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Dec 24, 2013 - ISSN 1362-1971 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C30A217F-B030-4FF5-8042-A96C729FC80E. Mites (Acari) associated with three ...
Systematic & Applied Acarology 18(4): 411–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.18.4.10

ISSN 1362-1971

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C30A217F-B030-4FF5-8042-A96C729FC80E Article

Mites (Acari) associated with three species of the genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) in Brazil, with emphasis on Jatropha curcas A. C. LOFEGO1,4, J. M. REZENDE2, R. L. C. VERONA3 & R. J. F. FERES1 1Universidade

Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto. Depto. Zoologia e Botânica. Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265. CEP 15054-000. São José do Rio Preto, SP., Brazil

2

Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal. Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265. CEP 15054-000. São José do Rio Preto, SP., Brazil

3Centro

Universitário do Norte Paulista (UNORP). Rua Ipiranga, 3460. CEP 15020-040. São José do Rio Preto, SP., Brazi

4Corresponding

author: E-mail: [email protected]; Phone number +55 17 3221-2398

Abstract The physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) (Euphorbiaceae) has emerged as a new option in cultivation aimed at biodiesel production. In order to provide information that may be useful to further develop management plans for that specific crop, samples of mites were collected from cultured and wild J. curcas plants in various regions of the country and from two other species of the same genus, Jatropha gossypiifolia L. and Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. in the northeastern region of Brazil. Altogether 31 species belonging to 10 families were recorded. The family Phytoseiidae presented the largest number of species (17). Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Tarsonemidae) was the most abundant species (8,503 specimens). A dichotomous key was prepared to identify all the sampled species. At least four mite species of the samples deserve attention as showing potential for being pests in the crops of J. curcas, Brevipalpus phoenicis, Brevipalpus obovatus, Polyphagotarsonemus latus and Tetranychus bastosi, the latter two often found in great abundance. Key words: biodiesel production, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Tetranychus bastosi

Introduction The genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) has approximately 170 species, distributed throughout the tropical Americas (Carels 2009). Three of these species are particularly important in Brazil. Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. abundant in northeastern Brazil where it is a native plant; Jatropha gossypiifolia L., used as an ornamental plant and periodically found in empty lots and roadsides; and Jatropha curcas L. (physic nut), which is traditionally cultivated for medicinal purposes, soap making and hedges. Currently, J. curcas has gained attention as a crop for biodiesel production (Nunes 2007). Due to its status as a relatively new crop, there is a need of research about the economic viability of physic nut, especially in relation to its management, where possible pests or associated beneficial organisms need to be considered. In this context, it is essential to carry out studies on fauna surveys and become familiar with the communities of the organisms associated with physic nut and other plants of the same genus, such as J. gossypiifolia and J. mollissima, that are abundant and simultaneously occurring, since they can be reservoir or alternative hosts for organisms found on J. curcas, such as mites. Previous studies have showed that some phytophagous mites can be potential pests in the J. curcas crop in Brazil, particularly Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Tarsonemidae) and © 2013 Systematic & Applied Acarology Society

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Tetranychus bastosi Tuttle, Baker & Sales (Tetranychidae) (Albuquerque et al. 2006; Santos et al. 2006). However, these previous studies are few representatives given that the samples were limited to only a few crops. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive survey of the mite communities present on J. curcas, J. gossypiifolia and J. mollissina spreading across several Brazilian states in the North, Northeast and Southeast.

Materials and methods Qualitative sampling was conducted in Northern, Northeastern and Southeastern states (Figure 1 and Table 1). Two types of sampling were conducted: 1 —periodic sampling of four J. curcas crops, conducted monthly from 05/2008 to 04/2009 in the municipalities of Jales, São Paulo and Itapagipe, Minas Gerais; 2—occasional random sampling, conducted on two expeditions. Periodic sampling: In each area ten leaves from ten different plants were sampled each month. The leaves were deposited into paper bags. The bags were put in chilled styrofoam boxes and then transported to the laboratory. The samples remained refrigerated until there was time to extract and mounting the mites, a process that was completed within five days of sample collection. The mites were extracted directly from the leaves under a stereomicroscope with the aid of a fine-hair brush. Random sampling was conducted on two expeditions across the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Pernambuco, Piauí and Tocantins in January of 2009 and November of 2010 (Figure 1). During these expeditions, samples from cultivated J. curcas were collected. Individual samples of J. curcas, J. gossypiifolia and J. mollissima seen in natural and residential areas and highway margins along the way were also sampled. The leaves collected at each sampling site corresponded with a minimum volume of 5 liters. Leaves were washed in buckets containing 8 liters of ethanol at 30%. Following the washing, the material was filtered in micro nylon mesh sieves with a porosity of 25mm to retain the mites released during the washing. In order, the mesh sieves were sprayed with 67% ethanol to detach the filtered material, which was drained and stored in jars containing the same ethanol at 67%. All jars were properly labeled according to the origin and geographical location where each sample was collected. Finally, this material was examined in the laboratory under the stereomicroscope. The mites found in both sampling methods were mounted on microscope slides using Hoyer’s mounting medium. The classification employed is in accordance with Lindquist et al. (2009). The voucher specimens were deposited in the collection of Acari (DZSJRP)—http:// www.splink.cria.org.br, Department of Botany and Zoology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo.

Results Nearly 11,300 mites were collected from J. curcas crops, representing 30 species of ten families. Highest richness was found in the Phytoseiidae, with 14 species in eight genera. Regarding abundance, two species stand out: Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Tarsonemidae) with 8,503 specimens and Tetranychus bastosi Turtle, Baker & Sales (Tetranychidae) with 1,801 mites. Ninety-nine mites were collected from J. gossypiifolia, distributed in five genera of four families, and while 55 mites were collected from J. mollissima, belonging to four genera of four families were registered.

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TABLE 1. Locations and plants sampled during the study. The codes of the samples represent that following dates: I (monthly collections from 05/2008 to 04/2009), II (the first excursion in 01/2009) and III (second excursion in 11/2010). Region

State

Town

Coordenates

Sampled

Samples

Northeast

BA

Bom Jesus da Lapa

13º 15' S 43º 22' O

J. mollissima

II

Northeast

BA

Caturama

13° 19' S 42° 17' O

J. mollissima

III

Northeast

BA

Juazeiro

09º 42' S 40º 22' O

J. mollissima

II

Northeast

CE

Juazeiro do Norte

07º 12' S 39º 19' O

J. curcas

II

Northeast

CE

Nova Olinda

07º 10' S 39º 35' O

J. curcas

II

Northeast

CE

Pedra Branca

05° 17' S 39° 53' O

J. mollissima

III

Northeast

CE

Quixeramobim

05° 07' S 39° 20' O

J. curcas

III

Northeast

CE

Tauá

05° 26' S 40° 00' O

J. mollissima

III

Northeast

MA

Capinzal do Norte

04° 43' S 44° 19' O

J. curcas

III

Northeast

MA

Grajaú

05° 40' S 45° 52' O

J. curcas

III

Northeast

MA

Presidente Dutra

05° 17' S 44° 30' O

J. curcas

III

Northeast

MA

Santo Antônio dos Lopes

04° 50' S 44° 20' O

J. gossypiifolia

III

Northeast

PE

Salgueiro

08º 05' S 39º 07' O

J. mollissima

II

Northeast

PI

Alvorada do Gurguéia

08° 29' S 43° 54' O

J. curcas

II e III

Northeast

PI

Buriti dos Montes

05° 21' S 41° 03' O

J. curcas

III

Northeast

PI

Castelo do Piauí

05° 17' S 41° 24' O

J. curcas

III

Northeast

PI

Cristalândia do Piauí

10° 48' S 45° 09' O

J. curcas

II e III

Northeast

PI

Cristiano Castro

08° 49' S 44° 13' O

J. curcas

II

Northeast

PI

Ibotirama

13º 15' S 43º 22' O

J. mollissima

II

Northeast

PI

Juazeiro do Piauí

05° 05' S 41° 43' O

J. gossypiifolia

III

Northeast

PI

Pimenteiras

06° 36' S 40° 51' O

J. curcas

III

Northeast

PI

São Raimundo Nonato

08º 35' S 42º 09' O

J. gossypiifolia

II

North

TO

Miracema do Tocantins

09° 33' S 48° 23' O

J. curcas

III

North

TO

Nova Olinda

07° 38' S 48° 25' O

J. curcas

III

North

TO

Porto Nacional

10° 42' S 48° 25' O

J. curcas

III

South-East

MG

Itapagipe

19° 53' S 49° 20' O / 19° 52' S 49° 39' O

J. curcas

I

South-East

MG

Janaúba

15º 43' S 43º 19' O

J. curcas

II e III

South-East

MG

Nova Porteirinha

15º 42' S 43º 18' O

J. curcas

II

South-East

SP

Jales

20º 12' S 50º 32' O / 20º 13' S 50º 30' O

J. curcas

I

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▲=

FIGURE 1. Brazil map—areas sampled during the study. The symbols refer to the plants collected: Jatropha curcas; = Jatropha gossypiifolia; + = Jatropha mollissima.



A list of species is presented in the following order: the name of mite species, the host plant, the sampled municipalities, the collection date (month in Roman numerals, and year) and the number of specimens collected.

ORDER MESOSTIGMATA Ascidae Voigts & Oudemans Asca sp. From: Jatropha curcas -Itapagipe-MG: IV-09 (1). Phytoseiidae Berlese Amblyseius acalyphus Denmark & Muma, 1973 From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG: I-09 (1), IV-09 (1). Amblyseius aerialis (Muma, 1955) From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG: III-08 (4).

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Amblyseius neochiapensis Lofego, Moraes & McMurtry, 2000 From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG: VI-08 (2); Jales-SP: V-08 (2), VI-08 (1). Euseius alatus De Leon, 1966 From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Pimenteiras-PI: XI-10 (1). North Region: Porto Nacional-TO: XI-10 (2). Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma, 1970 From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Guanambi-BA: I-09 (6); Juazeiro do Norte-CE: I-09 (1); Quixeramobim-CE: XI-10 (9); Cristalândia do Piauí-PI: I-09 (4); Pimenteiras-PI: XI-10 (2). North Region: Nova Olinda-TO: XI-10 (2); Porto Nacional-TO: XI-10 (1). South-East Region: ItapagipeMG: V-08 (1), VI-08 (8), VII-08 (6), VIII-08 (2), I-09 (15), III-09 (24), IV-09 (14); Itapagipe-MG; Janaúba-MG: I-09 (22); Nova Porteirinha-MG: I-09 (6); Jales-SP: V-08 (123), VI-08 (194), VII-08 (16), VIII-08 (4), X-08 (5), XI-08 (1), XII-08 (3), I-09 (1), III-09 (3), IV-09 (30). Jatropha gossypiifolia: Northeast Region: São Raimundo Nonato-PI: I-09 (8). Jatropha molissima: Northeast Region: Pedra Branca-CE: XI-10 (2). Euseius concordis (Chant, 1959) From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Nova Olinda-CE: I-09 (2); Capinzal do Norte-MA: XI10 (6); Grajaú-MA: XI-10 (2); Presidente Dutra-MA: XI-10 (35); Alvorada do Gurguéia-PI: XI-10 (3); Castelo do Piauí-PI: XI-10 (2); Cristino Castro-PI: I-09 (6). North Region: Miracema do Tocantins-TO: XI-10 (10); Nova Olinda-TO: XI-10 (1); Porto Nacional-TO: XI-10 (6). South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG: V-08 (6), VI-08 (6), VIII-08 (1); Itapagipe-MG (lavoura D): V-08 (2); Janaúba-MG: I-09 (3); Nova Porteirinha-MG: I-09 (1); Jales-SP: V-08 (9), VI-08 (5), IV-09 (8). Jatropha gossypiifolia: Northeast Region: Santo Antônio dos Lopes-MA: XI-10 (1). Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, 1972 From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Jales-SP : V-08 (5); Itapagipe-MG : V-08 (1), VI-08 (4), VII-08 (3). Neoseiulus gracilis (Muma, 1962) From: Jatropha curcas: North Region: Nova Olinda-TO: XI-10 (1). Neoseiulus idaeus Denmark & Muma, 1973 From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Quixeramobim-CE: XI-10 (3). Neoseiulus transversus Denmark & Muma, 1973 From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Capinzal do Norte-MA: XI-10 (1). Phytoseius intermedius Evans & MacFarlane, 1962 From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Pimenteiras-PI: XI-10 (2). South-East Region: JanaúbaMG: XI-10 (1). Ricoseius loxocheles (De Leon, 1965) From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Jales-SP: V-08 (99). Remarks: found associated with leaves with a great amount of fungi spores.

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Typhlodromalus aripo De Leon, 1967 From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Cristino Castro-PI: I-09 (6). South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG: V-08 (4), V-08 (2), VI-08 (7), IV-09 (3); Jales-SP : V-08 (7), IV-09 (6). Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) neobakeri Prasad, 1968 From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Grajaú-MA: XI-10 (2). ORDER SARCOPTIFORMES Winterschmidtiidae Oudemans Czenspinskia sp. From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Cristino Castro-PI: I-09 (22); Eliseu Martins-PI: I-09 (6). South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG: V-08 (19), III-09 (56), IV-09 (300), VI-08 (4); Nova PorteirinhaMG: I-09 (8); Jales-SP: V-08 (52), VI-08 (2), XI-08 (1), IV-09 (4). Oulenzia sp. From: Jatropha curcas: - South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG: V-08 (7); Jales-SP: V-08 (3), VI-08 (2). ORDER TROMBIDIFORMES Cheyletidae Leach Cheyletus sp. From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Capinzal do Norte-MA: XI-10 (1). Mexecheles sp. From: Jatropha mollissima: Northeast Region: Pedra Branca-CE: XI-10 (1). Cunaxidae Thor Cunaxoides sp. From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG: IV-09 (1). Iolinidae Pritchard Pronematus sp. From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG : VI-08 (12), X-08 (44), I-09 (4); JalesSP: VIII-08 (5), X-08 (2), XI-08 (11), XII-08 (4). Jatropha gossypiifolia: Northeast Region: São Raimundo Nonato-PI: I-09 (13). Tarsonemidae Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Cristino-Castro-PI: I-09 (4). South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG: V-08 (228), XII-08 (369), I-09 (685), III-09 (282), IV-09 (17); Janaúba-MG: I-09 (25); Nova Porteirinha-MG: I-09: (11); Jales-SP : V-08 (19), VII-08 (11), X-08 (1176), XI-08 (3233), I-09 (10), III-09 (553), IV-09 (1877). Remarks: P. latus was only found in young leaves, often in large infestations causing the leaves to wrinkle and stunting plant growth. Tarsonemus waitei Banks, 1912 From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Janaúba-MG: XI-10 (1).

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Tarsonemus sp.

From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Jales-SP: V-08 (1). 

Tenuipalpidae Berlese Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu, 1875 From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Guanambi-BA: I-09 (37); Quixeramobim-CE: XI-10 (1); Grajaú-MA: XI-10 (23); Presidente Dutra-MA: XI-10 (9); Alvorada do Gurguéia-PI: XI-10 (9); Castelo do Piauí-PI: XI-10 (39); Cristalândia do Piauí-PI: XI-10 (1); Cristino Castro-PI: I-09 (23); Pimenteiras-PI: I-09 (21). North Region: Miracema do Tocantins-TO: XI-10 (16); Nova Olinda-TO: XI-10 (1); South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG: V-08 (2), VI-08 (2), VIII-08 (2), X-08 (8), XII-08 (3); Janaúba-MG: I-09 (5), XI-10 (2); Nova Porteirinha-MG: I-09 (9); Jales-SP : VII-08 (1), VIII-08 (11), XI-08 (1). Jatropha gossypiifolia: São Raimundo Nonato-PI: I-09 (6). Jatropha mollissima: Northeast Region: Bom Jesus da Lapa-BA I-09 (1); Pedra Branca-CE: XI10 (1); Ibotirama-PI: I-09 (1). Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Quixeramobim-CE: XI-10 (1); Capinzal do Norte-MA: XI-10 (5); Grajaú-MA: XI-10 (3); Alvorada do Gurguéia-PI: XI-10 (3); Pimenteiras-PI: XI-10: (1). Tetranychidae Donnadieu Allonychus sp.

From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Jales-SP: VI-08 (3). 

Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor, 1914) From: Jatropha curcas: North Region: Nova Olinda-TO: XI-10 (1). Oligonychus sp. From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Jales-SP: V-08 (7). Tetranychus bastosi Tuttle, Baker & Sales, 1977 From: Jatropha curcas: Northeast Region: Quixeramobim-CE: XI-10 (8); Juazeiro do Norte-CE: I09 (3); Nova Olinda-CE: I-09 (11); Capinzal do Norte-MA: XI-10 (3); Grajaú-MA: XI-10 (4); Alvorada do Gurguéia-PI: XI-10 (60); Buriti dos Montes-PI: XI-10 (22); Castelo do Piauí-PI: XI-10 (4); Cristalândia do Piauí-PI: XI-10 (4); Pimenteiras-PI: XI-10 (8). South-East Region: ItapagipeMG : VI-08 (2), XI-08 (1); Jales-SP : V-08 (27), VI-08 (40), VIII-08 (10), IX-08 (186), X-08 (1058), XI-08 (325), IV-09 (2). Jatropha gossypiifolia: Northeast Region: Santo Antônio dos Lopes-MA: XI-10 (13); Juazeiro do Piauí-PI: XI-10 (9); São Raimundo Nonato-PI: I-09 (49). Jatropha mollissima: Northeast Region: Caturama-BA: XI-10 (1); Juazeiro, BA: I-09 (21); Salgueiro I-09 (11); Tauá-CE: XI-10 (26). Remarks:Tetranychus bastosi was commonly found in both young and old leaves, but more common in old leaves. Large populations were found to cause chlorotic spotting and the yellowing of leaves. For J. gossypiifolia and J. mollissima only few specimens of T. bastosi were collected for sample purpose. However, in some collection sites, such as São Raimundo Nonato, Juazeiro and Tauá, intense infestations of T. bastosi on these plants were observed.

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Tydeidae Kramer Lorryia formosa Cooreman, 1958 From: Jatropha curcas: South-East Region: Itapagipe-MG : VI-08 (3).

Discussion Only three species were common to the three species of Jatropha sampled: Brevipalpus obovatus (Tenuipalpidae), Euseius citrifolius (Phytoseiidae) and Tetranychus bastosi (Tetranychidae). These species were also the ones that were collected in the sampled regions (East, North and Northeast). The difference in species composition among regions and different hosts may be due to the two sampling methods, since the method used in the monthly collections in J. curcas, in the Southeast, resulted in significantly greater sampling effort than the sampling methods used in the other regions. However, biotic and abiotic factors related to geographic location may also alter the richness and composition of the species (Ricklefs 1987). Euseius citrifolius and E. concordis were the most abundant species of Phytoseiidae. These mites have also been recorded in other euphorbiaceous, mainly in the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. (Feres et al. 2002; Hernandes & Feres 2006; Demite & Feres 2007; Bellini et al. 2008) and Mabea fistulifera Mart. (Feres & Moraes 1998; Daud & Feres 2004; Daud & Feres 2005). Both are considered generalist predators with a preference of feeding on pollen (McMurtry & Croft 1997; McMurtry et al. 2013); however, they also feed on phytophagous mites and as such can exert some control over their populations. Another fairly common phytoseiid was Typhlodromalus aripo, found only in physic nut plantations, indicating probable adaptation to the agroecossystem. This species is proven effective as a biological control agent of pest mites found in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Africa (Moraes et al. 1993). E. citrifolius, E. concordis and T. aripo were also the most abundant species of phytoseiid mites found on weeds around plants of J. curcas (Rezende and Lofego, 2012), indicating that these three predator species could migrate between weeds and J. curcas plants and that weeds might enhance the populations of those predators in this system. Ricoseius loxocheles (Phytoseiidae) was also relatively abundant, with 99 mites registered in the crops of Jales, São Paulo. Anyway the observed abundance of R. loxocheles in J. curcas was unexpected, since previous records of this species in natural environments had included very few specimens (Lofego et al. 2004; Demite et al. 2009; Rezende & Lofego, 2011). Some species of Phytoseiidae may have mycophagus eating habits (Zemek & Prenerova 1997), and R. loxocheles was recorded at the exact time that the physic nut leaves were heavily infested with spores of fungi, which they were apparently using as food, suggesting that its abundance was most likely was due to the availability of fungi as food, since R. loxocheles can survive and reproduce feed on fungus Hemileia vastatrix Berk and Br. (Oliveira, 2012). Polyphagotarsonemus latus and Tetranychus bastosi, previously recorded in physic nut in Brazil (Albuquerque et al. 2006; Santos et al. 2006), were also observed in large populations. The former was predominant in the Southeast, and the latter was predominant in the Northeast. The great abundance observed on occasion may indicate that they are potential pest mites for the physic nut crop. Dias et al. (2007) considers the broad mite (P. latus) to be the main mite pest of the physic nut crops in Brazil, based on symptoms only, once no data about loses were estimated yet. In addition to the physic nut, the broad mite is considered a pest in a number of other crops (Moraes & Flechtmann 2008). The intense infestations of T. bastosi observed in J. mollissima and J. gossypiifolia in some areas of the Northeast indicate that it is probable that these plants provide a potential reservoir for this species. Consequently, the maintenance of these plants near the physic nut crop should be carefully 418

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analyzed. We have also identified earlier reports of T. bastosi in other Euphorbiaceous such as Cassava, the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) and plants from other families (Migeon & Dorkeld 2006). The presence of B. obovatus and B. phoenicis (Tenuipalpidae) in the samples is also an important register for the cultivation of physic nut. These species are considered pests in a variety of crops (Welbourn et al. 2003; Moraes & Flechtmann 2008). Brevipalpus obovatus was recorded from not only J. curcas, but also J. mollissima and J. gossypiifolia, while B. phoenicis was found only on J. curcas. Despite the low abundance observed of both Brevipalpus species, the mere occurrence of these species is important due to the fact that they transmit diseases (Gerson 2008). We can therefore conclude that there exist four species of mites with the potential to be pests in physic nut crops in Brazil: P. latus, T. bastosi, B. obovatus and B. phoenicis. Anyway, there also exist in another hand a rich fauna of predatory mites, especially species of the Phytoseiidae. Thus, it would be desirable to carry out further experiments to evaluate the predatory potential of these mites, and possibility of using such natural enemies in the biological control of the those pest mites.

Key to mite species registered on Jatropha spp. in this study 1 Stigmata present posterior to coxae II; coxae of legs free, usually movable; tritosternum present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Order Mesostigmata … 2 1’ Stigmata present anterior to coxae II or absent; coxae of legs integrated with venter of podosoma, tritosternum absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 With less than 24 pairs of dorsal setae on the idiosoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phytoseiidae … 3 2’ With more than 24 pairs of dorsal setae on the idiosoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ascidae … Asca sp. 3 Podonotal region of the dorsal shield with 5 or 6 pairs of “lateral” setae (j3, z2, z4 and s4 always present; z3 and/or s6 present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3’ Podonotal region of the dorsal shield with only 4 pairs of "lateral" setae (j3, z2, z4 and s4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amblyseiinae … 5 4 Setae Z1, S2, S4 and S5 absent; seta r3 inserted on the dorsal shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phytoseiinae … Phytoseius intermedius 4’ At least one of the setae Z1, S2, S4 or S5 present; seta r3 inserted on soft cuticle next to the dorsal shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typhlodrominae … Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) neobakeri 5 With 3 setae in the r-R series (r3, r5, R1); setae j6 nearly twice as long as the distance between its bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ricoseius loxocheles 5’ With 2 setae in the r-R series (r3, R1); setae j6 shorter than above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 Cheliceral digits with internal margins distinctively concave; with 3-5 distal teeth on the fixed digit; setae Jv1 inserted posteriorly to anterior margin of ventro-anal shield . . . . Euseius … 7 6’ Cheliceral digits with internal margins straight or slightly concave; with variable number of teeth on fixed digit, inserted along of the internal margin; seta Jv1 inserted on the anterior of ventroanal shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7 Dorsal shield smooth or with some striations on the anterolateral region; Setae z4 as long as or longer than the distance between its basis and the basis of z2 . . . . . . . . . . . . Euseius concordis 7’ Dorsal shield with striations and reticules spread along all its surface; setae z4 shorter than the distance between its basis and the basis of z2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 Macrosetae of legs IV with sharp tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euseius citrifolius 8’ Macrosetae of legs IV with knobbed tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euseius alatus 9 Genu III without macrosetae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neoseiulus … 10 9’ Genu III with macrosetae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2013

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10 Most of setae of the dorsal shield long (around 40-60 µm), length usually larger than the distance between itself basis and the basis of the near seta; macrosetae present only on tarsus IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neoseiulus idaeus 10’ Most of setae of the dorsal shield short, length of each seta shorter than distance between itself basis and the basis of the near seta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 Tarsus IV without macrosetae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neoseiulus gracilis 11’ Tarsus IV with macrosetae (54-68 µm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neoseiulus transversus 12 Body strongly sclerotized; sternal shield around 1.5x as wide as long . . . Iphiseiodes zuluagai 12 Body weakly sclerotized; sternal shield as long as wide and usually smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13 Tarsus I without proximal erect seta; setae Z5 stick-like, usually as long as or shorter than the distance between their bases; dorsal shield reticulated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typhlodromalus aripo 13’ Tarsus I with a proximal erect seta; setae Z5 whip-like, longer than the distance between their bases, dorsal shield smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amblyseius … 14 14 Cervix of spermatheca with 2 distinct regions: tubular (beginning at the atrium) and half-moon shaped (region enlarged near to vesicle); reddish coloring . . . . . . . . . . . . Amblyseius acalyphus 14’ Cervix of spermatheca different from described above; white or yellowish coloring . . . . . . . 15 15 Cervix of spermatheca tubular, and at least twice longer (around 10 µm) than large. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amblyseius aerialis 15’ Cervix of spermatheca similar to a small cylinder; approximately as long as large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amblyseius neochiapensis 16 Chelicerae rarely chelate; fixed digit often regressed and movable digit usually a hook, knife or stylet-like structure; stigmata located on the basis of chelicerae or on the anterior prodorsum, associated with peritremes on the same region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Order Trombidiformes … 17 16’ Chelicerae usually chelate-dentate; basis of chelicerae always separate; stigmata and peritremes absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Order Sarcoptiformes … Winterschmidtiidae … 30 17 Gnathosoma capsule shaped; cheliceral stylets and palpi small; legs IV of the female not used for locomotion, with fusion of segments (femorogenu and tibiotarsus) and a very long terminal seta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tarsonemidae … 18 17’ Gnathosoma variable in shape; palpi and chelicerae well developed and morphologically variable; leg IV usually used to locomotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 18 Adults (female and male) with 4 pairs of setae on the ventral region of metapodosoma; females without a membranous structure on ambulacrum on tarsus I, with a well developed craw, articulated with this article; claw of leg IV of male reduced (button-like) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polyphagotarsonemus latus 18’ Adults (female and male) with 2 pairs of setae on the ventral region of metapodosoma; tarsus I of the female with a membranous structure on ambulacrum; claw of leg IV of male normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tarsonemus … 19 19 Sensorial cluster of the tibiae I with only 1 solenidion; tarsus II without seta pl”; only 2 setae present on femur II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tarsonemus waitei 19’ Characteristics not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tarsonemus sp. 20 Palpi raptorial: robust, with some modified setae (sickle-like and comb-like) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cheyletidae … 22 20’ Palpi not as described above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 21 Palpi with distinct “thumb-claw” process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetranychidae … 23 21’ Palpi without distinct “thumb-claw” process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 22 Leg I as long as or longer than the idiosoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mexecheles sp. 22’ Leg I shorter than the idiosoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cheyletus sp. 23 Tarsus I with a pair of “associated setae” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eutetranychus banksi 420

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23’ Tarsus I with 2 pairs of duplex setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 24 With 3 pairs of setae h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allonychus sp. 24’ With 2 pairs of setae h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 25 Empodia claw-like with proximoventral hairs; duplex setae of tarsus I distal and adjacent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oligonychus sp. 25’ Empodia split distally, usually into 3 pairs of hairs; duplex setae of tarsus I well separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetranychus bastosi 26 Bases of chelicerae not fused; with 2 pairs of trichobothria on the propodosoma and others on legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cunaxidae … Cunaxoides sp. 26’ Bases of chelicerae fused; movable digit of the chelicerae stylet-like; with only 1 pair of trichobothria on the propodosoma or without trichobothria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 27 Genital opening often covered by a quadrangular shield; propodosoma without trichobothria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tenuipalpidae … 28 27’ Genital opening longitudinal; propodosoma dorsum with one pair of trichobothria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tydeoidea… 29 28 With 1 solenidion ƀ on the tarsus II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brevipalpus obovatus 28’ With 2 solenidia ƀ on the tarsus II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brevipalpus phoenicis 29 Apotele of the leg I absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iolinidae … Pronematus sp. 29’ Apotele of the leg I present and normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tydeidae … Lorryia formosa 30 Femur IV with 1 ventral seta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czenspinskia sp. 30’ Femur IV without setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oulenzia sp.

Acknowledgements Thanks go to the owners of the physic nut crops sampled during this study. To Dr. Carlos H. W. Flechtmann for helping to confirm the T. bastosi identification. Financial support was provided by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) through the Jovem Pesquisador Program (Proc. no. 06/57868-9); Conselho Nacional de desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil (CNPq), for the fellowships of the first and the fourth autors (Proc. no. 303463/2010-4 and 303049/2010-3, respectively); and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the fellowship of the third autor.

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Accepted by Qing-Hai Fan: 11 Nov. 2013; published 24 Dec. 2013

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