Male Infertility

13 downloads 168 Views 212KB Size Report
William B. Smith II, Landon W. Trost, Yihan Chen,. Amanda Rosencrans .... Landon W. Trost, MD Department of Urology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester ,. MN , USA.
Male Infertility

Stefan S. du Plessis • Ashok Agarwal Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr. Editors

Male Infertility A Complete Guide to Lifestyle and Environmental Factors

Editors Stefan S. du Plessis, BSc (Hons), MSc, MBA, PhD (Stell) Division of Medical Physiology Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Tygerberg, South Africa

Ashok Agarwal, PhD, HCLD, (ABB), ELD (ACE) Center for Reproductive Medicine Andrology Center Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA

Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr., MD Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA

ISBN 978-1-4939-1039-7 ISBN 978-1-4939-1040-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1040-3 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014944131 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Foreword

Male infertility is on the rise. Most providers are familiar with the well-known causes of infertility, such as varicoceles. Lifestyle and environment, although postulated in having a role in the etiology of male infertility, has not been well studied. This book seeks to bring to light the various factors that can impact male fertility and sperm function. The editors, Drs. Du Plessis, Agarwal, and Sabanegh, have assembled a wide range of experts to contribute to this unique text. Topics include epidemiology, the impact of smoking and alcohol, obesity, exercise, vitamins and supplements, illegal drugs, heat, STIs, psychological stress, electronic devices, pesticides, endocrine disruptors, radiation, iatrogenic treatment, and age. These are all areas that have been implicated at some time with male infertility for which convincing evidence is lacking or conflicting. The editors have done a fine job of bringing together all of these varied topics and presenting balanced views of the literature regarding their potential impact on male fertility. Each of the editors is well known for their contributions to the field of andrology and infertility, and their expertise, along with that of their chosen authors, makes this book unique. This book should add to the armamentarium of all providers who see patients of reproductive age. Milwaukee, WI, USA

Jay I. Sandlow, MD Professor and Vice-Chairman Department of Urology Medical College of Wisconsin

v

Preface

Male infertility is on the upsurge worldwide, thereby contributing progressively more to couple infertility. There is growing evidence supporting causal links between the environment, lifestyle choices, general male health, systemic disease, and male reproductive health. Due to increased environmental pressures and unhealthy modern lifestyle choices, this combined set of factors can accumulate over time and contribute significantly to adverse impact on male reproductive issues. With the advent of ICSI these concerns may be circumvented and marginalized. However, ART procedures do not address the root of the problem and it is important to focus on environmental and lifestyle issues such as pesticides, dietary habits, sexually transmitted infections, cell phone radiation, alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drug use to name but a few. With this first of a kind textbook we aim to provide a comprehensive yet concise review of various environmental and lifestyle factors which impact male infertility with specific emphasis on the mechanisms contributing to decreased sperm production and impaired function. The book consists of 16 different yet applicably themed topics. Each chapter was written by internationally recognized scientists and clinicians in an easy to follow, informal yet scientific style thereby making the text ideal for those seeking to increase their general knowledge of the field. We hope that this book will have a broad and global appeal as it would be used not only as a reference for basic scientists, andrologists, and embryologists, but may also act as a clinical guideline for physicians and infertility experts. We would like to thank all of the contributing authors for their inputs and are especially grateful to Michael D. Sova (developmental editor) for his tireless efforts in reviewing and preparing each of the manuscripts for production. We would also like to acknowledge the Division of Medical Physiology at Stellenbosch University and the Glickman Urological Institute at the Cleveland Clinic for their institutional support towards this endeavor. Finally we would like to express our gratitude towards our families for their support and patience in allowing us to complete this book. We trust that this book will become an important resource for reproductive professionals around the world. Tygerberg, South Africa Cleveland, OH Cleveland, OH

Stefan S. du Plessis Ashok Agarwal Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr.

vii

Contents

1

Epidemiology and Evidence of Declining Male Fertility ........... Marcello Cocuzza and Sandro C. Esteves

Part I

1

Lifestyle/Personal Factors

2

The Effect of Smoking on Male Infertility.................................. Omar Haque, Joseph A. Vitale, Ashok Agarwal, and Stefan S. du Plessis

19

3

BMI and Obesity ........................................................................... Karishma Khullar, Ashok Agarwal, and Stefan S. du Plessis

31

4

The Impact of Physical Exercise on Male Fertility .................... Diana Maria Vaamonde Martin, Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto, Asghar Abbasi, and Juan Manuel García Manso

47

5

The Importance of Diet, Vitamins, Malnutrition, and Nutrient Deficiencies in Male Fertility ................................ Landon W. Trost, Ahmet Gudeloglu, Edmund Y. Ko, and Sijo J. Parekattil

6

The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Male Infertility ............ Edson Borges Jr. and Fábio Firmbach Pasqualotto

7

Drugs: Recreational and Performance Enhancing Substance Abuse ............................................................................ Fanuel Lampiao, Taryn Lockey, Collins E. Jana, David Moon Lee, and Stefan S. du Plessis

61

83

93

8

Testicular Heat Stress and Sperm Quality.................................. 105 Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, Rakesh K. Sharma, Stefan S. du Plessis, and Ashok Agarwal

9

Sexual Issues: Role of Sexually Transmitted Infections on Male Factor Fertility.............................................. 127 William B. Smith II, Landon W. Trost, Yihan Chen, Amanda Rosencrans, and Wayne J.G. Hellstrom

10

Psychological Stress and Male Infertility.................................... 141 S.C. Basu

ix

Contents

x

11

The Impact of Cell Phone, Laptop Computer, and Microwave Oven Usage on Male Fertility ........................... 161 John J. McGill and Ashok Agarwal

Part II

Occupational Exposure

12

Pesticides and Heavy Metal Toxicity ........................................... 181 Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón, Jaime Mendiola, and Alberto M. Torres-Cantero

13

Endocrine Disruptors and Male Infertility................................. 193 Riana Bornman and Natalie Aneck-Hahn

14

Ionizing Radiation......................................................................... 211 Pieter Johann Maartens, Margot Flint, and Stefan S. du Plessis

Part III

Other Factors Affecting Male Fertility

15

Risks from Medical and Therapeutic Treatments ..................... 227 Yagil Barazani and Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr.

16

The Aging Male: Longevity and Subsequent Implications ....... 247 Sonja Grunewald and Uwe Paasch

Index ....................................................................................................... 257

Contributors

Asghar Abbasi Division of Exercise Immunology and Genetics, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET)/University Hospital Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany Ashok Agarwal, PhD Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation/Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA Natalie Aneck-Hahn, DTech Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Yagil Barazani, MD Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA S.C. Basu, MBBS, FRCS (Edinburgh), FRCS (England), FICS, FACS Surgery and Urology, Consultant Urologist and Male Infertility Specialist, Fortis C-DOC Healthcare Ltd, New Delhi, India Edson Borges Jr., MD, PhD Clinical Department, Fertility—Centro de Fertilização Assistida, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Riana Bornman, MBChB, PhD Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Yihan Chen, BA Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA Marcello Cocuzza, MD, PhD Human Reproduction Center and Department of Andrology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto, PhD Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, PhD Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Stefan S. du Plessis, BSc (Hons), MSc, MBA, PhD (Stell) Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa

xi

xii

Sandro C. Esteves, MD, PhD ANDROFERT, Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic, Referral Center for Male Reproduction, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Margot Flint, BSc, BSc (Hons), MSc Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa Sonja Grunewald, MD Department of Dermatology, University of Leipzig, European Training Centre of Andrology, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany Ahmet Gudeloglu, MD Department of Urology, University of Florida & Winter Haven Hospital, Winter Haven, FL, USA Omar Haque, BS Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Foundation/Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA Wayne J.G. Hellstrom, MD, FACS Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA Collins E. Jana, MSc Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi Karishma Khullar, BA Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation/Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA Edmund Y. Ko, MD Department of Urology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA Fanuel Lampiao, PhD Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi Juan Manuel García Manso, BS, MS, PhD Department of Physical Education, Universidad de Las Palmas de GranCanaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias (Gran Canaria), Spain David Moon Lee, BA Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Winter Haven, FL, USA Taryn Lockey, BSc, BSc (Hons) Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa Pieter Johann Maartens, BSc, BSc (Hons), MSc Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa Diana Maria Vaamonde Martin, BS, MS, PhD Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain John J. McGill, MD Urology Institute, University Hospitals—Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Jaime Mendiola, PhD Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain

Contributors

Contributors

xiii

Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón, PhD Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain Uwe Paasch, MD, PhD Department of Dermatology, University of Leipzig, European Training Centre of Andrology, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany Sijo J. Parekattil, MD Department of Urology, University of Florida & Winter Haven Hospital, Winter Haven, FL, USA Fábio Firmbach Pasqualotto, MD, PhD Departamento de Urologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul e Conception - Centro de Reprodução Assistida, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Amanda Rosencrans, MS, BA Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr., MD Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic Main Campus, Cleveland, OH, USA Rakesh K. Sharma, PhD Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA William B. Smith II, MBA, BA Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA Alberto M. Torres-Cantero, MD, DrPH Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain Landon W. Trost, MD Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Joseph A. Vitale Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

About the Editors

Professor Stefan S. du Plessis is Head of the Division of Medical Physiology in the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at Stellenbosch University (South Africa), where he is actively involved in undergraduate teaching and postgraduate training. He also heads up the Stellenbosch University Reproductive Research Group (SURRG), and his research interests include male gamete function and factors that can influence it (oxidative stress, antioxidants, obesity, diabetes, nicotine and STIs). To date, he has published more than 50 peer-reviewed scientific articles and numerous book chapters. He serves on the editorial board of two leading international journals and regularly acts as an ad hoc reviewer for various scientific journals and funding agencies as well as moderator and examiner to several national and international universities. Prof. du Plessis is an NRF-rated researcher and Fulbright Research Scholar awardee.

xv

xvi

Ashok Agarwal is a Professor at Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and the head of the Andrology Center. He is the Director of Research at the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, USA. He has researched extensively on oxidative stress and its implications on human fertility and his group has published over 500 research articles. Dr. Agarwal serves on the editorial boards of several key journals in human reproduction. His current research interests are the study of molecular markers of oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis using proteomics and bioinformatics tools, as well as fertility preservation in patients with cancer, and the efficacy of certain antioxidants in improving male fertility.

Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr., MD is Chairman of the Department of Urology, leading one of the top-ranked Urology Departments in the United States. He is also Director of the Center of Male Fertility for the Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute at the Cleveland Clinic. His surgical interests include microsurgical reconstruction of the male reproductive tract and advanced sperm harvest techniques. His research interests include complex reconstructions for obstruction of the reproductive tract, fertility preservation in cancer

About the Editors

About the Editors

xvii

patients, varicoceles and environmental influences on fertility. Dr. Sabanegh has published more than 140 scientific articles and chapters in peer-reviewed journals and textbooks and has authored two books. He is a Professor of Urology at the Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University. He is the Assistant Editor for UROLOGY and has served as a reviewer for the Journal of Andrology, Urology, British Journal of Urology and Fertility and Sterility.

Abbreviations

AA ABP ADMA AGD ALA APEs ART BBB BBP BMI BPA BTB BzBP CIS CoQ10 DBP DCHP DDE DDT DEHP DEP DES DHA DHT DIGE DiNP DMP DOP DRE EDCs EMWs EPC FSH GHz

Arachidonic acid Androgen-binding protein Asymmetric dimethylarginine Anogenital distance Alpha-lipoic acid Alkylphenolethoxylates Assistive reproductive technology Blood–brain barrier Butyl benzyl phthalate Body mass index Bisphenol-A Blood-testis barrier Benzylbutyl phthalate Carcinoma in situ Co-enzyme Q10 Dibutyl phthalate Dicyclohexylphthalate Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate Diethyl phthalate Diethylstilbestrol Docosahexaenoic acid Dihydrotestosterone Difference gel electrophoresis Di-isononyl phthalate Dimethyl phthalate Di-n-octyl phthalate Digital rectal examination Endocrine disrupting chemicals Electromagnetic waves Eppin protein complex Follicle-stimulating hormone Gigahertz

xix

Abbreviations

xx

GnRH Gy HPG axis hsp ICSI IL-6 IR IVF kV/m LAC LC LH MBP MBzP MEHP MEP MHz MIS MMP MRH mSv NAC NMDRCs NO NOS NP NPEs NTP OAT 8-OH-2G OP OPEs OS PBDEs PCBs PDE PKC POPs PPAR PSA PUFA RCT RF ROS SA SAR SHBG

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gray The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis Heat shock protein Intracytoplasmic sperm injection Interleukin-6 Ionizing radiation In vitro fertilization Kilovolts/meter l-Acetyl carnitine l-Carnitine Luteinizing hormone Mono-n-butyl phthalate Mono-benzyl phthalate Mono-ethylhexyl phthalate Mono-ethyl phthalate Megahertz Müllerian-inhibiting substance Mitochondrial membrane potential Male reproductive health Millisievert N-Acetyl cysteine Nonmonotonic dose response curves Nitric oxide Nitric oxide synthase Nonylphenol Nonylphenolethoxylates National toxicology program Oligoasthenoteratospermia 8-Hydroxy-2deoxyguanasine Octylphenol Octylphenolethoxylates Oxidative stress Polybrominateddiphenyl ethers Polychlorinated biphenyls Phosphodiesterase Protein kinase C Persistent organic pollutants Peroxisome proliferators Prostate-specific antigen Polyunsaturated fatty acid Randomized controlled trials Radiofrequency Reactive oxygen species Semen analysis Specific absorption rate Sex-hormone-binding globulin

Abbreviations

xxi

(SOCS-3) pathway SRY StAR STP TAC TDS TGCTs TGF-β TNF-α UDT UMI W/kg WBC WHO WHR WMD

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 pathway Sex-determining region Y Steroid acute regulatory protein Sewage treatment plant Total antioxidant capacity Testicular dysgenesis syndrome Testicular germ cell tumors Transforming growth factor-β Tumor necrosis factor-alpha Undescended testes Unexplained male infertility Watts/kg White blood cells World Health Organization Waist-to-hip ratio Weighted mean difference