Resistance Training Represent Session Affect in Obese Women? ... private sector, and $9.7 billion by households (4). .... An experienced fitness instructor was.
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Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline April 2017 Volume 20 Number 2
Editor-in-Chief Official Research Journal of the American Society of Tommy Boone, PhD, MBA Review Board Exercise Physiologists Todd Astorino, PhD ISSN 1097-9751 Julien Baker, PhD Steve Brock, PhD Lance Dalleck, PhD Eric Goulet, PhD Robert Gotshall, PhD Alexander Hutchison, PhD M. Knight-Maloney, PhD Len Kravitz, PhD James Laskin, PhD Yit Aun Lim, PhD Lonnie Lowery, PhD Derek Marks, PhD Cristine Mermier, PhD Robert Robergs, PhD Chantal Vella, PhD Dale Wagner, PhD Frank Wyatt, PhD Ben Zhou, PhD
Official Research Journal of the American Society of Exercise Physiologists
ISSN 1097-9751
JEPonline Do Acute Feelings of Pleasure/Displeasure During Resistance Training Represent Session Affect in Obese Women? R. C. Alves, L. Follador, S. S. Ferreira, V. F. Andrade, E. D. Garcia, G. Da Silva Centro de Pesquisa em Fisiologia do Exercício – FISIOEX Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal Paraná (UFPR) ABSTRACT Alves RC, Follador L, Ferreira SS, Andrade VF, Garcia ED, Da Silva G. Do Acute Feelings of Pleasure/Displeasure During Resistance Training Represent Session Affect in Obese Women? JEPonline 2017;20(2):1-9. The purpose of the present study was to compare acute feelings of pleasure/displeasure (FPD) during a resistance training session at self-selected intensity to the overall affective responses (i.e., Session-Affect). Fourteen obese women (age: 39.2 ± 11.1 yrs; height: 160.4 ± 5.9 cm; BM: 87.4 ± 5.8 kg; BMI: 33.6 ± 1.2 kg·m-2) performed a resistance training session at a self-selected intensity consisting of 3 sets x 10 reps of 5 exercises: bench press, leg extension, front lat pulldown, barbell curl, and leg curl. Subjects reported FPD at the completion of each set. Also, at 30 min after the end of the training session, subjects were asked to rate Session-Affect. ANOVA was used to compare FPD between exercises and a paired t test was used to compare mean values between FPD and Session-Affect. The results indicate that the barbell curl was the least pleasant exercise compared to the bench press, leg extension, and front lat pulldown. Feelings of pleasure were also lower for the leg curl in comparison to the leg extension exercise. Mean values between acute FPD and Session-Affect were similar. We conclude that different resistance training exercises performed at a self-selected intensity elicit varied pleasant feelings. In addition, Session-Affect values are capable of reflecting mean values of FPD assessed during the training session. Key Words: Affect, Obesity, Self Selected, Weight Training
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INTRODUCTION Physical inactivity is associated with a range of chronic diseases and early death. A conservative estimate in healthcare cost internationally from physical inactivity is $53.8 billion worldwide in 2013, of which $31.2 billion was paid by the public sector, $12.9 billion by the private sector, and $9.7 billion by households (4). Obesity is highly linked to lack of physical exercise and has become a major public health problem worldwide. According to a last update by the World Health Organization (22), 38% of the men and 40% of the women 18 yrs of age and over worldwide are overweight. Common health consequences of overweight and obesity are cardiovascular diseases, hyperlipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, and cancer (11,15,20). The current guidelines for physical exercise recommend a total of 150 min·wk-1 of moderateintensity continuous exercise or 75 min·wk-1 of vigorous-intensity continuous exercise (8). However, most of the adult population is inactive and do not comply with the guidelines. Clearly, different modes of physical exercise are needed to increase physical activity time. One modality of exercise that has generated interest in the overweight or obesity populations is resistance training. Besides the increase in strength, there are several health-related outcomes from participating in a resistance training program such as the improvement in body composition (17), blood glucose levels (3), insulin sensitivity (18), and blood pressure (16). While resistance training is not as effective as aerobic exercise in decreasing body fat, it can increase muscle mass that may increase 24-hr energy expenditure (5). In this sense, as part of a physical activity program, resistance training may be helpful in managing body weight. However, research has not adequately considered the affective valences of such modality. One specific affective valence that needs attention during resistance training is feelings of pleasure/displeasure (FPD). Pleasure and displeasure are part of “core affect”, a simple primitive feeling, i.e., without much cognitive processing, most apparent in mood and emotion, and always accessible to consciousness (7). The measurement of FPD during exercise may help monitor and regulate exercise intensity as research suggests there is an association between perceived exertion and ratings of pleasure/displeasure experienced while exercising. In this sense, the dual-mode theory (6) proposes that low-intensity exercise (below ventilatory threshold) elicits positive affective responses, while high-intensity exercise elicits negative affective responses. This model suggests that when exercise intensity is above ventilatory threshold, physiological homeostasis is perturbed with an increase in ventilation, muscular contraction, and blood lactate concentration. Also, the interoceptive cues predominate over cognitive processes, thus increasing perceived exertion and feelings of unpleasantness. The primary use of FPD has been the in-task assessment of affective responses during continuous exercise and, in particular, the previous research assessing in-task FPD proposes that affective responses can predict adherence during continuous exercise (12,13,21). Recently, some attention has been directed towards the study of the overall exercise affective experience (i.e., Session-Affect). For example, Haile et al. (9) found that there is a mismatch between the session and acute exercise values for affective responses during a 20-min cycling trial at a self-selected intensity in young male subjects. According to the authors, the presence of this mismatch could provide valuable information regarding affective memory of
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the previous exercise and possibly work to better understand the subjects’ future exercise performance and adherence. Given the interest in the health benefits of resistance training, research investigating affective responses to it seems appropriate. Therefore, in this study we compared the acute FPD responses to session affective responses during a resistance training session at self-selected intensity in sedentary obese women. METHODS Subjects Fourteen sedentary obese women (Table 1) volunteered to participate in this study. Each subject completed the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q), the Medical History Questionnaire, and a written informed consent prior to participation. The inclusion criteria were: (a) pre-menopausal state; (b) nonsmoking habits; and (c) moderate obesity (BMI ≥30 kg·m-2 to ≤34 kg·m-2). The exclusion criteria were: (a) the presence of joint, neurological, cardiovascular or respiratory limitations that would not influence the mechanics of walking and/or resistance training; (b) the use of pharmacological drugs that may influence the subjects’ response to exercise; (c) self-reported change in habits related to exercise training in the 6 months preceding the date of assessment; and (d) previous diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Procedures Experimental Design This was a cross-sectional study with a pre-experimental design. Resistance training was the independent variable, while feelings of pleasure/displeasure (FPD) were the dependent variables. All subjects completed three meetings: (a) anthropometric measurement; (b) a familiarization session; and (c) a resistance training session that consisted of 5 exercises at self-selected intensity for the assessment of FPD during and 30 min after the end of the session. All procedures were approved by the university institutional review board. Self-Selected Intensity The self-selected intensity for the resistance training exercises was characterized as the load the subject felt comfortable during the execution of the exercise. Instructions to the subjects regarding the preferred load were in accordance with Ratamess and colleagues (14), which were: ‘‘How much weight would you select for this exercise if you were completing a 10-rep set in your workout?’’ Each subject was given 3 opportunities to select the appropriate weight. After this procedure, each subject performed 3 sets of 10 reps with rest intervals between sets of 1 to 2 min. Familiarization Session A familiarization session was conducted to explain the procedures that would be used during the resistance training session, such as the sequence of the exercises and the use of the Feeling Scale (10) to report FPD. The correct execution of the exercises (bench press, leg extension, front lat pulldown, barbell curl, and leg curl) was demonstrated by an experienced fitness instructor. Each subject performed the exercises in the same sequence as presented with a minimum weight. The subjects were also told how to rate their FPD.
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Feeling Scale Feelings of pleasure/displeasure (FPD) were assessed with the use of the Feeling Scale (10), which consisted of a 11-point bipolar scale that ranged from +5 (“very good”) to -5 (“very bad”) with anchors at all odd integers and at the zero point (neutral). FPD were assessed between sets for each exercise during the resistance training session. The Feeling Scale was shown to each subject who was then asked: “How are you feeling right now?” At the end of the training session, each subject was seated comfortably in a chair in an area adjacent to the gym room. After a 30-min rest, each subject’s Session-Affect was assessed. Each subject was asked: “How much pleasure/displeasure did you experience during this session of resistance training?” Resistance Training Session After a 5-min warm-up on a treadmill at a constant speed of 1.11 m·s-1 the subjects started the resistance training session. All subjects performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions at a selfselected intensity of the following exercises: bench press, leg extension, front lat pulldown, leg curl, and barbell curl. The concentric and eccentric phases were completed in a 2:2 sec format. The rest interval between sets was 1 min. An experienced fitness instructor was present during all the sessions to make sure each exercise was performed with proper form. Feelings of pleasure/displeasure (FPD) were assessed at the end of each set. Total duration of the training session was ~45 min. Session-Affect was recorded 30 min after the end of the training session. Statistical Analyses All statistics were performed on SPSS 18.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows. Significance was set at P
