Micro Hydro Potential in West Malaysia - IEEE Xplore

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micro hydro potential of about 20.4MW were identified. However, the energy demand for micro hydro was found not significant in West Malaysia as most areas ...
Proceedings of ICEE 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment, 7-8 December 2009, Malacca, Malaysia

Micro Hydro Potential in West Malaysia Nathan Raman, Ibrahim Hussein, and Kumaran Palanisamy Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Km.7 Jalan Kajang-Puchong, 43009 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. e-mail: [email protected] effort had be made to utilize hydropower in the micro hydro range. The potential of micro hydropower in Malaysia have yet to be identified. With hilly topography almost from South to North and abundant number of streams flowing to foothills, Malaysia has a lot of micro hydro potential.

Abstract— Combination of highland areas with huge river networks promise Malaysia with a lot of hydro power potential. To date Malaysia had utilized this potential in the range of large and mini hydropower but not in the micro hydro range. Micro hydro refers to power generation in the range of 5kW to 100kW. Micro hydro can provide alternative renewable energy sources especially in areas with small rivers or streams flowing. In identifying the micro hydro potential sites, reconnaissance studies is normally conducted. It is a preliminary study to identify micro hydropower potential. This paper presents the results of reconnaissance studies carried out to identify the micro hydro potential in West Malaysia. The reconnaissance studies were conducted with data from the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia, (JUPEM) and Metrological Department Malaysia. All the identified streams are located in areas which are accessible and/or showed evidence of settlements. Only streams with high head i.e. above 50m were considered in this study. From the reconnaissance studies, a total of 109 sites having micro hydro potential of about 20.4MW were identified. However, the energy demand for micro hydro was found not significant in West Malaysia as most areas are electrified. Still, micro hydro generation may serve as alternative renewable energy source in future amid rising electricity cost.

Micro hydro generation capacity is in the range of 5kW to 100kW [7]. If this potential is fully utilized, it will help in generating power from environmentally friendly run-of–river type of hydropower system. It provides a good solution for energy problems in remote and hilly areas where the extension of grid system is comparatively uneconomical. Micro hydropower had already proven to be a practical and potential low-cost option for generating electricity at remote sites, particularly for small villages in hilly areas such as India, China, and Kenya [7]. Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam and other Asian and African countries have micro hydro projects implemented which in most cases implements standardized technologies for off grid decentralized village hydro schemes. In some cases the micro hydro systems replace the diesel generators and are used as hybrid systems with solar powers [8,9,10,11]. These systems also had been used for direct mechanical energy for small industries and agriculture such as battery charging, welding workshop, crop processing, and grain milling in developing countries [12]. Since the micro hydro system can be used as direct mechanical drive scheme or electricity generation scheme, the installation of these systems in the remote villages especially the mountainous one had bring huge social-economic development in the villages [7]. There is also a possibility for off-grid connection serve as decentralized generation from micro hydropower to the surrounding areas if proven economical. Micro hydropower projects are generally considered to be more environmentally favorable than both large hydro and fossil fuel powered plants. With all these advantages, micro hydropower can be said as principle renewable sources for sustainable development especially in developing countries.

Keywords - Renewable energy, micro hydro, reconnaissance study

I.

INTRODUCTION

Hydropower is the most widely used renewable energy source worldwide as it contributes 19% of the world’s electricity power from both large and small power plants [1,2]. In Malaysia, hydropower utilization for electricity generation started in July 1900 when a small hydroelectric plant was constructed on the bank of Sempam River near Raub, Pahang by the Raub-Australian gold mining company [3,4]. The utilization of hydropower in Malaysia to supply electricity for domestic use however, was only commercially available around the 1970s [3]. To date, there are twelve large-scale hydropower stations and fifty mini scale hydropower stations in Malaysia with Bakun project is another large scale hydropower plant in progress with a total generating capacity of 2400 MW. In total, Malaysia has hydropower electricity generating capacity of about 18,500 MW and this represents about 20% of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), the largest power utility company in Malaysia, total generation capacity [5,6]. Although Malaysia had successfully benefited from large and mini scale hydropower for electricity generation but no

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This paper presents the results of reconnaissance studies carried out to identify the micro hydro potential in West Malaysia. In this study, the topography maps and hydrology data were used to identify the heads and the mean annual flow rate of the sites. Using the heads and flow rates, the available hydraulic power of the micro hydro sites were estimated. With the amount of available hydraulic power, the micro hydro potential of the sites were identified.

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II.

hydropower potential sites [16]. Reconnaissance studies are divided into two main parts which are map studies and hydrology studies. For both part of the studies, topographic maps and meteorology data were used to estimate the head and flow rate of the identified micro hydro potential sites.

OVERVIEW OF MICRO HYDROPOWER POTENTIALS IN MALAYSIA

Malaysia comprises of two distinct regions which are West Malaysia covering Peninsula Malaysia and East Malaysia covering North Borneo. In total, both regions cover land area of 330 000 sq. km in which 58% is lowland areas and 42% is highland areas [13]. The highland areas in Malaysia are created by numbers of well known ranges. In Peninsula Malaysia, the highland areas are created by ranges such as Titiwangsa, Tahan, Bintang, Kledang, and Pantai Timur. Barisan Titiwangsa range is the main range which is considered as the backbone of Peninsula. In Sarawak, the highland areas were created mainly by Tama Abu, Iran and Kapuas Hulu ranges. In Sabah the highland areas were created by Crocker, Maitland and Brassey. With average rainfall of 2540 mm in Peninsula, 2630 mm in Sabah and 3850 mm in Sarawak, Malaysia is bless with abundant streams and rivers flowing from the highland areas created by these ranges [14]. Combinations of highland areas with huge river networks promise Malaysia with a lot of micro hydropower potential. Figure 1 shows the map of Peninsular Malaysia.

A. Map Studies Map studies were done by using topographic maps obtained from department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM). Below are the details of the topographic maps used. • • •

Map name: Peninsula Malaysia topography map (Series L7030) Scale: 1:50 000 Contour: Contour Vertical interval 20 meters

From the topography map studies, the detail information of the sites was recorded. Listed below are the information gathered during the studies. • • • • • •

Name of catchment areas and streams Latitudinal extent and longitudinal extent Highest and lowest elevation The site terrain and river profile description Possible intake, diversion to fore bay and powerhouse elevation. Available head and catchment area estimation

All the details showed the physiographic characteristics of the sites. From the physiographic characteristics, the sites having micro hydro potential were predicted. From the details above, the suitable catchment areas which may have micro hydro potential were identified by considering three main factors which are the energy demand, accessibility and river profile. The terrains of the catchment areas were carefully studied to find the suitable elevation for stream diversion and head. The river profile refers to the river’s gradient and its tributaries. This helps to determine the streams water resources and flow availability. Overall, from the map studies, the suitable streams, heads, catchment areas, and waterway routes were identified for micro hydro generation [16]. The catchment areas were used for hydrology studies. The available head is estimated by determining the difference in elevation between the possible intake and tailrace of the site. B. Hydrology Studies Since most potential micro hydropower sites are ungauged, i.e. no measurement of streams flow rate, the stream flow available for micro hydro generation was predicted by estimating the mean annual flow, Qm. The catchment water balance methodology was used to estimate Qm [12]. Qm was determined using equation.

Figure 1: Map of Peninsular Malaysia [15]

III.

METHODOLOGY

In identifying the micro hydro potential sites in Malaysia, reconnaissance studies were carried out. A reconnaissance study is an initial stage or preliminary study to identify

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Qm = (AARD x Area) / 31536 Qm AARD Area

P=0.6 x Q x g x H

(1)

= Mean annual flow in m3/s = Annual Catchment runoff depth = Catchment area in km2

P = Energy change per second in kW Q = Volume per second of water fall down in (m3/s) g = Acceleration due to gravity H = Available head in m

The long term average annual catchment runoff depth (AARD) is given by equation (2) AARD = SAAR – AE

D. Site Explorations A series of stream explorations were also conducted to verify the results of the reconnaissance studies. From the explorations, the streams identified for micro hydro generation were searched and the real conditions of the streams and its surrounding were studied carefully. A few sites were selected for site explorations. Generally from the explorations, all the streams identified for micro hydro generation were found to have enough flow for micro hydro electricity generation. The site stream explorations were carried out in Johor, N. Sembilan and Pahang.

(2)

AARD = Average annual catchment runoff, mm SAAR = Standard average annual rainfall, mm AE = Actual Evaporation, mm Actual evaporation is estimated from potential evaporation using a scaling factor r, where r increases with SAAR and hence increasing water availability. The actual evaporation is estimated using equation (3): AE = r x PE

(4)

where,

(3)

IV.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This relationship between r and SAAR is given by: The results obtained from the reconnaissance studies in West Malaysia are discussed according to regions i.e. Southern Region, Central Region and Northern Region. Table 2 shows the summary of the micro hydro potential sites for the whole of West Malaysia.

r = 0.00061 x SAAR + 0.475 for SAAR < 850mm r = 1.0 for SAAR ≥ 850mm For catchments with annual average rainfall in excess of 850mm/year, it is assumed that actual evaporation equals to potential evaporation. SAAR and potential evaporation are estimated from the rainfall and daily potential evaporation (PE) data. The annual rainfall and daily evaporation data used were from period of 1997 to 2007 and were obtained from Malaysian meteorological department [17]. For the daily evaporation data, the annual evaporation data for each year was calculated first from period of 1998 to 2007. Then, the average annual evaporation and average annual rainfall for the 10 years were calculated and used for hydrology studies. Both annual rainfall and daily evaporation data used were taken from nearest meteorology station. Table 1 shows the annual rainfall data used for the hydrology studies in West Malaysia.

A. Southern Region From the reconnaissance studies carried out, 12 micro hydro potential sites were identified in Johor, 17 sites identified in N. Sembilan and none in Malacca. The identified sites for Johor and N. Sembilan are shown in Table 3 and Table 4 respectively. From the map studies, it was found that there are no much hilly regions except for the Tahan range and two isolated mountains which are the Mount Pulai and Mount Ledang in Johor. In these hilly regions, 12 sites have been identified to have micro hydro potential and 6 identified sites in Bekok, along the Tahan range. These sites were selected as there are orang asli settlements with good road accessibility. 5 sites in Tangkak and Jementah are located at the foothill of Mount Ledang. Orang asli is the indigenous people of Malaysia and most of them live in or near the jungles. Another site in Pekan Nenas is located at the foothill of Mount Pulai. The sites located in these two mountains were selected because they have good road accessibility with high heads. Overall, Johor has an estimated micro hydro generation potential of 1687.9kW. Since most of the places in Johor are electrified, the identified micro hydro potential sites are suitable for off grid generation only.

The estimated Qm values gave an indication whether the flow at the identified site is adequate for micro hydropower generation or not. Even though the approach used to estimate the mean annual flow may not be precise, the values obtained are reliable enough to estimate the total available hydraulic energy on the specified sites [18]. C. Estimation of Available Energy The estimated heads and flow rates from the map studies and hydrology studies at identified micro hydro sites were used to estimate the total available power of the sites [13]. Efficiency factor of 0.6 was selected to estimate the realistic available power from the sites [19]. The equation used is as shown in equation (4).

In Negeri Sembilan, the hilly regions were found to be located in the middle part of the state i.e. in Kuala Klawang, Jelebu, K. Pilah, Seri Meranti, and Rembau. The hilly regions are created by the Titiwangsa range. From these hilly regions,

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From the map studies, the hilly region in Selangor was found only along the west side of Titiwangsa range covering Gombak, Ulu Langat, and Ampang. Since most of these places are well developed including the orang asli settlements near Ulu Langat and Gombak, it was found that there is no significant need for micro hydro generation. However, 2 sites are suitable for alternative off grid connections supply. The sites were Gabai waterfall in Ulu Langat and Taman Rimba Templer in Gombak. These places are famous tourist attraction and the basic facilities were supported with electricity supplied by TNB. Since both sites have good terrain characteristics, micro hydro scheme of high heads with very low flow are possible to be developed here for electricity generation. There will be no environmental effect on the waterfall as micro hydro if installed, will be of high head scheme, thus only small portion of the waterfall water will be diverted for power generation. The tourist can still enjoy the greenery and waterfall and utilize the eco-friendly power generation. The tourism department of Malaysia may have good opportunity to utilize this freely available green energy and save electricity cost in the long run. The identified sites in Selangor are shown in Table 5.

17 sites were identified to have micro hydro potential. All the sites are located very near to villages located at the foothills of Titiwangsa range. The sites were selected because of good accessibility with high heads. Most of the places in N. Sembilan have electricity except for Northern N. Sembilan in the Kenaboi region, Jelebu. Other 15 sites around Seri Meranti, K. Pilah, Rembau and K.Klawang are suitable for off-grid generation. Overall, N. Sembilan has an estimated of 847.8 kW micro hydro generation potential. In Malacca, there is no site identified because there is no hilly region and potential stream for micro hydro generation. The only hilly region is in south Melaka where Mount Ledang is located. Since the streams from this mountain are used for water supply in Melaka, it is not advisable to choose the streams for micro hydro generation. From a series of sites stream explorations conducted in Johor and N.Sembilan, the energy demand from micro hydro generation was found not significant in the Southern region. This is because almost all the places are electrified. Even all the orang asli settlements in the Southern region have electricity supply except for Kg. London in Kenaboi region, Jelebu. All these places are accessible by road. For examples, in Bekok, orang asli settlements such as Kg. Sri Tembayan, Kg. Kudong, Kg. Tamok and Kg. Ulu Selai have good road accessibility because these areas are the main route to the south gateway to Taman Negara Endau Rompin. In N. Sembilan, the orang asli villages have good road accessibility because of the rubber plantation activities. Still, micro hydro generation may serve best as alternative energy sources in the future especially for agricultural and plantation sector amid rising cost of electricity. This was realized during the site stream explorations, where most of the agricultural areas and plantations such as oil palm and rubber plantations were located at the foothill of the hilly regions and most of the identified streams for micro hydro generations were flowing through these sites. Micro hydro generation can also be additional energy sources supporting the current on-grid electricity supply to the orang asli villages in Bekok and Jelebu as this helps to reduce the transmission losses. Micro hydro generation is also suitable to be integrated with water supply system. The upper streams may be utilized for electricity generation and then later diverted for water supply. Such scheme was identified in Chembong sites where Sg. Batu Hampar will be used for water supply. The construction work for the water supply at the stream is in progress and will be completed in 2009. This stream was identified as one of the potential streams for micro hydro generation in N. Sembilan. Details on the site exploration in the Kenaboi Region, N. Sembilan are described in the paper by Nathan et.al. [20].

In Pahang, 13 sites identified were along the East of Titiwangsa range covering Bentong, Kuala Lipis, and Cameron Highland. 2 sites were identified suitable for micro hydro generation along Tahan range covering 2 sites in Temerloh and 1 site at the tip of East Coast range covering Kuantan. There were also 8 sites identified in Tioman Island. Table 6 shows the identified sites in Pahang. Along the hilly region of east Titiwangsa range of Pahang, 9 sites were identified suitable for off grid generation and 4 sites as alternative off grid connections. From the reconnaissance studies, 5 sites were identified in Kuala Lipis and 4 sites in Cameron Highland. These sites were near the orang asli settlements which were far inside the jungle and only accessible by helicopter or jungle trekking. Data provided by Department of Orang Asli Affairs of Malaysia (JHEOA), shows that the areas occupied by the orang asli and some of the nearby villages do not have proper electricity supply. With availability of high heads and streams flowing all year round near the villages, micro hydro generation could be their best option for off grid electric generation in a sustainable way. As for alternative off grid generation, 3 sites were identified in Bentong and 1 site in Cameron Highland. From the reconnaissance studies done, these sites have easy access and may have electricity supply. During site exploration in Bentong, 3 sites were found to have electricity supply from TNB. Since the terrain characteristics of these areas were found to have high heads with good all year round flowing streams, micro hydro generation as alternative off grid connections are feasible here.

B. Central Region In the central region, 2 micro hydro potential sites were identified in Selangor and 26 sites identified in Pahang.

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hydrology studies, these sites are suitable for micro hydro generation because of the good terrain characteristics and availability of perennial streams within the orang asli settlements. All the sites identified have high heads i.e. almost 100m except for Pos Perwor and Fort Ber. Although Pos Perwor and Fort Ber have medium heads of about 60m, the bigger streams of Sg. Perwor and Sg. Mu maybe able to compensate for the lower heads in providing adequate available power, but of course with additional installation cost compared to high head schemes. Since most of the sites identified are located far inside the jungle, probably there is no electricity supply from the grid, thus electricity generation from micro hydro schemes would be a realistic hope for the orang asli settlements to improve their quality of life.

The 2 sites identified in Temerloh may be suitable for electricity supply to orang asli village of Kg. Mentuh and the elephant training centre of Kuala Gandah. From the map study conducted on Kg. Damak and Kg. Penderas, these 2 sites were located far inside the jungle but still with motor-able track accessibility. With this accessibility, the sites may have grid connected electricity supply, but still micro hydro generation may serve as an alternative off-grid generation in the future. Both sites were chosen due to high heads supported by all year round flowing streams of Sg. Galung and Sg. Rangit. In Tioman Island, there were 8 sites identified to provide off grid generation to the villages. Currently, the island is supported by diesel generators which are rather expensive and practicing unsafe diesel delivery method. There is a mini hydro power plant of Sg. Mentawak but was not in operation due to technical problem [21]. This stream is also suitable for micro hydro generation. The existing plant may need to be resized for micro hydro generation which will greatly reduce the installation cost. All the sites were feasible for micro hydro generation because the island have good terrain characteristics with Mount Kajang and Seperuk and plenty of streams flowing all round year through these hilly places.

As for alternative off grid generation, 4 sites were identified in Chendriang, 1 site in Tanjung Malim, 4 sites in Tapah, 2 sites in Gopeng, 3 sites in Kuala Kangsar and 2 sites in Lenggong. 2 sites in Chendriang of Sg. Bekut and Sg. Kinchan may serve as alternative electricity sources for the mining activities there. 4 sites in Tapah located along Tapah – Cameron highland road and these sites are suitable for alternative electricity generation for the orang asli settlements. The sites in Gopeng, Lenggong, Tanjung Malim, and Kuala Kangsar may serve as alternative generation for the nearby villages. These sites were considered because of the good terrain characteristics in providing high head with reliable water source from the streams.

At the tip of east coast range, 1 site was identified near the famous waterfall of Jerangkang. The waterfall has very high head and small amount of the rivers flow, capable of providing micro hydro generation for alternative off grid generation for the recreation park.

As for hilly region of Bintang range, the 4 sites predicted in Larut area may serve as alternative off grid generation in the future for the nearby villages. Good terrain characteristics, availability of perennial streams and easy accessibility made the sites worth considering for micro hydro schemes in the future.

C. Northern Region In the northern region, 34 sites were identified in Perak, 5 sites in Kedah, 10 sites in Kelantan and 3 sites in Terengganu. There was no site in P. Pinang and Perlis suitable for micro hydro generation because of less suitable terrain characteristics. Moreover, almost all the areas were well developed with electricity and there is little or no necessity for generating electricity from micro hydro scheme.

In Kedah, 1 site in Baling, 2 sites in Langkawi island and 1 site in Sik were predicted to have micro hydro capability but only as alternative off grid generation. This is because all the nearby villages have electricity supplied by TNB. The installation cost would be cheap as the sites have high heads and are easily accessible. Table 8 shows the identified sites in Kedah.

Out of 34 sites in Perak, 30 sites were identified along the west of Titiwangsa range covering Chendriang, Tanjung Malim, Tapah, Gopeng, Kampar, Kuala Kangsar and Lenggong. Another, 4 sites were identified along Bintang range covering Larut. Table 7 shows the identified sites in Perak.

In Kelantan, 10 sites are suitable for micro hydro generation along East Titiwangsa range covering Gua Musang. Table 9 shows the identified sites. 9 of the sites may serve as off grid connections and 1 site as alternative off grid connection. The 9 sites are suitable for providing electricity to orang asli settlement of Pos Gob, Pos Belatim, Pos Brook, Fort Ber, and Fort Hau. These settlements are located far inside the jungle and only accessible by jungle trekking or helicopter. From the map studies conducted, the hilly region in these areas referred to as Mount Chamah, Samoh Hill, Perahat Hill, Batu Papan Hill, Serawok Hill, Sebor Hill, and Perawas Hill were found to have good terrain characteristics and good catchment areas. These sites have high heads and year round

Along the hilly region of West Titiwangsa range of Perak, 14 sites were identified as suitable for off grid generation and 16 sites as alternative off grid connections. For the off grid connections, 4 sites were identified in Tanjung Malim, 2 sites in Tapah, 2 sites in Kampar, 1 site in Lenggong and 5 sites in Kuala Kangsar. From the reconnaissance studies carried out, all these sites were located near the orang asli settlements of Pos Bersih, Pos Jerenang, Pos Bekau, Pos Atap, Pos Piah, Pos Perwor, Pos Yom, Pos Legap and Fort Ber. Although all the sites are far inside the jungle, they are accessible by motorable track via 4 wheel drive. From the map studies and

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streams near the orang asli settlements. These three factors made micro hydro schemes feasible. The micro hydro schemes may improve the quality of live for the orang asli settlements significantly.

[3]

The site of Sg. Nya was found to be an option for alternative off grid connection to the Katok Batu mine mining company. Since the site is near Gua Musang town, it provides easy accessibility and equipment transportation, thus will greatly reduce the installation cost of a micro hydro scheme. With available head of 80m and average flow of 0.19m3/hrs, the estimated available power of 89 kW in this site could be utilized by the Katok mine mining company.

[4]

[5] [6] [7] [8]

In Terengganu, 2 sites were identified in Besut and 1 site in Dungun. Table 10 shows the identified sites in Terengganu. All these 3 sites were found along East of Titiwangsa range. The 2 sites in Besut would be suitable as alternative off grid connection as the villages near the sites are well developed with good accessibility and electricity. The Sg. Bangan site in Dungun may serve as off grid connection to Kg. Pasir Raja. From the map studies, this site is accessible with motor-able track but is located in remote area. With high head and large catchment area of 19km2, the site promise good and economical development of micro hydro scheme. Even though these places may have grid connected electricity supply, still micro hydro schemes may contribute to lower energy cost.

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13] [14]

V.

CONCLUSION

[15] [16]

As a conclusion, from the reconnaissance studies, a total of 109 sites having micro hydro potential of 20.4 MW were identified in Peninsula Malaysia. The sites were identified based on terrain characteristics and accessibility. For all the sites identified, suggestions were also made on the use of micro hydro as the main source of energy supply or as alternative off grid connection. However, the energy demand for micro hydro was found not significant in West Malaysia as most of these regions are well electrified. Still, micro hydro generation may serve as alternative off-grid electricity in future for most sites amid rising electricity cost.

[17] [18]

[19]

[20]

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

[21]

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia for funding this research. (Science Fund Project No.: 03-02-03-SF0035). REFERENCES [1]

[2]

J.K.Kaldellis, ‘The Contribution of Small Hydro Powerstations to the Electricity Generation in Greece: Technical and Economic Considerations’, Energy Policy Journal,Volume 35,pg 2187-2196, 2007, http://www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol. Yilmaz Aslan,Oguz Arslan,Celal Yasar,’A Sensitivity Analysis for the Design of Small Scale Hydropower Plant. Kayabogazi Case Study’.

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Renewable Energy Article, April 2007, http://www.elsevier/locate/renene. The Asean Association for the Promotion of Cogeneration (COGEN ASEAN), Background Report, ‘Overview Instruments for the Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Malaysia’, 2004. Thahirah Syed Talal, Pat Bodger, ‘The Development of Electricity Supply Industry in Malaysia’, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (Uniten) Graduate Student Conference on Research and Development, 2008. Pusat Tenaga Negara (PTM), ‘National Energy Balance Report’, Malaysia, 2001. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), ‘TNB Annual Report 2008’, 2008 The Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG), ‘MicroHydro Power’, 1998 http://www.practicalaction.org/ N.C. Domingo; F.V. Ferraris, R.R Del Mundo, ‘Overview of Mini and Small Hydropower in Southeast Asia’, GRIPP Knowledge Center, ECASEAN Green Independent Power Producer Network. M.R. Noumi, S.C. Mullic and T.C. Kandpal, ‘Techno-economics of Micro Hydro Projects in Decentralized Power Supply in India’, Journal on Energy Policy, Elsevier, Volume 34, Issue 10, July 2006. R. Muhida, A. Mostavan. W. Sujatmiko, M. Park, K. Matsuura, ‘The 10 Years Operation of a PV Micro Hydro Hybrid System in Taratak, Indonesia’, Journal of Solar Energy materials and Solar Cells, Volume 67, Issues 1-4, March 2001. M. Thornbloom, D. Ngbangadia and M. Assama, ‘Using Micro Hydro in the Zairian Village’, Journal of Solar Energy, Volume 59, Issues 103, January-March 1997. Layman, ‘Layman’s Guidebook on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site’, Second Edition. European Small Hydropower Association (ESHA), 1998. Philip Hurst, ‘Rainforest Politics, Ecological Destruction in South-East Asia’, Zeds Books, London. 1990. Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, ‘Assessment of Biological Diversity in Malaysia’, 1997. http://travelmalaysiaguide.com/malaysia-maps. Luo Gaorong & Miao Qiubo, ‘A Manual of Reconnaissance Study for Micro Hydro Power Development’, Hangzhou Regional Centre (Asia Pacific) For Small Hydro Power, 1999. Annual Rainfall data and daily evaporation data from period of 19972007,Jabatan Meteorology Malaysia. Allen R. Inversin,’Micro Hydropower Sourcebook’,National Rural Electric Cooperative Association(NRECA) International Foundation,Washington D.C,1986. Renewable and Electrical Energy Division, Natural Resources Canada,’Micro Hydropower systems:A Buyer’s Guide’,Government of Canada,Canada,2004. Nathan Raman, Ibrahim Hussein, ‘Micro hydro Potential at Sg. Kering, Kenaboi Region, Jelebu, N. Sembilan’, International Seminar on Advances in Renewable Energy Technology (ISARET2009), 27-28 April 2009, UNITEN. Zahirah Long and Dato’Ir.Aishah ‘Lawatan Kepulauan Mersing Dan Pulau Tioman’. Tenagawan, ISSN No.0128-0870/Jilid 37/Bil 57, pg 10, Julai 2008.

TABLE 1: Average Annual Rainfall from 1997 to 2007 Rainfall Station

State

Micro Hydro Potential Sites Location

MARDI Kluang Hospital Tangkak MARDI AlorBukit,Pontian Mersing Hospital Jelebu Hospital K.Pilah Atherton Estate,Rantau Ulu Gombak Ulu Langat Felda Kg. New Zealand Felda Kg.Sertik Felda Lurah Bilut Felda Tersang Satu Pos Senderut Pusat Perikanan Bukit Tinggi Pusat Pertanian Kg.Awah RPS Betau Pos Telanok Pos Terisu Hospital Tapah Felda Sungai Berang Felda Trolak Utara Hospital Kampar MARDI Parit Hospital Bahagia Ulu Kinta Felda Lasah Hospital Lenggong Pos Legap Pos Piah Felda Ijok Ampangan Muda Hospital Baling Pos Belatim Pos Brook Pos Gob Pos Hau Pos Wias RPS Kuala Betis Felda Jerangau Institut Pertanian Besut

Johore Johore Johore Johor N.Sembilan N.Sembilan N.Sembilan Selangor Selangor Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Perak Perak Perak Perak Perak Perak Perak Perak Perak Perak Perak Kedah Kedah Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Terengganu Terengganu

Bekok Sagil,Kebun Kechil,Jementah Pekan Nenas Tioman Kenaboi,Jelebu,K.Klawang T.Ipoh,Seri Meranti, Terachi, Pedas,Chembong,Kendong,Kota Tampin Gombak Ulu Langat Kuantan Karak, Bentong, Raub Kuala Lipis Bentong Temerloh K.Lipis Cameron Highland Cameron Highland Chendriang, Tanjung Malim Bidor Kampar K.Kangsar Gopeng K.Kangsar Lenggong,Langkawi K.Kangsar,Gua Musang Lenggong Larut Sik Baling Gua Musang Gua Musang Gua Musang Gua Musang Gua Musang Gua Musang Dungun Besut

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Average Annual Rainfall, mm 2123.7 1856.6 2344.9 2395 1566.9 1627.7 1810.3 2433.2 2458.9 2190.2 1734.6 2021.5 2100.9 2453.8 1903.8 2053 2644.6 2503.5 2040.2 3013.5 2590 2981.6 3579.8 2159.4 2481.4 2086.7 1970.1 2089.7 2436.8 3760.8 2487.4 2322.8 2576.2 2379.3 2886 2722.8 1909.8 2637.3 3231.3 3162.1

TABLE 2: Micro Hydro Potential Sites by State Bil

State

No. of Sites

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Johor Negeri Sembilan Malacca Selangor Pahang Perak Kedah Penang Perlis Kelantan Terengganu

12 17 0 2 26 34 5 0 0 10 3

Total estimated available power (kW) 1687.9 848 0 343.8 4835.1 9945.9 496.7 0 0 1420 829.9 20407.3

TABLE 3: Identified Micro Hydropower Potential Sites in Johor Bil

Stream Name

Site Location

1

Sg.Senderet

2

Sg.Lamyang

3

Sg.Genal

4

Sg.Kemarat

5

Sg.Sechawai

6

Sg.Pencharang

7 8

Sg.Anak Ayer Puteh Sg. Ayer Panas

9

Sg.Sagil

Orang asli village of Sg. Selai,Bekok Orang asli village of Sg.Kemidak,Bekok Orang asli village of Sg.Kemidak,Bekok Orang asli village of Sg.Kemidak,Bekok Orang asli village of Kg.Tamok,Bekok Orang asli village of Kg. Tembayan ,Bekok Ladang Tangkah, Sagil,Tangkak Mt.Ledang rekreasi park ,Tangkak Sagil,Tangkak

10

Sg.Legeh

11

Sg.Ulu Jementah

12

Sg. Ayer Hitam Besar

Ladang Kebun Bahru,Kebun Bahru,Tangkak Kg.Peng Jongkang, Jementah,Tangkak Mt.Pulai waterfall,Pekan Nenas,Skudai

Available head,m 100

Catchment Area,km2 6

Annual Flowrate,m3/s 0.20

Available Power,kW 117.7

120

8

0.27

190.7

120

2

0.07

140

9

0.30

247.2

80

6

0.20

94.2

100

15

0.50

294.2

200

3

0.07

82.4

100

6

0.14

82.4

100

3

0.07

41.2

200

2

0.05

58.9

100

9

0.21

123.6

130

10

0.40

306

355

49.4

Possible Energy Demand Alternative off grid generation, Alternative off grid generation, Alternative off grid generation, Alternative off grid generation, Alternative off grid generation, Alternative off grid generation, Alternative Off grid generation Alternative Off grid generation Alternative Off grid generation Alternative Off grid generation Alternative Off grid generation Alternative Off grid generation

TABLE 4: Identified Micro Hydropower Potential Sites in Negeri Sembilan Bil

Stream Name

Site Location

Available head,m 100

Catchment Area,km2 5

Annual Flow rate,m3/s 0.07

Available Power,kW 41.2

1

Sg.Temalai

2

Sg.Kering

3

Sg.Gemansir

Orang Asli village of Kg.Gelang,Jelebu Orang Asli village of Kg.London,Jelebu Jeram Toi waterfall,Jelebu

200

7

0.10

117.7

100

5

0.07

41.2

4

Sg.Papan

100

4

0.06

35.3

140

8

0.11

90.7

100

2

0.03

17.7

100

4

0.07

41.2

Sg.Bendol

Felcra Ulu Jelebu,K.Klawang Felcra Ulu Jelebu,k.Klawang Felcra Ulu Jelebu,K.Klawang Orang Asli village of Kg.Langkap, Tg.Ipoh Kg.Ulu bendul, Terachi

5

Sg.Jelebu

6

Sg.Jenam

7

Sg.Luat

8

80

3

0.05

23.5

9

Sg.Berlubang

Kg.Bendul,Terachi

120

4

0.07

49.4

10

Sg.Ayer Sejok

Kg.Solok Paku, Terachi

160

3

0.05

47.3

11

Sg.Sikai

Kg.Bukit,Seri Meranti

180

3

0.05

53.0

12

Sg. Jumbang

Kg.Jumbang,Seri Meranti

100

4

0.07

41.2

13

Sg.Mungkal

Kg.Mungkal,Gadong,Kota

100

4

0.09

53.0

14

Sg.Kendong

130

2

0.04

30.6

15

Sg.Batu Hampar

Kg.Ulu kendong,Kendong, Gadong,Kota Kg.Empat Batu,Chembong

80

8

0.18

84.8

16

Sg.Pedas

Kg.Ulu Pedas,Pedas

80

3

0.07

32.9

17

Sg.Ulu Nuri

Kg.Betong,Tampin

200

2

0.04

47.1

Possible Energy Demand Alternative off grid generation, Off grid generation Alternative off grid generation Alternative Off grid generation Alternative Off grid generation Alternative off grid generation Alternative off grid generation Alternative off grid generation Alternative off grid generation Alternative off grid generation Alternative off grid generation Alternative off grid generation Alternative off grid generation, Alternative off grid generation Alternative off grid generation Alternative off grid generation Alternative off grid generation

TABLE 5: Identified Micro Hydropower Potential Sites in Selangor Bil

Stream Name

Site Location

1

Sg.Gabai

Gabail waterfall

4

Sg.Chul Tinggi

Taman Rimba Templer

Available Catchment head,m Area,km2 Ulu Langat 80 9

Annual Flowrate,m3/s

Available Power,kW

Possible Energy Demand

0.28

131.9

Alternative off grid connection

0.18

211.9

Alternative off grid connection

Gombak 200

6

356

TABLE 6: Identified Micro Hydropower Potential Sites in Pahang Bil

Stream Name

Site Location

1

Sg.Tampik

2

Sg. Sum Sum

Kg.Ceringing Hulu,Janda Baik Kg. Sum Sum,Janda Baik

3

Sg.Leba

6

Sg.Galung

7

Sg.Rangit

8

Sg.Jerangkang

Jerangkang waterfall

9

Sg.Sempar

10

Sg.Senuh

11.

Sg.Betau

12

Sg. Sinderut

13

Sg. Rungak

Orang asli Kg.Titum,Hulu Jelai Orang asli Kg. Kuala Besuk,Hulu Jelai Orang asli Kg.Cerung,Hulu Jelai Orang asli Kg.Sinderut,Hulu Jelai Orang asli Kg.Shean,Hulu Jelai

14 15

Sg. Air Besar Sg.Lalang

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Sg.Paya Sg.Nipah and Sg.Seriah Sg.Keliling Sg.Mentawak Sg.Asah Sg.Raya

22.

Sg. Terisu

23.

Sg.Menlock

24. 25.

Sg.Bertik Sg.Cai

26.

Sg.Kelow

Available Catchment head,m Area,km2 Bentong 110 2

Annual Flowrate,m3/s

Available Power,kW

Possible Energy Demand

0.11

71.2

160

1

0.05

47.1

Orang Asli village of Kg. Sg.Leba

180

5

0.13

137.7

Alternative off – grid connection Alternative off grid connection Off grid generation

Orang asli Kg. Mentuh,Jenderak Pusat latihan Gajah Kuala Gandah

80

4

0.1

47.1

Off grid generation

120

5

0.13

91.8

Alternative off grid connection

240

8

0.25

353.2

Alternative Off grid generation

Kuala Lipis 100

6

0.28

164.8

Off grid generation

80

3

0.14

65.9

Off grid generation

120

6

0.28

197.8

Off grid generation

240

8

0.32

452.1

Off grid generation

140

6

0.28

230.7

Off grid generation

Temerloh

Kuantan

Rompin Kg.Tekek,Tioman island Kg.Lalang, Tioman island Kg.Paya, Tioman island Tg.Nipah, Tioman island

260 160

3 4

0.126 0.17

192.8 160.1

Off grid generation Off grid generation

160 120

2 7

0.08 0.29

75.3 204.8

Off grid generation Off grid generation

Kg.Juara, Tioman island Kg.Juara, Tioman island Kg. Asah, Tioman island Kg.Mukut, Tioman island

120 4 220 5 120 3 160 6 Cameron Highland 80 10

0.17 0.21 0.13 0.25

120.1 272 91.8 235.4

Off grid generation Off grid generation Off grid generation Off grid generation

0.43

202.5

200

11

0.64

753.4

Alternative off grid connection Off-grid connection

80 100

5 7

0.29 0.41

136.6 241.3

Off-grid connection Off-grid Connection

120

7

0.41

289.6

Off-grid Connection

Pos Terisu,orang asli settlement Kg.Teji,Pos Telanuk,Ringlet Kg.Rening,Ringlet Kg.Renglas,Pos Telanuk,Ringlet Pos Mensun,Ringlet

357

TABLE 7: Identified Micro Hydropower Potential Sites in Perak Available Catchment head,m Area,km2 Chenderiang

Annual Flow rate,m3/s

Available Power,kW

5

0.23

297.8

120

8

0.38

265.1

Kg.Kinjang

240

12

0.56

791

Sg.Ijok

Kg.Kinjang

100

7

0.33

194.2

5.

Sg.Mut

Kg.Keding

80

18

0.6

282.5

6.

Sg.Bersih

Pos Bersih (Orang asli settlement) Pos Jerenang (Orang asli settlement) Kg.Tengah Kg.Tengah

80

18

0.6

282.5

200

6

0.2

235.4

Off-grid connection

200 120

5 7

0.17 0.23

200.1 162.5

Off-grid connection Off-grid connection

Bil

Stream Name

Site Location

1.

Sg.Bekut

Kg.Baharu Kinjang

220

2.

Sg.Kinchan

Kg.Baharu Kinjang

3.

Sg.Kinjang

4.

Possible Energy Demand AlternativeOff grid connection Alternative Off grid connection Alternative off grid connection Alternative off grid connection

Tanjung Malim

7.

Sg.Kerok

8. 9.

Sg.Behrang Sg.Perah

Alternative off grid connection Off-grid connection

Tapah 10.

Sg.Palapalam

Kg.Semai(orang asli settlement)

130

5

0.24

183.6

11

Sg.Lengkok

Kg.Semai(orang asli settlement)

80

15

0.7

329.6

Kg.Batu Sepuloh(orang asli settlement) Ladang orang asli Kg.Bot Edit,Tapah Pos Bekau,Gedong,Bidor

100

9

0.42

247.2

13 14. 15.

Sg.Batu Sepuloh Sg.Ayer Busok Sg.Bot Sg.Gedong

160 80 100

15 11 10

0.7 0.52 0.46

659.2 244.9 270.8

16

Sg.Chalir

Kg.Sedor,Pos Selim,Simpang Pulai

100

4

0.12

70.6

17

Sg.Selim

Pos Selim,Simpang Pulai

120

6

0.18

127.1

18. 19.

Sg.Kampar Sg.Ulu Kampar

Kg.Jantong,Pos Atap,Kampar. Pos Atap,Kampar

100 80

10 9

0.65 0.58

382.6 273.1

12

Alternative Off-grid connection Alternative Off-grid connection Alternative Off-grid connection Off-grid connection Alternative Off-grid Off-grid connection

Gopeng Alternative off grid connection Alternative off grid connection

Kampar Off-grid connection Off –grid connection

Larut 20

Sg.Ayer Itam

Kg.Ayer Itam,Batu Kurau

120

17

1.2

847.6

21

Sg.Teras

Kg.Ulu Teras,Selama

140

12

0.85

700.4

22.

Sg.Tebing Tinggi

Kg. Kelian Gunong,Selama

100

8

0.56

329.6

23.

Sg. Lata Puteh

Kg.Kelian Gunong,Selama

200

Pos Perwor Kg.Pendeg,S.Siput(orang asli settlement) Kg.Kernam(orang asli settlement) Kg.Dawai(orang asli settlement) Orang asli settlement along Sg.Mu

Alternative off-grid connection Alternative off grid connection Alternative off grid connection Alternative off grid connection

8

0.56

659.2

Kuala Kangsar 60 33

0.58

204.8

Off grid connection

140

12

0.21

173.1

Off grid connection

120 100

3 7

0.05 0.12

35.3 70.6

Off grid connection Off grid connection

60

59

1.0

353.2

Off-grid connection

24.

Sg. Perwor

25.

Sg.Penduk

26. 27.

Sg.Kernam Sg.Hidup

28.

Sg.Mu

29.

Sg.Gebul

Pusat Latihan pertanian,Manong

200

8

0.16

188.4

30.

Sg.Jeliung

Kg.Jeliung Baharu.Manong

120

12

0.24

169.5

31.

Sg.Serai

Kg.Kelik,Sg.Siput

100

30

0.53

312.0

32

Sg.Dindap

Pos piah

Lenggong 120

9

0.26

183.6

33

Sg.Luat

Kg.Talong

100

20

0.27

158.9

34

Sg.Dang Lang

Kg. Dang Lang Ulu

100

8

0.1

58.86

358

Alternative off grid connection Alternative off grid connection Alternative off grid connection Off grid connection Alternative off grid connection Alternative off grid connection

TABLE 8: Identified Micro Hydropower Potential Sites in Kedah Bil

Stream Name

Site Location

Available head,m

1.

Sg.Tawar Besar

Kg.Tawau Besar

100

2.

Sg.Pegong

Kg.S.Limau

3.

Sg. Ayer Langkat

4. 5.

Catchment Area,km2

Annual Flow rate,m3/s

Available Power,kW

Possible Energy Demand

10

0.202

118.9

Alternative off grid connection

100

9

0.25

147.2

Alternative off grid connection

Durian Perangin

100

Langkawi 3

0.12

70.6

Sg.Perangin

Teluk Burau

140

4

0.16

131.8

Sg.Temurun

Teluk Tok Manap

60

2

0.08

28.2

Alternative off grid connection Alternative off grid connection Alternative off grid connection

Baling Sik

TABLE 9: Identified Micro Hydropower Potential Sites in Kelantan 1.

Sg.Bertak

2.

Sg.Chegeruk

3.

Sg. Toy

4.

Sg.Balar

5.

Sg.Nya

6.

Sg.Serawok

7.

Sg.Setog

8.

Sg.Arik

9.

Sg.Perges

10

Sg.Talong

Pos Gob,Bertam (orang aslisettlement) Pos Belatim,Bertam (orang aslisettlement) Kg.K.Layang,Bertam (orang aslisettlement) Kg.K Balar,Bertam (orang aslisettlement) Katok Batu Mines

100

Gua Musang 4

0.28

164.8

Off grid connection

200

5

0.3

353.2

Off-grid connection

100

6

0.37

217.8

Off grid connection

60

1

0.05

17.7

Off grid connection

80

3

0.19

89.47

Pos Brook,Nenggiri (orang aslisettlement) Fort Ber (orang aslisettlement) Kg.K.Telur (orang aslisettlement) Kg.Perges,Bertam (orang aslisettlement) Fort Hau,Bertam (orang aslisettlement)

100

3

0.16

94.2

Alternative off grid connection Off grid connection

60

7

0.27

95.4

Off grid connection

80

2

0.11

51.8

Off grid connection

100

7

0.44

259.0

Off grid connection

100

2

0.13

76.5

Off grid connection

TABLE 10: Identified Micro Hydropower Potential Sites in Terengganu Bil

Stream Name

Site Location

Available head,m

1.

Sg.Peng

Kg.Bogil

100

2.

Sg.Tadau

Kg.Bogil

100

3.

Sg.Bangan

Kg.Pasir Raja

100

Annual Flow rate,m3/s

Available Power,kW

Possible Energy Demand

0.26

153.0

2

0.11

64.8

Alternative off grid connection Alternative off grid connection

Dungun 19

1.04

612.1

Catchment Area,km2 Besut 5

359

Off grid connection