LIU Ying LI Xian

LIU Ying LI Xian Institute of Oceanology ,Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS)

China has made great progress in mariculture



Achieving wild marine living resources’s ( animals and plant) intensive aquaculture， about more than 100 species.



Marine aquaculture production accounting for >60% of the world (1 643 810 tons in 2012).

Developing orientation

Eco-culture

Intensive aquaculture

Object: Responsible, Sustainable Mariculture

Status of Intensive Aquaculture

 Area: ~3,000,000 m2  Flow-through sysytem:85~90%

 Semi-closed recirculating system:~10%  Recirculating aquauclture system:200 corporations used RAS to produce fish, shrimp, and abalone etc

Present status Developed

rapidly in recent years

Techniques begin to transform from “imitate & follow stage into independent innovation stage”  RAS

is still at primary stage, only a few projects reach to enclosed recirculating culture stage.

Problems late beginning, small scale  lag in technology, waste resources  Poor practicability and reliability of equipment  low intelligent and automatic level  serious pollution  Inadequate re-exploit of equipment function 

RAS in China

Typical RAS for turbot(Psetta maxima )

Greenhouse and pond

Turbot capacity (bw) in RAS

Maximum density： 58.7kg/m3

Typical RAS for Grouper

RAS for Grouper

Item

Epinephelus malabaricus

Data

TAN (mg/L)

< 0.12

NO2-N (mg/L)

< 0.02

pH

7-8

TSS(mg/L)

90

Temperature adjustment

Foam fraction

Ozone disinfection

Oxygenation

Nitrifying biofilter

device

增氧

1

2

3

4

5

..

Shrimp culture tank 15 16

Mechanical filter

Inclined-boards sediment tank

typical shrimp recirculating system. Arrows indicate the direction of water flow

Water quality parameters in recirculating shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei systems T (℃) scope 26.0~30.5 mean

28.39± 1.26

pH

DO NH4+ NO2(mgO2/L) (mgN/L) (mgN/L)

COD (mg/L)

7.17~8.3 0

5.39~ 10.72

0.232~ 0.882

0.508~ 1.590

2.63~ 8.76

7.90± 0.14

7.27± 1.36

0.356± 0.180

0.972± 0.288

6.57± 0.39

Contrast between various culture modes of Litopenaeus vannmei Culture mode

Pond culture 1

Body Stocking Survival length(cm) (ind. m-2) rates(%) 0.6 45 72.47

Times （day） 70

FCR

0.84

Output (kg m-3) 0.53

Pond culture 2

0.6cm

100

64

90

－

0.96

Intensive pond culture Pond culture 3

0.7～1

175

95.4

118

1.30

2.44

0.5～0.6

75

57.0

115

-

0. 50

Pond culture

1.8～1.9

50

68.3

82

-

0.04

902

78.3

172

2.50

8.95

100

76.7

96

1.66

1.17

1000

67.8

86

1.89

5.85

Flow-through system Pond recirculating 1.9～1.5 culture This system 2.7

reporter

Fang mj， 2002 Chen hc， 2002 Fu zx，2002 Wang chl， 2002 Wang chl ， 2002 D. Allen Davis,1998 Chang km， 2002

7

3 9 1

7

3

1

1: 5m×1m×0.5m

2: 5m×1m×0.2m 7

3

1

3:waste feed trap

4:sedment pond

7

3 1

5:from fraction 6:drip biofilter

7

3 2

8:pump

7

3 2

6

6

8 5

7:flow meter

4

4

9.Abalone net

RAS for Abalone Item Growth period (days)

Data 180

Initial average abalone length (cm) /weight(g)

4.49cm/13.2g

Final average abalone length (cm) /weight(g)

5.23cm/20.2g

Total abalone biomass produced (kg)

68.579

Initial average density(kg/m3) Final average density(kg/m3)

4.60 6.86

Survival (%)

97.3

FCR

2.47

Average daily water losses (m3 /day)

1.5

Specific water consumption (m3/ kg abalone produced)

3.94

Water treatment units

On-going

RAS for Abalone

Harvest

V=108 m3 tank

tanlk

tank

tank

tank

tank

tank

tank

tank

tank

Solar heating plant Oxygenation device

Overflow pipe

outlet

Fine sand filter

inlet

S=110

m2

Hotwater tank

valve

Sand filter

immersion heater

nitrifying Biofilter 1

nitrfying nitrifying Biofilter Biofilter 2 3 Foam-fraction

Temperature adjustment Pump

V=8.1m3

Disinfection unit

constant temperature tank

Computer control unit

Pumping tank

Design flux=20 m3/H

Recirculating system for larval rearing of scallop

Recirculating Scallop larval rearing System

Scallop (Argopecten irradians Say)

Total Volume=108m3 Number of experimental tank=10

Recirculating larval rearing system

铵氮浓度（mg/L) NH4+

0.20

流水养殖池铵氮浓度 NH4+ in flow through tank 静水对照池铵氮浓度 NH + in static water tank

0.15

4

0.10 0.05 0.00 1d

3d

5d

7d

9d

时间（天） Time (day)

NH4+ in flow through system and static system for maturing scallop culture

氨氮、亚硝酸氮浓度(mg/L) TAN NO2

育苗池氨氮浓度 TAN

0.10

育苗池亚硝酸氮浓度 NO 2

0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 1

3

5

7 9 11 Time (day) 时间/d

13

15

NH4+、NO2- in larval rearing tank

密度 (个/ml) (ind./mL) density rearing

20 15 10 5 0 1

3

5

7 9 Time (day) 时间（天）

11

Variety of scallop larval rearing density (May,2004)

13

150

静水(12个/ml) Static water rearing (12 ind./mL)

145

流水(16个/ml) Flowing water rearing (16 ind./mL)

length (μm) Larval shell 幼虫壳长(µm)

140 135 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 4

5

6

7

8 发育天数(d) Time (day)

9

10

11

Compared to traditional static-water rearing, rearing density enhanced, mortality decreased、individual became bigger in RAS system。

12

Some typical technology and equipments for energy saving A: Energy-saving technique of water pump

B: Frequency conversion technology

C: Oxygen increasing technology

D: Water-driving press filter technology

Some potential technology for RAS A: Quantifying fish body color variation to indicate water quality and/or health state based on computer vision inspection technology

14.0 12.0

fish body density steps

fish body density steps

16.0

10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0

UIA=0.27mg/l

2.0

UIA=0.72mg/l

0.0 0

1

2

3

4

5 time (h)

6

7

8

9

10

Tilapia body color variation under low and middle UIA stress

18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0

30

60

90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 time（min）

Tilapia body color variation under high UIA stress

Fish skin density step VS plasma cortisol

plasma cortisol (ng ml -1 )

700.0

y = 34.014x - 169.04

600.0

2

R = 0.6077

500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

fish skin density step

20.0

B: Process control technology

C：Solar energy and/or heat pump combined technology

Area：110m2 Heat production：35KW/h

+ Input power：11KW Rated cooling：60kw Rated thermal：68kw