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University of California, Irvine. University of Minnesota. August 1, 2001 ..... Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif., 1983, pp. 821–837. Department of Mathematics ...
MINIMAL HYPERSURFACES WITH FINITE INDEX

Peter Li1 and Jiaping Wang2 University of California, Irvine University of Minnesota August 1, 2001

§0 Introduction In an article of Cao-Shen-Zhu [C-S-Z], they proved that a complete, immersed, stable minimal hypersurface M n of Rn+1 with n ≥ 3 must have only one end. When n = 2, it was proved independently by do Carmo-Peng [dC-P] and FischerColbrie-Schoen [FC-S] that a complete, immersed, oriented stable minimal surface in R3 must be a plane. Later Gulliver [G] and Fischer-Colbrie [FC] proved that if a complete, immersed, minimal surface in R3 has finite index, then it must be conformally equivalent to a compact Riemann surface with finitely many punctures. Fischer-Colbrie actually proved this for minimal surfaces in a complete manifold with non-negative scalar curvature. In any event, a corollary is that if a complete, immersed, oriented minimal surface in R3 has finite index then it must have finitely many ends. The purpose of this paper is to generalize this result for finitely many ends to higher dimensional minimal hypersurfaces in Euclidean space (see Theorem 5). In fact, we will also show that the first L2 -Betti number of such a manifold must be finite. The strategy of Cao-Shen-Zhu was to utilize a result a Schoen-Yau [S-Y] asserting that a complete, stable minimal hypersurface of Rn+1 cannot admit a non-constant harmonic function with finite Dirichlet integral. Assuming that M has more than one end, Cao-Shen-Zhu constructed a non-constant harmonic function with finite Dirichlet integral. This approach very much fits into the scheme studied by the first author and Tam in [L-T]. In fact, the authors showed that the number of non-parabolic ends of any complete Riemannian manifold is bounded above by the dimension of the space of bounded harmonic functions with finite Dirichlet integral. The proof of Cao-Shen-Zhu can be modified to show that each end of a complete, immersed, minimal submanifold must be non-parabolic. Due to this connection 1 Research

partially supported by NSF grant #DMS-9971418 and an Earmarked grant of Hong Kong. 2 Research partially supported by NSF grant #DMS-0072181. 1

2

PETER LI AND JIAPING WANG

with harmonic functions, our approach is to refine the argument of Schoen-Yau to obtain an estimate of the space of harmonic functions with finite Dirichlet integral. Unfortunately, our estimate depends on the geometry of M on a compact subset, whose existence is guaranteed by the finite index assumption. While we succeeded in proving finite index implies finitely many ends, it is unclear if one can actually estimate the number of ends by the index directly. This will be an interesting issue to investigate in the future. §1 Preliminaries Let us first recall (see [L-T2] and [L3]) that an end E of a complete manifold M is non-parabolic means that E admits a positive Green’s function with Neumann boundary condition. First, we will recall a theorem of the first author and Tam in [L-T2]. 0 Theorem 1 (Li-Tam). Let M be a complete Riemannian manifold. Let HD (M ) denote the space of bounded harmonic functions with finite Dirichlet integral. Then 0 (M ). the number of non-parabolic ends of M is at most the dimension of HD

Observing that if u is a harmonic function with finite Dirichlet integral then its exterior differential du is an L2 harmonic 1-form. Moreover, du = 0 if and only if u is identically constant. Hence 0 dim HD (M ) ≤ dim H 1 (L2 (M )) + 1.

Using this inequality, we can state Theorem 1 in terms of the first L2 Betti number. Corollary 2. Let M be a complete Riemannian manifold. Let H 1 (L2 (M )) be the first L2 -cohomology of M. Then the number of non-parabolic ends of M is bounded from above by dim H 1 (L2 (M )) + 1. This corollary enables us to estimate the number of ends of a minimal hypersurface if we can show that all its ends are non-parabolic. In fact, it was proved in [C-S-Z] that this is the case for minimal submanifolds of Rn+1 . For completeness sake, we provide a presentation which extract the main points of the proof and stated it for more general situations (Corollary 4) in terms of non-parabolicity. Theorem 3 (Cao-Shen-Zhu). Let M n be a complete, immerse, minimal submanifold of RN . If n ≥ 3, then each end of M must be non-parabolic. Proof. Let E be an end of M . For R sufficiently large, let us consider the set ER = E ∩ Bp (R), where Bp (R) is the geodesic ball of radius R in M centered at some point p ∈ M. Let us denote by r the distance function of M to the point p. Suppose the function fR is the solution of the equation ∆fR = 0 fR = 1

on ER , on ∂E,

MINIMAL HYPERSURFACES WITH FINITE INDEX

3

and on E ∩ ∂Bp (R).

fR = 0

By the maximum principle, fR is uniformly bounded between 0 and 1. This bound and the gradient estimate implies that the sequence fR converges uniformly on compact subsets of E to a harmonic function f with boundary condition f =1

on ∂E.

Moreover, f with satisfy the bounds 0 ≤ f ≤ 1. If we can show that f is non-constant, then E will be non-parabolic (see [L-T1] and [L3]). For a fixed 0 < R0 < R such that ER0 6= ∅, let φ be a non-negative cut-off function satisfying the properties that on ER \ ER0 ,

φ=1 φ=0

on ∂E,

and |∇φ| ≤ C1 . The Sobolev inequality of Michael-Simon [M-S], integration by parts, and the fact that fR is harmonic, imply that µZ

ER

(φ fR )

2n n−2

¶ n−2 n

≤C

Z

|∇(φ fR )|2

E

=C

µZR

2

|∇φ|

ER

Z

fR2

+2 ¶

Z

φ fR h∇φ, ∇fR i

ER

+ φ2 |∇fR |2 E µZ R Z 1 2 2 h∇(φ2 ), ∇(fR2 )i =C |∇φ| fR + 2 ER E ¶ Z R φ2 |∇fR |2 + E Z R =C |∇φ|2 fR2 . ER

In particular, for a fixed R1 satisfying R0 < R1 < R, we have ÃZ

ER1 \ER0

2n n−2

fR

! n−2 n

≤ C2

Z

ER0

fR2 .

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PETER LI AND JIAPING WANG

If the limiting function f is identically constant, then f must be identically 1 because of its boundary condition. Letting R → ∞, we obtain (VE (R1 ) − VE (R0 ))

n−2 n

≤ C VE (R0 ).

where VE (r) denotes the volume of the set Er . Since R1 > R0 is arbitrary, this implies that E must have finite volume. However, since an end of a minimal submanifold must have infinite volume, this contradicts the assumption that f = 1, and the theorem is proved. It is clear in the above argument that this theorem can be generalized to an arbitrary Riemannian manifold. Corollary 4. Let E be an end of a complete Riemannian manifold. Suppose for some ν ≥ 1, E satisfies a Sobolev type inequality of the form µZ



|u|

E

¶ ν1

≤C

Z

|∇u|2

E

for all compactly supported function u ∈ W1,2 (E) defined on E, then E must either have finite volume or be non-parabolic. We would like to remark that it was proved independently by Grigor’yan [Gr] and Varopoulos [V] that if a manifold is non-parabolic then its volume growth must satisfy (1.1)

Z

r



t dt < ∞. Vp (t)

In particular, when combine with Corollary 4, this implies that if and end satisfies a Sobolev type inequality as hypothesized in Corollary 4, then it must either have finite volume or its volume growth must be at least quadratic satisfying (1.1). §2 Proof of Main Theorem We are now ready to prove our main result. Theorem 5. Let M n be a complete, immersed, oriented minimal hypersurface in Rn+1 with n ≥ 3. Suppose M has finite index. Then M must have finite first L2 Betti number, i.e. dim H 1 (L2 (M )) < ∞. In particular, M must have finitely many ends. Proof. The assumption that M has finite index implies that there exists a compact set Ω ⊂ M such that M \ Ω is stable. In particular, we may assume that Ω ⊂ Bp (R0 ) for some geodesic ball centered at p ∈ M of radius R0 . The monotonicity of eigenvalues implies that M \ Bp (R0 ) is stable. In particular, if |A|2 denotes

MINIMAL HYPERSURFACES WITH FINITE INDEX

5

the square of the length of the second fundamental form of M , then the stability inequality [S-Y] asserts that Z Z 2 2 |∇ψ|2 ψ |A| ≤ (2.1) M \Bp (R0 )

M \Bp (R0 )

for all compactly supported function ψ on M \ Bp (R0 ). For any L2 harmonic 1-form ω defined on M , let us denote h = |ω| to be the length of the ω. The Bochner formula (see [L2]) asserts that ∆h2 ≥ 2Ric(ω, ω) + 2|∇ω|2

(2.2)

where Ric denotes the Ricci curvature of M and ∇ω is the covariant derivative of ω. Using the Gauss curvature equation, we conclude that Ric(ω, ω) ≥ −|A|2 h2 .

(2.3)

Since ω is an L2 harmonic 1-form, it must be both closed and co-closed. In particular, in terms of an orthonormal co-frame {ω1 , . . . , ωn }, we can write ω = ai ωi . Then the closed condition is given by ai,j = aj,i and the co-closed condition is given by n X

ai,i = 0.

i=1

On the other hand, |∇ω|2 = ≥ ≥

X

i,j n X

j=1 n X j=1

a2i,j a21,j a21,j

+ +

n X

α=2 n X

α=2

a2α,1

+

n X

a2α,α

α=2

a2α,1

n X 1 lef t( aα,α right)2 . + n−1 α=2

Using both the closed and co-closed conditions, we conclude that (2.4)

n n X 2 |∇ω| ≥ a . n − 1 j=1 1,j 2

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PETER LI AND JIAPING WANG

However, at any fixed point x ∈ M , if we choose an orthonormal co-frame such that |ω| ω1 = ω, then 2

2

|∇(h )| = 4

n X

(a1 a1,j )2

j=1

≤ 4h

2

n X

a21,j .

j=1

Combining with (2.2), (2.3), and (2.4), we obtain |∇h|2 . ∆h ≥ −|A| h + (n − 1)h 2

(2.5)

By choosing ψ = φh with φ being a non-negative compactly supported function on M \ Bp (R0 ), (2.1) becomes Z Z Z 2 2 2 2 2 φ |A| h ≤ |∇φ| h + 2 φ h h∇φ, ∇hi M \Bp (R0 )

M \Bp (R0 )

+

M \Bp (R0 )

Z

φ2 |∇h|2

M \Bp (R0 )

=

Z

2

2

|∇φ| h −

M \Bp (R0 )

Z

φ2 h ∆h.

M \Bp (R0 )

Combining with (2.5), we have Z Z 2 2 (2.6) φ |∇h| ≤ (n − 1) M \Bp (R0 )

|∇φ|2 h2 .

M \Bp (R0 )

On the other hand, the Sobolev inequality for minimal submanifold [M-S] implies that ÃZ

(φ h)

M \Bp (R0 )

2n n−2

! n−2 n

≤C

Z

|∇(φ h)|2

M \Bp (R0 )

= 2C

Z

2

2

φ |∇h| + 2C

M \Bp (R0 )

Z

M \Bp (R0 )

Combining with (2.6), we obtain

(2.7)

ÃZ

M \Bp (R0 )

(φ h)

2n n−2

! n−2 n

≤ 2nC

Z

M \Bp (R0 )

|∇φ|2 h2 .

|∇φ|2 h2 .

MINIMAL HYPERSURFACES WITH FINITE INDEX

7

For R > R0 + 1, let us choose φ satisfying the properties that  on Bp (R0 )  0 on Bp (R) \ Bp (R0 + 1) φ= 1   0 on M \ Bp (2R), |∇φ| ≤ C3

on Bp (R0 + 1) \ Bp (R0 )

and |∇φ| ≤ C3 R−1

on Bp (2R) \ Bp (R)

for some constant C3 > 0. Applying this to (2.7), we have ÃZ

h

Bp (R)\Bp (R0 +1)

2n n−2

! n−2 n

≤ C4

Z

2

h + C4 R

−2

Z

h2 .

Bp (2R)\Bp (R)

Bp (R0 +1)\Bp (R0 )

Since by the assumption h is in L2 , letting R → ∞, the second term tends to 0 and we conclude that ÃZ

(2.8)

h

2n n−2

M \Bp (R0 +1)

! n−2 n

Z

≤ C4

h2 .

Bp (R0 +1)\Bp (R0 )

On the other hand, the Schwarz inequality asserts that Z

2 n

h2 ≤ Vp (R0 + 2)

ÃZ

h

Bp (R0 +2)\Bp (R0 +1)

Bp (R0 +2)\Bp (R0 +1)

2n n−2

! n−2 n

.

Together with (2.8), we conclude that there exists a constant C5 > 0 depending on Vp (R0 + 2) such that Z Z 2 h ≤ C5 (2.9) h2 . Bp (R0 +2)

Bp (R0 +1)

The fact that h satisfies the differential inequality (2.5) implies that we can apply the Moser iteration argument (see [L2]) and conclude that Z 2 h2 h (x) ≤ C6 Bx (1)

where C6 > 0 depends only on n and the upper bound of |A|2 on Bx (1). In particular, if x ∈ Bp (R0 + 1) has the property that h2 (x) =

sup Bp (R0 +1)

h2 ,

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PETER LI AND JIAPING WANG

then 2

h ≤ C6

sup Bp (R0 +1)

Z

h2 .

Bp (R0 +2)

Combining with (2.9), this implies that there exists constant C7 > depending only on n, Vp (R0 + 2), and supBp (R0 +2) |A|2 , such that (2.10)

2

h ≤ C7

sup Bp (R0 +1)

Z

h2 .

Bp (R0 +1)

We are now ready to show that H 1 (L2 (M )) is finite dimensional. It suffices to show that any finite dimensional subspace K of H 1 (L2 (M )) must have its dimension bounded by a fixed constant. Let k be the dimension of K. Let us consider the bi-linear form defined on K given by Z hω, θi. Bp (R0 +1)

Note that if

Z

|ω|2 = 0

Bp (R0 +1)

for some ω ∈ K, then by unique continuation ω must be identically 0. This implies that the quadratic form is an inner product defined on K. According to Lemma 11 of [L1], there exits an ω ∈ K such that Z k |ω|2 ≤ Vp (R0 + 1) (min{n, k}) sup |ω|2 . Bp (R0 +1)

Bp (R0 +1)

However, combining with (2.10) we conclude that k ≤ C8 with C8 > 0 depending only on n, Vp (R0 + 2), and supBp (R0 +2) |A|2 . The theorem follows by applying Corollary 2 and Theorem 3. References [C-S-Z] H. Cao, Y. Shen, and S. Zhu, The structure of stable minimal hypersurfaces in Rn+1 , Math. Res. Let. 4 (1997), 637–644. [dC-P] M. do Carmo and C. K. Peng, Stable complete minimal surfaces in R3 are planes, Bull. AMS 1 (1979), 903–906. [FC] D. Fischer-Colbrie, On complete minimal surfaces with finite Morse index in three manifolds, Invent. Math. 82 (1985), 121–132. [FC-S] D. Fischer-Colbrie and R. Schoen, The structure of complete stable minimal surfaces in 3-manifolds of non-negative scalar curvature, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 33 (1980), 199-211.

MINIMAL HYPERSURFACES WITH FINITE INDEX [Gr] [G]

[L1] [L2]

[L3]

[L-T1] [L-T2] [M-S] [S-Y] [V]

9

A. Grigor’yan, On the existence of a Green function on a manifold, Uspechi matem. nauk, 38 (1983), 161–162, Engl transl: Russian Math. Surveys 38 (1983), 190–191. R. Gulliver, Index and total curvature of complete minimal surfaces., Geometric measure theory and the calculus of variations (Arcata, Calif., 1984), Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. 44, Amer. Math. Soc.,, Providence, RI., 1986, pp. 207–211. P. Li, On the Sobolev constant and the p-spectrum of a compact Riemannian manifold, ´ Norm. Sup. 4, T 13 (1980), 451–469. Ann. Scient. Ec. P. Li, Lecture Notes on Geometric Analysis, Lecture Notes Series No. 6 - Research Institute of Mathematics and Global Analysis Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 1993. P. Li, Curvature and function theory on Riemannian manifolds, Survey in Differential Geometry ”In Honor of Atiyah, Bott, Hirzebruch, and Singer”, vol. VII, International Press, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 71–111. P. Li and L. F. Tam, Symmetric Green’s functions on complete manifolds, Amer. J. Math. 109 (1987), 1129–1154. P. Li and L. F. Tam, Harmonic functions and the structure of complete manifolds, J. Diff. Geom. 35 (1992), 359–383. J. H. Michael and L. Simon, Sobolev and mean-value inequalities on generalized submanifolds of Rn , Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 26 (1973), 361–379. R. Schoen and S. T. Yau, Harmonic maps and the topology of stable hypersurfaces and manifolds of nonnegative Ricci curvature, Comm. Math. Helv. 39 (1976), 333–341. N. Varopoulos, Potential theory and diffusion on Riemannian manifolds, Conference on harmonic analysis in honor of Antoni Zygmund, Vol I, II, Wadsworth Math. Ser., Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif., 1983, pp. 821–837.

Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3875 E-mail address: [email protected] School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 E-mail address: [email protected]