Laboratory activities, science education and

0 downloads 0 Views 428KB Size Report
Psicologia educacional. ... da Geologia: um estudo centrado em manuais escolares do ensino secundário. .... Manuais escolares: contributo para uma análise.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 106 (2013) 1677 – 1686

       !  "#  

$ % & ' #   (% )   *+  $ #  $,'$#-.#          

  #  ( '     #*# ##  +  * %  )(  #    ' ) &  #          /   *     (# !    * (% )' )+  % ) &%) ((( #     %0 /1( ((    *!   % %  %)  #  *   && ( )  ) / 2 '#3  &( %  () (% )   *+ /  412#/#% %&" $/ © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.    ( # ( % &12    '"#   1  *& 12 "1' + &  Selection and peer-review under responsibility of The Association of Science, Education and Technology-TASET, Sakarya Universitesi,    Turkey.    !   "  """   !#  !#!

       1#*# ## *#  ."'    2%  )'5$6 .# ' 7    #   (  /*/'  ' 5 8 ' 5 9  * '  +  * % &    +    %   )(  #    / :  & '   *#)  % (# # %   #  /: )    ( #   (       *    & *;   )' <  *5  )' <  ))%5   )'< #  /=  )> % #    &'  +) *  %' % ((  #'  '  '*  *     # * + * %#  ((   %/ : # ((    *   &     & ) & ))%   &   %#     ?# ; &))%) @#  A( # (  & )  *@ 2    &  (    * )     &  ))      %      ,(  * #/1 /;BCCD75E 3;BCCD $#  %  

1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of The Association of Science, Education and Technology-TASET, Sakarya Universitesi, Turkey. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.190

1678

Laurinda Leite and Luís Dourado / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 106 (2013) 1677 – 1686

 ( & + +'     *#          & #      &  ( & *@   * ((  # #*& #   *@ 2  *#)    F (  G/2%   *#)       #  %  (' # # #   %     )H + 'III/#  )  # #    (%    ## #)/ 1 ?#     * #    +    *#   #        & #  ) (  @   IJJ *#     #     #  ) 0 )(        % *  (# !%  ' &?#   * (( '% *)) %%    / 1 )(   ;    *  '    *          * %#  / 2 *  ' %   ?##          %&(       %# # / ) '# %)( !  %      (( 5 &    &   ((  9 #* 6 2 (' IJC/ "   %   #'          &    *   =&>'       *      #   * #   *        & / 2 "           *#'  (        #)  ) '    # ?# & )  %& 3() '   #* (( ) & )  ) + )     */ 1     & 8  IIJ *#         % #    (   #%0'       % #    #%0/  ' (# &+  (     &) 3()     &/ K '    )( 3  ( & %  &  (  $ ' III'    )  &(  *#  )$6E*# '/2 )(    ( &   % A=>)A  3()  A  )A/1% #)(    %    ()    ) )(    &   'IJJ5 'III/1'  & &') *     *' %#  (( ) ' # &'#   #  &(  ( 3(  %#  * (H + 'III/  '# #  (# ! *  &) & /             E*#; ( &% &  

2      * %#   '  *   & () (   %   &   ( & (    )         % &/ 1#'   II %        *# + *  % &'  *) *  && )    / 1 #    #   (    +  *          #    # %&  * ' '(  ' '/   # )      *&'&   ) / '  II  *#  %  ?##      /

Laurinda Leite and Luís Dourado / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 106 (2013) 1677 – 1686

1679

1 #  )(  ?#) &)% + '( )   %   %& *.'IIJ/ '    *)= %& >  #*    *  /    '         (   ( + % '     $#  #   (    *  /1) #'(      * ?##  ?#  #  * ) /1#' #*  #   )(  &    '#* '8L

&6 0# '') # *#  ' IID5 K 6 K* ' IID5  !' $)  6  '     )(     % %  (     % /  '    )   *   #*#     # /*/' 

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

1680

Laurinda Leite and Luís Dourado / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 106 (2013) 1677 – 1686

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

1)  (#( %  (# ) +  +% )   %0  )   8 '1%* 6$8 Q '/ '  )) %     # >    *#) 6'59 #*'IIJ'  (   &( *#   &&)/:  ' +      * & (       3%+  *     &      ) 1% ' 1((  6 R 'II58* '' ) &     % &#   $6 .# ' 7/ 1 (       3%+   ) + #       &       > 0%  ( * #    &  % '    *   #  *    * %0 &   #   / 2  )    '            %  )#  %   #   3%+ % &*#  '5 R  'III5  6$#  '' ) & #*# /*/'.# '5E*# '75 $'%5$'D5 # 'I'     (

'(    (  ' )  ) * (# & #   +  *  %   ** '  +#      # % ?#  # ' #  (((     % '/ 1)  &)  #    ' ) & () *     )   &   # )  +       &  (  #  ) ) + *      & &*))/

Laurinda Leite and Luís Dourado / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 106 (2013) 1677 – 1686

1681

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

1682

Laurinda Leite and Luís Dourado / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 106 (2013) 1677 – 1686

(     )# >    %  #  ( % ( /" #* % +   ) &% ( &(   #')  *)( & ?# 3(     *     * 9 #* 6 2 (' IJC5 . ' IIJ/ 1' % +        (?# / '&# %  #   )  *#   3    & #  % #        +   ?#   (#(/ E &'# %  *    &&( %   % #  *  %0' ) & (#  ) * %0/  '& % #      (# +  *  )) & ( ) *& )( /1&    *  () *  &?## # (#  (# +  *   (# (  (# &  (((  (% )*   & ) / 1 % /1&( %  # ( )  (# '%  #  *%0 :#  *%0 $ %+   ) &

L  *  ) 

  (#  +  *

L  *  # 

L  *  # 

 ) *&  () 

1&($ %2

(  #  

"3

 &#  ?##)?#() (  &  ?#   *

2* *   * ( ) 

) '  '#' 0#*   * + +

 #  

R  )  )     & #*) + #  + 

2 #   ((  S

E  ( ++ *F* G'   &(%  & *+(( &

 *  ,

. +  * A %&  * (% )5  +   % 

 :% "3( 

K '(#* 

E  ( %' % ( %(##* %  * *      (#  * (

 :% "3( 

K '(# * 

.  (##* % * *       (#  *(

 *  ,

.   *&  (% )'(# (     #5) *   (# +  *  (

, ) &%%0

1 %     ( ) .#  6 $' J   &(  %    *  )   )  * # )##  *%0 /1#  *%0 *)   )  *  '     # ! * )  #   *  )'   ) )  *  '# * %#  *#( ) #*(  (   # #&/    ' )   (      &    #*  %  R %' #  6 K#' IIJ5H#6R %'%# 

% +  #'  % #)'% #& #   %##*)  *   % # *)  ')& +  ((  ))/1 ) 

% &)(  &#(( %/:# # ) &   % * &' &) & #  () %  %   &'1%* '  '$ #%Q6R**'J51%* 'III/ )( ! * )&( *   %  ) &%()%& # )  )%& / ' * *   *( )  % 

Laurinda Leite and Luís Dourado / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 106 (2013) 1677 – 1686

1683

   % () %&  #  )     &   *     */ )  &'  *    %     ()    )    %   #   % () %&  #  % # &  (# +  * #  *%0/ 1 % /1&( %  # )  )  *'%  #  *%0 :#  *%0 #  & * )  ) 

N  #  & * )  ) 

1&( &

(  #  

T# !     )  ) 

#  % % ##   *)   #

T# !   & ) )  ) 

#  %##  *)  # /1)    %  *)  

% /

"3(     )  ) 

#    )   * *( )   #& % #    

. #  & * . ()   )  )  )  ) 

#   %# #( )  ( )  ## %    *&) )  #  # &#((/ ()+  * *     (% )  * )  * )( /'+ % /

!   "   2 #*  *  & * 9 #*'IIJ'  %#F  *(% )'%       +  *'   )(  ?# '  ) + ) *   ) +   ) * +/GK%''(/C/   '  *F(% )   &  # '= * >  (   +G K%' ' (/I/  ' 9 #* IIJ     (% )   *  # %  #  ## #) ;    

 % #  ( #( +  *5  % )3(  * #  5 (# +   #  ## )( &5 ) #        /

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

1684

Laurinda Leite and Luís Dourado / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 106 (2013) 1677 – 1686

 #    3  )  /G 8#+( & &' ' (/ / 1' (% )   * )(  #  %3(%  & )  3    ' )   & (/ '#     *      * ?#+  * (   # >(+  *      1'II/ % )   *  %#   (% )%     *'  ?#)%# (( #/% )  * %   ( **)) $6"C/         *'   ((# &  # * (# & ?# +  */ E 3 )( '  #& * %### )  *  #  % + &*  ( )  '%   ##/ #  &#      (# +  *%#) &    )#    *    (# & ?# +  */ ' (% )   *     ((  # *   *'    &  * * % + %#     *   + * (      *&  (  ) (  / E 3 )( '  #& * ) (     ?#' #  ) & % +   &)(    ?##)3##%  (  +&%  

  #*  % #    )(    (   )     ) &  ((    )  #  #%     /   *(% )# * % +  &  %  #   &    (    ?#  #  %  )A ) + #       ) )  /1'   # ()  (# +  */ E &' (% )   % #    * (      *    ) 

   &  # * (% )/ (% ) %     *$ )%'  #    * ((    % #  ?#  (# +  *%&  *(% )/  '#  % + +    (% )   &   '   &    / 1  ' #     &  (% )  # & ' & +   &       (% ) $ )%' ' #) *         #   3/ 1  &    +   (#   )   A  %  ?#       (((  % (#      # / +'& * %   ((&  /  *     % #  (% ) %     * (#( *    &  *  #    )) #(% )      % *#  /2(% )) &%%#*%&  %&# ) &)*)  /  & '%  $(% )  % %&# '( % & ) *#(/(% )  %#*%&# '   & ) & %      (% ## #)      %#*   / 8   )  %#  *  %  ?#) % ) %     * #*&) &% ) )  *  )  #) *    *   /    ' & ?#  (% )   *  *&  %   % * (#  (# +  *?#    * +  *%#/   '# ) &  (# !)    &  # )   )       %  / 1 )     % )(     %   / 2 *)  ) # %    %    ) %    ' ( ) /  '   * ) * %  )) *    ()  )  ) ) &%(% )   * /   ' ) &  %#   *(     *'  (% ) %     * )+/. *# *    )( )      % (# )    ##   &  %   #   *      * ?#()      & )    #    *  *     #*    ) +)#  % *# )   *?#()   & *# %(# & + (#)    *   & */ #     %#  *(% )/ )(% ) %   %%#   %  

Laurinda Leite and Luís Dourado / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 106 (2013) 1677 – 1686

1685

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

#   2  K    1  *' /   '8//1 *&3%+  #  %# +  * 3()   &/ 8/ QQ'./  6 /"/'" ""!   ((/C J/W+;L #2 )#% / 

'H//  + #((*   ; #    )  ) /0   1  ("" $"  +-'I7 /  ' K/ IID/ *   #     *     # &   % / 1   2"  ("" " --'C /  ) M'2/II/$ % 0(X Y  3()  ;# 3Z %#%0&# ((#  Z / &0 "3$" 'I'D DJ/ #' ./ / 4    !  5 "    67  " "            ! 89     8   :;      /N (#% )   /N &8 ' * / .'2/IIJ/[ (#  M   ()       @/$