Measurement of Urban Growth and Spatial Dynamics ...

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City falls within Bidhannagar Municipality area. Motivation for construction of Salt Lake City comes from the circumstances characterizing life in Kolkata known by ...
Research Article ISSN 2277–9051 International Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2014, 10-17 © Copyright 2014, All rights reserved Research Publishing Group www.rpublishing.org

Measurement of Urban Growth and Spatial Dynamics in a Rapid Growing Saltlake City of Kolkata Using GIS Surajit Pandaa*, Krishnendu Banerjee a, Ratnesh Sharma a, Dr. Manish Kumar Jain b, Dr. A.T Jeyaseelan c a Jharkhand Space Applications Center, Dept. of Information Technology, Govt. of Jharkhand, Ranchi-834004, Jharkhand, India. b Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India. c Regional Remote Sensing Centre West, NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur - 342003 Rajasthan, India. *Corresponding Author E mail: [email protected] Received December 1, 2013; accepted April 19, 2014

ABSTRACT Rapid Urban growth refers to the extent of urbanization, which is a global phenomenon mainly driven by population growth and large scale migration. In developing countries like India, where the population is over one billion, one-sixth of the world’s population, urban sprawl is taking its effect on the natural & commercial resources at an alarming place. The city of Saltlake, Kolkata is one the fastest growing major metropolitan area in India. The latest census indicates that the city has more than two lakhs inhabitants (2011). The Remote sensing & GIS technologies, Growth rates (GR) and Compactness Index (CI) etc. have been applied to scrutinize the spatio-temporal land use land cover changes and the process of urban sprawl in the Saltlake city. Urban growth has been quantified by considering the built-up area as the key feature of growth, which can be obtained either from physical field survey or through remote sensing satellite imagery. Multi-temporal data of 1964, 1973, 2002, 2007 and 2012 with collateral data have been used in this study to find out the changes in Saltlake city. The satellite data has provided the scope to reconstruct historical-scale dynamics of Saltlake city in the particular region. The expansion has estimated in the periods of 1964 to 2012. But it is observed that the Compactness of the Saltlake city is more compact in 2012 (CI: 0.25) than 2002 (CI: 0. 46). On the other hand growth rate of 2002 was 40.87 and 2012 was 0.418. Entropy result of 2012 is 0.172342 that is the highly concentrate and compact respect than previous years. Key words: Urban Spatial Development, Urban Sprawl, Compactness Index, Remote sensing & GIS

1.

Introduction

The level of urbanization is rapidly increasing and metropolitan areas are growing fast, creating extensive land use changes and urban spatial expansion Worldwide. Urban sprawl is a consequence of socioeconomic development under certain circumstances [4]. Urbanization is the process of transformation of rural areas into urban areas due to in migration, industrialization and economic development. The processes of urbanization and economic development are interrelated to each other [2]. The built-up is generally considered as the parameter for quantifying urban sprawl [11] [12]. In India Kolkata Metropolitan Area is the one of the growing and dynamic example of urban spatial expansion. At present, population of Kolkata Metropolitan Area is growing at a very fast rate, creating sprawl effect of human habitation in the adjacent rural land. As more and more people are choosing to live in areas adjacent to the main city core, land value is increasing and rising beyond affordable limits of local people. This situation is explained through a study on floor area affordability of people in Madhyamgram, Barasat, Bidhannagar area and in different regions of the Kolkata Municipality Area (KMA) and Bidhannagar Municipality (BM). Salt Lake City falls within Bidhannagar Municipality area. Motivation for construction of Salt Lake City comes from the circumstances characterizing life in Kolkata known by its social, political and cultural activities. Among many problems, the City was faced with poverty and overcrowding. West Bengal Government realized that serious steps have to be taken to resolve the situation. One of the biggest actions of the Government was creation of so called "NEDECO" Plan for reclamation certain area of the Salted Lakes, followed by the tender for urban planning [1].

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Digital change detection techniques based on multi-temporal and multi- spectral remotely sensed data have demonstrated a great potential as a means to understanding landscape dynamics to detect, identify, map, and monitor differences in land use/land cover patterns over time.

2.

Objectives

The main objectives of the present study are mentioned as follows:

3.

1.

To detect the spatial patterns of land use (Urban) changes over the periods.

2.

To examine the growthness and trends on urban sprawl.

Background of the study

The earliest known reference of Bidhannagar in history is that on 17 June 1756, Siraj ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, camped at this place to chalk out the strategy for attacking the British East India Company at Fort William. The said attack led to the infamous massacre in Black Hole Prison that occurred on 20 June. After the death of Siraj ud-Daulah in 1757 in the Battle of Plassey, the right and title of these swampy salt water lakes remained with Mir Jafar and his descendants, who were supported by the Company and had won in that battle. Gradually, the right of the lakes went to the hands of local landlords and there happened a spurt in the pisciculture in the area. In 1865, the British officially started reclaiming these salt water bodies by connecting it with canal. Now in 2012, Saltlake City is a very highly developed part of Kolkata and even whole West Bengal. Finally, on 16 May 1955, Calcutta Gazettee Government notification was published, which stated that the Governor of West Bengal has been pleased to acquire 8,760.50 acres (35.4525 km2) of Bheries (pisciculture area) under the Sec1 of Land Acquisition Act, 1884. To reduce the pressure on housing and infrastructure in the 1960´s the new town Salt Lake was developed. Salt lake City Master Plan approved on 9th April 1964. Salt Lake has developed into a satellite city to the mother city Kolkata rather than a self-sustained community; this makes a daily connection with Kolkata inevitable.

4.

About study area

The study area (Figure 1), the Saltlake city lies between 22°36’11”N and 22°33’29”N latitudes and between 88°23’43”E and 88°26’34”E longitudes. And covering about area of 13158467 sq m. and cover is located on average altitude of 11m from mean sea level (MSL) and almost on plane land. The area is bounded by Dumdum in North, Old Kolkata in west. As well as the New Town is the eastern boundary of the Saltlake city. The city is located 7.5 km far from core area of Kolkata city in eastern side. The aim of this development was to set up a township. Salt Lake is roughly formed as a polygon, in a total area of little more than 13158467.2 m2, and divided into five well organized sectors. The Sectors are further sub-divided in Blocks. Being a planned township, Saltlake city, has been divided into25 wards and ninety four blocks, mainly consisting for large apartment complexes.

The land surface of Saltlake city, Kolkata is generally situated on plane land that is known as Indo-Gangetic plain. The climate of the area is humid and tropical. It is characterized by a hot and dry summer from March to May, a monsoon or rainy season from June to September and a moderately cool pleasant winter from October to February.

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Figure: 1 Location Map of Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal of India. 5.

Database used

Digital data of IRS data and Survey of India toposheets (Index No. 79B/6) on 1:50,000 scales were used for the purpose. Maps and other collateral data were procured from Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), Town Planning Office (who was involved in the preparation of city development plan). The details of satellite data along with their date of acquisition are given below. 5.1. Satellite Data 

CORONA Mission Image of 1964



IRS P-6 LISS IV having 5.8 meter resolution data for study area delineation and landuse and landcover mapping of 2007.



CARTOSAT-1 having 2.5 meter resolution for landuse and landcover mapping.



LISS III data having 23.5 meter resolution.

5.2. Collateral Data 

SOI (Survey of India) topographical sheet no.79B/6 of 1973 of Salt Lake City on 1:50,000.



The guide map (Reference map) collected from municipal co-operation office of Salt Lake City, Bidhan Nagar.



The Blocks collected from municipal co-operation office of Salt Lake City, Bidhan Nagar.

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6.

Methodology

Remote sensing is cost effective technology and is increasingly being used for the impact analysis of urban sprawl [3]. ArcGIS 9.3 desktop GIS software packages and ERDAS Imagine 9.2 remote sensing software were used to carry out this study. The digital Remote sensing data was processed geo-referenced and enhanced by using necessary enhancement techniques in Erdas 9.2 software. Initially the toposheets were scanned and geo-referenced into UTM map projection (zone 45) with WGS84 datum & spheroid, and then converted into vector digital format using the selected GIS packages. In addition, the different land-forms in the study area are delineated and classified from the IRS image acquired on different time and years for the study area. The Landsat images dated 1964, 1973, 2002, 2007 and 2012 are used to study the urban growth with time. Different thematic maps are prepared with the help of field investigation and that visual interpretation of FCC image was done to identify the major land use classes as built-up and Non- built-up of the study area.

Modern urbanisation results of different year in profound changes to the landscape, specifically the proliferation of asphalt and concrete along with the displacement of land use land cover. Hence, considering the built-up area as a potential and fairly accurate parameter of urban sprawl gives better knowledge for understanding the behaviour of such sprawls. Therefore the classified image and the toposheets were brought into ArcGIS Figure: 2 Workflow Diagram of Methodology desktop environment and the built-up area was digitised from the image and the toposheets and the area under built-up was calculated for further analysis.

7.

Result and discussion

This study shows that the year 1964, the settlement / built-up is cover 1%, canal is having 2 %, 4 % water body, 67% of vacant land, and 23% of sand filled land etc. But from the year 2002, it is shown that the built-up area was very dynamic [7]. That time the built-up is 53%, land under dynamic is 6%, and with the growth of built-up area vacant land is reduced to 25%, 3% of wet land and 4% others. In 2007, the built-up area was 76%, land under dynamic is 1%, and with the growth of built-up area vacant land is reduced to 7%, 3% of wet land and others 4% etc. In the LULC of the year 2012, the built-up is 53%, land under construction is 1%, and with the growth of built-up area vacant land is reduced to 6%, 4% of others, water body are 1%and 3% of wet land etc.

Figure: 3 Comparative Bar-graph of Total area & Built-up area

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Figure: 4 changes urban area of the different years

As the key feature of the study is built-up area growth of Saltlake city of kolkata which were effectively identified within four dimensions and characterized with the spatial indicators (Urban areas, Growth Rates, Compactness). These measures were explored through urban areas that have important influences in the structure of urban growth of Saltlake city. The built-up areas are organized in a planned urban structure, with urban road network, as framework of urban landscape. The roads network are the another main factors that explain dispersion of urban growth.

Table no. 1: Settlement/Built-Up area of different year

1964

Settlement/Built-Up area (sq m) 80212

1973

542818

2002

6977926

2007

9592619

2012

9793462

Total area (m2) 13158467

Year

The above table (Table no.1) shows the growth rate of total area and built-up between five years (1964-2012). The total area of study area is 13158467 sq m which is constant according to previous planning. Here, in 1964 the built-up area is 80212 sq m, in 1973 the built-up land is 542818 sq m, in 2002 its increase to 9677926 sq m, in 2007 the built-up rate is 9592619 and in the year 2012 its increase to 9793462. It means at the beginning the population rate is very low and it suddenly increases after 2002.

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The measures also suggest some ideas about urban sustainability of the compact structures found in the urban growth in the Saltlake city. The measures that help understanding the degree of urban growth with GIS techniques and analysis, that have effectiveness in the dynamic of Saltlake city area in Kolkata. 7.1. Calculating Percent (Straight-Line) Growth Rates By using the Land ratio technique we can get the idea to extract the percentage of urbanization area from the total area of interest. The percent change (Growth rate) [6] from one period to another is calculated from the formula [10]:

..……… [1]

………. [2]

Where, PR is Percent Rate, VPresent is Present or Future Value, VPast is Past or Present Value. The annual percentage growth rate is simply the percent growth divided by N, the number of years. In 1964, the urban area Saltlake city was 80212 m2. This grew to 542818 m2 in 1973, 6977926 m2 in 2002, 9592619 m2 in 2007 and 9793462 m2 in 2012 (Table no. 2 & figure no. 5). The annual percentage growth rate for Saltlake city is 64.08%, 40.87%, 7.49% and 0.41% gradually of these years respect to previous selected year. So these growth rates are decrease because the area has fixed due to pre planed and per located of West Bengal Govt. (“The West Bengal Govt. realized that serious steps have to be taken to resolve the situation. One of the biggest actions of the Govt. was creation of so called ‘NEDECO’ plan for leveling creating area of the Saltlake followed by the tender for urban planning of this space” [8]). So the Urbanized area was pre-planned and fixed.

Table no. 2: Growth rate of different year Year

S/B (sq m)

GR (%)

1964

80212

0

1973

542818

64.081

2002

6977926

40.8793

2007

9592619

7.49418

2012

9793462

0.41874 Figure: 5 Graphical representation Growth rate

7.2. Calculating of Compactness Index The compactness of growing city is expected to decline over time due to low dencity development [9]. Compactness are normalized and range from 0 to 1 with lower value indicating more compactness. .……... [3]

Where, CI is Compactness Index, Tarea is Total area, Turb is Total urban area. The urban Compactness of the Saltlake city is 0.99, 0.95, 0.46, 0.27 and 0.25 gradually of 1964, 1973, 2002, 2007 and 2012 years, show in table no. 3 & figure no. 6. These growth rates are decrease because the area has fixed due to pre planed and per located that indicates the urbaneness is increased over a period. So there have no sufficient area for next construction grow.

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Table no. 3: Compactness Index of different year Sl No.

Year

CI

1

1964

0.9939

2 3

1973 2002

0.95875 0.4697

4 5

2007 2012

0.27099 0.25573 Figure: 6 Graphical representations Compactness

Due to per located and fixed area for urban planed, the compactness technique is the appropriate spatial index to indicate the urban growth using the geospatial data. The area remaining same, the number of houses in the planned area has increased from 44,656 in 2001 to 47,884 in 2006. As the urbanized area has fixed according to West Bengal govt. pre-planned, the growth rate is decrease and Compactness of urban area is increase due to fixed and specified area which is shows in the figure no. 5 and 6.

7.3. Entropy Calculation Shannon's entropy [5 and 8] has used to calculate the amount of sprawl in 1964 to 2012 time periods.This method is used to measure the degree of spatial concentration and dispersion. But 1964 and 1973 periods is not used due to lack of changes. The entropy value is varies from 0 to 1, where 0 indicate the more concentration and 1 indicate spatial dispersion.

.……... [4] .……... [5] Entropy (E) is calculated by using the eq no. 4 and 5. Where, Pi is the probability or proportion of the variable (Xi). Here the entropy result of 2002, 2007 and 2012 years are 0.519478, 0.188295 and 0.172342 that indicate the concentration is increase towards 2012 which is near to the highest concentrate threshold. As well as this shows (Table no. 4) the fully concentrate or compact respect its pre define areas. Table no. 4: Calculated values of entropy

8.

Year

Settlement/Built-Up area (sq m)

2002

6977926

0.519478

2007

9592619

0.188295

2012

9793462

0.172342

Entropy (E)

Conclusions

Integration of remote sensing, GIS and Spatial analysis techniques facilitates delineation, tracking down and monitoring of urban development. Remote sensing provides pattern recognition techniques to classify land cover based on their spectral characteristics on satellite images. GIS enables the proper handling of databases necessary for the integration of data from different sources. Spatial analysis techniques for measuring the urban expansion on providing the necessary data for derive the Compactness Index, Fractal Analysis equation etc. It is mention that the Saltlake city has been occured a continuous sprawl of urban area adjacent to the Kolkata over the last 38 years during 1964 to 2012. Mainly the Compactness of the Saltlake city is gradually increased

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from 2002, to 2012 years. The compactness of 2002 was 0.46 and 2012 was 0.25. On the other hand growth rate of 2002 was 40.87 and 2012 was 0.418. By entropy analysis the result of 2012 was 0.172342 that indicate the highly concentrate and compact. So the Saltlake city has created grow faster than Kolkata due to the govt. development plans and policies. The development should take place without compromising to the deterioration of productive agricultural land resources and to the destruction of fragile natural environment and valuable resources. So, the urban development and expansion are to be planned in the wet and vacant land in order to have sustainable urban and environment development.

9.

Limitation 

The Sltlake city is an ideal city just recently completed and there have on chance to more grown as the urbanized area has pre-planned and fixed by West Bengal govt.



The surrounding plot site area of the Saltlake city is presently starting for another urban growing but these areas is known as Rajarhat, New town but not include at Saltlake city.



The purchase of a plot is made by a number of monthly payments made from the buyer of a plot to the seller until the whole value is transferred. For the seller security it is important to know that the payment will be made, and to ensure this the buyers’ income/month must be known. This system is called Equated Monthly Installment, E.M.I.

10. Acknowledgment The authors are grateful to Dr. Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Lecturer, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal, India, for giving valuable suggestions during this study. Our thanks are also due to colleagues of Jharkhand Space Applications Center, Ranchi, Jharkhand who helped at various stages of this study.

REFERENCES [1] A review on saltlake city, kolkata, india: master planning and realization. Bidhannagar Municipality development (KMD) and Bidhannagar Municipality (BM). [2] Haynes, K.E. and V. Storeberk (1978). The Entropy Paradox and the Distribution of Urban Population. Socio-Economic Planning Structure, 13: 1-16. [3] Haack, B.N. and A. Rafter (2006). Urban growth analysis and modelling in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Habitat International, 30(4): 1056 – 1065. [4] JI, W., JIA, M., WAHAD, R. & UNDERHILL, K. (2006) Characterizing urban sprawl using multi stage remote sensing images and landscape metrics. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 30, 861 – 879. [5] Jyotishman Deka, Om Prakash Tripathi, Mohamed Latif Khan, 2012. Urban growth trend analysis using Shannon Entropy approach – A case study in North-East India, International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, Volume 2, No 4, 2012, ISSN 0976 – 4380, 1062-1068p. [6] Mukherjee Mala, 2013. Urban growth and spatial transformation of kolkata metropolis: a continuation of colonial legacy. IJRMEC Volume3, Issue 3(March 2013) ISSN: 2250-057X. [7] Mohan Madan, 2010. Geospatial information integration, modeling and digital mapping of urban sprawl: a study of noida city, India. Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi. [8] Mahdi Sabet Sarvestania, Ab. Latif Ibrahim, Pavlos Kanaroglou, 2011. Three decades of urban growth in the city of Shiraz, Iran: A remote sensing and geographic information systems application. ELSEVIER: 320-329p, Accepted 13 March 2011, www.elsevier.com/locate/cities. [9] Parent J., Civco D., Angel S. Urban growth analysis: Calculating metrics to quqntify urban sprawl. [10] Parker B., September 30, 2002. http://pages.uoregon.edu/rgp/PPPM613/class8a.htm Saltlake city, Kolkata: Masterplan and its actual. [11] Torrens, P.M., Alberti, M., 2000. Measuring sprawl. Working paper no. 27, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College, London.(http://www.casa.ac.uk/working papers/) [12] Torrens, P.M., O’ Sullivan, D., 2001. Cellular automata and urban simulation: where do we go from here? Environ. Plann. B 28, 163–168.

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