; D is diameter at breast height, cm; and ρ is the wood specific density of acacia tree, g cm-3.
Acacia nilotica is commonly known as babul in India. As per the FAO/
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Hiloidhari et al. / Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 13-18
D is assumed to be 7cm after 4th year of the plantation. The value of D is taken based on the average value of D reported for 4 years old A. nilotica plantation in Haryana, India [Singh and Toky, 1995]. The value of ρ is taken as 0.64 gcm-3 based on thestandard database [Local Data for Wood Density]. Using eq. (1), above ground biomass per A. nilotica tree and subsequently for the whole plantation is estimated. Above ground carbon sequestration is assessed assuming 50% of the above ground biomass is carbon. On the other hand, we could not obtained reliable information on below ground carbon sequestration potential of A. nilotica grown under Indian condition. Therefore, the value of 24 t C ha-1 in soil system of A. nilotica dominated (68%) live fence agro-forestry system in West African, as reported by Takimoto et al. [2008], is used in this study.
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(2) where, NE 50 is net emission in 50 years, tonne; C AGB is carbon sequestration in above ground biomass, tonne; Catm is carbon sequestration from the atmosphere (both above and below ground carbon); Ccoal is expected carbon emission from coal burning in absence of plantation biomass.
4. Results and discussion 4.1. Spatial distribution of scrublands Spatial distribution of scrub lands in the study area is shown in Fig.1. Out of the total geographical area of 6581 ha, 706 ha of lands are classified as scrub land (10.73%).If 50% of the lands are used for plantation, net scrub lands availability will be 353 ha.
3.5.2. Carbon sequestration potential of B.tulda Biomass accumulation in bamboo varies widely depending upon soil and agro-climatic factors. Bamboo plantation in Sonitpur, Assam produces16 kg aboveground biomass per bamboo [Baruah, 2011]. Thus, above ground bamboo biomass yield is 56 t ha-1 (considering 3500 numbers of bamboo ha-1), equivalent to 28 t C ha-1 considering 50% above ground biomass as carbon. On the other hand, in a related study in Assam, Nath et al. [2010] reported that bamboo could sequester 57.30 tC ha-1at soil depths of 30 cm. This valueis used to estimate below ground CO2 sequestration potential of the bamboo plantation.
3.6. Estimation of biomass energy available from plantation The information (i) area under plantation and (ii) above ground biomass yield can give an estimate of biomass feedstock availability for fuel generation. Available energy biomass feedstock is estimated considering (i)90% of the harvested biomass will be used as energy feedstock (ii) heating values of A. nilotica and B. tulda as19.57 MJkg-1 [Goel and Behl, 1996] and 16.27 MJ kg-1[Baruah, 2011], respectively. The consideration of 90% availability is because some parts of the harvested biomass such as leaves and small branches can’t be collected. These parts could again return to the soil system for carbon sequestration benefit. However, this is not accounted in the present study.
3.7. Potential CO2 emission reduction in tea industries via bioenergy Two tea estates (TE) viz. Dikoraiand Topia, located near the study area are considered to test the emission reduction benefit of bioenergy by replacing coal as a source of thermal energy in tea processing. Coal used in the tea industries of Assam has low heating value and high sulfur content. Coal is preferred by tea industries because of availability and low cost than furnace oil. Globally, coal burning is the major source of greenhouse gas emissions. CO2 emission from tea industries could be avoided, if coal is replaced by bioenergy. The combustion of biomass also releases CO2, but the emitted amount is again re-absorbed by new tree growth. However, the carbon neutrality assumption can’t be applied to all biomass types. Biomass carbon neutrality is a debatable issue because of unclear explanation of carbon payback time of different biomass feedstock pools, biogenic carbonflow, changes in soil carbon dynamic and indirect land use change impact of biomass. However, crop residues or short-rotation energy crops can qualify the carbon neutrality term under the assumption that the emitted CO2 would be immediately and fully re-absorbed by the re-growing plantation. Further, feedstock grown on marginal land requires less resource inputs and can help sequestering more carbon in the soil system. For this study purpose, coal equivalent biomass fuel demand for the two tea estates is estimated using following parameters: (i) area under tea plantation, ha (ii) tea yield, kg of made tea per ha land, (iii) specific coal consumption, kg per kg of made tea and (iv) replacement factor expressed as kg of biomass fuel per kg of coal. Standard calorific values are used to estimate the replacement factor. Areas under tea plantation in Dikorai and Topiatea estates are estimated to be as 1018 ha and 166 ha, respectively. Average tea production is 1.8 t ha-1and specific coal demand is 0.8 kg kg-1 made tea (~20.69 MJ kg-1 made tea), respectively [Rupajulie TE, personal communication, December 2011]. Here, specific coal demand is the amount of coal required to produce a certain amount of ready to serve tea (i.e. made tea). Coal based CO2 emissions from the tea industries are estimated taking IPCC’s default emission factor for sub-bituminous coal used in stationary combustion industries as 96.1 t CO2 TJ-1[IPCC,2006]. For long-term emission reduction benefit in tea industries with coal replacement by bioenergy, net emission budget for 50 years life cycle is estimated assuming business as usual scenario as per following equation. Carbon fraction for CO2 is taken as 0.27.
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There is variation in village-wise distribution of scrubland among the villages, rangingfrom 5.95 to 51.47 ha. Village wise availability of scrubland for bioenergy plantation is presented in Table 1.
4.2. Above ground and below ground carbon sequestration potential 4.2.1. Carbon sequestration potential of A. nilotica Using eq. (1), above ground biomass per A. nilotica tree is estimated as 17.82 kg. Thus, above ground biomass is 49.86 t ha-1(equivalent to above ground carbon of 24.93 t ha-1). Overall, above ground biomass production in the study area is 3483 t yr-1 after the first rotation period and then subsequently every year. This is equivalent to above ground carbon sequestration of 1742 t yr-1. On the other side, below ground carbon sequestration potentialin the study area is1694 t yr-1(considering soil carbon sequestration as 24 t ha-1). Thus, overall carbon sequestration in the whole study area is 3436 t yr-1. The plantation tree carbon budget for all the villages is presented in Table 2. Variations of village wise potential of aboveground biomass, aboveground and belowground carbon of A. nilotica exists as shown in Table 2. The variations are mainly attributed to the variations of land area. However, there could be other factors contributing such variations as discussed below.
Hiloidhari et al. / Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 13-18
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Scrubland, ha
Bebejia Borigaon Chamardoloni Dekasundar Dhakarigaon Dikarai pam Garikuri Hatbor Hukaigaon Karchantola Katanibasti Kumar gaon Madhavbarhampur Major chuk Mohmara Nag-sankargaon Nal-tali Nandikeswar Niz-borbhagia Pachigaon Sangiamajorchuk Sarubhogia Solaguri Talakabari Talakabaripathar Talakabaribangali Uparkuri
235.32 197.96 116.89 231.82 495.02 104.98 201.71 237.10 139.94 196.30 179.07 241.16 258.00 298.52 133.13 350.64 212.44 202.54 357.62 235.07 166.30 325.67 215.67 311.15 150.07 448.50 338.69
21.43 34.40 10.14 39.16 16.95 44.66 9.41 26.15 8.55 49.29 15.08 23.77 16.10 34.62 14.37 37.14 16.42 23.56 51.47 29.63 15.14 50.99 21.03 30.00 5.95 43.45 16.99
10.72 17.20 5.07 19.58 8.48 22.33 4.71 13.08 4.28 24.65 7.54 11.89 8.05 17.31 7.19 18.57 8.21 11.78 25.74 14.82 7.57 25.50 10.52 15.00 2.98 21.73 8.50
Bebejia Borigaon Chamardoloni Dekasundar Dhakarigaon Dikarai pam Garikuri Hatbor Hukaigaon Karchantola Katanibasti Kumar gaon Madhavbarhampur Major chuk Mohmara Nag-sankargaon Nal-tali Nandikeswar Niz-borbhagia Pachigaon Sangiamajorchuk Sarubhogia Solaguri Talakabari Talakabaripathar Talakabaribangali Uparkuri
106 170 50 193 84 220 46 129 42 243 74 117 79 171 71 183 81 116 254 146 75 252 104 148 29 214 84
53 85 25 97 42 110 23 65 21 122 37 59 40 85 35 92 41 58 127 73 37 126 52 74 15 107 42
51 83 24 94 41 107 23 63 21 118 36 57 39 83 34 89 39 57 124 71 36 122 50 72 14 104 41
Total
6581.27
705.85
352.92
Total
3483
1742
1694
Aboveground biomass (or carbon) may vary from site to site depending on a number of factors including site characteristics, land use types, plantation species, stand age, and management practices [Montagnini and Nair, 2004; Nair et al., 2009]. For example, aboveground carbon sequestration by Eucalyptus spp. ranges between 3.0 to 5.3 t ha-1 in Africa, 16 to 18 t ha-1 in Asia and 39 to 42 t ha-1 in India [Koskela et al., 2000]. Variations in aboveground carbon content in the range of 20.5 to 102.6 tha-1 in 10 plantation tree species are also reported by Montagnini and Nair [2004]. The highest known total biomass carbon density (living plus dead) of 1867 tha-1 in the world is reported from Eucalyptus regnans forest (>100 years old) of the O’Shannassy Catchment of the Central Highlands of Victoria, southeastern Australia [Keith et al., 2009]. Literature related to belowground (soil) carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems is very less. In terms of soil organic carbon content, landuse systems can be ranked as forests >agro-forests> tree plantations > arable crops [Nair et al., 2009].Variations in belowground (soil) carbon sequestration potential among different plant species are also reported in literature. For example, in a study by Takimoto et al.[2008], it is found that parkland (Faidherbia albida) agro-forestry system sequester 33.3 tcarbon ha -1,while live fence (Acacia nilotica, A. senegal, Bauhinia rufescens, Lawsoniainermis, and Ziziphusm auritiana) sequester 24 tcarbon ha-1. Soil carbon sequestration potential of Gmelina arborea agri-silviculture system in Chhattisgarh, India is reported as 27.4 t ha-1 [Swamy and Puri, 2005]. In the case of tree-based pastures system in Florida (USA), soil carbon sequestration range in between 6.9 and 24.2 t ha-1 [Haile et al., 2008]. On the other hand, in maize-maize cropping system (3 years) and maizebean cropping system (5 years) of humid tropical Costa Rica, the average soil carbon as found as 118 and 116 t ha-1, respectively [Koskela et al., 2000]. Thus, wide ranges of variations are reported in literature mainly influenced by soil, plant and climatic conditions. The estimated values of the present investigation could be considered as an index for planning.
4.2.2. Carbon sequestration potential of B. tulda Bamboo plantation could produce 56 t ha-1 of aboveground biomass (equivalent to 28 t ha-1 aboveground carbon). Therefore, on anannual basis, aboveground biomass production in the study area is 3953 t yr-1, equivalent to 1976 t yr-1 aboveground carbon. In the case of belowground carbon sequestration, the annual potential is 4044 t yr-1carbon at the rate of 57.3 tcarbon ha-1. Thus, overall carbon sequestration in the whole study area is 6021 t yr-1. Village wise potential distribution of aboveground biomass, aboveground carbon and belowground carbon of B. tulda in the study area is given in Table 3.
Village
Aboveground biomass, tonne
Aboveground carbon, tonne
Belowground carbon, tonne
Wide variations in carbon sequestration potential among the bamboo species are also reported. In a study by Ly et al.[2012] in Vietnam, aboveground carbon in bamboo is found as 17 tha-1 and belowground carbon as 92 t ha-1 at 70 cm soil depth. Aboveground carbon in China’s moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) is in the range of 27 to 77 t ha1 [Lou et al., 2010]. In Phyllostachys pubescens bamboo of Kyoto Prefecture, Central Japan, above and belowground carbon is 78.6 t ha-1 and 101.2 t ha-1, respectively [Isagi et al., 1997]. B
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Belowground carbon, tonne
Bebejia Borigaon Chamardoloni Dekasundar Dhakarigaon Dikarai pam Garikuri Hatbor Hukaigaon Karchantola Katanibasti Kumar gaon Madhavbarhampur Major chuk Mohmara Nag-sankargaon Nal-tali Nandikeswar Niz-borbhagia Pachigaon Sangiamajorchuk Sarubhogia Solaguri Talakabari Talakabaripathar Talakabaribangali Uparkuri
120 193 57 219 95 250 53 146 48 276 84 133 90 194 80 208 92 132 288 166 85 286 118 168 33 243 95
60 96 28 110 47 125 26 73 24 138 42 67 45 97 40 104 46 66 144 83 42 143 59 84 17 122 48
123 197 58 224 97 256 54 150 49 282 86 136 92 198 82 213 94 135 295 170 87 292 121 172 34 249 97
Total
3953
1976
4044
Hiloidhari et al. / Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2 (2016) 13-18
biomasses. Site-specific data could not be generated in this study and some parameters are based on literature. Therefore, future study having site-specific data coupled with life cycle assessment is suggested for precise understanding of carbon sequestration potential of bioenergy plantation.
4.3. Potential CO2 emission reduction through fuel substitution in tea industries Annual tea production ofDikorai and Topia TE are estimated as 1832.4 and 298.8t yr-1, respectively with corresponding coal demand for tea drying as 1465.92t yr-1(~36809.25 GJ yr-1) and 239.04 t yr-1 (~6002.29 GJ yr -1), respectively. Thus, overall annual coal energy demand is 42811.55 GJ yr-1. If biomass is opted to replace coal, identical amount of energy has to be supplied by theplantation biomass.It is observed that availability of bioenergy from both the plantationswould to be sufficient to replace 100% coal as shown in Table 4. If A. nilotica were considered, 3135t yr-1 fuelwood (~61352 GJyr-1) would be available. On the other hand, if B. tulda were selected, 3557 t yr-1fuelwood (~57880 GJyr -1) would be available. Therefore, besides fulfilling energy demand in tea industries, the remaining biomass feedstock could be used for other fuelwood or non-fuelwood purposes. Use of biomass for non-fuelwood uses such as ornamental designs, construction material would ensure temporary storage of carbon. Similarly, while uprooting the bamboo roots for land preparation for next plantation, the uprooted parts could also be used for non-fuel purposes. The ornamental design of bamboo root is an attractive local business in Assam.
Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge DigitalGlobe for providing the WorldView2 satellite image free of cost as a part of the 8-band research challenge. Moonmoon Hiloidhari is thankful to the University Grant Commission, Government of India for the Dr. D S Kothari Post Doctoral Fellowship. We are also thankful to Ms. Antara Brahma, and Mr. Arun Jyoti Nath (M. Tech Alumni, Energy Department, Tezpur University) for field work assistance.
References [
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This study demonstrated carbon sequestration potential of Acacia nilotica and Bambusa tulda plantation in rural wastelands of Assam. Carbon sequestration potential of B. tulda is observed to be higher than A. nilotica and therefore, plantation of B. tulda would be more beneficial if carbon sequestration is primarily targeted. Both the plantations could generate adequate bioenergy to replace the use of coal as thermal energy source in two local tea industries. Further, coal replacement with bioenergy in the two tea industries can lead to significant emission reduction (negative emissions) in the long-run. However, carbon sequestration of trees varies with climatic conditions, soil characteristics, plantation techniques and
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For prevailing business as usual scenario, annual CO2emission from the two tea industries isestimated to be 4114 t yr-1for the production of 2131 t yr-1 made tea (1.93 kg CO2 emission kg made tea-1). If bioenergy is used as a substitute for coal in tea industries, on annual basis net negative CO 2 emission using A. nilotica and B. tulda would be about “10.39 and “19.09 kt yr-1(kilo tonneyr-1) CO 2, respectively. Thus, net negative emission budget over a 50 year time period would be about – 519 kt for A. nilotica and “955 kt CO2 for B. tulda.
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Bebejia Borigaon Chamardoloni Dekasundar Dhakarigaon Dikarai pam Garikuri Hatbor Hukaigaon Karchantola Katanibasti Kumar gaon Madhavbarhampur Major chuk Mohmara Nag-sankargaon Nal-tali Nandikeswar Niz-borbhagia Pachigaon Sangiamajorchuk Sarubhogia Solaguri Talakabari Talakabaripathar Talakabaribangali Uparkuri
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