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Variation and Composition Principles of the Residence Group (Band) of the Mbuti Pygmies -beyond a typical/atypical dichotomy TERASHIMA, Hideaki
African study monographs. Supplementary issue (1985), 4: 103-120
Variation and Composition Principles of the Residence Group (band) of the Mbuti Pygmies - beyond a typical/atypical dichotomy Hideaki TERASHUvL\ (Associe de recherche d'l. R. S.) lllstitut de Redlerdle Scieutifique, Ri/mblique du Zaire Fukui UlliverJi~l' :\BSTRACT I) Two modds concerning the resic/"Ilr lamilics) and complicated composition. In my pn·vious papers (Terashillla 1983, I ~lBl) I olli:red almost till' same view as thaI orTanno and Ichikawil about Andiri archer bands. on the basis of the observation made during the first survey in 1978-79."1 That is, I f(llll1d it was not the Epulu model bur the Tetri model that was applicablr to Andiri archers. However, alier my second visit in 1983, I began to red th(' need to change our model-oriented thought. That was nol becausc the sl'l'ming patrilocal band grouping had disappe live more
Residence Group of the :\Ibuti Pygmies
117
comfrmably. Thus till' the f;mTIer A. it is desir~bl(' that a Mbuti together with the latter's children live ncar his residence and \;sit him fiTqucntly as long as the farmer has enough lood to feed the r-..lbutis. The same thin~ is of course true for the :\lbuti B and his children. The Mbuti can do economic exchange with Lhe villagers other than their proper mulo maia and they actually fi'equcntly do so in order to get what they cannot get fronl their proper partners. But at the same time the traditional fIe lIlaia-mulo maia partnership based on a lifelong alliance and generalized reciprocity provides a :\lbuti with emotional security as well as econmic stability in his every day life. One or the ~I buti's subsistence strategies is to keep balance between the institutionalized ~Ibuti-farmerrelationship represented by ife maia-mulo maia relationship and uninstitutionalized trading with any brll1ers (Terashima 1985). Here we find another set of alternatives which th(' :".Ibuti have in order to make their subsistence stahle, besides the set of alternatives. I mentioned earlier, i.e. foraging in the forest and working in and around the village. The farmers observe viripatrilocal residence. so that it is con\"l~nient for the male siblings of the :\Ibuti to live together, as well as with their f;uher, to keep the symbiotic relationship as long as it works well. But when they find that the living with their siblings or the symbiotic relationship with their mulo maia bC'comes no longer comfortable or convenient. they freely leave from their aell lor the prospect of finding good other co-residents and village partners. Some residence groups of the "Ibuti are built up on a core patrilineally rdated group. which seem 10 correspond 10 the patrilocal band model. If we add several exceptional rules to the Service's model, such as the acceptance of uxorimatriloc,t1ity or avunculocality. and the free leaving of the male members from the hand, the patrilocal band model would explain lhe variation and composition of the I\lbuti's residence group. But such exceptional rnles certainly undermine the foundation of the patrilocal band model. ~"'oreov('r. the point is that Ihe patrilocality is jusl a matter of personal choice and not a rule or institution one must obey. The patrilocality whieh is simply based on a personal choice should be considered as a phenomenon which is only takes place in a certain socio-economic context. Guenther (1985) has poil1led oU!, reviewing recent Bushman studies, that the analysis oftlexibility has been vcry narrow in spitt' of the fact that it is well acknowledged 10 be a central characteristc offoraging band society. \Ve find the same situation in ~Ibuli studies. From a static band model ba~ed on a typical/alypical dichotomy. we have 10 change our attention to the dynamic flexibility of group arrangements, and tht' mechanism which creates the greal wide range variation. such as from one family group 10 qnite a large group. or from a I;lirly patrilocal-band-looking grouping like Telri bands to a mixed. hilatewl. or composite grouping like Epulu band. :"Jeilher of the two hanel models preserltt'e1 so far cannot be held in a wider, complicated and varying socio-economic context in which actual hunter-gatherers live.
:'\on:s I) Th,' pygmies ofrhe lIuri lorest is called 'l\lhuli' ge,wr;llly. alld '1-:1
