Asia during the Pacific War. Understanding from ... Historical causes (Russo-
Japanese War, Sino-Japanese War). ▫. Political ... Nguen Giap. Great famine
starts.
The Japanese in Southeast Asia during the Pacific War Understanding from Different Perspectives
Some Images Japanese Invade British Malaya
British Surrender in Singapore
Japanese shout Banzai !
But three and half years later
Meanwhile Many Local People Starved
So Did Many Allied POWs
And Many Japanese
Some Could Not Even Walk
Or Stand Up
But Now It is the Japanese Turn To Construct a Railroad
Japanese Settlers Were Sent Back to Where They Came From
But Some Were Born There !
During the War
Let Us Do Some Taiso On The Way Home
To Stay Fit And Well And Rebuild the Nation
Impact of the Japanese Occupation
Political: from colonialism to independence
Socio-economic: general destitution and social dislocation
Three Regions in Southeast Asia
Thailand • Alliance → Hostility French Indochina • Joint defence → Coup of March 1945 American, British, Dutch, Portuguese colonies • Occupation → Partial, conditional independence
The Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia, from September 1940 (northern Indochina) to March 1942 (Java).
What Strategies Did the Japanese Use To Maintain Control of Occupied Countries?
Maximum use of the existing local administrative structure
“Concessions” granted: reasons and aims
Mass mobilization and propaganda
Japanese language policies and Asian nationalism
Japanese religious policies
How Should We Think About The Issue Of “Collaboration”?
Sukarno (Indonesia), Ba Maw (Burma), Zhang Jinghui (Manzhouguo), Wang Jingwei (China), Hideki Tojo (Japan), Wan Waitayakon (Thailand), José P. Laurel (The Philippines), Subhas Chandra Bose (Free India), at the Greater East Asia Conference, November 5-6, 1943
Similarities and Differences between Europe and Asia in terms of
Consequences Nationhood Ideology and political structure
Anti-Japanese Organizations
Hukbalahap (People’s Army Against the Japanese) Viet Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam) Free Thai Movement AFPFL (Anti Fascist People’s Freedom League) MPAJA (Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army) PETA (Homeland Defenders) rebellion in Blitar Radical youth groups Timorese joined both anti-Japanese and antiWestern (Portuguese, Australian) forces
Changing Sentiments From Pro-Japanese to Anti-Japanese Multiple Causes
Historical causes (Russo-Japanese War, Sino-Japanese War)
Political causes (promise of independence, frustration)
Cultural causes (friction)
Economic causes (deterioration)
Social causes (social dislocation)
Do these complex responses have any counterparts in armed conflicts today?
•
Open Question
Timeline Japanese Expansion 1874
Expedition to Taiwan (first expedition in modern times)
1894-95
First Sino-Japanese War (colonization of Taiwan)
1902-23
Anglo-Japanese Alliance (facilitates Japanese expansion)
1904-05
Russo-Japanese War (colonization of Korea)
1914-18
World War I (21 Demands, May Fourth Movement)
1932
Manzhouguo (Manchukuo) (model for Japanese domination)
1937
Second Sino-Japanese War (heightens international reactions)
Japan, Europe, USA
Sept 39
Germany invades Poland
May 40
Germany occupies the Netherlands and France
Sept 40
US begins embargo against Japan (25)
Japan declares GEACPS (26)
Japan signs Tripartite Pact (27)
July 41
Vichy and Tokyo agree on joint defence of Indochina (19) USA (25) and Britain and NEI (26) freeze Japanese assets
Japanese forces advance into southern Indochina (28)
Dec 41
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Malaya, Thailand, the Philippines
Aug 45
Hirohito announces surrender
Thailand and Indochina
June 40 Sept 40 Jan 41
May 41 July 41 Jan 42 Dec 44
Mar 45
July 45 Sept 45
Japan-Thailand friendship treaty Japanese land in Tonkin Thailand invades Indochina Thailand and Indochina accepts Japanese mediation Indochina's territory ceded to Thailand Japanese land in Cochinchina Thailand declared war against Britain and US Vietnam Liberation Army organized under Vo Nguen Giap. Great famine starts Japan stages a coup against the French Bao Dai proclaims end of French rule Vietnam established Ho Chi Minh declares independence of Vietnam Bao Dai abdicates
The Philippines, Burma, Malaya, Borneo, Indonesia, East Timor
Feb 42 Mar 42 Apr 42 May 42 July 42 Aug 43 Oct 43 Sept 44 Oct 44 Jan 45 Aug 45
Singapore Falls Dutch surrender US surrender in Bataan Burma Road cut Sukarno returns from exile Japan declared Burma independent Japan declares the Philippines independent Japan promises to grant independence to Indonesia in the future Japanese fleet defeated in Leyte Burma Road reopens Sukarno announces Indonesian independence
