ISSN: XXXX-XXXX
Journal of Integral Sciences, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 4, XX-XX.
www.jisciences.com Review Article
Journal of Integral Sciences
Carica papaya L. var. Taiwan redlady 786-An overview Ashok paltati*, Ratna Kumar PK Center for Advanced studies, Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India. *Corresponding Author: E-mail:
[email protected] Received: 13th Aug 2016; Revised: 12nd Sep 2016 Accepted: 15th Sep 2016
ABSTRACT This is the comprehensive study on Carica papaya L. Biology and production technology of C. papaya L. var Taiwan redlady 786, that attempts to integrate recent advances in its production. Papaya is a popular and economically important herbaceous perennial fruit crop of tropical and sub tropical countries, consumed world wide as fresh fruit, vegetable and used as processed products. This study focuses primarily on biology of C papaya L. and the characters of different dioecious and gynodioecious papaya varieties, one such very important gynodioecious varietyis C. papaya L. var Taiwan redlady 786, its production technology with recent advances in its cultivation was given in the study. Key words: Carica papaya L. var Taiwan redlady 786, Biology, Production technology
1. Introduction Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a fast growing, short lived, semi woody, herbaceous tree and very important commercial plant produces fruits grown extensively in developing countries for consumption. However, nowadays it is becoming an important international fruit, both as fresh fruit and for processed products. Papaya is third most cultivated fruit in the world next to mango and pineapple respectively, which occupies 15.36% of total tropical fruit production in the world. But, the exact area of origin is unknown; papaya is believed to be native of tropical America. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a popular fruit crop cultivated in the tropical and subtropical zones and it have exacting climate requirements for vigorous growth and fruit production. Origin, history, geographical distribution and trade of Papaya The cultivated species of C. papaya has not been found wild in nature, because, its origin is uncertain, but there is some agreement among botanists that is originated in the lowlands of Central America between southern Mexico and Nicaragua (Storey 1969a). According to Chan (2009) reports, it is believed to have originated from hybridization between two Mexican varieties. The history of papaya appears to be first documented by Oviedo, the director of Mines in Hispaniola (Antilles) from 1513 to 1525, where he describes how Alphanso de Valverde took papaya
seeds from San Domingo and the other Islands of the West Indies. In 16th century the Spaniards gave it the name ‘papaya’ and took the plant to Philippines, from where it expanded to Malaya and finally India in 1598 (Schery 1952). By the time papaya trees established in Uganda in1874, their distribution had already spread through most tropical and sub-tropical countries (Teixeira da Silva et al. 2007). Today, papaya is widely distributed throughout the tropical and warmer subtropical areas of the world (Villegas 1997) and become naturalized in many areas (Morton 1987). Major commercial production of papaya is found primarily between 230 N and S latitudes. Now man has extended cultivation into regions as far as 320 N and S latitudes (Litz 1984). Papayas are produced in about 60 countries, with the bulk of production occurring in developing economies. Global papaya production in 2010 was estimated at 11.22 Mt, growing at an annual rate of 4.35 percent between 2002 and 2010 (global production in 2010 was 7.26% higher than 2009, and 34.82% higher than 2002). Asia has been the leading papaya producing region, accounting for 52.55 percent of the global production between 2008 and 2010, followed by South America (23.09%), Africa (13.16%), Central America (9.56%), the Caribbean (1.38%), North America (0.14%), and Oceania (0.13%) (FAOSTAT 2012a). According to FAOSTAT (2012a, 2012b) the major exporters of papaya are Mexico (40.9%), Brazil
Ashok Pattati and Ratna Kumar PK, JIS, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 4, X-X. (11.2%), Belize (11.2%), Malaysia (9.4%) and the plant can be used in treating some ailments, India (5.3%). The major importers of papaya are these uses were well given in our Ayurveda (Table USA (54.6%), Singapore (8.3%), Canada (5.3%), 1). In recent times, these medicinal properties are Netherlands (4.2%) and U.K (3.3%) (FAOSTAT supported by isolation of many biologically active 2012b). However, the leading papaya producer in phytochemical(s) from papaya and studied for their the world is India, which accounts 38.61% of the action (Krishna et al., 2008). global papaya production followed by Brazil and 1.4 Morphology of vegetative and floral structures Indonesia (FAOSTAT 2012a). In India the Carica papaya is a polygamous species. In predominant cultivation of papaya is carried out in nature, it is dioecious with male and female trees in Andhra Pradesh with 45.2% of total country’s the population, but possibly due to man’s papaya production followed by states like West interference and deliberate selection against nonBengal (9.3%) and Karnataka (9.1%) (NHB report). productive male trees, gynodioecious populations 1.1 Taxonomical importance with female and hermaphrodite trees also exist The classification of papaya has undergone (Storey 1969a; Teixeira da Silva et al. 2007; many changes over the years. Previously genus Mortan 1987; Du Puy and Telford 1993; OCED, Carica was classified under various plant families, 2005). The stem is usually single, erect and hollow like Cucurbitaceae, Bixaceae, Passifloraceae and and contains prominent half moon shaped leaf Papayaceae, now it is placed under Caricaceae scars. This exhibits strong apical dominance rarely (Kumar and Srinivasan 1944). Caricaceae consisted branching unless the terminal shoot is removed, or of four genera, like Cyclimorpha, Jacaratia, Jarilla damaged (Teixeira da Silva et al. 2007). The leaves and Carica. Carica with 21 species (Badilo 1993). usually large, palmate lamina, are spirally arranged, Presently family Caricaceae re-classified to six and clustered at the apex of the stem. Although genera by addition of two genera Vasconcellea and some differences in the structure and arrangement Horovitzia. This taxonomic revision was supported of leaves have been reported with Malaysian by molecular evidences, which demarcated genetic cultivars (Chan and Theo 2000). The leaves show distances between papaya and other related species 7-9 lobes and held by hollow, long petioles usually (Jobin-Décor et al., 1996; Badillo, 2002; Kim et al., pale green or purple tinged. Generally, cultivars are 2002). Some formerly assigned species to genus differentiated by the number of leaf main veins, the Carica were re-classified in the genus number of lobes at the leaf margins, leaf shape, Vasconcellea. According to taxonomical revision stomata type, and wax structures on the leaf genus Carica contain only one species, i.e. Carica surface, as well as the color of the leaf petiole papaya (Badilo, 2002). (Teixeira da Silva et al. 2007). 1.2 Nutritional value 1.5 Sex Expression Papaya is a pack of nutritional wallop. The most Papaya has three sex forms (female, male, and common use for papaya is to aid digestion, because hermaphrodite), regulated by an incipient X–Y papayas are the only natural source of papain, an chromosome system. Papayas can be either effective natural digestive aid, which breaks down dioecious (with male and female plants) or protein and cleanses the digestive track with help of gynodioecious (with hermaphrodite and female two enzymes namely papain and chymopapain. plants). Several studies suggest that the Y Papayas are rich in vitamin C, folate, and chromosome contains a small specific region that potassium. They are also good sources of fiber, controls expression of male (Y) or hermaphrodite vitamin A, vitamin E, the eye-saving carotenoids (Yh) types. Female plants are of the XX form. All lutein and zeaxanthin, and lycopene. They are also combinations among the Y and/or Yh chromosomes rich in calcium, iron, riboflavin, thiamine and are lethal; therefore, the male and hermaphrodite niacine. types are heterozygous (XY and XYh, respectively) 1.3Medicinal values (Ming et al. 2007). Papaya not only nutritional master piece, but medicinally very important, each and every part of Table 1. Some medicinal uses of papaya plant.
Ashok Pattati and Ratna Kumar PK, JIS, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 4, X-X. Name of the plant Part Latex Ripe fruit Unripe fruit Seed Seed juice Roots Leaves Flower Stem bark
Medicinal properties Anthelmintic, relieves dyspepsia, cures diarrhoea, pain of burns and topical use, bleeding haemorrhoids, stomachic, whooping cough. Stomachic, digestive, carminative, diuretic, dysentery and chronic diarrhoea, expectorant, sedative and tonic, relieves obesity, bleeding piles, wounds of the urinary tract, ringworm and skin diseases psoriasis. Laxative, diuretic, dried fruit reduces enlarged spleen and liver, used in snakebite to remove poison, abortifacient, anti-implantation activity and antibacterial activity.
Carminative, emmenagogue, vermifuge, abortifacient, counter irritant, as paste in the treatment of ringworm and psoriasis, anti-fertility agents in males. Bleeding piles and enlarged liver and spleen
Abortifacient, diuretic, checking irregular bleeding from the uterus, piles, antifungal activity. Young leaves as vegetable, jaundice (fine paste), urinary complaints & gonorrhea (infusion), dressing wounds (fresh leaves), antibacterial activity, vermifuge, in colic, fever, beriberi, abortion (infusion), asthma (smoke). Jaundice, emmenagogue, febrifuge and pectoral properties.
Jaundice, anti-haemolytic activity, STD, sore teeth (inner bark), anti-fungal activity
1.6 Floral biology Papaya flowers are produced profusely near the trunk apex and open between 7 and 9 a.m. Individual flower longevity may be of 3–4 days, but the actual period of pistil receptivity is unknown. Papaya flowers are actinomorphic cymes arranged in inflorescences on the leaf-stem junction. Cymes of hermaphroditic and female plants can bear a variable number of flowers (2 to 15). Male plants produce very long inflorescences that contain dozens or even hundreds of flowers. Although papaya flowers are visited by hawkmoths, several beetles, skipper butterflies, bees, flies, and hummingbirds, among others, probably attracted by the sweet fragrance and the copious nectar they produce (the latter only in male and hermaphroditic flowers) (Ronse Decraene and Smets 1999), recent evidence suggests that hawkmoths are responsible for most of the pollen exchange (Martins and Johnson 2009; Brown et al. 2012). Wind pollination has also been cited (Sritakae et al. 2011). The time from pollination to first ovule penetration was 25 h at 28 °C (Cohen et al. 1989). 1.7 Floral classification Papaya is a polygamous angiosperm, where Storey (1941) classified flowers into five basic types. Type I: Pistillate or female flower devoid of stamens, with a distinct ovoid ovary terminating in a five-lobed stigma. Type II: Hermaphrodite (pentandria) flower having
five functional stamens and a globose five-furrowed ovary. Type III: Hermaphrodite (carpelloid) flower having six to nine functional stamens and an irregularly ridged ovary. Type IV: Hermaphrodite (elongata) flower having ten functional stamens and an elongated, smooth ovary. Type IV+: Hermaphrodite (barren) flower having ten functional stamens but the pistil aborts, becomes vestigial and lacks a stigma. Type V: Staminate flower having ten functional stamens only. The ovary is completely absent and flowers are bunched in an inflorescence. Although five basic floral types are listed, certain male and hermaphrodite trees undergo sex reversal and morphological changes to varying degrees under the influence of climatic and environmental changes (Storey 1958). 1.8 Pollination Papaya being polygamous in nature, the pollination mechanism differs in dioecious and gynodioecious population. According to Prest (1955) and Storey (1969a) wind is the main agent of pollen dispersal in dioecious population. However, Allan (1963) suggested honeybees are responsible for pollination in papaya, but not wind, although papaya flowers were not priority sites for visitors. Garrett (1995) reported honeybees, thrips, and hawk moths as pollinators of papaya flowers. The floral morphology of papaya flower insists
Ashok Pattati and Ratna Kumar PK, JIS, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 4, X-X. insect pollination, but some authors emphasized, air borne dispersal of pollen is also important in papaya (Naskasone and Paull 1998). The hermaphrodite flowers are mostly cleistogamous, where prior to anthesis, anthers dehisce and release the pollen to promote selfpollination of the flower (Rodriquez- Pastor et al. 1990). The seeds obtained from this hermaphrodite fruit will usually breed true to type. There is no loss of vigor in self pollinated varieties of papaya (Hamilton 1954). 1.9 Fruit The fruit is a fleshy melon like, nearly round to oval, somewhat elongated club shaped or pyriform (pear shaped), 10-20 cm thick and 15- 50 cm long and weighs up to 9kg (Mortan 1987). Fruit shaped is sex linked character and ranges from spherical to ovoid from female flowers to long, cylindrical or pyriform (pear shaped) in hermaphrodite flowers (Y.-K. Chan 2009). The skin of the fruit is thin and usually green when immature, turning to yellow or orange when ripe. The immature fruit, when bruised, exudes white sticky latex that contains a proteolytic enzyme papain. The flesh is succulent, usually yellow or reddish orange in color. The fruit has a central ovarian cavity that is lined with the placenta carrying numerous black seeds (Y.-K. Chan 2009).Numerous grey-black ovoid seeds attached lightly to the flesh by soft, white, fibrous tissue. These corrugated, peppery seeds of about 5mm in length are each coated with a transparent aril (Teixeira da Silva et al. 2007).The seed consists of a small laterally flattened embryo with ovoid cotyledons surrounded by fleshy endosperm and a seed coat made up of a dark brown, hard, muricate endotesta and a translucent sarcotesta that contains a thin mucilaginous fluid. This fluid contains growth inhibitors that prevent germination while the seeds are still in the fruit (Y.-K. Chan 2009). 1.10 Varieties Carica papaya L. is the only species in the genus Carica, but in papaya there are numerous distinct, true-breeding varieties developed from many parts of the world. These varieties have been developed systematic breeding programs, while others are from judicious selection efforts by growers. Recently biotechnology tool have been employed to develop transgenic varieties (Y.K.
Chan 2009). Being polygamous nature in papaya, two major forms appear they are dioecious (having male and female trees) and gynodioceious (having hermaphrodite and female trees) varieties. Bonafide varieties of papaya which are being cultivated in different parts of the world given below (YingKwok Chan, 2009; Morton, 1987). Gynodioecious varieties-Bisexual or Hermaphrodite. Solo type (Small fruit size)-Line 5, Line 8, Line 10, Kapoho, Waimanalo, Sunrise, Wilder, Higgins, Sunset, Kamiya, Singapore pink, Eksotika and Eksotika II. Large type (large Fruited size)Malaysian var, Batu Arang, Subang 6, Sitiwan, Thailand red lady, Kaegdum, Kaegnum, Koko, Sainampeung, Philippines var, Cavite special, Indonesia var, Dampit, Jingga, Paris, Coorg Honey Dew, Maradol, Red Lady 786, Arka Surya, Arka Prabath, Pusa Delkious and Pusa Majesty. Transgenic Papayas Gynodioecious varieties Rainbow, Kapoho, Kamiya, Poamoho Gold and Laie Gold. Dioecious varieties Hortus Gold, Honey Gold, Sunny Bank, Hybrid No. 5, Cariflora, Co 1 to 6, Pusa Giant, Pusa Dwarf, Beltina, Petersen, 1.11 Cultivation (Carica papaya L. var Taiwan redlady 786): C. papaya L. var Taiwan redlady 786 is one such gynodioecious variety of papaya, which is a tolerant to Papaya ring spot virus, have red fleshy sweet fruit, weighs more and have good keeping quality mostly used as a table fruit. More popularly grown in India due to its suitability to their environmental conditions. Climate and soil condition: Papaya grows best in a rich organic matter soil (sandy loam with high organic matter), with well drained and well aerated conditions and the optimum range of pH 5.5-6.7 (Morton 1987). Prolonged Water logging condition of soils for 3-4 days often results in the death of trees (Storey 1985). In this case, higher raised bed and drainage ditch are recommended. The plants are sensitive to frost and can only be grown between latitudes 32′ N and S (Litz 1984), with optimal growth temperature of 22-26°C and an evenly distributed rainfall of 100-150cm.
Ashok Pattati and Ratna Kumar PK, JIS, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 4, X-X. Some, however, are able to survive the high humidity of equatorial zones (Teixeira da Silva et al. 2007). Whereas the papaya cultivar like Taiwan redlady 786 grows well at a temperature 25 - 30° C and minimum 16° C. Samson (1986) claimed that under full sunlight in the final 4-5 days to full ripeness on the tree, resulted in the best fruit development.The growing field should be irrigable and kept at suitable soil moisture which is necessary for the growth of papaya plants, although dry climate at the time of ripening is good for the fruit quality. Continuous cropping in the same field may result to poor growth and cause disease problem of papaya trees. Papaya does not like strong, cool, hot, dry or salty wind. It is better to grow in sheltered but full sunshine place. Staking and/or windbreak can decrease the damage to plants under strong wind. 1.12 Propagation Papayas (Taiwan redlady 786) are conventionally propagated through seeds. Seeds germinate within 2-4 weeks of sowing. Papaya seeds are desiccation tolerant because of mucilaginous fluid; they are intermediate between recalcitrant and dormant seeds (Ellis et al. 1991). In papaya cultivation direct seeding or transplanting is practiced. Since the sex of a given plant cannot be determined for up to 6 months after germination, large number of seeds or transplants are sown per planting area of cultivation (Gonsalves 1994), even the availability of molecular methods fordetermination of sex in papaya (Gangopadhyay et al. 2007). At this, to enhance the fruit production, thinning is practiced to achieve the desired sex ratio and to reduce completion between plants due to high density sowing or transplanting(Chia et al. 1989). A ratio of one male plant to 8-10 female plants is recommended for dioecious varieties; to maximize the yield (Nakasone and Paull 1998; Chay-Prove et al. 2000). Seed rate and growing season: In papaya production the seed rate is very low, as the dry seeds of papaya are relatively light, weighs about 1000 seeds per 14.5 g of seed. For about 3,000 seeds or 50 g of seeds are required to establish one hectare of papaya plantation (Chan 1994). In Taiwan redlady 786 variety, one gram contains about 50 - 80 seeds. It needs 50 to 80 g seeds per
hectare at one plant per hill average of 80 % seed germination and 80% successful seedlings. The time of sowing depends upon the choice of fruiting season and danger of rain or frost. Seeds are sown almost all year round, Planting can be done at any time of year and it is determined by local conditions., when it is best for the crop to come in. It takes 6-9 months in hotter climate and 9-11 months in cold climate to fruit (Mortan 1987), but optimum season is from February to March (Spring) or from September to November (Autumn). Seed germination: The optimum temperature is 21 27° C, and of radical emergence is 19 - 29 °C. it take 2 - 4 weeks from sowing to emerge depending on the temperature. The seed may be treated with Thiram (TMTD) W.P. before sowing to control the fungus diseases at young stage. Sowing method: It may be sown directly, but normally, it is better to be seeded to raise seedlings and transplanted. Generallyseeds are sown in two ways in Taiwan redlady 786 variety, are raised in (i) Plastic bag or soft plastic sowing and (ii) seedling tray sowing. (i)Plastic bag or soft plastic sowing: Transparent plastic bag in 8 - 9 cm wide and 8 cm wide and 8 cm high or black soft plastic pot is used for raising seedlings. Drainage hole is required. Then fill with the mixture of sandy loam virgin soil and sand at the ratio3: 1. Sow 1 or 2 seeds each bag (pot)and cover with well fermented compost, then water fully. Cover the bags (pots) with plastic film or thatch such as straw sheets or used jute bags to keep warm and wet till emergence. Meanwhile, keep the air fresh and moist, and then remove the cover gradually for fitting the seedling under the sun shine. (ii) Seedling Tray sowing: The use of plastic seedling tray is new way of seedling culture to obtain the healthy seedlings which are easily for the transporting and transplanting. The Tray size may be 74 to 82 holes at 4.5 cm each in diameter. Fill the prepare media in the holes, sow 1 to 2 seeds in each hole, and cover the layer of media. Other procedures are similar to plastic bag (pot) sowing. For purposes of controlling aphid, viral infection, rain and wing protection, and maintaining tolerable temperature during seedling stage, it is required to
Ashok Pattati and Ratna Kumar PK, JIS, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 4, X-X. use screen house, greenhouse or tunnel covered with 0.07-0.10 mm plastic film or 32 inch mesh net. Black plastic net is also usually used for shading. During the seedling stage, semi-humid environment is preferred. For better aeration, the film may be covered during the cool night or heavy rain period and opened in the warm day time. The site of the bag, pot or tray should be changed if the roots of seedling penetrate into the soil. In this way, it will induce more new roots and healthy seedlings. Vegetative propagation: Vegetative means of propagation allows us to have genetic purity, interns of genotypic and phenotypic characters resembling maternal plant and to transmit this genetic purity from one generation to another in large scale. In papaya several methods of vegetative propagation are available, but in commercial purpose they are not widely used. Vegetative means of propagation in papaya need to be adopted and utilized in near future (Y.K. Chan 2009). Vegetative propagation of papaya is possible, but is not widely practiced except in South Africa where rooting of cuttings is used to eliminate variability in some papaya varieties (Teixeira da Silva et al. 2007). Allan (1995) and Allan and Carlson (2007) showed vegetative propagation of female clone ‘Honey Gold’ papaya variety by rooting leaf cuttings for over 40years. According them, the factors that are crucial for the successful rooting of leaf cuttings are vigorous stock plants, strict sanitation, adequate bottom heat (30°C), and even distribution and good control of intermittent mist to ensure leaf retention. Mortan (1987) described other means of vegetative propagation, like Airlayering which was successful on small scale to reproduce the characteristics of preferred strain. He also mentioned in Trinidad, Forkert and Chip budding proved satisfactory. In recent years, the potential of rapid propagation of papaya selections by tissue culture is being explored and promises to be feasible even for the establishment of commercial plantations of superior strains (Mortan 1987). Transplanting stage, Spacing and planting method: When the seedling is 10 -15cm tall, it should be transplanted, but 30-40 cm is also all right if it is grown in a larger container. A 40-60 cm high bed is required if the soil is not well drained. Normally,
the distance between rows is about 2-2.5 m, and 2 m between plants (or 3m x 3m when grown at sloping land, or 2.7 m of distance between beds for the tractor practice). The total number of plants for each hectare is about 2,000 to 2, 500. In case of eradication of undesirable sexual or virus infected plants later, the distance between plants at beginning of planting may be 1.2-1.5 m. Minimum10-20% hermaphrodite plants are required for pollination. Drill the planting hole about 45 cm in diameter and 30 cm in depth.The soil in the hole is mixed with compost for planting. Then transplant the Seedlings (seedlings should be fully watered one day before transplanting) On a cloudy day or late afternoon to minimize transplanting shock. Take care not to plant too deep, otherwise collar-rot disease may affect the buried part Of the stem. Then water immediately after planting. Black and white plastic mulching film on the beds can be used to (i) Reduce the loss of water and fertilizer nutrient (ii) Control weed (iii) Repel the winged aphids (iv) Decrease virus infection at young stage (v) Decrease bed soil erosion. Intercropping can be done with the newly planted long term fruit trees such as orange or short term crop such as corns or vegetables may also be considered, but not necessary. 1.13 Fertilization The plant needs continuous fertilization, as fruiting is continuous upon maturity. It should be modified depending upon the soil conditions. In papaya cultivation the fertilizers are applied as both basal dose and side dressing. Basal fertilization is carried out by apply 10 tons of fermented compost per hectare (or 1 kg per square meter) before planting or when forming beds. The same dose should be repeated every year for the adult plants. And in side dressing N, P, Kapplied monthly, bimonthly or seasonally given in table 2. In boron deficient soils apply 0.25 - 0.5 kg borax per 100 plants right before dry season. For the young trees, apply compound fertilizers in the trench (10 cm deep and 15 cm wide) around the outer of tree crown, then fill back the soil, or top dress at furrows after irrigation 1.14 Weed control Weeds should be removed at the young stage frequently and lightly, but never do deep tillage to
Ashok Pattati and Ratna Kumar PK, JIS, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 4, X-X. the soil since the plant has shallow roots. Growers may apply herbicide once before emergency with 43% lasso E.C. at 1:200 or 80% Kamex W.P. at at 1:400; or mulch the bed with the plastic film before transplanting or with rice / sugarcane straws before or within a few days after transplanting to control the weeds, soil erosion and water loss. Table 2: Following fertilizers in kilograms are applied for 100 plants in the specific period: Age of the plant Within 6months Between 612months Between 1-2 years Between 2-3 years
Nitro gen
Phosp horus
Potas sium
Total
Frequ ency
5.6
12
2.4
25
2-3
25
54
11
90
2-3
35
75
15
125
4-6
58
134
20
212
4-6
Source: Known-new seeds company (Taiwan redlady 786 seeds producer) 1.15 Irrigation Normally, irrigate every 10 days in winter or every week in summer, but practice varies according to soil, climatic conditions, and irrigation methods. Ring method, furrow or drip irrigation can be done. However, be sure to prevent the water from coming in contact with the stem. Irrigation may prevent the plants from the damage of frost. 1.16 Harvest and Yield Papaya takes six months to flower and another five for harvesting; but it may vary according the climate conditions and management. According to Mortan (1987) that papaya flavor is at its peak when the skin is 80% colored. In general, for shipping to the distant markets the fruits should be harvested when the apical part starts turning yellow and the latex is no longer milky. During the cold months the fruits can be left on the tree to develop deeper color and obtain better flavor. The fruits must be handled with great care to avoid scratching and leaking of latex, which stains the fruit skin. Home growers may twist the fruit to break the stem, but in commercial operations it is preferable to use a sharp knife to cut the stem and then trim it level with the base of the fruit. In the usual papaya plantation, each plant may ripen 2 to 4 fruits per
week over the fruiting season. Healthy plants, if well cared for, may average 75 lbs (34 kg) of fruit per plant per year (Mortan 1987). 1.17Pest and Diseases Diseases: Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV):Induces vein banding mottling and yellowing spot or distortion of leafs, water soaking streaks on and petioles, and ring spots appear on fruits or even on leaves. It stunts the plants and drastically reduces the size of fruits, sugar content, and taste. Some infected plants will bear fruit or production would decline. It spreads very fast and has become the limiting factor in papaya production in many areas of the world. Papaya Leaf-Distortion Mosaic Virus (PLDMV): Induces characteristics rosettes of leaves with slender stems on the crown top. The fruit has the same markings as PRSV, but there are bumpy swellings around the ring spots. Both viruses are transmitted by sap (via mechanical means) or by aphids. No evidence has been found that they are seed transmitted. Control: Select to grow the tolerant varieties (Red Lady), Grow the seedlings and trees under the net house or screen house, Transplant at a time when there are relatively few winged aphids around and protect the seedling with transplant cylindrical plastic film and supports, Inter- crop papaya with barrier crop such as corn, but never host crops such as cucurbit, Mulch silver and black plastic film to deter winged aphids from visiting young seedling, Immediately eradicate and burry the whole infected plant once found, Do not touch the healthy plants if hand or foot is contaminated with infected plant, Control the aphids, Practice cross protection with specific mild strain, Papaya tree may be treated as an annual crop and requires replanting every year in order to cut down on virus infection in the area where virus occurs seriously. Damping-off: (Pythium aphanidermatum, P. ultimum, Phytophthora palmivora and Rhizoctonia sp.) The fungi live in the soil. The disease is favored by high temperature and wet weather, wet soil, poor drainage, deep sowing, thick sowing (crowded), poor soil aeration, high nitrogen in the soil and sunshine shortage. Infected seedlings will wilt, fall and then die. Control of damping off can be done by using virgin soil or sterilize the soil with
Ashok Pattati and Ratna Kumar PK, JIS, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 4, X-X. steam at 180°F (82.3°C) for 30 minutes or fumigate with methyl bromide, Improve the favorable
environmental conditions to the seedlings, Drench the solution of 35% Etridiazole (Terrazole).
a b c Fig 1: sex expression in Carica papayaL. a: female plant, b: hermaphrodite plant, c: male plant.
a b c d Fig 2: Floral biology of Carica papayaL. a: female flower (Pistillate), b: hermaphrodite flower (pentandria), c: hermaphrodite flower (elongata), d: male flower (staminate).
a b Fig 3: Cultivation of Carica papaya L. var Taiwan redlady 786. a: seedlings of Taiwan redlady, b. Taiwan redlady in field. PhytophthoraFruitRot: (Phytophthora palmivaro) Occurs in the hot and humid season, especially after typhoon attacks. It induces root rot on young and adult plants, and finally wilts or dies. Also it may
cause large lesions and white mold appears on the fruit and then fruit drops. Control of this diseases is done by: crop Rotation with other crops, Select well drained soil, Avoid harming the roots, Control the
Ashok Pattati and Ratna Kumar PK, JIS, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 4, X-X. snails and ants, Rogue and deeply bury the diseased fruits, Spray 80% Mancozeb (Dithane M - 45) W.P. at 1:400 weekly. Powdery Mildew: (Oidium caricae)White and gray powder-like mold appears on the leaves, petioles, stem and young fruits in early spring season (around 18-22° C). It stunts the plant, induces leaf dropping, or does not set fruit. To Control this diseases spray fungicides like benomyl, wettable sulfur or Binapacryl at 10-14 intervals. Anthracnose: (Colletotrichum gloeaporides, Glomerella cingulata) It attacks the petioles and fruits. Symptoms mainly appear on the mature fruit and thus shorthen its shelf life. The symptoms are usually round, water soaked lesions which if enlarged, will be slightly sunken. The fungus frequently produces light-orange masses of spores in the central lesion. It can be controlled by weekly spray 80% Mancozeb (Dithane M -45) W.P. 1:400 with spreader/sticker or by Treating the harvested fruits with hot water at 49°C for 20 minutes, then dip in the cool water for 20 minutes and then dry it. Black Spot: (Asperisporium caricae, Caercospora papayae) The leaf spots are grayish-white, roughly circular to irregular in shape. Heavily infected leaves turn yellow and dry up. The spots on fruit are tiny water-soaked, turning black and corky. Wet and cool place at hill side is more serious. Control as of “Anthracnose” control. Root Rot: (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium sp.) It causes root decay, yellowing, and failing plant after raining. It also kill young seedlings in the nursery. Root rot can be controlled by crop rotation, good drainage, staking, and sterilization of the nursery bed with formaldehyde two weeks before sowing or treating the seeds with thiram (TMTD) or captan. Collar Rot, Foot Rot: (Pythium aphanidermatum) Symptoms include swelling, cracking and rotting of the stem, when it comes in contact with water during the rainy season. Control as similar as “Damping-off” control. Stem-end Rot: (Ascochyta sp. And other fungi) A dry, firm, dark rot usually occurs after picking. It starts at the stem-end and extends into the fruit. Control: Pick the fruits with part of peduncle. Rhizopus Fruit Rot: (Rhizipus stolonifer) The fungus invades injured mature fruit only It causes soft rot and produces masses of visible black
sporangia; leakage of cell fluids from the rotting fruit will also occur. both these diseases can be controlled by careful picking, transporting and packing to avoid bruising or injuring the fruit, heat treatment to kill the pathogen, remove and destroy the rotting fruit in the packing sheds. Black Rot: (Erwinia cypripedii) The symptom mainly appears on the top of the stem. It primarily causes water-soak, then turns to black and leaves fall. New shoots may be infected and finally the plant dies. Occasionally the symptom of watersoaked lesions are found on the leaves and petioles and will turn to brown angular and necrotic spots. Bacteria also invade the flesh, induce brown spots and decay, producing poor odor. Control of black rot can be done by eradicate the infected plant, cutting the infected portion of the stem under sunny day, then paste with sulfur to develop the new shoot, the seriously infected plantation should be destroyed. Boron Deficiency: This physiological problem is common in the sandy or gravel soil during dry cool season. The latex could be found on the surface of immature fruits. Gall-like malformation of the fruit is also found in the severe plantation. The fruits are hard and not easy to get ripe, tasteless and having no commercial value. Boron deficiency can be overcome by Using more organic manure, Dissolve the Borax in hot water, then spray 0.25% Borax or Boric acid solution on the leaves at the beginning of dry season at 2-3 weeks intervals, Apply 2.5-5g Borax per plant (5-10kg/ha) along with other fertilizers by side dressing at the beginning of dry season. Nematode Diseases: (i) Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus Reniformis) The young female nematode penetrates the root, causing stunting of the trees which are stressed and wilt more readily than the healthy ones. Fruits are smaller and may become tasteless as well. (ii) Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne sps.) It causes swelling or retardation of the root and stunting of the plants. These nematodes can be controlled bycrop rotate and by applying nematicide. Pest: Mites: (i) Spider Mites:Carmine Mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus): It infests widely on many kinds of plants and more seriously on papaya. The leaves become matted with webbing. Citrus
Ashok Pattati and Ratna Kumar PK, JIS, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 4, X-X. Red Mite (Panonychus citri) & Texas Citrus Mite (Eutetranychus banksi): The outbreaks of both mites occur only periodically, usually during the fall, causing matted but not prominent webbing, and inducing bleached punctures on leaves. The premature leaves drop and the plants become weak. The damage may widely spread rapidly. (ii) False Spider Mites: Red and black flat mite (Brevipalpus phoenicis): It causes corky scarring of papaya fruit and reduces its market value. The mite is found onto the stem and advances onto the petioles and fruits. Applying fungicide such as Binapacryl, Trifornine, can control these mites, Dinocap used for powdery mildew control is also effective on spider or false spider mites. Spray 25% Morestan W.P. at 1:1000~1500 or 50% plictran W.P. at 1:2500~3000 at 10-15 days intervals. Notice that too high concentration or/and high temperature may cause plant injury. Also, do not use the same chemical continuously because in this way, the mites may become tolerant to pesticide. (iii) Tarsonemid Mite Broad mite (Hemitarsonemus latus): It damages the seedlings and young plant greatly, causing stunted and distorted leaves. In a serious situation, the rosette leaves will appear, and the growing tips may be aborted. To control this spray 75% wettable sulfur at 1:300 on the top of stem at 10-15 days intervals until normal new leaves occur. Aphids: (Myzus persicae, Aphis spp. etc.) Aphids suck young leaves whish become curled and crinkled, and even defoliate, especially at seedling stage. Some aphids also transmit the virus diseases Red Scale: (Aonideilla inornata) It mainly infests stem after flowering and then spreads to the fruits. Control: Spray one of the following pesticides at 710 days intervals, like Formothion, Malathion, Methidation or Methidation. These pesticides are also effective to control aphids and some other insects of Papaya. Other Insects: Scales, thrips, beetles, stink bug, leaf hopper, moths, mealy bug, and white fly are minor insects, but may occasionally cause certain damage to papaya. To control these pests keep the plantation relatively free of weeds can control aphids, leaf hopper and thrips outbreaks to a large extent, Harvest all the fruits at the mature-green
stage, and then pick dispose of all soft ripen and infested fruits promptly to prevent fruit fly infestation and reproduction within the plantation and elect the proper insecticide to control the outbreaks of certain insects. And lastly biological Control, Applying the eggs of Mallad basalis walker (20-60 eggs/ plant or 100,000 eggs/hectare) to control mites, aphids, white flies if the papaya is grown in the screen house. Snail and Slug: It feeds on young plants, shoots, or flower buds in humid place. Also, it can transmit the pathogen of phytophthora fruit rot. To control snails and slugs grow the seedlings at a safe place, Collect the snails in the evening and properly dispose off them or Apply “Arttitox” 10-15 granules each square meter. 2. Conclusion Carica papaya L is a very important fruit crop cultivated throughout the world. The study of biology (morphology) of the plant help us to understand the vegetative and floral characters of existing cultivars and to develop new cultivars to improve the papaya cultivation. One such important and improved cultivar is C. papaya L. var. Taiwan redlady 786, which is predominantly grown in many countries because of its tolerance to Papaya ringspot virus, red fleshy sweet fruit, weighs more and have good keeping quality. This study provides a comprehensive analysis about the production technology of C. papaya L. var. Taiwan redlady 786 with recent advances in its cultivation, which will be helpful for future cultivators and researchers. References Allan P. 1963. Pollination of pawpaws. Farm. S. Africa 8, 13–15. Allan P. 1964. Papaws grown from cuttings. Farm. S. Africa 39, 35–40. Allan P. 1993. ‘Honey Gold’ papaya by cuttings. Paper presented at the Int’l. Symp. on Tropical Fruits, Vitoria-ES, Brazil, 7–12. Aquilizan FA. 1983. Development of papaw hybrid varieties. In: Proc. Australian Plant Breeding Conf. pp. 267–277. Arumugum S, Shanmugavelu KG. 1975. Studies on the effect of sarcotesta on the seed germination of
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