gives us some insights into the works of João de Castro as seen in his ..... de Madre de Deus's handbook which helped towards trade information-gathering.
METAHISTORY History questioning History METAHISTÓRIA História questionando História
Festschrift in honour of Professor Teotónio R. de Souza Homenagem ao Professor Doutor Teotónio R. de Souza
Editors / Organização
Charles J. Borges, S. J. & Michael N. Pearson
Nova Vega Lisboa, 2007
II: Essays/Artigos: A. Goa 1. Adelino Rodrigues da Costa: Early Nautical Cartography of Goa. 2. Agnelo Fernandes: Goans in Portuguese Armadas during Medieval Times. 3. Carmo D’Souza: Legal Foundations to the Concept of Overseas Provinces versus Colonies. 4. Cristiana Bastos: Subaltern Elites and Beyond: Why Goa matters for Theory and Comparative Studies of Colonialism and Subalternity. 5. Délio de Mendonça: The City Carousel: Relocation of the capital of the Estado da India. 6. Diogo Ramada Curto: O Estado do presente Estado da Índia (1725) de Fr. Inácio de Santa Teresa. 7. Fatima da Silva Gracias: Alternate Medicine in Goa. 8. Maria Aurora Couto: Literature and History. 9. Maria Pia de Menezes Rodrigues: Taverna and its Socio-Economic Impact in Colonial Goa. 10. Mariano Dias: The Goa Conspiracy of 1787 – the untold side of the Myth. 11. Pratap Naik: Hurdles to Konkani in Goa. 12. Raghuraman Trichur: Tourism and Nation-Building: (Re)Locating Goa in Postcolonial India. 13. Remy Dias: Consumption History of the Estado da India, Migration and its Impact, 1850-1950. 14. Robert Newman: Myths of Goa: Old and New. 15. S.K. Mhamai: Anglo-Portuguese Collaboration 1927-47.
B. India/Portugal/Asia 16. Anthony Disney: Ex-Viceroy Linhares and the Galleys of Sicily, 1641-44. 17. Charles Borges: Forming East Timor Culturally and Spiritually: The Role of the Religious Orders on the Island. 18. Dejanirah Couto: Alguns dados para um estudo ulterior sobre a «sociedade espontânea» no Estado da Índia na primeira metade do séc. XVI. 19. Eduardo Hoornaert: Beatos Missionários: Um Paradigma na História do Cristianismo. 8
20. Fernanda de Camargo-Moro: Um economista setecentista dos dois mundos: D.Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal, Conde de Assumar, Marquês de Castelo Novo e Marquês de Alorna. 21. Fernando dos Santos Neves: “Da “Hora da Lusofonia” à “Crítica da Razão Lusófona” ou vice-versa. 22. George Davison Winius: The Military and Diplomatic Processes of an ad hoc Empire. 23. Glenn Ames: The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century reconsidered. 24. Jin Guo Ping: A propósito das identidades “budistas” de Michele Ruggeri e Matteo Ricci. 25. João Marinho dos Santos: As comunicações por terra entre a Índia e Portugal (século XVI). 26. John Villiers: Portuguese Melaka and the Apostolate of Southeast Asia. 27. Jorge Gonçalves Guimarães: Entre a hagiografia e a crónica: A história da vida do P. Francisco Xavier de João de Lucena. 28. José Manuel Garcia: Em torno de alguns livros sobre o Estado da India. 29. José Oscar Beozzo: Dom Helder Camara e o Concílio Vaticano II. 30. Julia Lederle: Jesuit Economic Networking and Intermediacy in eighteenth century Southern India. 31. K.S. Mathew: The Jesuits and the Services on board the Ships of the India run (Carreira da India) during the Sixteenth Century. 32. Luis Aires-Barros & Helena Grego: A India Portuguesa de António Lopes Mendes, um caso paradigmático da literatura de viagens do século XIX. 33. Malyn Newitt: Mauriz Thoman’s Account of the Imprisonment of the Jesuits of the Province of Goa. 34. Maria Fernanda Matias: Alguns bens artísticos embarcados na Flor de la Mar. 35. Michael Pearson: East Africa and the Indian Ocean World. 36. Pius Malekandathil: The Ottoman Expansion and the Portuguese Response in the Indian Ocean, 1500-1560 37. Rila Mukherjee: Faith and Empire: Vailankanni in Portuguese Asia. 38. Rui Manuel Loureiro: Como seria a biblioteca de Matteo Ricci? 39. Rui Teixeira Santos: Breve História da Corrupção Portuguesa. 40. Shakti Sinha: Kabul Diary. 41. Susana Costa Pinho: De Constâncio Roque da Costa a Constâncio Roque da Costa: A Representação da Índia Portuguesa na Câmara dos Senhores Deputados da Nação 42. Timothy Walker: A Commodities Price Guide and Merchants’ Handbook to the Ports of Asia. 43. Toru Maruyama: From Eurocentricity to Localism: What we can learn from Fr. João Rodrigues half a millennium later. 9
PREFACE It gave us great pleasure to edit this volume, which contains essays and personal tributes to Prof. Teotónio R. de Souza on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. We, and all the contributors, hold him in high esteem and affection. This is shown by the sheer size of this volume, the quality of the learned articles and the warmth of the personal tributes. Prof. de Souza was born and raised in Goa, entered the archdiocese of Goa as a seminarian, and then joined the Jesuit order where he remained for 27 years. He left in 1994 to pursue a different career in Portugal. His achievements especially in the intellectual field have been truly remarkable and speak of a fine historian, a great teacher and overall of a sensitive human being. As a historian, Prof. de Souza has to his credit very many contributions. Since 1972 when he began his doctoral studies in history, till today, he has written over 12 well received books (some of which he has edited or co-edited) and over 180 research articles. A great planner and organizer, he set up the Xavier Centre of Historical Research in Goa in 1979, and since then has conducted many international conferences, in particular the ISIPH series, and national seminars which focus on the history of Goa and India. He made his mark as a Ph. D. tutor at the Goa University and as a Fellow of a number of historical bodies. Since his relocation to Portugal in 1994, Prof. de Souza has been a very useful asset for the Universidade Lusofona in Lisbon where he conducts courses in a variety of disciplines, directs doctoral students, organizes history workshops and sociology weeks, and edits one of its research journals. He has been recipient of many awards and scholarships. His articles continue to focus on themes like Goan and Indian history, church history and international relations. Prof. de Souza, well versed in Goan history and culture, has taken a keen interest in studies connected with the Portuguese church, politics, society and culture. He has been interested in studying patterns of historical development and the papers in the present volume are reflective of many of the concerns he has and which he continues to present in his writings. 11
We trust that this modest tribute to Prof. de Souza on his sixtieth birthday will serve to enlighten readers about the value and orientation of his writings, give insights into present day research on Goan and Portuguese issues, and be overall a stimulus to all researchers to see events and happenings as part of a global whole with their own particular dynamics and orientations. This wider dimension is reflected in the title of this tribute volume: Metahistory. Prof. de Souza has always favoured a metahistorical approach, questioning the limitations of historical tropes and their beliefdriven conditionings in historical interpretations, be they nationalist or cultural. We are deeply grateful to all those who have submitted articles and personal tributes for this volume and believe that their contributions coming from so many different parts of the globe will serve as a fitting Festschrift to a great historian, tutor and guide. We are also very grateful to the Nova Vega publishing company for this truly remarkable presentation. As editors it was our joy to bring to completion this work of homage to our dear friend, Teotónio. February 18, 2007 Charles J. Borges, S.J. Michael N. Pearson
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INTRODUCTION Metahistory: History questioning History This Festschrift in honour of Prof. Teotonio R. de Souza, is a work that well represents trends and analysis in present day research in the fields of Goan, Indo-Portuguese and Asian studies. The essays in the volume are divided into two main sections: Goa and India/Portugal/Asia. We do hope the short summaries listed below will serve to highlight the significant work done by the writers (arranged alphabetically) in their respective fields. 1. Adelino Rodrigues da Costa in his essay “Early Nautical Cartography of Goa,” gives us some insights into the works of João de Castro as seen in his Roteiro de Goa e Diu (c. 1540) and into the nautical charts of Manuel Godinho de Erédia, the cosmographer with more than two hundred cartographic works to his credit. It would be impossible to speak of the advances in the world of nautical cartography without mentioning and giving due regard to their work. 2. Agnelo Fernandes in his article “Goans in Portuguese Armadas during Medieval Times,” points out how Goans helped the Portuguese regime in various capacities in their Estado da India. They played useful roles as soldiers and sailors, and especially as doctors on board the Portuguese armadas. He cites the petitions to the King of three such Goans asking to be rewarded for their past services. 3. Carmo D’Souza in his essay “Legal Foundations to the Concept of Overseas Provinces versus Colonies,” dwells on the legal foundations of the concepts of colony and overseas. He briefs us about the Portuguese Colonial Act of 1930 and the rightful sense of indignation it created among the residents of Portuguese possessions. The Act was meant in part to civilize the local populations of the overseas colonies. 4. Cristiana Bastos in “Subaltern Elites and beyond: Why Goa matters for Theory and Comparative Studies of Colonialism and Subalternity” analyses her use of the term subaltern with reference to Goan physicians and the role of the Medical School of Goa. She believes it was created mainly due to the interests of the local elites, and was only peripherally connected to the Portuguese government in Lisbon. 27
5. Délio de Mendonça in “The City Carousel: Relocation of the capital of the Estado da Inda”, believes that the conquest of Goa in 1510 and its loss in 1961 was the beginning and ‘beginning-of-the-end’ of the Portuguese expansion. From 1670 governors, António de Mello de Castro and Manuel Corte-Real de Sampaio had proposed a shifting of the capital-city to other sites in Goa urging that there be priority for a more strategic and defensible location. By 1777 the idea was abandoned. 6. Diogo Ramada Curto in his article “O Estado do presente Estado da Índia (1725) de Fr. Inácio de Santa Teresa” describes the contribution of the Archbishop of Goa during his stay in Goa from 1721 till 1739. He refers to a manuscript written by the ecclesiastic in which he tried to understand the decline of the state of the Portuguese empire in Goa. He upheld an Augustinian hierarchical vision of society and rooted for a defense of orthodoxy and for stressing the authority of the Holy Office and of the Father of the Christians. 7. Fatima da Silva Gracias in her essay, “Alternate Medicine in Goa,” writes about indigenous forms of medicine. Called ganvti vokot, these included herbal medicine, rituals, penance, fasting, various healing techniques such as trance, exorcism, faith healing, disht, ghaddipon, etc. She goes on to describe details of folk healers like the oids (doctors), curandeiros (quacks), herbolarios (herbalists), snake bite curers, bonesetters, folk healers, exorcists and other medicine men. 8. Maria Aurora Couto in “Literature and History,” looks at some forms of writing and the contexts in which they were written. Literature, she believes, reveals the soul of experience and folk art forms allow the historian to unlock the little traditions that are often erased in grand national narratives. She probes how one can unravel the complexities in discovering and establishing the Goan identity. 9. Maria Pia de Menezes Rodrigues in “Taverna and its socio-economic Impact in Colonial Goa,” writes on the taverna licenciada, which supplied feni and urraca to the people and which was an important source of revenue for the government. She explains the methods of toddy tapping and the fermenting of feni from the cashew plant. She gives interesting insights on the consumption of drinks at feasts and on how feni was used to treat cholera. 10. Mariano Dias in his article “The Goa Conspiracy of 1787 – the untold side of the Myth,” seeks to pin down J. H. da Cunha Rivara for his one-sided and unsubstantiated account of the happenings of 1787 in Goa. Dias strongly holds the view that caught in the crossfire between diehard colonial racist justification of 1787 and resentful local public revulsion of the sad events, Cunha Rivara sided with the colonial viewpoint in the hope of maligning the Goans, particularly the brahmins among them. 28
11. Pratap Naik in his article “Hurdles to Konknni in Goa,” describes the changing fortunes of Konknni. From the sixteenth century, the language was written in the Roman script and used for religious services and for the mass media. There was hardly any devanagari form of it. The Official Language Bill passed in 1987 by the government is biased, believes Naik, towards one section of the Goans. There is need for both the Devanagari and Roman scripts in Goa today. 12. Raghuraman Trichur in his essay “Tourism and Nation-Building: (Re)Locating Goa in Postcolonial India” writes of the political and economic state of Goa after 1961 and explores the manner in which the discourse of tourism development has contributed to locating Goa within the imagination of postcolonial India. He believes that as critical constituents of the tourism destination, Goans have the ability to perform/engage with ‘difference’ as they are part of the tourism destination. 13. Remy Dias in “Consumption History of the Estado da India, Migration and its Impact, 1850-1950,” deals with the issue of rice production and consumption in Goa over the centuries, and how after the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878 tax free imports brought about a change in the consumption habits of the people. The doors were opened to unrestricted imports from British India which in turn enhanced consumption. There was also increased circulation of currency and large-scale emigration to British India. 14. Robert Newman in “Myths of Goa: Old and New,” tells of how Goa came to assume many identities, almost all created by others. After analyzing the various myths that have shaped the image of Goa, he states that since Goans are a small group and have little power in the media, the ultimate fate of Goa may be to be a victim of too much mythology. 15. S. K. Mhamai in “Anglo-Portuguese Collaboration 1927-47,” informs us of matters such as gold smuggling, the extradition of criminals, services, and the friendly visits of naval ships while he examines the relations between the Portuguese and the English.
India/Portugal/Asia 16. Anthony Disney in “Ex-Viceroy Linhares and the Galleys of Sicily, 1641-44,” writes about Miguel de Noronha, the fourth count of Linhares, viceroy at Goa from 1629-35. On his return to Europe, the count went to the court of Madrid and was appointed captain general of the galleys of Sicily. The stakes were difficult and though he would have loved to retire on the completion of his tenure, he went on to become captain-general of the galleys of all of Spain. 29
17. Charles Borges in his paper “Forming East Timor Culturally and Spiritually: The Role of the Religious Orders on the Island” highlights the role of the various members of the Religious Orders and Congregations on the island of Timor till the turn of the last century. The work, mainly in the fields of education and social welfare, raised problems of adaptation and development of the local people. Were the Timorese as a result of the stay of the Religious Orders, asks the author, well prepared to stand confident for the years ahead? 18. Dejanirah Couto in her essay “Alguns dados para um estudo ulterior sobre a «sociedade espontânea» no Estado da India na primeira metade do séc. XVI” high-lights the need of investigating further into the values and strategies of the new emerging social groups that constituted the mainstay of the Portuguese empire in the East. Such values and practices did not often coincide with those of the official rules and Church demands. 19. Eduardo Hoornaert in his essay “Beatos missionários: Um paradigma na história do cristianismo,” emphasizes the crucial roles played by the beatos and santos or lay people as agents of a successful transition in the time of conversions to the Christian faith in early Church history. Their contribution is rarely ever mentioned in official documentation, but was nevertheless extremely significant alongside the official missionaries. 20. Fernanda de Camargo-Moro in “Um economista setecentista dos dois mundos: D. Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal, Conde de Assumar, Marquês de Castelo Novo e Marquês de Alorna”, analyses a report sent by the viceroy to the king of Portugal describing the critical situation of Goa in 1745, and suggesting measures to overcome the difficulties with the experience he had gained in Brazil. 21. Fernando dos Santos Neves in “Da “Hora da Lusofonia” à “Crítica da Razão Lusófona” ou vice-versa” takes note and recognizes the importance of criticisms occasionally voiced by Prof. Teotónio de Souza as regards certain types of “lusophonies”, and draws a parallel with the Kantian critiques of pure and practical reason, which could serve as an inspiration to authentic lovers of Lusophony. 22. George Davison Winius in his article “The Military and Diplomatic Processes of an ad hoc Empire” addresses the political, military and diplomatic happenstance of the Portuguese overseas empire (old-fashioned chronological history) to show how the Portuguese empire evolved from opportunities seized, and then either gained or lost. Not only was most Portuguese imperial planning, believes Winius, ill-conceived, but at each and every unexpected turn in events, its participants in the field were able to adapt themselves to new opportunities presented. 30
23. Glenn Ames in his article “The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century reconsidered,” dwells at some length on the “Niels Steensgaard concept of Asian trade revolution” and on how it contributed to the “Black Legend of Portuguese Asia”. The Portuguese came in contact with the peddler trade and came to draw up their own trade in terms of a redistributive enterprise. The Portuguese seaborne empire, Ames believes, represented the flowering of mercantilism on a global scale. 24. Jin Guo Ping in his essay “A propósito das identidades “budistas” de Michele Ruggeri e Matteo Ricci” presents Fr. Michele Ruggeri, the first Jesuit allowed to settle down in the Chinese imperial territory and Fr. Matteo Ricci who adopted Buddhist identity while it served his process of strategic cultural adaptation. 25. João Marinho dos Santos in “As Comunicações por terra entre a Índia e Portugal (século XVI) points out the fact that the Portuguese were well known for their discovery of the Cape Route, but perhaps less known for their knowledge of the land routes and hinterland spaces in the East. 26. John Villiers in his article “Portuguese Melaka and the Apostolate of Southeast Asia,” highlights the importance of Melaka akin to that of Spanish Manila. The Dominicans, Augustinians, Jesuits and the diocesan clergy get a fair mention regarding the work they did and the reports they wrote. The Dutch conquest of Melaka in 1641 marked the end of the prime centre of Catholicism in Southeast Asia. 27. Jorge Gonçalves Guimarães in his essay “Entre a hagiografia e a crónica: A história da vida do P. Francisco Xavier de João de Lucena”, believes that the life of St. Francis Xavier written by the Jesuit João de Lucena was a well-planned attempt at producing a life of a saint aimed at glorifying the Society of Jesus, and at the same time glorifying discreetly the Portuguese nationalist leadership of the House of Braganças at a time when the Phillips of Spain ruled over Portugal. 28. José Manuel Garcia describes in “Em torno de alguns livros sobre of Estado da India,” some pioneering texts produced by the Portuguese in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and which have been till date outstanding and indispensable sources of our knowledge about Asia of those times. 29. José Oscar Beozzo in “Dom Helder Cámara e O Concílio Vaticano II,” analyses the role played by the great Brazilian bishop in shaping the final outcome of Vatican II, bringing into it a greater conscience and concern for the poor of the Third World. He emphasized the need of symbols of concern, without limiting concern for written documents. 31
30. Julia Lederle in her essay “Jesuit Economic Networking and Intermediacy in Eighteenth Century southern India,” gives some examples of Jesuit economic acting by focusing on the case of the Jesuit Malabar Province where the men tried to employ new ways of financing their activities. The economic activities of the Jesuits in Malabar can be seen as an important part of their whole concept of evangelisation. 31. K.S. Mathew in his essay “The Jesuits and the Services on board the Ships of the India Run (Carreira da India) during the Sixteenth Century,” describes how life on board the ships was a microcosm reflecting various segments of the society on land. Jesuits often traveled on these and helped in easing tensions among the crew, passengers and officials. They preached the Gospel, conducted various services, and took care of the sick. 32. Luis Aires-Barros & Helena Grego in “A India Portuguesa de António Lopes Mendes, um caso paradigmático da literatura de viagens do século XIX” present an illustrious member of the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, António Lopes Mendes (1834-1894), who lived nine years in Goa and who produced his book A Índia Portuguesa: breve descrição das possessões portuguesas na Ásia. The book is presented as a paradigmatic representative of nineteenth century travel literature. 33. Malyn Newitt in his essay “Mauriz Thoman’s Account of the Imprisonment of the Jesuits of the Province of Goa,” believes that the account of the Superior of the mission at Marangue on the Zambesi provides hitherto little used detail on the arrest and imprisonment of the Jesuits of the Goa Province. More importantly, he gives information about the African missions which are of profound interest for the history of the Jesuit missions in Mozambique. 34. Maria Fernanda Matias in “Alguns bens artísticos embarcados na Flor de la Mar,” takes up the controversial issue about the shipwreck of a vessel in which Afonso de Albuquerque was taking away some precious booty and gifts from Malacca after its capture in 1511. Contrary to what many still hold, she believes that not all of the treasure was lost. 35. Michael Pearson in “East Africa and the Indian Ocean World,” believes that the Swahili were oriented much more strongly to the Indian Ocean than to the interior – in geographical terms to their foreland rather than their hinterland. They acted as middlemen or facilitators for the trade of others. They played a passive role both in terms of religion too. In religious matters, norms and ideas came in to the coast, but few went out. Pearson refers to recent historical surveys describing the Swahili as being involved in intercontinental commerce, but in an African context. 32
36. Pius Malekandathil in his paper “The Ottoman Expansion and the Portuguese Response in the Indian Ocean, 1500-1560” intends to present the processes and mechanisms by which the Ottomans expanded into the Indian Ocean for the purpose of controlling its trade and also the ways as well as the means by which the Portuguese managed to contain the Ottoman expansion and retain their predominant position in conducting the Indian trade. 37. Rila Mukherjee in her article “Faith and Empire: Vailankanni in Portuguese Asia,” wonders at the apparent non mention of this important Marian shrine in Portuguese records and believes that the place throws up the concept of multiple encounters most especially of the Krishna cult and the cult of Mary, Star of the Sea. It eventually came to reflect Thomist-Indic practices, Portuguese expansion and contraction and a shared Christian territory. 38. Rui Manuel Loureiro introduces us in “Como seria a biblioteca de Matteo Ricci?” to the Biblioteca Ricciana (the Library of Matteo Ricci) which represents a confluence of western and Chinese intellectual worlds. He views it as the dawn of modernity. 39. Rui Teixeira Santos in “Breve História da Corrupção Portuguesa,” describes how the Portuguese have never been able in their history to find a solution for the crises they faced from within. This resulted in the growing rich/poor divide in Portuguese society, and gave rise to corrupt oligarchies. 40. Shakti Sinha in his travel document “Kabul Diary” weaves an interesting account of his stay in Afghanistan, mainly Kabul, as a member of the United Nations staff. He writes about the beauty and climate of Kabul, of the men and women he encounters in the course of his work, their conversations and hopes, and overall appears fascinated by the battle-scarred yet beautiful land. 41. Susana Costa Pinho in her essay “De Constâncio Roque da Costa a Constâncio Roque da Costa: A Representação da Índia Portuguesa na Câmara dos Senhores Deputados da Nação,” describes the performance of the Goan members of the Portuguese Parliament beginning with one such elected representative and ending with his great-grandson, an elected member of Parliament today. 42. Timothy Walker in his article “A Commodities Price Guide and Merchants’ Handbook to the Ports of Asia” describes the account of the Capuchin Friar Leandro de Madre de Deus’s handbook which helped towards trade information-gathering and marketing strategies in the Estado da India. Written in 1772, the handbook represents a compendium of contemporary traders’ accumulated knowledge with regard to items like weights, coins, items of export and import and opium. 33
43. Toru Maruyama in his essay “From Eurocentricity to Localism: What we can learn from Fr. Joao Rodrigues half a millenium later,” suggests that grammars in different languages ought to follow the example and format of Fr. Rodrigues which was one of non imposition of European forms. He cites various examples and praises the Jesuit grammarian for writing a Japanese grammar most suitable to the people.
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CONTRIBUTORS Adelino Rodrigo da Costa, M. Phil., a former Delegate of the Fundação Oriente, Goa. Agnelo P. Fernandes, Ph.D., has researched on the topic “Portuguese and the Mughals, 1627-1707”. Now works on Portuguese documents for writing a history of the Middle East. Anthony Disney, Ph.D., honorary Research Associate at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. Author of The Twilight of the Pepper Empire, he is writing a history of Portugal and the Portuguese empire. Carmo D’Souza, Ph.D., Reader at V.M. Salgaocar College of Law, Goa. He has researched on the theme of the legal system in Goa during the Portuguese rule. He is author of a dozen books on Goa, fiction and law. Charles Borges, Ph.D., Assistant Professor in history, Loyola College in Maryland, USA. He was a former director of the Xavier Centre of Historical Research, Goa, and is the author of The Economics of the Goa Jesuits 1542-1759. Cristiana Bastos, Ph.D., researcher at the Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, and also a visiting faculty member at Brown University, USA. She is working on aspects of Portuguese colonialism in Asia and Africa, 19th -20th centuries. Dejanirah Couto, Ph.D., École Pratique des Hautes études, Section des Sciences historiques et philologiques, Sorbonne – Paris. Delio Mendonça, Ph.D., director of the Xavier Centre of Historical Research, Goa. Diogo Ramada Curto, Ph.D., occupies the Vasco da Gama Chair of the history of European expansion at the European University Institute (Florence). He is author of As múltiplas faces da história and Cultura política e dominação espanhola. Eduardo Hoornaert, Ph.D., former professor at the Institutes of Catholic theology at João Pessoa, Recife and Fortaleza, in Brazil. He is the author of several books on the Church of Brazil and South America. 35
Fatima Gracias, Ph.D, author of Health and Hygiene in Colonial Goa, 1510-1961 and is the director of the Research Institute for Women, Goa. Fernanda Camargo-Moro, Ph.D., an anthropologist and has been chair of the International Committee for Archaeology and History, UNESCO, Paris. Her interests include commercial links of the East with Brazil. Fernando dos Santos Neves, Ph.D., co-founder and the first Rector of the Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon. He was professor at the University of Paris and at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa. George D. Winius, Ph. D., author of The Fatal History of Portuguese Ceylon: Transition to Dutch Rule, and of The Black Legend of Portuguese India: Diogo do Couto, His Contemporaries and the Soldado Pratico. He was professor at the Leiden University, the Netherlands and is a revered figure in Indo-Portuguese studies. Glenn J. Ames, Ph.D., professor of Portuguese and French history at the University of Toledo, USA. His books include Colbert, Mercantilism, and the French Quest for Asian Trade, and Vasco da Gama: Renaissance Crusader. Helena Grego, Assistant Librarian at the Geographical Society of Lisbon. Jin Guo Ping, M.A., Beijing University of Foreign Languages, researcher and author of several publications, collaborates with Fundação Macau and Cultural Institute of Macau. João Marinho dos Santos, Ph.D., professor Catedrático at the University of Coimbra, and director of the Institute of Research on Portuguese Expansion at the same University. John Villiers, Ph.D., Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society and also Research Associate, Department of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies, King’s College, London. He is currently writing a biography of King Sebastião of Portugal. Jorge Gonçalves Guimarães, M. A., working on the theme of “Augustinians in Asia in the 17th-18th centuries” for his doctoral degree. José Manuel Garcia, Ph.D., researcher at the Gabinete de Estudos Olisisponeses, Fellow of the Academia de Marinha and a former member of the Commission for Commemorating Portuguese Discoveries. 36
José Oscar Beozzo, Ph.D., former president of CEHILA (Comissão de Estudos de História da Igreja na América Latina). He is author of A Igreja do Brasil no Vaticano II: 1959-1965. Julia Lederle, Ph.D., works at the Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen Hauptstaatsarchiv, Duesseldorf, Germany on the theme of German Jesuits in Indian in the 17th-18th centuries. K. S. Mathew, Ph.D., has taught as professor at M. S. University (Baroda) and the Central Universities (Hyderabad and Pondicherry). He is founder-director of the Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Tellicherry, Índia. Luis Aires-Barros, Ph.D., Professor of Mineralogy at the Instituto Superior Tecnico (Lisbon) and President of the Geographical Society of Lisbon. Malyn Newitt, Ph.D., Deputy vice-chancellor of Exeter University and the Charles Boxer Professor of History at King’s College, London. His books include History of Mozambique and History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion. Maria Aurora Couto, Ph.D., author of Graham Greene: On the Frontier – Politics and Religion in the Novels and Goa: A Daughter’s Story. Maria Fernanda Matias, M.A., researching for Ph.D. on History of Art at the University of Évora, Joint-Administrator in the International Section of the Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon. Maria Pia de Menezes Rodrigues, M.A., Retired librarian and curator of the Central Library, Panjim, Goa. Mariano Dias, Retired Bank manager, Bank of India, and member of the Instituto Menezes Braganza, Goa. Michael Pearson, Ph.D., Emeritus Professor of the University of Technology, Sydney, Austrália; a well known historian in the field of Indo-Portuguese studies and author of The Portuguese in India and The Indian Ocean. Pius Malekandathil, Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Pratap Naik, Ph.D., Director, Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr, Goa, and has edited over a dozen Konknni books. 37
Raghuraman Trichur, Ph.D., Professor in the Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento, and works on the theme of “Colonial and Postcolonial Transformations in Goa”. Remy Dias, Ph. D., Reader at the Govt. College, Quepem, Goa; works on the theme of “Agrarian history of the Novas Conquistas of Goa, 1750-1940.” Rila Mukherjee, Ph.D., Professor in the department of History, Jadavpur University, Calcutta; Director, Centre for European Studies, JU. Her interests include late medieval and early modern European and Asian histories. Robert S. Newman, Ph.D., Anthropologist. Has written on Goa, north India, and Mauritius and also on religion, myth and symbol, transmission of knowledge, and agricultural development. Rui Manuel Loureiro, Ph. D., Professor, Universidade Lusófona. Author of A Biblioteca de Diogo do Couto and Fidalgos, Missionários e Mandarins – Portugal e a China no Século XVI. Rui Teixeira Santos, Professor of law and political science at the Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon. Shakti Sinha, I.A, S. works for the United Nations in Afghanistan on behalf of the government of India on governmental and development issues. He formerly worked in the Prime Minister’s Office, New Delhi and in Goa as Collector. He has a degree in Public Policy from George Mason University, USA. Shanker Kamat Mhamai, Ph.D., Former director of the Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Goa, and the author of The Sawants of Wadi and the Portuguese. Susana Costa Pinho, M.Phil., works as a journalist in Portugal. She has researched and written on the Goan members of the Portuguese Parliament in the nineteenth century. Timothy D. Walker, Ph. D., Assistant professor in history, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, USA. He is author of Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Magical Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment. Toru Maruyama, Ph.D., Professor of Linguistics in the Department of Japanese Studies, Nanzan University, Nagoya. His interests include the linguistic contributions by Portuguese missionaries in the 16th-17th centuries in Africa, India and Japan and Brazil. 38
