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Recent Trends in Good Agricultural
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Recent Trends in Good Agricultural tŝƚŚƐƉĞĐŝĂůĨŽĐƵƐŽŶŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ
Kartar Singh Dhiman Anupam K. Mangal Narayanam Srikanth Assisted by
Chinmay Rath Devesh Tewari
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Kala: The Relevance of Time Factor in Augmenting Crude Drug Quality Rabinarayan Acharya and Anagha Ranade
T
he chronicles of usage of crude drugs found in nature by mankind prove !"!#$ % % %&& materials for the pharmaceutical industry, and represent a substantial proportion of the global drug market(Anonymous,1998).Consistent increase in the demand &% supplementation of crude drugs of best quality and purity.Among the Indian system of medicines, Ayurveda takes a leading role and advocates to use drugs of herbal, $ '!*+ - Ayurveda recommends many factors to consider before their selection like Desha (habitat), Kala (time), Guna (properties) and Bhajanasampat (apt storage area). Among these, Kala # / $ 0 %/ / !""#
Ayurvedaadvises to collect medicinal plants when they are yukta rasa, varna, virya (higher concentration of active principles that enhance potency) and Sthitam kala % # 2 3 !!4# Kala is often referred to be nityaga (diurnal, rutuwise i.e. seasonal) and Avasthika (phenological growth) i.e. the immature stage to maturing stage of medicinal plants. Thus, Kala sampat is that favourable condition when plantis totally healthy and fully potentto
5 that affect the phenological growth and thus the secondary metabolites ultimately. Further, this can also be elaborated in two perspectives namely quality with peak concentration of constituents (Pratyagrani Sampurna guna nishpanna) and 6 Balavattarani) in terms of karma $ 0 %/ / !"" $ 0 %/ / !"!# 7 % : $ 0 %/ / !"" $ 0 %/ / !"!; !"!# % %
Dravya samgraha kala 6 used and rutu (season)(Table1). 323
Acharya and Ranade
Table-1: Ayurveda recommended Dravya samgraha kala S. No.
Part used
Charaka Samhita
Sushruta Samhita
Raja Nighantu
1.
Moola < #
Grishma (summer) or Shishira (winter)
Pravrita (period in between summer and rainy season)
Shishira
Pallava (Tender leaves) Shakha (Twigs /branches)
Varsha(rainy season) &Vasanta (spring)
Pushpa (Flowers)
5. 6. 7.
> @
8.
&
Grishma (summer)
<
$ &J Varsha Shravana & Badrapada @ Autumn L&X % Sharada Ashwina& kartika 5. 2& Y&0
Hemanta Margashirsha & pausha 6. Winter + & Shishira Maagha&Phalguna Source:$ * %[# 5 % !@Z!! !!"^* %[# 5 % ! Z!!
1)
Leaf
Changes in the total and individual glucosinolate concentrations of Portuguese leaf type cabbageGobi varieties (Brassica oleracea var acephala cv Galega) and Brassica oleracea var capitatacv Predena.) were monitored throughout the day. A 6 _!!
"!!! < et al.,"''@#} : % assessed in the leaves of tamraparni (Nicotiana tabacum L.) that showed variation in concentrations in day and night (Marie Nova et al., !!4#Y 5 seen in the essential oil of leaves of Ram Tulasi (Ocimumgratissimum;Lamiaceae), % % ']* "
""* 4 7 et al., 1999). #
$ J % 5 #
Evaluation of essential oil content of Coriandrumsativum green shoots, fruits and leaves, on four hourly basis, showed that the content of essential oil varied
" !! < U et al., !!'# >#
Flower stigma
% 5 % 5 "] !*# ^__*# % _!! 5 # " !! 5 emergence) of harvest respectively. Safranal content however was found to be % ">_*# 6 % et al., !" # 337
Acharya and Ranade
@#
Latex
Y
5 : Papaver somniferum L.)( known as Ahiphena in Ayurveda) Y
5 /
% 5 U but the result of water transport between the laticifers and the surrounding vascular tissue (Itenovet al.,1999). 5)
Flower
!!@>* %[# 5 of Taruni(Rosa damascene K# % !@Z!! !!"^* %[# 5 % ! Z!! % { _>*# : 5 % "!Z!!
6 !_Z!! pm(Kumaret al., !"># Y % % 6%; % : i.e three. Apart from this, some other medicinal plants like Pycnocycla spinosaY : Boiss. (Asghari et al. !"@# Juniperus scopulorum have been reported to possess diurnal variation(Adams,1979). In addition, Kiota et al. !!_# : levels in the algae (Euglena gracilis V
#
Spinacia oleracea& Amaranthaceae) also followed circadian rhythms, peaking at midday when solar : ; Virola suraminensis leaves (Lopes, 1997) also show diurnal variations.
Harvesting Time The time of harvestalong with the plant part to be used depends on the the level of biologically active constituents at different stages of the plantgrowth and development. For example, Kursar et al. (1999) found that youngerleaves of tropical rainforest plants contained secondary metabolites that wereeither present in very little quantities or totally absent in matured leaves.Harvesting time of the parts used of certain Ayurvedic medicinal plants havebeen well documentedconsidering the changes occurring in their morphological characters(Purohitet al., !!@#
U XK2| presentation (Kumar et al., !"@# 1)
Aconitum heterophyllumWall. (Atasi)
R 5 & 338
Fostering concept of Kala....
up and starts falling on ground. Tap roots must be taken in month of October. The root collection period matches the time suggested by Sharangdhara. #
Andrographis panniculata Nees.(Kalamegha)
| % - " ! 5 >#
Cassia aungustifolia Vahl. (Markandika)
Harvesting can be started after 80 days of sowing & can be continued up to 5 years. Leaves are often collected along with stem. @#
Chlorophytum borivillianum (Safed Musali)
Tubers are ready for harvesting after 6 months of plantation.Usually done in months Y & 0 collection according to Ayurveda. 5)
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn.(Tvak)
There are two seasons one in May and other in November to cut shoots for the extraction of bark. As soon as rainfall ceases, cutting of shoots for peeling the bark is commenced. The new growth should stop and tree must possess mature leaves. Month of April is considered best. 6)
Costus speciosus :_%4"4'#7
Z} J J $ 0 %/ / !""# Charak Samhita with commentary of Chakrapani.(1st J
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% Juniperus scopulorum } #& % Amer.J.Bot __ ]# ']_&']' Ajay 0 { / Pradeep Kumar , K. Kalaimagal, and Vedha Hari B. N. !" 0 &0 # Chronopharmacognosy.Pharmacogn Rev _ ""# _V"4 AK Pandey and Y} !!'#7
L: } Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) Bark. Phcog Mag 4 "4'&_@ Anonymous (1998).Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials.World Health Organisation.Available at http://apps [[ ["!__4[@"']_["[' @"4@4"!!# $ !!>#{
~3L2 340
Fostering concept of Kala.... 11. | {Y Y% 2Y X J < / } J !!'# Effect of growth and season on plumbagin concentration in roots of Plumbago zeylanica (Chitraka). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant sciences,>" # ">"&">4 Bairy Shridhar. (1997). Phytochemical and pharmacotheapeutic evaluation of Parijata (Nyctanthes arbor tristis L.) w.s.r its effects on Gridhrasi KY Y Y %
R2{@ | 7 | |2 K $ !"@#K
2 J R &$ R $ 2 K J X
Y | and Mangal Anupama.Conservation, Cultivation and Exploration of therapeutic potential of Medicinal plants. (1st" >&" _#XYZ}}4V>] Hayashi H, Hiraoka N, Ikeshiro Y, Yamamoto H and Yoshikawa T.(1998).Seasonal variation of U - Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletinJ " '# ']^&' R $ K J /$-$ K $ K U 3 K $ !"" Y#J
7 J K
| Ingredients InMentha Longifolia (L.) Huds.Pak. J. Bot. (Medicinal Plants: Conservation & J
#J R @ ># _'&^^ R % K
2 X "''' Y# Y
5 concentration in latex of poppy Papaver somniferum V 5 latex water content, Phytochemistry 4 ^# " '&" >@ 0 {} and Baliga MS !!4 0 #
% activity of Alstonia scholaris K # Effect of diurnal variability and storage conditions on essential oil content and quality of damask rose (Rosa damascena K# 5 3 Scientia Horticulturae, "4@ # "! &"!] $ } M } 2Y } Y{ { K| 3 M$ L &| ~ YK"''' 2
2 | >^# J""@&J" _ M X2 K0 $ $ 3 K 0{J K "''^#} seasonal variation in the essential oil from Virola surinamensis leaves. Phytochemistry, @_ @# _]'V_'> K Y Y K J # J
7 K / 2 "&
U $ of Adhatoda vasica by HPLC. The Natural Products Journal > "# >!&>@ 2 3 { Y !"" 0 &K #J
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Nutritional And Antinutritional Status Of Stem Bark Of Anogeissus Latifolia. International 342
Fostering concept of Kala.... Journal of Applied Biology and pharmaceutical technology "# >^!&>^] 2 JJ 7 J2 !!@# K
% &$ 6 "stedi., ]'&_">#J RR2 % 0 Z Agrobios India. 0J !"!#2 "_ } ""#YZ}|J < U J ^4 J < et al. !"># J
% 6 Guduchi (Tinosporacordifolia Willd.Miers.)JAIM @ @# "'>&"'^ Sharma SN , Sahu S, 0 and Sharma Y !" # % L J
7 R '&@_ J 2 !!4# Sharangdharsamhita.Pratham khanda. (6thedi., Verse 51. p15) Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia. J J % !"!# Ashtanga hridaya with Ayurveda rasayana commentary. (1stedi.,Sutrasthana.} >7 >^#7
Z} J 2 J+ !""#<
% Calotropis procera (Ait.) &>@ 343
Acharya and Ranade 7 $
!!"#$ % & Arka kshara and Kantakari Kshara with special reference to its management in Tamak ShwasaY Dravyaguna 2Y R2{> # "'>&"'' K { % K < K K $ | / !" # Y
% Crocus sativus L.) at different harvest times. Annalsof Biological Research > ># "4_ &"4_]
344
