natural world are drawn to bee-. Neeping and the study of honey bees. Edwin way Teale ..... secret stashes â all this has been going on for millions of years.
Introduction any people who already have a deep interest in nature and the natural world are drawn to beeNHHSLQJDQGWKHVWXG\RIKRQH\EHHV(GZLQ :D\7HDOHZDVVXFKDRQH+LV¿UVWERRN “Grassroots Jungle” contained photographs RILQVHFWVWDNHQRQDSLHFHRIODQGQHDUKLV home in Long Island, NY. His second book, “The Golden Throng,” published in 1940, was about honey bees. In 1946 he wrote an LQWURGXFWLRQWRDUHSULQWLQJRI+HQU\'DYLG 7KRUHDX¶V³:DOGHQ´7KRUHDXZDVQREHHkeeper, but he did have some interesting things to say about it:
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PDQ\SDUWVRIWKHZRUOGWKRXJKLISXVKHG WRR IDU FRXOG GULYH ZLOG SRSXODWLRQV to extinction. 7KHVHFRQGSKDVHLVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRI basic hives. These could be simply logs occupied by bees which are cut and hauled home, bees and all. Honey bees voluntarily occupy various manmade containers such FOD\SRWVEDUUHOVDQGVRIRUWK7KHRULJLQ RI WKH VWUDZ VNHS KLYH ZDV WKH GLVFRYHU\ WKDW LI D VZDUP LV FDSWXUHG LQ D VXLWDEOH container, it may choose to stay and set up housekeeping. From these modest beginnings, extensive beekeeping evolved (the third phase).
$URXQG WKH ZRUOG RQH FDQ VWLOO ¿QG YHU\ ODUJH DSLDULHV ZKLFK FRQVLVW RI FOD\ SRW hives, straw hives, log hives or various basic box hives. Beekeeping in these types RIKLYHVFDQEHYHU\VXFFHVVIXODQGOXFUDWLYH )XUWKHU PDQ\ RI WKH VNHS DQG ER[ beekeepers became well acquainted with the ELRORJ\RIEHHVDQGWKHLUUHODWLRQWRQHFWDU bearing plants. These beekeepers also knew KRZWRSHUIRUPVRSKLVWLFDWHGPDQDJHPHQW practices including queen rearing, colony SURSDJDWLRQDQGLQFUHDVLQJWKHFDSDFLW\RI WKHKLYHE\WKHXVHRI³HNHV´RU³VXSHUV´ 7KHIRXUWKSKDVHZDVLQLWLDWHGE\WKHSHUIHFWLRQRIWKHKRQH\FRPEIUDPHE\/DQJ-
7KHUHDUHFHUWDLQSXUVXLWVZKLFKLI not wholly poetic and true, do at least VXJJHVWDQREOHUDQG¿QHUUHODWLRQWR QDWXUHWKDQZHNQRZ7KHNHHSLQJRI EHHVIRULQVWDQFHLVDYHU\VOLJKWLQWHUIHUHQFH,WLVOLNHGLUHFWLQJWKHVXQEHDPV$OOQDWLRQVIURPWKHUHPRWHVW DQWLTXLW\ KDYH WKXV ¿QJHUHG QDWXUH There are Hymettus and Hybla, and how many bee-renowned spots beside? There is nothing gross in the idea RI WKHVH OLWWOH KHUGV²WKHLU KXP OLNH WKHIDLQWHVWORZRINLQHLQWKHPHDGV (Thoreau, 1843). Four Phases 7KHRULJLQRIEHHNHHSLQJLVSUHKLVWRU\ EXWWKHUHDUHIRXUPDLQSKDVHVLQKXPDQNLQG¶V UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK WKH KRQH\ EHH 2QHFDQLPDJLQHHDUO\KXPDQ¶VGLVFRYHU\ RIKRQH\EHHQHVWVIXOORIIRRGDQGVRPHhow worth the pain and trouble to harvest WKHFRQWHQWV0DQ\RWKHUDQLPDOV¿QGWKH DWWUDFWLRQWRRJUHDWWRSDVVXS6RWKH¿UVW SKDVH ZRXOG EH ¿QGLQJ DQG UDLGLQJ EHH hives. This practice is still carried out in
July 2016
Box Hive — from Richardson 1849
811
Skep, displaying eke (extension) — from Richardson 1849 VWURWK DQG RWKHUV %\ PRXQWLQJ WKH EHHV¶ FRPEV LQ D ZRRG IUDPH WKH EHHNHHSHU REWDLQHGFRQWURORIWKHLQQHUZRUNLQJVRI the colony and advanced management techQLTXHV UDSLGO\ IROORZHG WKH ZLGHVSUHDG DGRSWLRQ RI WKH IUDPH KLYH 7KHUH KDYH been many improvements in the century RU VR VLQFH /DQJVWURWK¶V WLPH KH GLHG LQ EXW PRVW RI WKRVH KDYH WR GR ZLWK mechanization. The hive and its use are esVHQWLDOO\WKHVDPHHYHQLIWKHVFDOHLVYDVWO\ greater. The End of Nature? 6RZKHUHGLGEHHNHHSLQJJRIURPEHLQJ a natural pursuit to an industrial process? There is no easy answer to this question. Some people would say that there is nothLQJQDWXUDODERXWNHHSLQJEHHV,IWKHEHHV NQHZZKDWZHZHUHGRLQJWKH\ZRXOGQ¶W DFFHSWLW,QIDFWVHYHUDOVSHFLHVRIWURSLcal honey bees will not tolerate handling by KXPDQVDQGDEDQGRQWKHQHVW DEVFRQG LI molested. 7KH¿UVWSKDVHRIKXPDQUHODWLRQWREHHV ZDVQDWXUDOHQRXJKEXW\RXFDQ¶WUHDOO\FDOO UDLGLQJ EHHV¶ QHVWV D IRUP RI EHHNHHSLQJ 0DQ\SHRSOHORRNDWWKHKLVWRU\RIDJULFXOWXUHLQJHQHUDODQGPDUNWKHHQGRIQDWXUH ULJKWWKHUH%XWRIFRXUVHIDUPLQJZDVGHYHORSHGDVDUHVSRQVHWRWKHGL൶FXOW\DQG XQFHUWDLQW\RIWKHKXQWHUJDWKHUHUOLIHVW\OH ,W DOVR ODLG WKH IRXQGDWLRQ IRU FLYLOL]DWLRQ DQGWKHWUDQVLWLRQWRFLW\OLIH
Old fashioned straw hive at Linden Apiary of Miss Dorothy Quincy Wright, Chelmsford, Mass. Nature did not really end when people EHJDQ WR IDUP 7KH FXOWLYDWLRQ RI WKH VRLO and plants is entirely dependent on natural SURFHVVHV$FURSLQD¿HOGLVMXVWDVPXFKD SURGXFWRIQDWXUHDVDPHDGRZLQWKHPRXQWDLQV7KHQDWXUDODUWL¿FLDOGLFKRWRP\LVDOO LQWKHH\HRIWKHEHKROGHU,WZRXOGEHYHU\ easy to draw the line between humans and their activities — and everything else. But honestly, that is overly simplistic and a bit silly. Bee Hunting /LNHRWKHUIRUPVRIKXQWLQJEHHKXQWLQJ KDVQRWGLHGRXW,Q1HSDOIRUH[DPSOHSHRple go to very great lengths, climbing down VWHHS FOL൵V RQ SUHFDULRXV URSH ODGGHUV WR UREWKHFRPEVRIApis dorsata – the Giant Honey Bee. It has become such an attraction IRU WRXULVWV WKDW ZLOGOLIH PDQDJHUV ZRUU\ WKHZLOGEHHVZLOOVX൵HUIURPEHLQJRYHUO\ exploited. This is the principal problem with DQ\VRUWRIKXQWLQJ ZKHQWKHKXPDQSRSXlation was small, hunting was sustainable. $JULFXOWXUHDQGWKHGRPHVWLFDWLRQRIOLYHstock, including bees, came about to help VXSSO\WKHQHHGVRIPXFKODUJHUQXPEHUVRI people. Sadly, traditional practices like bee KXQWLQJ¿VKLQJDQGVRRQDUHRIWHQDWRGGV ZLWKWKHDSSHWLWHVRIWKHPRGHUQZRUOG Bee hunters developed an intriguing practice called “bee lining.” The hunter lures KRQH\ EHHV ZLWK D VPDOO SLHFH RI KRQH\FRPEDQGWKHQIROORZVWKH³EHHOLQH´EDFN to the hive, usually a hollow in a tall tree, or SHUKDSV D VPDOO FDYH 2I FRXUVH PXOWLSOH OLQHV FRXOG IRUP OHDGLQJ LQ DQ\ QXPEHU RIGLUHFWLRQV1RZDGD\VKRQH\EHHVDUHVR common, this practice is likely to lead you WRVRPHERG\¶VGRPHVWLFDWHGKLYH)RUPRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ VHH 7RP 6HHOH\¶V QHZ ERRN ³)ROORZLQJ WKH :LOG %HHV 7KH &UDIW DQG 6FLHQFHRI%HH+XQWLQJ´ Basic Beekeeping Thoreau continued in his essay:
From Arthur Miller 1918
812
A pleasant reviewer has lately reminded us that in some places they are OHGRXWWRSDVWXUHZKHUHWKHÀRZHUVDUH most abundant. “Columella tells us,” VD\VKH³WKDWWKHLQKDELWDQWVRI$UDELD VHQWWKHLUKLYHVLQWR$WWLFDWREHQH¿WE\
WKH ODWHUEORZLQJ ÀRZHUV´ $QQXDOO\ are the hives, in immense pyramids, FDUULHGXSWKH1LOHLQERDWVDQGVXIIHUHGWRÀRDWVORZO\GRZQWKHVWUHDP E\QLJKWUHVWLQJE\GD\DVWKHÀRZHUVSXWIRUWKDORQJWKHEDQNV DQGWKH\ GHWHUPLQHWKHULFKQHVVRIDQ\ORFDOLW\ DQGVRWKHSUR¿WDEOHQHVVRIGHOD\E\ WKH VLQNLQJ RI WKH ERDW LQ WKH ZDWHU (Thoreau, 1843). 0DQ\ZULWHUVUHIHUWRWKH(J\SWLDQVDVWKH ¿UVWWRFDUU\RXWH[WHQVLYHEHHNHHSLQJ7KH LGHDRIWKHFRORQ\DVDWKURQJREHGLHQWWR a single leader, appealed to them. Hives are still kept in pipe-like earthenware containers, which are stacked like cordwood. The KLYHV DUH RSHQHG IURP WKH HQG DQG WKHQ honey is scooped out. Very little was known DERXWWKHLQQHUZRUNLQJVRIWKHVHKLYHVH[FHSWWKDWZKHQÀRZHUVZHUHDEXQGDQWKLYHV ¿OOHG ZLWK KRQH\ 7KH NHHSHUV UHOLHG RQ EHHV¶VZDUPLQJWRUH¿OOWKHKLYHV7KHKRQH\ EHHLVDQRSSRUWXQLVWDQGZLOORIWHQWDNHXS residence in any suitable cavity or container. ,QWKHYDVWIRUHVWVRI5XVVLDDGL൵HUHQW VRUWRIEHHNHHSLQJDURVH7KHUHEHHNHHSHUVZRXOGKXQWIRUDQGORFDWHEHHWUHHV7KH ¿UVWWR¿QGVXFKDWUHHZRXOGPDUNLWZLWK a distinctive carving, indicating possession. 2IWHQWKHEHHVZRXOGEHQHVWHGKLJKR൵WKH ground, and the beekeeper would be compelled to climb the tree to access the honey. Care was taken not to plunder the nests, so that the bees would be able to recover and OLYH IURP \HDU WR \HDU 6WLOO WKLV ZDV QRW EHHNHHSLQJ LQ WKH VHQVH RI FDULQJ IRU WKH FRORQ\¶VQHHGVWKHZD\ZHGRLWQRZ Advances in Beekeeping 7KRUHDX FRQWLQXHV KLV GLVFXVVLRQ RI beekeeping: We are told, by the same reviewer, RI D PDQ LQ *HUPDQ\ ZKRVH EHHV \LHOGHGPRUHKRQH\WKDQWKRVHRIKLV neighbors, with no apparent advantage; EXWDWOHQJWKKHLQIRUPHGWKHPWKDWKH had turned his hives one degree more to the east, and so his bees, having two hours the start in the morning, got the ¿UVWVLSRIKRQH\7UXHWKHUHLVWUHDFKHU\DQGVHO¿VKQHVVEHKLQGDOOWKLV EXW
American Bee Journal
these things suggest to the poetic mind what might be done (Thoreau, 1843). 2QHRIWKHDGYDQFHVLQEHHNHHSLQJWHFKnique was to cut bee trees and bring them home. Beekeeping with log hives is still common in many countries, such as Poland. Artisans have created elaborately carved log hives, which may not enhance their suitability to the bees, but make them appealing to XV$JUHDWERRNRQWKLVVXEMHFW¿OOHGZLWK SKRWRJUDSKVRIFDUYHGKLYHVLV³+LYHVDQG DSLDULHVLQ3RODQG´ VHHUHIHUHQFHVEHORZ 6NHSEHHNHHSLQJRUWKHNHHSLQJRIEHHV in basket hives, has a very long tradition. 7KLV TXRWH JLYHV D VHQVH RI ZKDW WKH DFcepted methods were: The old straw, conical-shaped hive is too well known to need description. I may merely observe, that its mode RI PDQDJHPHQW ZDV VLPSOH HQRXJK consisting only in leaving the bees to themselves until autumn, then inserting brimstone matches into the hive, VX൵RFDWLQJ LWV PLVHUDEOH LQKDELWDQWV DQG WDNLQJ SHUKDSV RU OEV RI YHU\EDGKRQH\VPHOOLQJIRXOO\RIVXOSKXUHRXVDFLGJDVDQGIXOORIWKHGHDG ERGLHVRILWVLOOUHTXLWHGSURGXFHUV« I think I shall be able to wean you altoJHWKHUIURPWKHROGDQGOHVVSUR¿WDEOH straw skep. (Richardson, 1849). This is not to say that all skep beekeepHUVWUHDWHGWKHLUEHHVLQVREUXWDODIDVKLRQ EXWLW¶VQRWDIRUPRIEHHNHHSLQJWKDWPDQ\ would choose to adopt, given the sensible and more humane methods described in ERRNVOLNH5LFKDUGVRQ¶V 7KH ER[ KLYH ZLWKRXW IUDPHV ZDV HOHYDWHGWRDYHU\KLJKGHJUHHRIVRSKLVWLFDWLRQ in the early to mid 1800s, both in Europe DQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV%RRNVOLNH4XLQE\¶V ³0\VWHULHV RI %HHNHHSLQJ ([SODLQHG %HLQJ D &RPSOHWH $QDO\VLV RI WKH :KROH Subject” and “My Bee Book” by William &KDUOHV&RWWRQFRPSULVHKXQGUHGVRISDJHV and reveal a very advanced understanding RI KRQH\ EHH ELRORJ\ DQG SUDFWLFDO PDQagement. New York State beekeepers like Quinby and Hetherington managed hunGUHGV RI FRORQLHV DQG SURVSHUHG IURP WKH VDOHVRIPDQ\WRQVRIKRQH\+RZHYHUWKH PRGHUQKLYHZLWKLWVSUHFLVHO\PDGHIUDPHV and boxes, was quickly adopted by most RIWKHVHEHHNHHSHUVDQGWKHLUVXFFHVVZDV JUHDWO\PDJQL¿HG
View of bees in a skep hive. (Photo by the author)
July 2016
A skep apiary in Marin County, California. (Photo by the author) Keeping Bees with Frame Hives 7KHUH ZDV D YDULHW\ RI IUDPHV KLYHV LQ XVHE\WKHPLG¶VEXWWKHLUSUDFWLFDOLW\UDQJHGIURPVHUYLFHDEOHWRH[DVSHUDWLQJ Harbison (USA), Prokopovych (Russia), and von Berlepsch (Germany) had hives that were basically large cabinets, unwieldy and cumbersome. Even the early Langstroth KLYHVZHUHXQQHFHVVDULO\IXVV\,WZDVQRW until entrepreneurs like the Roots and the 'DGDQWVEHJDQWRPDQXIDFWXUHKLYHSDUWVLQ KLJK YROXPHV WKDW IUDPH KLYHV ZHUH VLPSOL¿HGWRIDFLOLWDWHODUJHVFDOHEHHNHHSLQJ Small time holders still build elaborate orQDWHKLYHVEXWDVLPSOHIDFWRU\PDGHKLYH ZLWKDÀDWURRILVWKHPRVWSUDFWLFDO 7KH/DQJVWURWKIUDPHDQGKLYHHYHQWXDOO\ became the standard in the US and Canada. 6HYHUDOGL൵HUHQWGHSWKVKDYHEHHQDGRSWHG IRUWKHKRQH\VXSHUVVLQFHDGHHSWHQIUDPH VXSHU¿OOHGZLWKKRQH\FDQZHLJKRYHU SRXQGV 0DQ\ SHRSOH ¿QG WKLV GL൶FXOW WR GHDOZLWKHVSHFLDOO\LIWKHUHDUHKXQGUHGVRU WKRXVDQGVRIWKHP7KHVRFDOOHGPHGLXPRU ,OOLQRLVGHSWK LQFKHV LVDORWHDVLHUWR KDQGOH7KHVHVXSHUVDUHIUHTXHQWO\XVHGLQ conjunction with brood nests set up in one or WZRKLYHER[HVRIWKHXVXDO LQFKGHSWK 7KHWHFKQRORJ\RIKLYHVKDVQRWFKDQJHG VLJQL¿FDQWO\LQ\HDUV7KHPDLQDGYDQFH LQWKHLQWHUQDOSDUWVLVWKHDGRSWLRQRIKDUG SODVWLFIRXQGDWLRQ7KHPDQXIDFWXUHRIWKLV LWHPZDVSHUIHFWHGLQWKH V$WWKHWLPH LW ZDV PDUNHWHG DV D RQH SLHFH IUDPH DQG IRXQGDWLRQEXWWKHIUDPHLWVHOIWHQGHGWREH ÀLPV\7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIZRRGIUDPHDQG EHHVZD[FRDWHGKDUGSODVWLFIRXQGDWLRQZDV D ZLQQHU DQG LV IDU HDVLHU WR XVH WKDQ WKH WUDGLWLRQDOWKLQZD[IRXQGDWLRQVZKLFKKDYH to be secured with tight wire. 0HFKDQL]DWLRQRIEHHNHHSLQJEHJDQZLWK motorized honey extractors, honey pumps, V\VWHPV IRU KHDWLQJ DQG SXULI\LQJ KRQH\ and processing the beeswax into a saleable SURGXFW 0RWRUL]HG WUXFNV IDFLOLWDWHG WKH PRYLQJ RI ODUJH QXPEHUV RI KLYHV RIWHQ many times during the same year. Enterprising beekeepers devised clever mechanical hoists to load hives, saving their backs the
KHDY\VWUDLQRISLFNLQJXSIXOOVL]HGKLYHV RIWHQZHLJKLQJSRXQGVRUPRUH/DWHU in the 20thFHQWXU\IRUNOLIWVEHFDPHZLGHO\ adopted by migratory beekeepers who typiFDOO\KDYHKROGLQJVLQWKHWHQVRIWKRXVDQGV RIKLYHV Natural Beekeeping So, when did beekeeping become diYRUFHG IURP QDWXUH" , GRQ¶W WKLQN LW KDV EHHQ 7KH YHU\ SURFHVV RI NHHSLQJ EHHV connects the keeper into a tight relationship with nature. Everything that happens LQVLGHDFRORQ\LVDUHÀHFWLRQRIWKHQDWXUDO HQYLURQPHQWRXWVLGHWKHKLYH,IWKHUHLVD GURXJKWWKHFRORQ\ODFNVIRUZDWHU LIWKH weather is endlessly damp, the combs and wood may get moldy and rotten. Every beekeeper becomes an expert botaQLVW DWOHDVW,NQRZWKHQDPHVRIWKHQHFWDU and pollen plants — the others not so much. I know what critters are roaming the woods around my house, and whether bees are their SUHIHUUHG PHDO 7KHUH¶V QRWKLQJ XQQDWXUDO DERXWDEHDUZLWKDEHOO\IXORIKRQH\EHHV as much as I hate to see them in the neighborhood. ,QWUXWKWKHUHLVQ¶WDQ\WKLQJDIDUPHUIRUHVWHURUOLYHVWRFNSURGXFHUGRHVWKDWGRHVQ¶W GHSHQGRQWKHIDYRUVRIQDWXUH6R ,¿QGLWDELWSX]]OLQJZKHQVRPHRQHJRHV
An apiary of Ukrainian hives in Syracuse, NY. (Photo by the author)
813
IRUPLOOLRQVRI\HDUV,WVWLOOKDSSHQVGHVSLWH human activity, and will continue, so long DVZHGRQ¶WORVHVLJKWRIWKHIDFWWKDWZHDOO depend on a healthy, diverse environment.
hŬƌĂŝŶŝĂŶ ŚŝǀĞ ǁŝƚŚ ůŝĚ ƟƉƉĞĚ ďĂĐŬ and one frame on display. (Photo by the author) to great lengths to prescribe the correct way to keep bees which is in complete harmony ZLWK QDWXUH :H DOO KDYH RXU SUHIHUUHG PRGHV RI OLIH VRPH WHQG WR DYRLG FRQWDFW with the wind and rain, and others spend PRVWRIWKHLUWLPHH[SRVHGWRWKHHOHPHQWV (VVHQWLDOO\LI\RXGRQ¶WOLNHEHLQJRXWGRRUV and getting dirty, even stung up, then you SUREDEO\ZRQ¶WOLNHEHHNHHSLQJ ,KDYHDOZD\VSUHIHUUHGNHHSLQJEHHVZLWK P\EDUHKDQGVXVLQJDPLQLPXPRIPRWRUL]HGHTXLSPHQWDYRLGLQJFKHPLFDOVDVIDU as possible, and trying to work with the bees UDWKHU WKDQ IRUFH WKHP WR SHUIRUP XQGHU less than optimum conditions. However, I understand and support commercial honey production, large scale pollination, and so IRUWK,DPWKDQNIXOWKDW,GRQ¶WKDYHWRGR EHHNHHSLQJRQWKDWVFDOH,FHUWDLQO\GRQ¶W UDLODJDLQVWLWDVLILWYLRODWHVDQHVVHQWLDO SULQFLSOHRIQDWXUH¶VSODQ 7KHUHWXUQRIVSULQJEHHVFRPLQJRXWRI ZLQWHU WRUSRU ELOOLRQV RI ÀRZHUV EORRPLQJWRHQWLFHSROOLQDWRUVWKHVHWWLQJRIVHHG DQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIIUXLWWKHIDOOLQJRI apples in autumn, squirrels hiding acorns in secret stashes — all this has been going on
814
Some spring the white man came, built him a house, and made a clearing KHUHOHWWLQJLQWKHVXQGULHGXSDIDUP SLOHGXSWKHROGJUD\VWRQHVLQIHQFHV cut down the pines around his dwelling, planted orchard seeds brought IURP WKH ROG FRXQWU\ DQG SHUVXDGHG the civil apple-tree to blossom next to the wild pine and the juniper, shedding LWVSHUIXPHLQWKHZLOGHUQHVV +HVHWXSDPLOODQG¿HOGVRI(QJlish grain sprang in the virgin soil. And ZLWKKLVJUDLQKHVFDWWHUHGWKHVHHGVRI WKHGDQGHOLRQDQGWKHZLOGWUHIRLORYHU the meadows, mingling his English ÀRZHUVZLWKWKHZLOGQDWLYHRQHV7KH bristling burdock, the sweet-scented catnip, and the humble yarrow planted themselves along his woodland road, WKH\WRRVHHNLQJ³IUHHGRPWRZRUVKLS God” in their way.
The honey-bee hummed through the Massachusetts woods, and sipped the ZLOGÀRZHUV URXQG WKH ,QGLDQ¶V ZLJwam, perchance unnoticed, when, with prophetic warning, it stung the Red FKLOG¶VKDQGIRUHUXQQHURIWKDWLQGXVtrious tribe that was to come and pluck WKH ZLOGÀRZHU RI KLV UDFH XS E\ WKH root (Thoreau, 1849). There is no question that humankind has FKDQJHGWKHFRXUVHRIQDWXUHLQPDQ\VPDOO and large ways. The modern environmenWDOPRYHPHQWKDVWKHJRDORISURWHFWLQJDV PXFKRIWKHUHVRXUFHVDQGQDWXUDOEHDXW\DV possible, while using what we need to surYLYHDQGOLYHKHDOWK\DQGIXO¿OOLQJOLYHV:H DUHDOODSDUWRIWKHZKROHZRUOGRXU(DUWK Beekeeping is an exciting and natural way to experience that connection. References Cotton, W. C. (1842). My Bee Book. London, J. G. F. & J. Rivington. Quinby, M. (1853). Mysteries of bee-keeping explained: being a complete analysis of the whole subject. New York: C. M. Saxton & Co. Richardson, H. D. (1849). The Hive and the Honey-bee: With Plain Directions for Obtaining a Considerable Annual Income from this Branch of Rural Economy. J. McGlashan. Seeley, T. D. (2016). Following the Wild Bees: The Craft and Science of Bee Hunting. Princeton University Press. Teale, Edwin Way. (1946). The golden throng: a book about bees. Museum Press. Thoreau, H. D. (1843). Paradise (to be) Regained. United States Magazine and Democratic Review, 13, 451-63. Thoreau, H. D. (1849). A week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. Boston: James Munroe and Co. ĩDN - 5\VLHZLF] 0 Hives and Apiaries in Poland (Ule i pasieki w Polsce):DUV]DZD :\GDZQ³6ąGHFNL Bartnik”
American Bee Journal
