Temperature [K]. Density [kg/m3]. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. H e ig h t [k m. ] 10-4. 10-3. 10-2. 10-1. 100. 101. (a). (b). Pressure [Pa]. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. H e ig.
Mass fraction of magma (0.002) Time = 970 sec 0.8 0.6 0.4
mfmgm ( −)
1.0
0.2 0.0
-120
-80
-40
0 X [km]
40
80
120 80
40
-120 0 -40 -80 Y [km]
Supplementary Figure 1 Visualization of the development of local super-plumes above the main umbrella region for extremely large MFR (1011 kg/s). The colour scale indicates the mass fraction of the erupted mixture mfmgm.
Supplementary Figure 2 Variation with height of the average variables of the 3D simulation results for the different MFR, calculated as in Cerminara et al (2016): a) mass fraction, b) vertical velocity, c) temperature, d) density difference with respect to the atmosphere.
60
50
50
50
40
40
40
30 20 10
Height [km]
60
Height [km]
Height [km]
60
30 20 10
(a) 0 200
300
20 10
(b) 250 Temperature [K]
30
0 10-4
10
-3
-2
-1
0
10 10 10 Density [kg/m3]
1
10
(c) 0 1 10
102 103 104 Pressure [Pa]
105
Supplementary Figure 3 Atmospheric profiles used for the simulations representing typical tropical conditions23.
Supplementary Figure 4 Sensitivity analysis on the effects of the computational grid for the two representative cases reported in Figure 1a (4a) and Figure 1d (4b).
