application execution of mobile devices to smart phone clone (Othman, 2013). .... system based on cloud computing and mobile device running with Android.
Mobile Cloud Computing Architecture and Applications and as next a generation of Cloud Computing -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Anirudh Suhas Venkatayogi Student number: 10042663 MBA (Cloud Computing) Dublin Business School May 2015
Word Count: 19,003
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Declaration
This dissertation is being submitted in satisfaction of the prerequisites for the degree of MBA in Cloud Computing. This thesis is the result of my own autonomous work and investigation, except where otherwise stated. Different sources are acknowledged in the bibliography.
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Contents Glossary of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................. 6 Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.1
Background ............................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.
Cloud Computing .................................................................................................................. 10
1.3.
Mobile Cloud computing....................................................................................................... 10
1.4.
Difference between Mobile cloud computing and Cloud computing .................................. 11
1.5.
Research question................................................................................................................. 13
1.6.
Aim and Objectives ............................................................................................................... 13
1.7.
Scope of the research ........................................................................................................... 13
1.8.
Limitations of the research ................................................................................................... 14
1.9.
Organisation of the Dissertation ........................................................................................... 14
Chapter 2. Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 16 2.1.
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.
Role of MCC........................................................................................................................... 16
2.3 Architectures of Cloud Computing.............................................................................................. 17 2.3.
Computation Offloading ....................................................................................................... 22
2.4.
Mobile Cloud Computing applications and their programming models .............................. 24
2.4.1.
Performance based application models ....................................................................... 24
2.4.2.
Energy Based Application Model .................................................................................. 27
2.4.3.
Multi-Objective Application models ............................................................................. 28
2.5.
Mobile Cloud Computing (PaaS) ........................................................................................... 32
2.6.
Mobile Cloud Computing feasibility and issues .................................................................... 33
2.6.1. Advantages of Mobile Cloud Computing ............................................................................ 33 2.6.2.
Issues in Mobile Cloud Computing................................................................................ 35
2.7. Summary .................................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 3. Research Methodology ....................................................................................................... 37 3.1.
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 37
3.2.
Research Philosophy ............................................................................................................. 37
3.2.1.
Ontological position: Objectivism ................................................................................. 38
3.2.2.
Epistemological Position: Realism ................................................................................ 39
3.3.
Research Approach: Inductive .............................................................................................. 40 3
3.4.
Research Strategy: Survey .................................................................................................... 41
3.5.
Research Choice: Mono method........................................................................................... 42
3.6.
Research Time Horizon: Cross Sectional ............................................................................... 43
3.7.
Sampling: Non-Probability .................................................................................................... 44
3.8.
Data Collection ...................................................................................................................... 47
3.9.
Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 48
3.10.
Reliability and Validity....................................................................................................... 49
3.11.
Personal biases.................................................................................................................. 50
3.12.
Research ethics ................................................................................................................. 50
3.13.
Hypothesis......................................................................................................................... 51
Chapter 4: Qualitative Data Analysis and Findings ............................................................................... 51 4.1.
Data Collection ...................................................................................................................... 52
4.2.
Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 52
Chapter 5: Discussion: analysis on Findings .......................................................................................... 62 5.1.
MCC for the Cloud Computing .............................................................................................. 63
5.2.
Evolution of applications through proposed architecture .................................................... 64
5.3
Changes in mobile devices through MCC ................................................................................ 64
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Suggestions on Future research ................................................................ 66 Chapter 7: Self-Reflection on ‘own learning’ and performance ........................................................... 69 7.1 Rationale for undertaking MBA in Cloud Computing ................................................................. 69 7.2. Development of skill sets through the MBA .............................................................................. 69 7.2.1 Working in Teams ................................................................................................................ 69 7.2.2 Self reflection ....................................................................................................................... 70 7.2.3 Adaptability .......................................................................................................................... 71 7.2.4 Research skills ...................................................................................................................... 71 7.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 71 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 73 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 81
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Table of figures: 1: Figure 1: Architecture of mobile computing.......................................................................18 2: Figure 2: Descriptive view of various Mobile Cloud Computing Architectures....................22 3: Figure 3: Computation Offloading........................................................................................23 4: Figure 4: CloneCloud Architecture.......................................................................................25 5: Figure 5: Application model.................................................................................................26 6: Figure 6: µCloud Architecture..............................................................................................27 7: Figure 7: MAUI Architecture................................................................................................29 8: Figure 8: Cuckoo Model Architecture..................................................................................30 9: Figure 9: The research onion................................................................................................38 10: Figure 10: Methodological choice......................................................................................43 11: Figure 11: Sampling techniques.........................................................................................45 12: Figure 2: Forms of interview..............................................................................................46
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Glossary of Acronyms MCC- Mobile Cloud Computing PaaS- Platform as a Service OS- Operating System CRM- Customer Relationship Management CAGR- Compound Annual Growth Rate ICT- Information and Communication Technology HTML- hyper Text Mark-up Language CSS3-Cascading Style Sheet RAM- Random Access Memory CPU- Central Processing Unit PDA- Personal Digital Assistant WLAN- Wireless Local Area Network Wi-Fi- Wireless Fidelity IT- Information Technology AAA- Authentication, Authorisation and Accounting DIC- Distant Mobile Cloud WAN- Wide Area Network SAMI- Synchronised Accessible Media Interchange MNO- Multi National Organisation QoS- Quality of Service MAUI- Memory Arithmetic Unit and Interface CLR- Common Language Runtime REST- Representational State Transfer BYOD- Bring Your Own Device DBMS- Database Management Systems IOS- IPhone Operating System UI- User Interface MNC- Multi National Company
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Acknowledgment I would like to acknowledge a number of people who have been part of the writing of this Dissertation. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor from Mrs. Shazia Afzal who gave me advice and encouragement and above all a clear guidance through the dissertation process. I would like to thank those individuals who that took time away from the pressures of work to be interviewed. And thanks to all of my extended family and friends who directly or indirectly helped me to complete this dissertation.
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Abstract The purpose of this dissertation is to propose a concept architecture such that it can lead Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) to a whole new level in future of Cloud Computing. The study mainly focuses on the concept whether it is possible or not. The mobile users, Cloud Computing professionals are also part of the research. The literature suggests that Mobile Cloud Computing is a latest technology that redefines the Cloud Computing technology. The literature review will help the reader to understand about MCC right from the basic concepts and functions in the present time. It involves diverse topics that includes the traditional architecture and its types and the application models that are adopted according to the requirements of the user. The research highlights the concept of the integrated OS into the Cloud where the MCC will evolve with a new architecture. The role of MCC as PaaS (Platform as a Service) is also explained in the research which will overcome the traditional methods. The following chapters will convey the void in the existing literature and demonstrates with an existing Mobile Cloud Computing model architecture. The research is related to the survey as to study about MCC that can be the future of Cloud Computing with the development in the architecture. The research objectives and the research question are also answered through this research. The methodology followed by researcher will give a clear description of the methods with reasons for obtaining data. The qualitative method is used with relevant analysis procedures are applied. The author concludes the research report by providing the explanations that justifies the research question i.e., the MCC proposed architecture will definitely be a next era of Cloud Computing in the near future. The author also mentioned some suggestions that might be an advancement in the technological and business departments in Mobile devices, Cloud and IT.
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Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1
Background
The subject of this research is about how mobile cloud computing its architecture, applications are adopted in the present cloud computing and precisely explaining how it can be the future of cloud computing. From the past few years Cloud Computing has evolved vigorously and the technology has also developed simultaneously. Amazon, Google and Salesforce have dealt with the transformation through all this time.
Cloud Computing has many advantages to use
infrastructure (networks, servers and storage), platforms (Middleware services and Operating systems) and Software (application programs, CRM) at very low cost (Tantow, 2012). In addition Cloud Computing provides users with elasticity in usage of resources in an ondemand access. Thus it shows a definite impact on the mobile platforms which changes operations of the mobile applications. The uses of cloud services have been increased massively in every enterprise and can access data regardless where you are at like home or any outside of workplace. This trend is applicable to the mobile devices and cloud technology, at present mobile are already using this technology like dropbox and many third party applications are using Cloud Computing technology. In the short span of time Mobile Cloud Computing will soon become a main force in mobile applications (Poremba, 2012). Cloud computing has enormously increased the advancements in technology. The smartphones, tablets, touch and connected devices became common everywhere thus increasing the mobile cloud market. According to worldwide research markets the mobile cloud market will grow from $9.43 billion (2014) to $46.90 billion (2019) with a CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of 37.8% during the period 2014-2019 (ICT, august, 2014). Mobile cloud market is gaining huge popularity as it helps to provides access to any content easily through mobile devices. People are getting used to applications and services connected to mobile cloud (Kar Saroj, 2014). A latest report from reportsnreports.com stated that in Hybrid cloud market is set to achieve $79.54 billion by 2018 at CAGR of 30.19% in between 2013 to 2018 (infiniti research LTD, october,2014). Thus it became a major application model which benefits the end user as it reduces the cost expenditure on hardware and software required to run the device also by providing new features through mobile cloud computing (Farnoosh Zareiyan, 2014). 9
1.2.
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is an on-demand access to shared pool of computing resources that can be stored and retrieve with minimal management effort and can be configured effortlessly. The cloud computing mainly provides five fundamental aspects.
On-demand self service
Broad network access
Resource pooling
Rapid elasticity
Measured service
Cloud computing works with three service models and three deployment models.
Software as a service(SaaS)
Platform as a service(PaaS)
Infrastructure as a service(IaaS)
Private cloud
Hybrid cloud
Public cloud
Cloud computing provides has crucial technical aspects which provide fast-wide networks, powerful, inexpensive computers and high performance virtualization with minimal hardware components. Cloud computing provides elevated swiftness to IT by saving massive amount of money (nist.gov, 2010).
1.3.
Mobile Cloud computing
Mobile cloud computing is a combination of the mobile computing, Internet and Cloud computing (SU. xiaolong, 2011). Data storage and data processing will process outside the mobile devices and the output is shown on the screen or speakers (Blake, 2010).With the emerging technologies in the mobile devices that is advancement in to smart devices helps the fast growing cloud computing market to merge with these devices. With this merging it is helpful and also benefits to the users as well as the cloud providers (rapidsslonline, 2012). The technology which is used is user friendly and the cloud computing technology is the power and the host of the mobile devices. The cloud providers design the applications in such a way 10
that they are suitable for the usage of the cloud and is also irrespective of the operating system of the device and the device memory is also not taken in to an account and the processing of the data is mainly done outside of the device rather than being based on the device specifications (rapidsslonline, 2012). The technology mobile cloud computing is mainly based on three components which are mobile computing, wireless networks and cloud computing (Basha, 2014). From the past few years Cloud Computing has evolved vigorously and the technology has also developed simultaneously. Amazon, Google and Salesforce have dealt with the transformation through all this time.
Cloud Computing has many advantages to use
infrastructure (networks, servers and storage), platforms (Middleware services and Operating systems) and Software (application programs, CRM) at very low cost (Tantow, 2012). In addition Cloud Computing provides users with elasticity in usage of resources in an ondemand access. Thus it shows a definite impact on the mobile platforms which changes operations of the mobile applications. The uses of cloud services have been increased massively in every enterprise and can access data regardless where you are at like home or any outside of workplace. This trend is applicable to the mobile devices and cloud technology, at present mobile are already using this technology like dropbox and many third party applications are using Cloud Computing technology. In the short span of time Mobile Cloud Computing will soon become a main force in mobile applications (Poremba, 2012).
1.4.
Difference between Mobile cloud computing and Cloud computing
The main concept that differentiates cloud computing from mobile cloud computing is that the mobile cloud computing allows the mobile devices to run the web applications. Users can subscribe to the cloud services with the help of internet to access the data and applications. Most of the devices are installed with the mixture of native applications as well as the web applications however with the great services provided by the cloud and the convenience in the usage of the cloud has led the users to shift to the cloud applications. With this change in the users the cloud providers and the developers are looking forward in developing third platform which combines the mobile devices and the cloud and is considered to be a strong platform and symbolic platform. This platform is considered to rise the mobile cloud computing to another level where the data can be accessed and also the data can be stored using the latest technologies of the mobile synchronization and increase its reliability and its 11
performance, with these benefits has made the users to change their view on the cloud and embrace the mobile cloud based applications (rapidsslonline, 2012). The factors which have led in the rise of the mobile cloud based applications are listed below: 1. With the increase in the broadband coverage in the mobile devices from 3G to 4G and the increase in the usage of Wi-Fi by which users are constantly connected to the internet which has led to rise in the cloud based applications in mobile devices. 2. Immense need of the storing data has also leads to elevate more applications in the mobile devices. Cloud services provide large space in storing the data. The mobile devices have fallen short in the storage space which has been covered by the cloud based applications. Along with the space the data can be retrieved to any other device using the internet and the data is abundant when stored in the cloud. 3. Mobile cloud computing has also been risen by the factor of increase in the technologies such as CSS3, Virtual machines, HTML for the smart phones. 4. The collaborations of business applications and the need of accessing these applications every time by the users has led to the increase in the usage of the cloud computing and also has led to need of increase in the productivity of these type of applications. These futures has merged mobile devices with high data usage where HTML5 is giving an extra leverage in the market (Kar Saroj, 2014).however they have some issues that we are going to discuss in this paper. Compared to stationary computers, mobile devices have less screen size, low memory, computing power is less and the battery power is minimal. Mobile cloud computing is considered as SaaS as it handles data and computation in the cloud itself (Preston Cox, 2011). Increase in the technology has made companies to join into the cloud market and which initiates the concern of safety in the mobile cloud (U. charan raj, 2014). Security is major concern in the cloud computing, according to the IDC research Security ranked as the highest issue in the cloud environment (ICT, august, 2014). Bandwidth and latency are most important for mobile cloud, as they are proportionally inverse. Connectivity of the mobile devices is also one of the main backdrops, even though with the increase in the bandwidth most devices at present have 3G bandwidth which has a lot of connectivity issues in some areas (Cox. Preston, 2011). The bandwidth issues are been solved and will be solved in the near future but there always will be blind spots which cannot be diminished forever. 12
1.5.
Research question
The researcher question has raised from the interest on Mobile Cloud Computing and by the research and literature review, the researcher is going to answer the following question What should be the mechanism offered by Mobile cloud computing via an architecture to foster a new generation of collaborative mobile applications?
1.6.
Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research is to explain the present technology in the mobile cloud computing and estimate its future that can enhance the cloud computing industry into another new level. Through this paper a researcher can gain knowledge about the strategies of development new technologies that changes the mobile cloud computing and understanding the factors that leads to be successful in the future. The researcher chose this subject upon his interest as it enhances his career and personal development by gaining knowledge on the mobile cloud computing as a future to cloud computing. Along with this researcher objective is
Review of the architectural model of present cloud computing and mobile cloud computing
Illustration of the current procedures adopted by cloud developers for the usage of cloud services and applications.
Examination of the development models selected by the mobile industry in order to have greater accessibility to the cloud applications.
Infestation of the methods that can develop changes in the data storage and data processing through mobile devices from mobile cloud.
Analysis of the present mobile market and the compatibility issues with cloud services and a proposal to develop an architecture to resolve any existing limitations.
1.7.
Scope of the research
The research question will defines the area of research topic and scope is on the research project (K. Maylor, 2005). The scope of the research is restrained on the mobile cloud computing that will change future of cloud computing and the application and architecture
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will change the usage of mobile devices. The researcher’s definite focus is to know and understand the success factors and to know the present and estimate the future of technology in mobile cloud computing. Companies that do not use mobile cloud computing or cloud computing are out of the scope of research. The explanation about this research is to show that mobile cloud computing has very good potential than cloud computing.
1.8.
Limitations of the research
The limitation of the research is restricted to the companies that are using cloud computing and using its services or to deliver products for their business. The research data for mobile cloud computing is minimal and the research findings are taken from the selected companies that use cloud computing technology and this research data is collected from the relevant people from cloud computing based companies.
1.9.
Organisation of the Dissertation
The dissertation is branched into sections which gives a format with a legitimate flow.
Chapter 1 has the topic introduction, Cloud Computing, Mobile Cloud Computing and the differences between them, research question to be tended to by this dissertation. It sets out the objectives for the research, scope and limitations of the research.
Chapter 2 outlines the literature review in the area of Mobile Cloud Computing about its role, architecture and types of architecture that are adopted, Mobile Cloud Computing applications and application models, Computation offloading, Mobile Cloud Computing as PaaS, its feasibilities and issues.
Chapter 3 summarises the research methodology and philosophy by choosing the sampling which is appropriate and the choice of data collection methods. And explains the selection for qualitative method and how it’s suitability and usage of Survey with interviews as a research tool. It also explains the reliability and validity with data analysis techniques of the data.
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Chapter 4 consists of the reports of the primary research, explaining the profile of the respondents and the topics that is evolved from the data. The collective is analysed to predict the common themes and technology that is emerged.
Chapter 5 explains about the findings that relates to the literature review and contributes explanations related to primary and secondary research.
Chapter 6 reaches conclusion from the research and makes suggestions to the MCC’s proposed architecture.
Chapter 7 reflects about the learning and the personal and professional values included in the course of MBA. It additionally remarks on the future learning and expectations of the researcher.
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Chapter 2. Literature Review 2.1.
Introduction
Literature review is a definitive phase in dissertation, this review forms a standard chapter where its role is to contribute background of the research topic and justify it (C. Bruce, 1994). The literature review has mainly six elements search, survey, vehicle for learning, research facilitator and a report. Literature review considers the primary database reports that are already present and do not take any new primary database reports. These reports are shown in verbal but most of them will be in the written documents and these reports could be empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic or methodological in nature. The literature review helps to describe, summarise, evaluate, clarify and integrate the contents present in primary reports (H.M. Copper, 1998). Literature review do not give away the summary of the whole research topic and doesn’t explain historical information to the information that will be discovered through this research (University of Reading, 2000).
2.2.
Role of MCC
Mobile devices are playing a vital role in our day to day life as it became a most helpful in an effective communicating tool regardless of time and place. Although the size of the mobile devices are constrained to a minimal size thus causing limitations on the processing capabilities, battery life, data storage and display capability. Resource intense applications are those with large data that requires high usage of CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory) to run these applications with high data storage in it. For all these the battery life should be long lasting which is not present in the present mobile devices rich applications with high data usage are like games and speech recognition are the fine examples for it. To eradicate these limitations Mobile Cloud Computing is introduced to the mobile services (Mukesh goyal, 2014), with MCC (Mobile Cloud Computing) evolvement an increased number of applications of mobile devices are getting migrated to the cloud (Sanaei, 2013). This will reduce the technical hardware and computation power of mobile devices.
Mobile Cloud Computing has boosted to make a very rich applications that require high computational power as the data storage and the data processing will occur outside the mobile device. The applications that are created through mobile cloud computing will not only can be accessed by the smart phones but also the other type of mobile devices (Mukesh 16
goyal, 2014). The basic fundamental of Mobile Cloud Computing is that data storage, computing and mass information processing is done in the cloud which reduces the computing capacity and specifications thus the developing, deploying and using of mobile applications are alternated. Also the devices that can access cloud services are suitable for mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, PDAs but not settled to the fixed devices (Mukesh goyal, 2014).Cloud computing provides service without concerning about the end user whether he is receiving the cloud based services or how it’s delivered. Mobile Cloud Computing provides mobility where the end user can access data from anywhere and at any time through wireless technology (Hitesh A. Bheda, 2013). Also accessing cloud based services through mobile cloud computing necessarily do not require internet from mobile service provider where as for the cloud computing internet is a mandatory in the mobile cloud computing. We can access data through local internet or through WLAN that can be of any network technologies and with different standards as well (Saeid Abolfazli, 2014). For example the coffee shop or shopping malls that have their own Wi-Fi network where a user can connect his mobile device to that network and can get accessed to internet irrespective of the Shortly, Mobile Cloud Computing provides data processing and storage services to mobile device users through cloud with less usage of hardware by conducting all the complicated software modules in the cloud (Dinh, 2014).
2.3 Architectures of Cloud Computing Well-structured architecture represents the coordination or the scarcity between IT and business goals (Nash, 2010). There are many MCC architecture is developed from various stages and currently there are four types of architectures that are used for present MCC (Gani, 2014). This is the general architecture of MCC.
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Figure 1: Architecture of Mobile Cloud Computing, Source: Dinh et al., 2011
In this architecture the mobile devices that are linked to mobile networks through base stations (Base Transceiver Station, access point or satellite) which connects and control the functional interfaces between networks and mobile devices. Mobile user’s data requests and information are transmitted through central processors from servers connected to mobile network services. Mobile users gets services as AAA (Authentication, Authorisation and Accounting) from mobile network providers based on the home agent and user’s data that is present in the databases. The users requests are send through internet to cloud. In the cloud these requests are controlled through cloud controllers and provide services according to their request (Lee. Chonho, 2014).These services are achieved with the utility computing, virtualisation and service oriented architecture. The current architectures that are explained below are applicable to all cloud based augmentation models.
Mobile Distant-Immobile Cloud Computing(MDICC):
The general architecture of MCC has mobile devices where its computing occurs in the cloud through an exemplary offloading framework like MAUI through bidirectional wireless link (Cuervo, 2010). In the MDICC architecture the mobile user using the computational resources from public cloud via. Internet. The DIC (Distant Immobile Cloud) like Amazon EC2 conducts the computational tasks and then the results are sent to mobile user. DIC has high computing 18
capacity, resource elasticity and relatively high security (Sanaei, 2014). With usage of DIC it reduces the time taking for computation and saves battery life for mobile devices. The cost consumption of DIC data centres is considered least as the cloud computing is there to cut costs for computing data (Gani, 2014). There is a complication with DIC resources(x86 architecture) and mobile devices (ARM) with the existing architecture hardware and platform heterogeneities as it complicates code and data portability and interoperability between mobile and cloud computers (Sanaei, 2013). Heterogeneity has very high standards with high handling techniques such as virtualization, semantic technology and middleware systems. Whereas DIC has few in numbers that are present farther from the mobile data users which will essentially immobile computing resources (Sanaei, 2014). This will oppress DIC for augmenting mobile devices derived from WAN latency with multiple prompt hops and massive data communication standard in the periodic wireless networks. WAN latency with a distance downgrades the performance for executing an application and decays the battery power of mobile device. On the other side the lack of more number of clouds and the user device’s mobility will take a high intensity on WAN latency which will downgrades its capability and performance of MCC (Sanaei, 2014).
In the wireless communications WAN latency will remain constant for a very long time regardless of improvements in bandwidth and data transmission speed (M. Satyanarayan, 2009). The main down factor in WAN latency is the delay in processing between each immediate hop to execute tasks like decompression, decryption, security checking, virus scanning and routing for each packet (Sanaei, 2013). This suggests that the high number of hops will lead to longer WAN latency (Cuervo, 2010).
Mobile Proximate-Immobile-Cloud computing (MPICC):
To reduce long WAN latency can, computing resources should be accessed with less number of immediate hops which will produce a new architecture for MCC (M. Satyanarayan, 2009). Mobile devices will use local WAN connections which is provided from local desktop computers from the public places like shopping malls. To gain high computations in DIC, tasks are executed in one hop instead of multiple hops in distance public desktop computers which is known as PIC (Proximate Immobile Cloud). PICs are more in number and is located near 19
mobile service users. PIC provides medium computing power with less scalability and elasticity (Gani, 2014). In PICs has more complications with more number of computing resources especially with service provider and consumer’s security and privacy, confining the mobile OS with host’s computer OS, motivating computer users to share data with nearby mobile devices, absence of on-demand availability and the PIC mobility (Sanaei, 2014).
Mobile Proximate-Mobile-Cloud computing (MPMCC):
This architecture illustrates to deploy cloud for mobile devices that has rich applications and to share data with nearest data restraint mobile devices (M. Shiraz, 2012). High demand of mobile devices and their increase in the availability in the global market of mobile users have understood the value of developing PMC (proximate Mobile Cloud). There are two types of computing models that are beneficial they are peer-to-peer and client-server. Peer-to-peer service, users and service providers will communicate directly with each other to consult and initialise the augmentation process. Although the service user has to implement energy consuming node discovery task to achieve relevant proximity mobile network service provider. Peer to peer is susceptible to fake service providers which can attack end user and exploit privacy from his mobile device (Hadi. Mohammad, 2014). The other computing model is client-server model where mobile user communicates with the trusted mediator or trader and sends his request for more secured and applicable proximate node. The trader has note and keep track on different service providers and provide security on mutual communications by monitoring on it. The advantages of accomplishing these sort of data are unimportant service provider and users, heterogeneity, resource pervasiveness and short WAN latency (Sanaei, 2014). In Peer to peer and client to server model, both has small immediate hops because of proximity between user and service provider. The popular data of PMCs facilitates execution of resource needed tasks at anytime and anywhere. Thus, small WAN latency and high manifold and pervasiveness of mobile service providers provides a strong foundation to weight these universal data in high sensitive latency, low security sensitive mobile computational tasks (Sanaei, 2014).
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The data multiplicity is massive in this architecture but the elasticity and scalability is minimal because of computing power in different mobile devices. Managing the mobility is another assert as the unlimited mobility in between mobile service providers and mobile users will complicates smooth connectivity and mobility which downgrades augmentation solutions efficiency. When user emigrates to the heterogeneous wireless networks with different bandwidths, latencies and jitters, the different network throughputs, increased mobile cloud distance and frequent network disconnections rises WAN latency (Sanaei, 2013) that impacts response time and energy efficient of an application. The PMCs will cost more when compared to the immobile resources because of ubiquity and unimportant latency yet they have a definite computing resources. Security, privacy and data safety are also major concerns for the mobile devices.
Hybrid Mobile Cloud Computing (HMCC):
HMCC model alleviates the deficiencies of ubiquitous systems and develop firmness in CMA (Sanaei, 2013). SAMI is a multi-tier infrastructure that assembles public clouds (M. Shiraz, 2012), MNOs. MNOs have trusted dealers to enhance augmentation of resource-limited mobile devices. A program needs to develop such as resource scheduler to analyse each computational task and designate proper resource right from the foundations of heterogeneous cloud based resources that meets need of computation equally and fulfil user’s QoS requirements (cost, security and latency) (Basha, 2014). Seamless mobility, significant MCC heterogeneity, wireless network intermittency and current wireless networking are major challenges in this model, also developing an optimal generic scheduler is an essential task (Gani, 2014). Increase in hybrid cloud system along with mobile service users will elevates system complexity and perplex management and maintenance. Lightweight resource discovery and scheduling algorithms are necessary to this architecture (Sanaei, 2014).
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Figure 2: Descriptive view of various Mobile Cloud Computing Architectures. Source: Abolfazli et al., 2013.
2.3.
Computation Offloading
Computation offloading identifies, migrates and partitions resource-intensive components of mobile applications of cloud based resources. In the figure below shows the workflow of computation offloading process. The workflow begins with an application execution then by checking whether the required permissions from user for offloading, if it is enabled by user, application will inspect the connections with cloud resources and make a note of available/assigned resources. In the next step checks whether the offloading is appropriate to do or not. If it is fine then the computation offloading is performed or else it occurs locally (Khan, 2013). The partitions occur by detecting important components required and can arise at different approaches of static, dynamic and hybrid partitions (Gani, 2014).
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Figure 3: Computation Offloading. Source: Khan et al., 2014.
In static partitioning is single time function of detecting and partitioning the intensive components of mobile application in design and development time (Saeid Abolfazli, 2014). The advantages of this type of partitioning is it do not charge run time over atop on a mobile device and once the partition of application is done, the same partitions is applicable to infinite executions. This type of partitioning is not applicable to environmental changes and dynamism, on the other hand dynamic partitioning the identification and partitioning occurs during the runtime to meet the dynamism of MCC environment (Sanaei, 2014). The issue with the dynamic partitioning is its extreme overhead of detecting demanding tasks, controlling the environment, partitioning the application and offloading its components. The third way 23
of approach is occurred through the hybrid model as some part of application will be involved by partitioning itself during design time and other during the runtime to alleviate partitioning overhead and alter to the environmental changes. Although with these efforts, offloading performance is downgraded because of overhead partitioning and content offloading (M. Shiraz, 2012).
2.4.
Mobile Cloud Computing applications and their programming models
Applications with continuous delivers with new approaches like cloud and mobile facilitates a fine enterprise architecture (Cherukuri, 2010). The mobile cloud application models is different in aspects of design and objectives. What are the necessary components that runs local and remote network areas? That means how mobile applications get accessed to the public cloud? These will depend upon the application, device hardware and capabilities and operating environment system (M. Satyanarayanan, 2012). The mobile cloud application models are created to achieve the designated target. For example, executing applications with inadequate resources for local execution, strengthen the application performance or increasing energy efficiency on mobile devices. Sometimes even the single application model will help to get multiple objectives (Khan, 2013). Accomplishing one task in an application model will raise issues in others. Consider an application model whose primary task is to get energy efficiency which will make an issue in the performance. So, the application models need to be taken according to the objective or task assigned. These mobile cloud application models according to their objectives are classified into four application models. 2.4.1. Performance based application models The main objective in this model is to improve the performance of mobile device applications by using appropriate cloud resources. Thus, the in depth resource computations will be offloaded to the cloud where computations occur in very short time eventually executions of applications in mobile is done with improved performance through cloud resources (Othman, 2013).
CloneCloud model works on the augmented execution approach that offloads pieces of application execution to nearest cloud. Clonecloud necessarily do not need any programmer to support for the applications conversion and offloads bits of unaltered application execution of mobile devices to smart phone clone (Othman, 2013). 24
Synchronization between mobile devices and clonecloud is essential for steady execution which requires augmentation where the mobile devices changes its mode to process state from sleep state to the clone (Ihms, 2010). The virtual machine begins with a new process state that sends clone’s application to mobile device where the process state is reconfigured into the mobile device application and the application gets into sleep state (Ihms, 2010). The process of partitioning in an application is completely dynamic. So, the application is evaluated and a steady flow control graph is developed that creates a partitioned graph and promotes inside application partitioning (Ihms, 2010).
Figure 4: CloneCloud Architecture. Source: Khan et al., 2014.
The advantages of this model is that if the mobile device is stolen or damaged, the clonecloud is useful as a recovery of data and applications. Also the application partitioning is done through augments execution provided offloading costs and constraints (Maniatis, 2010). The model has its limitations, it can transfer only at certain points during the execution where no 25
natural bundle state is collected and it also cost model needs a development for every application with different partitions, where each partition performed separately on mobile device and cloud (Ihms, 2010).
Zhang et al. Model is an elastic application system in which a single elastic application is divided into several components known as weblet (Zhang, 2010). A weblet is a selfreliant functioning unit in an application that can compute, store and communicate by keeping its location transparent. The weblets offloading decisions depend on these aspects mobile device’s hardware, network conditions, and battery life. These weblets can be independent or platform dependent that depends on the programming used. The elastic applications is categorised into three types
Figure 5: Application model. Source: Khan et al., 2014.
Replication pattern has two types of replications. The first is multiple replicas of a weblet programs in the cloud to complete in one task. Which reduces latency, execution time for the applications that are done by dividing into similar tasks. The second replication is used for the applications that don’t divide into similar tasks. Splitter pattern performs various implementations of a weblet on a shared resource. It enhances the resilience of the applications provided with new implementations to a shared resource without altering the application structure. It also improves user experience as it gathers various services on a single device. Aggregator pattern has multiple weblets in the cloud that audits user web accounts and services, like emails and instant messages. Sometimes the splitter and 26
aggregator patterns can work together as splitter advances the request to the weblet and the aggregator thrusts the data to the device (Dinh, 2014). The Zhang et al. model has many elasticity patterns to optimize the execution of applications according to the user requests. This offloading decisions of weblets depends on the cost model that applicable on different various parameters like energy consumption, application performance and data privacy (Gibbs, 2009). 2.4.2. Energy Based Application Model This model will reduces energy consumption of applications in mobile device by using cloud resources. This can achieved in computation offloading by reducing the computational overhead of applications. The resource intensive computational tasks executed in the cloud and applications drains less energy in the mobile devices (Dinh, 2014). µCloud model mainly targets the composition of applications from heterogeneous factors that support flexibility, reusability and configurability. This can be achieved by presenting all the components in the graph, and each component can perform in mobile device, cloud or in both. In this model the applications are shown as direct graphs, the nodes serves as components and the edges serves as control flow between the components. Thus when an application graph executes, each components inserts its result into consecutive components.
Figure 6: µCloud Architecture. Source: Khan et al., 2014.
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As in the above figure the application is partitioned in the beginning into small sub partitions that has their own components with compatible resource needs. Moreover these partitions are categorised to fragments (A1, B1, and B2) which are executed by the orchestrator in a many-to-many relationship. The advantage of this model is itself supports with self-contained application components that are disconnected from each other. The disadvantage of this model is that high programming requirements for the development of components. Furthermore, a single application partition can handle one orchestrator at one time. Although no system is present in for procuring data exchanged between components which will make this model vulnerable to privacy and security (Sanaei, 2014). 2.4.3. Multi-Objective Application models The task of these models is to manage multiple objectives mostly on performance and energy efficiency at the same time with a fair bargain between required objectives (Othman, 2013). These models gives much more advantage when compared to performance and energy based models that are made to do for singular objective and drains energy efficiency or performance (Lee. Chonho, 2014). MAUI (Memory Arithmetic Unit and Interface) facilitates fine partitioned application code offloading with minimal interference of the programmer. The main objective in this model is to reduce consumption of energy in mobile devices. And that is a main challenge of mobile business. MAUI offloads all the intense methods with high resources to the nearest cloud, which is beneficial offloading in regards of energy (E. Cuervo, 2010). MAUI has an optimization engine as a profile which estimates energy consumption that involves with local and remote code execution. Furthermore, MAUI provides offload methods that use past information to forecast the execution time of particular code. When the remote execution is beneficial in terms of energy then the code is offloaded to the nearest cloud (Hadi. Mohammad, 2014). In MAUI the application partitioning occurs dynamically which is done in methods instead of using complete model as it delays computation offloading. MAUI has categorized into two versions of mobile device application for local and remote execution through Microsoft .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) (Ritcher, 2010).
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Figure 7: MAUI Architecture. Source: Khan et al., 2014.
The advantages in MAUI gives a programming environment in which the independent methods are notable for remote execution. It focused not only on memory stifle but also monitors the energy consumption taken in offloading process. Moreover MAUI has a fine grained method level offloading where it can offload each and every single method instead of whole software blocks. This type of offloading is helpful only for few methods as it not much beneficial to combined methods offloading. Moreover in MAUI when a programmer forgets to mark methods, MAUI cannot offload those methods.
Cuckoo model execution occurs by partial offloading of applications is sent to the nearby cloud. Which is labelled with the objective which simplifies the programming for the developers by combining with current development tools recognizable for the developers (Kemp, 2012). Cuckoo is mainly developed for Android platform that supports both local and remote execution (Android, 2011). The Cuckoo based applications can offload computation on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that is present in nearby cloud or infrastructure. Which recommends that it should be installed in the smart phones to get this service. After the installation the address of the server is shared with the resource manager that runs on the smart phone in two dimension barcode (Wave, 2011). After the registration the remote resources is usable for the smartphone applications.
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Figure 8: Cuckoo Model Architecture. Source: Khan et al., 2014.
The main asset of Cuckoo is supporting the partial offloading of applications to the cloud by using well known development tools for application development. Moreover its offloading decisions are static and context unaware. It cannot support asynchronous call backs and state transferring from remote resources. No states are saved while migrating data from local to remote execution for this Representational State Transfer (REST) is required (Fielding, 2012). Furthermore, it do not have any security to limit user access for installing malfunctioning codes on the server that gives unauthorized access to the resources. Mobile applications has a massive share in mobile market, many of these applications are taking MCC as a leverage, and some of these mobile applications are as follows.
Mobile Commerce
M-commerce is business model for commerce with mobile devices. Some of these applications requires mobility to accomplish some tasks. The mobile applications are categorized into few classes finance, advertising and shopping. These applications has various issues like bandwidth, security and high complexity of mobile device configurations. To overcome these complications M-commerce applications are collaborated with MCC through mobile network (Yang, 2010). Thus increasing data processing and security level that is based on PKI (public key interface) (Dai, 2010).
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Mobile Learning
M-learning is developed on the fundamental of electronic learning and mobility. These applications are constrained with huge costs of devices and network, low network transmission rate and limited educational resources (Jian, 2010). Cloud base M- learning will solve these constraints. This combination will improve the communication between the students and teachers. Through mobile devices students or the users can learn, understand and check with various algorithms used in mobile applications by sharing audio/video processing through an educational tool present in the M-learning application.
Mobile Healthcare
The aim of MCC in medical applications is to reduce the limitations of regular medical treatment (security and privacy, physical storage) and medical errors (Kopec, 2003). Mhealthcare facilitates mobile users with beneficial access to resources quickly. Moreover Mhealthcare helps hospitals and healthcare organizations to provide on demand services on cloud instead from local servers. For example Healthcloud it is an M-healthcare information management system based on cloud computing and mobile device running with Android operation system. This service has Amazon’s S3 cloud storage service that manages patient’s health records and medical images (Doukas, 2010).This application has P2P paradigm to organise clouds to address security issue, data protection and ownership. The security is provided through cloud which will give mobile health application providers and user’s data is secured and is assured by security vendor (Nkosi, 2011).
Mobile Gaming
Mobile gaming has a massive potential in the mobile market that creates huge revenues for service providers. M-game has changed offloading large computing resource of game engine to the cloud. Where gamers can only interact with output of the game running in your mobile device. This offloading will saves the battery of mobile devices thus increasing the play time of the game (Jung, 2010). M-game cloud based games has a rendition adaptation technique that adjusts the game rendering parameters dynamically depends on the communication 31
constraints and gamers demands (Dey, 2011). M-game uses MAUI model which facilitates fine grained energy aware offloading of mobile codes to a cloud (Cuervo, 2010). The rendering adaptation technique reduces the number of objects in the display as not all objects present in the game engine are required in the display list for playing the game and it measures the complexity of rendering executions, thus it enhances the user gaming experience relevant to the communications and computing costs (Wang, 2014).
2.5.
Mobile Cloud Computing (PaaS)
With a huge growth of mobile market throughout the world, along with this there is a huge consumption of mobile applications. To develop these applications PaaS is used as an application infrastructure, operating system, middleware and configuration details and that facilitates developer to provide, develop, build and test and deploy these applications. PaaS market is in initial stages however the growth of PaaS is enormous and with a rate of $1.2 billion from 2012 to $2.9 billion by 2016 (Gartner, 2012). With this steady growth rate mobile vendors have increased their services, and tools and applications for the developers to services for the business analysts. PaaS contributes IT companies with great benefits.
Improved time to market with minimal capital costs
Developers can increase their production through large set of automated tools and technologies provided to design and deploy cloud applications easily. It will reduce the time for development by which more applications or products can be made which will reduce costs as the developing software tenure is reduced greatly, IT also helps for limited duration projects like marketing campaigns (Intel, 2013).
Access to services that are available only in the cloud
Developers have various automated tools that can be customise, integrate SaaS from public cloud providers by choosing certain functions to be modified and serve as PaaS (Intel, 2013). This approach is used by managers to check with the initiatives in their line of business.
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Ability to re-host or re-architect legacy applications to run in the cloud
Docking application with small changes will reduce IT operational costs, increases agility, broaden reach and enable developers to concentrate on core capabilities instead of ramifying the traditional infrastructure (Intel, 2013).
Address application integration issues by building cloud aware applications specifically for dynamic environments
Applications designed that can move in any mobile environments smoothly will increase adaption inside the private cloud technology. It also creates hybrid cloud which combines internal and public hosted resources. (Intel, 2013). PaaS is very suitable to develop for mobile aware applications on mobile platforms. Which provides support to reducing costs in IT consumption and Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) programs, where the development and deployment speed increases enormously (LionBridge, 2012). Mobile cloud applications has a leverage to run the application in different mobile devices. Top most applications are developed through cloud environments are business applications. Application resting and QA. However things changing the mobile applications, mobile site development in the top place followed by application integration and social computing/collaboration. In 2013 more than forty percent of mobile applications are growing in business recruitment that uses the service of cloud (Forrester, 2012).
2.6.
Mobile Cloud Computing feasibility and issues
2.6.1. Advantages of Mobile Cloud Computing
Device independent software
PaaS offer speed and agility that paves way to develop mobile applications. As most of the mobile applications are runs in the cloud environment instead of mobile device. Users can access storage data and computation through cloud platform (Intel, 2013).
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Business Opportunity
Mobile computing will create many opportunities in developing or maintenance of a software with many clients. Market competition will be increased and the customer centric services are initialised (Buyya, 2014).
Performance gain and improved data storage capacity
Storing data was a disadvantage in mobile devices. MCC is enhanced the mobile user to access for storing the data in the cloud even from the wireless networks. Amazon s3 is the fine example for it as it serves like storage (amazon, 2015). The cloud gives users to save energy and memory storage in their mobile devices, as all the data can be stored in the cloud. MCC also improves the performance by compressing costs that occurs for intense computation offloading which consume long time and energy to execute in the mobile device. Mobile cloud computing will help as data warehousing, managing and synchronizing data online. Like multimedia services, playing games and other business, technological applications and for transcoding (Kumar, 2010). Thus improving the performance of the mobile devices and all the executions will done quickly.
Improving reliability
Mobile device reliability is increased as the data storage and computation offloading is done in the cloud. This will minimises the loss of data in the mobile devices. Moreover MCC has an extensive data security for both user and service provider.in addition mobile cloud computing can scan viruses in the mobile device remotely, serves as a malicious code detection and authentication (Veeraraghavan, 2008).
Extended battery lifetime
In a mobile device battery is the main aspect that needs to take care (Kakerow, 2003). Many solutions are implied to improve the CPU performance and to manage the disk and screen judiciously (Paulson, 2003) to decrease draining of power. This can be achieved wither by changing the solutions or upgrading the hardware. Computation offloading is used to computer high intense computations in the cloud which will reduce long time for application execution on mobile devices thus saving large amount of power. 34
In addition there are some more advantages in the cloud, such as Dynamic provisioning is an on-demand access to resources on a fine grained and served itself which is flexible for the service providers and mobile users to run the applications without any advanced resources in the mobile device. Scalability the deployment mobile application’s performance is scaled to meet the user demands. Services providers modify the application and services with little constraint on the resource usage. Multi tenancy service providers can share the data and other resources and costs to different applications and for many users. Ease of Integration different service providers will facilitates with various services which can be unified easily into the cloud according to the user demands. 2.6.2. Issues in Mobile Cloud Computing
Seamless connectivity
Wireless networks are often considered as low bandwidth, intermittent and less reliable transmission when compared to wired networks. Initialising and maintaining the seamless connections between MCC and mobile users will be an issue to get the complete power as a wired network. Moreover for the intermittent connection has many challenges such as always on connectivity, excessive consumption of constrained mobile resources. And degrading the service of computing (Khokhar, 2012).
Long WAN latency
Latency sceptically effects on the energy efficiency and interactive response of mobile cloud applications as it consume more amount of mobile resources and delaying transmissions (Miettinen, 2010). In the mobile connection, the distance from main station different bandwidths and speed of different network technologies will affects the energy efficiency and usability of MCC devices.
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Security and Privacy
Protecting the data from an unauthorized access is major concern for both the service provider and the user (Cachin, 2011). Security might just an issue but deep down it has to be improved by the service providers to protect the contents in the cloud. MCC is much more challenged than cloud computing as it can be accessed through the insecure wireless connections. Which can cause the catastrophic consequences between service providers and users in MCC (Abolfazi, 2014).
MCC billing
Mobility of the mobile user will change the billing system in MCC. Interception latency, jitter, session reestablishment delay, bandwidth capacity and security are major parameters in creating the MCC billing system (Buyya, 2014). These parameters need to be considered to create an appropriate billing system for the mobile User.
2.7. Summary The above chapter provides and overview on the how the role of MCC in the Cloud Computing and the architecture of the Mobile Cloud Computing is explained in detail to know the present pattern that is being followed and how the computation offloading occurs in MCC architecture and the applications programming model is also explained that having various types of application models. And the Mobile Cloud Computing as PaaS which is highly relevant to the primary research. The researcher also explained Mobile Cloud Computing’ feasibilities and the issues to gain a deeper understanding on adopting of Mobile Cloud Computing and also explaining the business prospectus of the mobile Cloud Computing,
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Chapter 3. Research Methodology 3.1.
Introduction
The literature review has analysed current architectures, models, issues and topics that are related to the Mobile Cloud Computing. The research methodology and methods are explained in this chapter to analyse the data from the companies that have adopted Mobile Cloud Computing. Initially the qualitative approach is justified and then research approach is explained with the background of philosophy of researcher then the strategy and research choice. After that the identification and selection of sample is discussed and the methods used to analyse the resulting data is explained. After that the reliability and validity for the research decisions are outlined and ethical issues are studied.
3.2.
Research Philosophy
Research philosophy is scientific and organised approach to get appropriate information on a specific topics (Kothari, 2006). Research Philosophy is to develop knowledge and gaining the quality of that knowledge. The research philosophy that researcher follows has important theories that shows in the research. The information matured through the research need not to be sensational for the human motivation (Saunders, et al., 2012). Johnson and Clark argue that the research may not be as a rational information, but how these rational choices can support the affiliation to the alternatives that are adopted (Johnson, 2006). The research will be done by taking a proper approach through appropriate ‘research onion model’ (Saunders, et al., 2012). This model helps the researcher to prepare a well-structured model by then answering the research question.
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Figure 9: The Research onion. Source: (Saunders, et al., 2012)
3.2.1. Ontological position: Objectivism Ontology is defined as the ‘the science or study of being’ and establish the information for the research topic to beset alleges about what exists, what it looks like, what units make it up and how these units interact with each other (Blaikie, 1993). On the whole it explains the prospectus on the condition of reality specifically whether it is an objective reality that actually present or subjective reality which is present in the mind (Flowers, 2009). Ontology mainly focuses on the objectivism and Subjectivism (Saunders, et al., 2012). Objectivism serves as an environment where social entities endure in reality extraneous to social actors (Saunders, et al., 2012). Objectivism gives the objective knowledge needs active, sophisticated subjective courses like synthetic reasoning, logical deduction and analytical reasoning. On the contrary subjective process will improve objective apprehension of the world (Rowe & Wertsch, 2002).
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Objectivity assumes an independent reality which gives a grip. If the independent reality do not exist or if the reality is seized then the approach of this objectivity is unsettled (Ratner, 2002). The attitude of the people do not depend on the observer just as physical objects are. Like in this research we are going to discuss about the MCC its architecture and application model and how the architecture of the MCC can be upgraded or modified but the researcher won’t be discussing about the relationships with the user or how it affects. Researcher main concern will only be on the Mobile Cloud Computing and the user relationship is irrelevant. Subjectivism is a social phenomenon occurs due to the perceptions and consequent actions of social actors (Saunders, et al., 2012), Which is not applicable to the research as it will be dealing with the relationships between the users, network service providers that relates to the Mobile Cloud Computing architecture or it application model. It is not possible with this objectivism philosophy for this research.
Research thus helps determining the Mobile Cloud Computing that is present in the reality and how it can be developed to gain a better prospectus for the mobile devices which is very important. As the research does not consider external factors on actors like the jobs taken by the developers or the management of Mobile cloud service provider aspects are least considered. Thus the objectivism is the much more suitable for this research philosophy.
3.2.2. Epistemological Position: Realism Epistemology acknowledges views of the most applicable ways of analysing into the nature of the world (Easterby-Smith, 2008). Epistemology is the philosophy of knowledge, a logical system that enunciates definite assumptions about the description of knowledge (Hartas, 2010) . Its major concern is to establish acceptable knowledge in a field of study. In this approach the researcher can collect and analyse the facts as the objects present in this reality are considered to be real (Saunders, et al., 2012).
Realism is philosophical position that relates to scientific enquiry. Realism relates to both positivism and interpretivism positions. The philosophy of realism is absolutely independent of the mind (Saunders, et al., 2012). Realism is quite opposite to idealism which states that
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only mind and its contents exist (Crotty, 1998). Realism is concerned with the objects that exist and how they behave. It does considers that reality exist irrespective of science or observation, thus shows a validity in distinguishing those realities that are alleged to be exist or act, whether proven or not (Blaikie, 1993). Realism collects the data and its understandings. For instance in Mobile Cloud Computing has a definite architecture and an application model for its applications which are facts and Realism doesn’t consider about the how these models or the architecture of MCC and how it can be developed and the understanding about the MCC and its growth or improvement but not how the MCC will affect upon the world.
Realism is generally classified into two forms, first is Direct Realism is what researcher see is researcher get: what we experience through our views shown onto the world precisely. The second is Critical Realism Critical realists is what researcher experience are sensations, the pictures of the things in real world but not physically. The simple difference between the Direct Realism and Critical Realism is that critical realism has a two levels to experience the world. First is to know about the object and its impressions that transmits. Second mental processing that occurs after the impressions meet researcher’s sensibility (Saunders, et al., 2012). Positivism is much more over deterministic Realism as Positivism has a little choice to the casual nature of universal laws (Flowers, 2009). And interpretivism will link more about the humans as the social actors (Saunders, et al., 2012). Realists considers the views by researching in different directions at various levels which will donate it to understanding as Reality can exist on various levels (Chia, 2002).
3.3.
Research Approach: Inductive
Research approach is done after the research philosophy gets a structure. The approach for the research project is the fine research topic. The extent to which the researcher understands the research topic from the beginning of the research will boosts to some important questions regarding the design of the research project (Saunders, et al., 2012). The research approach will be categorized into two types: Deductive and Inductive. The deductive approach involves with the development of a theory which is conducted with rigorous test. As the deduction is most assertive approach in the natural sciences. The laws present in this approach supports the explanation, allow to apprehension of phenomena, predict their occurrence and hence permits to get controlled (Collis, 2003). 40
For the research topic, researchers chose Inductive approach as it concerned with the generation of new theory rising from the present data. Inductive approach is normally associated with the Qualitative research. Whereas Deductive approach is collaborated generally with the Quantitative approach (Gabriel, 2013). This approach is useful for developing a rich context data that already present in the literature review (Saunders, et al., 2012). The researcher is interested in the MCC that has a potential to succeed as a next generation In the cloud computing and the way MCC architecture and application model will be altered to gain a new architecture that can make MCC as PaaS and the possibilities for success and challenges that might rise occur for the development of MCC in Cloud Computing. The researcher wants to make the data to be sensible by explaining the phenomenon of MCC adoption in the mobile Industry. Using an inductive approach will give an advantage for this research as this approach uncovers the perception of the MCC application model and the how MCC will change the mobile industry when the proposed architecture gets successful. Thus, justifies the induction approach.
3.4.
Research Strategy: Survey
Research strategy in the method of collecting, analysing and interpreting observations and each strategy will depends on the research question (Yin, 2003) a research strategy can be defined of a plan on how a researcher will answering the research question (Saunders, et al., 2012). The methodological link between the philosophy and consequent choice of approaches to collect and analyse data (Denzin, 2005).
The research strategy can be done in different approaches such as Case study, Experimental, Narrative Analysis, Ethnography, Archival research and Grounded theory. A particular research strategy cannot considered as the superior or inferior to other strategy. The importance of the research strategy or strategies is to accomplish an equitable level of consistency for the whole research design which will facilitate to get answer for the research question (Saunders, et al., 2012).
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Researcher chose the Survey as a research strategy. Survey strategy is a famous and normal procedure in business and management research. It is used for exploratory and descriptive research. The surveys uses questionnaires for collecting the data with a limited population which costs very low and the time consumption for this procedure is high as it depends on the respondents time for to reply to the questions. The data collection technique in the survey strategy need not to be as a questionnaire, it can also be done as a structured observation and structured interviews also get into this strategy. The researcher uses the structured interviews for the data collection (Saunders, et al., 2012). The research considers the data from secondary data analysis, the secondary data is collected through the interviews for a different purposes and conducted to the research topic. In the MCC there is a traditional architecture and application model where the data storage and processing occurs but as per the research question the researcher wants to predict a new architecture in the MCC which can work as PaaS i.e., the whole applications, operating system, data storage, application processing and other processing is done within the cloud. Thus the mobile devices will work with minimal configuration. Therefore, the Survey strategy entails researcher building from the data available and designing your research to make the most of it (Saunders, et al., 2012).
3.5.
Research Choice: Mono method
Research choice is a multiple method research design that is developed by Tashakkori and Teddlie. There are numerous variants of multiple methods research design are recently developed (Tashakkori, 2010).
The research choice for this research is qualitative-mono method. Mono method is the use of single data collection technique and corresponding analysis procedure or procedures (Saunders, et al., 2012). Multi methods has more than one data collection technique that is either quantitative or qualitative method with only one analytical procedure and has numerical or non-numerical analytics. Which leads to either multi-method quantitative method or multi method qualitative method (Black, 2013). Mixed methods approach has both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques that has numerical and non-numerical analytical procedures (Saunders, et al., 2012).
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There is no optimal solution for the research topic such as MCC architecture, when the research topic is complex the answer could be either yes or no or no hypothesis (Maxell, 2005). Maxwell also stated that mono method is simpler to plan and conduct the research.
Figure 10: Methodological choice. Source: (Saunders, et al., 2012)
The asset of qualitative research is the independent on sample sizes, with purposeful results achieved from the small sample groups (Jacob, 2010). Time and data are the main constraints for this research topic. Although these doesn’t affect the research as the scope of the research is clearly defined. The use of multi or mixed methods are not used because of the time constraint and scope of the research. Thus, the qualitative method is most applicable for this research topic where we can achieve the answer for the research question. The research objectives achieved under the constraints and influences the time horizon, data collection and analysis choices (Maxell, 2005).
3.6.
Research Time Horizon: Cross Sectional
The Time Horizon will defined as the time taken for the research study which can be either cross-sectional which is as a study of particular phenomena at a particular time or longitudinal which studies phenomena over a period of time by observing change and development (Saunders, et al., 2012). The longitudinal is time constrained and the research is relevant to the changes lifespan of a project, from beginning to end (Black, 2013). The cross-sectional
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study labelled as a ‘snapshot’ and the longitudinal as the ‘diary’ perspective (Saunders, et al., 2012).
The researcher is not looking for the changes that occurs over the time, it is the phenomena that is considered for study which is gathered from the research respondents. The crosssectional will allow respondents to gain a leverage or a scope to reflect, evaluate and reevaluate their journey to the cloud. This approach of this research is to gain an in-depth understanding from the respondents. And the choice of data collection technique and sample selection will be influenced with the cross sectional time horizon. The cross sectional research will be an advantage as it is a study for the present time period and is helpful for getting the current information on the research topic of MCC that is developing day-to- day.
3.7.
Sampling: Non-Probability
The research has a logical relationship between sample selection, purpose and scope of the research (Saunders, et al., 2012). The research adopts the inductive approach and this is affiliated with the context in which Mobile Cloud Computing adoption occurs.
Figure 11: Sampling techniques. Source: (Saunders, et al., 2012) 44
The sample selection is retrieved from the relatively small sample size that leads the researcher to select case that are exceptionally informative that has very rich information. The use of quota, convenient, purposive, self-selection or snow ball sampling techniques which will provide information for the research question (Saunders, et al., 2012).
Purposive sampling and Self-Selection Sampling are the appropriate samplings for the research topic chosen by the researcher (Saunders, et al., 2012). Purposive sampling facilitates the researcher to use judgment on the research topic which will enables to answer the research question thus can achieve research objectives. This sample methods is useful for the cases with very few respondents (Neuman, 2005).
The logic on which the researcher bases his strategy for selecting respondents for a purposive sample will depends on the research question and objectives (Patton, 2002). Self-selection Sampling is conducted by considering the respondents to take part into the research. Through this sampling the researcher will be ask the respondents individually or can post an advertisement electronically through the internet or anywhere in the relevant areas and then collects the data from those who responded. The researcher can advertise for the sampling in many forms such as articles, emails, discussion groups, hyperlinks from other websites (Saunders, et al., 2012). The researcher begins with purposive sampling followed by self-selection sampling to collect the data relevant for the research topic, MCC traditional architecture is present and the researcher wants to prove with a new architecture that will change the situation of present cloud architecture considering this as a researcher’s judgement thus to attain the answer the researcher will ask for the relevant respondents and collect the data from the respondents. The researcher will use the structured interviews. These interviews are conducted through the email and the questions are structured because it is related to the respondents that are relevant to the Cloud Computing and Mobile Cloud Computing. Expert employees or professors, who are in the cloud computing field are the key respondents for the data collection.
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Structured interviews are standardised which are often referred as ‘qualitative research interview’ (King, 2004). Structured interviews maintains the consistent flow in conversation and thus creates a comfort zone.
Figure 12: Forms of interview. Source: (Saunders, et al., 2012)
The term electronic interviews is used for the interviews that are held both in real time through the internet and organisation internets although in effect undertaken offline (Morgan, 2004). Through the internet there are some privileges to access the respondents globally for the interview. In additional the software will automatically records the data that will be entered which eliminates the audio-recording and transcription such as cost, accuracy and participant’s apprehension. (Saunders, et al., 2012). Email interview and through WhatsApp, these can have series of small questions or in one email containing a series of questions which is an internet or internet-mediated questionnaire. However after contacting the respondent and when the respondent agrees to participate, after few questions the respondent might or may not reply on time.
Saturation point in qualitative research
The selection of sample size chosen to collect the data until ‘data saturation’ (Saunders, et al., 2012). Boyce and Neale stated that ‘when the same stories, themes, issues and topics are 46
emerging from the respondents, then a sufficient sample size have been reached (Bryman, 2011).
Sampling types
Researcher chooses the interview sampling with the primary data collection that takes the respondents answers for the research questions with of short duration of time. In this research interview the questions are included which are tangled with set definite expectations that are not related to the normal conversations. Main thing is to get respondents and make them to agree which was discussed through WhatsApp for an interview and then arrange them for the email interview. Face-to-face interviews are expensive and time taking. So, the researcher has adopted for the email interview which do not take much time and very economical.
3.8.
Data Collection
The qualitative research needs the data collection method which will allow the researcher to target on the phenomena being studied in the constraints of small sample and cross sectional time horizon. Qualitative data collection method which is appropriate for the research, observations, interviews or open ended questionnaires. (Maxell, 2005) Stated that ‘structured approaches will establish compatibility throughout the data sources, whereas the unstructured approaches are specifically useful for revelling the process that led to specific outcomes’.
The inductive approach for this research will help to provide and in-depth understanding about the Mobile Cloud Computing its architecture and application models. The researcher chose interviews for wide understanding of the social phenomena which is obtained from the questionnaires (Gill, 2008). The research is fixated and concerned with verifiable recreation of occasion and the issues that are impervious to observation. In this situation, the interview needs a research instrument. The research instrument is used to get entrance to occasions that occurred in the past or the one’s which you can’t get access (Maxell, 2005).
The motivation behind the interview is to give detailed and rich data and context the points of view of respondents in relation to success stories in embracing Mobile cloud computing. 47
Semi structured interviews has a series of questions for structure which is flexible to simplify discovery and focus (Gillham, 2005). With a specific end goal to guarantee consistency in between interviews and to expand the unwavering quality of the findings and interview is produced in the interview guide (Boyce, 2006).
The interviews are recorded and the transcripts of these interviews is produced into the raw interview data. The decision for data collection methods and techniques can be educated and guided through the literature and academia to give legitimacy and reliability to the research. Although the research has its constraints and scope of the research. Through the semi structured interviews the researcher will settle on an educated choice that will yield with the quality and profundity of the data in the setting of the research question and objectives.
3.9.
Data Analysis
The two principle ways to deal with qualitative data analysis are structured or unstructured, and the decision of methodology is directly connected to the data collection strategy (Boyce, 2006). The information gathered through an inductive approach will be complex and unstructured and the researcher has an imperative role in engaging with the data establish clear links between the research objectives and the findings from the raw data.
The Kolb’s ‘learning cycle’ where the cycle’s analysis lead to the results, is a model of unstructured data analysis (Maylot, 2005). This demonstrates the procedure by which the researcher begins with acclimation, leading to detecting issues and ‘inducing’ ideas from the data. This model is open ended and topics and understanding emerges from the data. However when the research is constrained by time a more organised approach of investigating qualitative data utilising the frameworks and concepts derived from the literature to compare findings (Maylot, 2005). Transcripts from the semi-structured interviews will as of now have a presupposed structure from interview questions (Corbin, 2008). The structure instructs with selections of data analysis techniques. The concepts and theories taken from the literature review gives a leverage to analyse the data and a presupposed structure of the interviews lead the researcher to use a structured approach for data analysis. 48
The importance of the analysis is to recognize the process by which events happens with influences and to connect the research question (Black, 2013). Utilizing a combination of structure of the interview questions as the ‘horizontal narrative’ and the topics rising up from the data as the ‘vertical categorical analysis’ is a methodology that both have the point to reducing the data whist holding the significance (Gillham, 2005).
The thematic analysis reduces the transcripts effectively into the essence and meaning of the respondents and focus on the micro level of everyday activities (Curran, 2000).
3.10. Reliability and Validity The reliability and validity are the two main factors for qualitative research (Patton, 1999). While designing a body researcher should consider the analysing results and judging the quality of study. Reliability will make sure of the method of data gathering to give a consistent results. Which means similar results might be obtained if the other group has different respondents or different set of points were used (Saunders, et al., 2012). The explanation of reliability is collaborated with qualitative research, where another researcher might get the same findings if the study were repeated. Reliability in qualitative research is equitable to the dependability (Maylor, 2005). The validity of the research upon the accuracy of its conduct (Maylor, 2005).
The reliability of the research is depends on the researcher’s capabilities; the detailed explanation of this part is written in the self-reflection section of this thesis. The reliability of this project is limited to the time and data constraints. However the data and findings presented in this research are provided with evidences shown in the appendix section.
The research findings are from the internet and the collective data is from expert respondents. Within a short span of time. Any research with similar topic with the different organisations may or may not resemble similar conclusions. The findings of this research might influence to progress in the future with similar research area.
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3.11. Personal biases The term ‘bias’ suggests of using the personal data. The researcher should not enforce his experience by using personal data instead the researcher has to breakout from the data and focus on the situation which will make to determine more theoretically and in terms of properties and dimension. Experience may become a negative factors as the researcher thinks something new and defy their assumptions about the definite data (Stauss, 2015).
The research is currently an MBA student specialising in Cloud Computing with an IT background. The researcher has a proper level of knowledge in the area of research. This was remembered throughout the research duration and made no effort to influence any theory by the researcher’s knowledge in the subject. The data was explained according to the research process that’s documented in this report. The researcher’s previous experience and knowledge in Cloud Computing has not been utilised to influence the findings. Everything is concluded based on the recommended methodology.
3.12. Research ethics Participating in research will inevitably bring the ethical issues. Furthermore, researchers are in charge for their own ethical conduct (Corbin, 2008).
The researcher needs to contemplate on treatment of respondents and protect their confidentiality and privacy. The general stand taken by the researcher and the very achievement of the data collection was taking into account by building the trust with the respondents. Ethical issue can arise at any point of the research. Ethical issues tend to be a risk in the progress of research. Research ethics plays an important part in forming a research design. Research ethics will involves in the planning of research, requesting access to organisations or individuals and while reporting the data as well (Saunders, et al., 2012).
The researcher delivered a good research with the help of the potential mentor to discuss the issues and resolve them immediately. The delivery of research is made with an honest effort by the researcher by following the standard ethics. All the data presented in the research is
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provided with the evidence that is presented in the appendices. All consideration was taken to keep up the purity of data which was obtained and explained.
3.13. Hypothesis The Hypothesis is an imperative component to process any research. It raise a platform where the researcher deals with the help of relevant findings ends with the conclusion. The hypothesis of this research is about how the MCC is developed in the cloud computing with a new architecture to it such that even it works as a PaaS for the mobile devices.
Chapter 4: Qualitative Data Analysis and Findings The research methodology and methods set out the method for gathering data for the research moreover, this chapter sets out the findings of that research and features with substantive topics, issues and themes in the data. The findings that are present perspectives of the past occurrence with the advantage of time for reflection. The accentuation put on particular findings is an element of organisational development. And experience of the respondents and this is a limitation of cross sectional example. Researcher has mentioned in the previous chapter of this research that there is qualitative approach forms the primary data. The researcher defined precisely about the qualitative analysis techniques in the methodology section. For the data analysis Inductive approach has been used for the qualitative data analysis.
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4.1.
Data Collection
Email interviews are conducted by the researcher beginning with a series of questions. Each interview has been conducted by sending and receiving the emails to different places that has different time zones the interview was simple with one hour of duration to answer the questions. Which was to some extent was expected as each respondent followed the narrative that has not met the requirement of structure of the interview. This variation may be inconsistent with a relative analysis that do not consider into the response to the questions covering more than one interview question without the researcher’s interference.
4.2.
Data Analysis
Every interview has been recorded and made into a transcript and analysed at the earliest opportunity after the interview to distinguish themes and topics emerged from the data and in the following second interviews, to assess if there were any similarities between the data. After retrieving the data from the respondents was analysed, important topics and themes were being repeated in more than from one transcript and further respondents would not add the quality of data. The interviews are conducted for three people who are in different positions and having a knowledge on the Cloud Computing. Each individual has the different viewpoint on the technology of Mobile Cloud Computing.
Respondent 1
The Software Development Engineer in a MNC who has an immense experience in the Cloud and Big Data Infrastructure. The respondent has an excellent demonstration in design, research, analytical and also with strong programming skill in C++/C#. Expertise in Distributed Systems and Performance Enhancements with publications in reputed international conferences. Respondent 2 The Presales Consultant at Oracle who has immense knowledge with an education on the Cloud Computing and also experienced in the business analyst section.
Respondent 3
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An Assistant Professor with an extensive knowledge on the Cloud Computing, Mobile Computing, Database Management Systems(DBMS) also with strong programming skills in the C++, Java and Software Engineering. The professionals have a profound knowledge in their fields. The interviews has helped to learn about the respondents and their prospective. Moreover, the data collected from the interviews is important in analysing the answers to conclude the study which is based on the interviews conducted. 1. Mobile Cloud Computing- from concept to reality This is the basic fundamental question for the research. The first respondent had a good experience and replied magnificently.
Respondent 1
With tremendous increase in the number of smart phones, better 3G/4G coverage at affordable
prices,
increased
availability
of
Wi-Fi
hotspots
at
home/work/restaurants/shopping malls, MCC is real and happening. You can access all your services like storage (OneDrive/ google drive etc.), Finance (stock management, bank accounts, budgeting) just with a touch of your finger.
Respondent 2
I think this is something pretty much needed at the moment. There’s a huge rise in mobile users all across the world and in the apps also. With this there are more and more expectations from the mobile devices and they are expected to do almost everything the desktops and powerful machines do at the moment.
Respondent 3
Now a days mobile users using smart phones in their works the end users want many of the services this can be achieved by this new concept. The first respondent has an immense knowledge about Cloud Computing and he knows covered the first question with each and every detail asked for. The second respondent has 53
given a decent level of information on the Mobile Cloud Computing as he has background on the Cloud Computing and experience in the Cloud. The third respondent has given an appropriate answer for the Cloud Computing that has knowledge on the Cloud and Mobile devices but lacked to explain in detail. 2. Research part in the Area
Respondent 1
There is lot of research going on in this area at various fronts like Network, Power management etc.
Respondent 2
There should be. My employer company Oracle is coming up with this service because it believes there should be a lot of opportunities in this space. Oracle is going to offer a platform using which they will be able to use these services.
Respondent 3
There is a lot of research on security, QoS, Bandwidth, service convergence and single cloud is not enough to meet mobile users demand therefore a new scheme needed in which we need multiple clouds this can be done by sky MCC.
The first respondent has answered by mentioning couple of research areas that related to the Mobile Cloud Computing by showing the expertise knowledge on the research topic. The second respondent has expresses about the MCC by saying about his company Oracle which is going to launch the MCC as a platform. The third respondent has mentioned about the technical aspects that are still in research mentioned that ‘the single cloud is not enough to meet mobile user’s demand’ which shows the respondents technical research knowledge on the subject and also suggested that it can be done in sky MCC with the help of multiple clouds. 3. Awareness on the Mobile Cloud Computing to the end user
Respondent 1
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Because smart phones tend to provide uniform experience across many apps (both local and cloud sourced), people don’t tend to realize that they are using mobile cloud computing. They are using it for sure, but just now aware of the term.
Respondent 2
We have had few interactions with a few customers. At the moment not many seem to be aware of that but I wouldn’t be too much sure about the reality. This is certainly new and I’m aware of the fact that this is not common yet.
Respondent 3
Now many of the end users are aware of cloud computing by using the social Medias like Facebook, twitter. Three of the respondents have answered to this question with a very similar answers. The first respondent has stated clearly about the end users do not feel any change as the apps that run either in cloud or in local server gives uniform experience to the end user and are not aware of the MCC. The Second respondent had some experience with customers of his company and only few of them aware about MCC and also he gave an opinion that the concept is new and made a prediction that he is not sure about the reality which shows that the respondent has a good knowledge on Cloud Computing yet he is not that deep into Mobile Cloud Computing’s experience of the end user. The third respondent has mentioned that many of the end users knows about the MCC through social media networks.
4. Advent of Mobile Cloud Computing
Respondent 1
As I mentioned earlier, many things contributed to Mobile cloud computing. Affordable smartphones, Affordable high speed mobile internet and Wi-Fi, affordable/free cloud services etc.
Respondent 2
There are various reasons here. Firstly, total number of smartphone users around the world has been rising since decades now. With that the phones capabilities has been on a fast rise also, which means higher expectations. And from the past few years they are expected to do 55
all the heavy processing previously only done by desktops. Also, the fact that it’s mobile, people find it extremely useful to use the capabilities 24 hours a day, and in a very convenient fashion.
At the same time, the use of virtual machines, infrastructure on rental basis in cloud computing has been on the rise, so there’s an interesting possibility given the fact that mobile devices are very tiny compared to desktops. Why not offload the heavy processing requirements of mobile be transferred to cloud providers and this must have led to mobile cloud computing.
Respondent 3
MCC is improving the data storage and processing power, extending battery life, improving the reliability, dynamic provisioning and scalability. The first respondent has related it in his previous answer by mentioning the requirements needed in the MCC. The second respondent has shown his expertise as an analyst by stating about the needs of the smartphones and how they have evolved with time and the need for increase in the capabilities of the mobile cloud. He has mentioned most about the demand of the MCC needed in the present time. He also mentioned about the virtual machines and infrastructure rental which is a great asset for the mobile cloud computing also including the importance of the mobility by giving an explanation about the offloading. The third respondent mentioned about the advantages that can get for a mobile device through mobile cloud computing by mentioning the hardware and processing which is related to the mobile device. 5. Business impacts of Mobile Cloud Computing
Respondent 1
It would be a huge positive impact on businesses which grab this opportunity and make their business available via mobile. Most of the e-commerce website are providing lot of incentives to use their mobile applications. Once a person realizes how easy it is to browse a catalogue and order something through their mobile, they get hooked on to the comfort of it. Brick and mortal sales have gone down considerably after the advent of mobile shopping.
Respondent 2
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If I imagine Oracle as the Mobile Cloud Computing provider, then the customers should definitely find this useful for their own business. Traditionally the applications were built taking the limited processing capabilities of the mobile in mind. However, now assuming we are getting this high end processing there are endless possibilities. Enterprise applications industry would be really interesting with mobiles showing never seen before functionalities. Example, complex reporting in Business Analytics would be very handy if it’s incorporated on mobile devices.
Respondent 3
Business applications are Mobile commerce, mobile learning, and mobile healthcare, mobile gaming. The first respondent has given a positive impacts about the MCC through which he explained about making business through mobile and how ease it will be for the user once he knows how to use it. Also suggested about the downfall of brick and mortal sales because of mobile shopping. The second respondent has assumed about it with his expertise knowledge on the Cloud Computing and sales analytics and stated how it will be beneficial to the users through applications linked to the mobile cloud computing and also explained the limitations of building an application and also explained about the enterprise applications are interested with the mobile functionalities provided with high end processing. And predicted about the ease of analytics through a mobile device. Respondent three has mentioned about the business applications as an impact to the mobile cloud computing.
6. Limitations of Mobile Cloud Computing
Respondent 1
Even though smart phones are available widely at an affordable price, there are still some limitations to mobile cloud computing. One of the major drawbacks is the network coverage. Even the coverage and speed of the mobile networks increased in the cities, we often experience bad or no network once we cross town. The cost of the high speed data plans are yet to become affordable to middle income families. We have multiple major players in the mobile ecosystem like Android, IOS, Windows and blackberry etc. Each of them have their own
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interfaces and apps seldom give uniform experience across the platforms as they tend to optimize and design based on the OS guidelines.
Respondent 2
I would not be aware about the same as I have never worked with the same.
Respondent 3
Limitations are low bandwidth, service availability, heterogeneity, computing offloading. The answer of first respondent is very much into the context he has mentioned the limitations of the Mobile Cloud Computing. He mentioned about network coverage, cost of high speed data plans, and suggested that the interfaces of OS are different and the applications give uniform experience that optimize according to the OS guidelines. The second respondent has not aware of the limitations of the mobile cloud computing as he has never worked with MCC. The third respondent has given some generic limitations of the Mobile Cloud Computing. 7. OS availability directly in the cloud.
Respondent 1
It is definitely possible, but not in the very near future. Especially for mobiles. We would need a highly available, low latency, high speed network with almost 100% coverage. If the network connections are flaky, then the device becomes unusable. If the latency is high, then there is a lot of lag in taking feedback from touch and taking the appropriate action, which makes a very bay user interaction. We also need coverage everywhere as no network practically makes the device unusable.
Respondent 2
It would always need internet on, so this is hard to imagine. But if it’s somehow made possible it will definitely be interesting as we are literally getting rid of a layer and the OS would enjoy all the advantages of the high-end layer. And if we imagine further, the user might also have an advantage of the scalability options and what not. I’m sure it will have a whole plethora of options that will be unfold. And of course the 3rd party applications guys will get a whole new set of creativity to explore. Everything was limited to the limited processing power and if gets
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access to unlimited power there’s no end to it I think. You should be able to do everything a desktop does with the added advantage of having access to it everywhere.
Respondent 3
I think it can be possible the intermediate software should be compatible with the OS. Here the intermediate software is the mobile booting software and also it should be access the internet. First respondent has predicted about it as can be expected in the near future. Although he mentioned about the requirements that are necessary. And also mentioned the limitations about the network connections, latency and network coverage. The second respondent mentioned a limitation about internet which should always be connected to mobile device. He also predicted that it would be an advantage at the high end layer, scalability options and with plenty of options will be open. And also predicted about the third party applications who can explore to new creativity. And he also suggested if it overcome the limited processing power mobile device can work as the desktops with an advantage to access anywhere. The third respondent suggested that it possible with an intermediate mobile booting software that can be accessed to the internet. 8. Impacts on the OS providers via cloud and its feasibility
Respondent 1
All the above mentioned providers are already working on cloud sourcing many tasks. Cloud sourcing the entire OS is already done for desktops where we have thin clients and the entire OS is on the server. But research is still going on to build all the prerequisites to cloud source the OS. This is definitely on the cards for all these providers.
Respondent 2
Tough, very tough to accomplish. But if it’s accomplished it will definitely be new and will impact the OS manufacturers.
Respondent 3
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Yes it can be feasible the users can easily upgrading new technologies and software. OS is moving to the cloud it can be flexible to the providers and cost will be reduced to the users. And there is no system failures. The first respondent has mentioned that it is present already in the desktops. Also mentioned that the research is still going on it to cloud source the OS. And predicted that it is present on the all service providers. The second respondent has concluded that it is difficult to achieve but also suggested that it will impacts on the OS manufacturers. Third respondent has said that it is feasible and flexible for the cloud service providers and cost reduction for the users. Further suggested that there won’t be any system failures. 9. End user’s opinion on the proposed method and traditional method of an inbuilt OS
Respondent 1
Frankly, the user will not know, and in-fact should not know the difference. The UI and interaction should be seamless. If the user is able to perceive a lag or feels that the device is unusable, this concept will receive lot of backlash and will not take off.
Respondent 2
Like previously mentioned I don’t see how it always be maintaining a connection to the internet. Remember it’s a mobile devices and will be going in all the inaccessible places on earth. Traditional old school style always wins.
Respondent 3
The end users having the many of the advantages using this MCC they can use the best services from the cloud service providers. In traditional method the end user use only network provider’s services. By using MCC the end user extended their services which are provided by the cloud. The first respondent stated clearly about the end user do not know the difference and suggested that end user to not know the difference, also mentioned about the negative aspects such as lags and device usability might backlash the concept. The second respondent has related with his previous comment about the continuous internet connection and mentioned that traditional method is better. The third respondent mentioned the advantages 60
that end user get through MCC and commented on the traditional method about its services provided by the network. 10. Concept of Movie OS to cloud beneficial or not
Respondent 1
Since most of the computation will be moving to the cloud, we can have smaller processors optimized for network in the mobiles. This will ensure a very long lasting battery life even when running computationally intensive tasks. Also managing and updating the OS would become quite easy as it not the device anymore. We can switch between devices seamlessly and get a uniform interface across mobile, tablet and desktop, all of them using the same OS, rather than having 3 individual OS and managing them independently. Restoring a new device after losing a device will be almost instant as everything is in the cloud.
Respondent 2
If we somehow solve this internet issue, I think it’s a super hit. It will be next generation with a huge leap, possibilities of which will extend beyond my imagination at the moment. Everything will happen in one touch. Very interesting.
Respondent 3
For Example oracle platform as a service increase agility by speed software development and deployment. This cloud will provide more security to our applications. The first respondent has mentioned in detail about the benefits of being OS in the Cloud by mentioning few terms such as long battery life, less processing for networks of mobiles, updating an OS is easy. Switching between devices easy for this he explained with the uniform OS in all mobile devices. Restoring a mobile device will be instantaneous. The second respondent has focused on the internet issue again said ‘If we somehow solve this internet issue’ then the this concept will be beneficial as he stated that everything will happen in one touch through the mobile device. Third respondent has given an example about Oracle platform as a service about its agility of speed software development and deployment and security provided through cloud for the applications. 11. Suggestions
Respondent 1 61
Mobile cloud computing is gaining lot of traction and businesses need to adopt as quickly as possible if they don’t want to lose relevance. There are still some limitations for cloud computing to become ubiquitous and there is serious going on these areas to overcome the challenges.
Respondent 2
From the market perspective and to be realistic, I think this field is definitely growing and a huge market to cater to in case any company wants to sell and offer a platform for MCC. There are plenty of reasons why anyone would do that. I think Spotify, Dropbox are good example of apps using the cloud computing capabilities. They have been using the storage capabilities in the cloud and the fact that one copy of anything can be shared across all is great, and many different possibilities can always come out of this. Same with the other cloud capabilities.
Respondent 3
MCC is an integration of cloud computing into the mobile environment. MCC is the powerful trend in development of IT technology as well as commerce and Industry field. The first respondent suggested that there is a demand for MCC in business to get adopted. And stated that there are some limitation for the Cloud computing to be universal and research is still going on to overcome it. The second respondent has answered it in the marketing point of view he stated that MCC is growing and has a massive market in the companies dealing with selling and offering platform for MCC. He mentioned that there are many reasons but never elaborated it. But has given few examples of applications regarding the storage capabilities, data sharing in the cloud.
Chapter 5: Discussion: analysis on Findings The findings are probably the least complicated part in the whole report. It gives opportunity to retrieve the facts discovered from the research (Saunders, et al., 2012).
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All these respondents are chosen because of their expertise knowledge and experience in the cloud computing and it is proven with their answers given in the interviews and they have provided a good understanding about the topic. Through the interviews, it enabled to understand more about the MCC and its usage and the advantages of MCC and it limitations in implementing it wholly. As it has some limited reasons.
5.1.
MCC for the Cloud Computing
This is the main research question of the study about the mechanism offered by Mobile cloud computing via a newly proposed Mobile cloud computing architecture in order to foster a new generation of collaborative mobile applications. There are various confirmations which holster this question. From the interviews organised, all the respondents have similar responses have mentioned how it can be beneficial by mentioning the requirements needed for this proposed architecture to get implemented. Such as the low latency, high speed internet coverage all over the world. Also mentioned that with the development of booting software it can be emerged into the cloud. This question and answer study is one of the theme in the study and to discover the reasons that benefits this technology. In the literature review we have stated that the MCC has a lot of demand in the mobile market all over the world, as the number of applications are rising day by day, and the researcher mentioned on how important the PaaS is for development of applications. And also mentioned about the key benefits about the MCC’s PaaS. PaaS will helpful in getting the BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) device programs by reducing IT consumption. The architecture shown in the literature review has a general for MCC and also mentioned about different types of architectures and there is a potential for this proposed architecture to get implied with that traditional architecture in the near future by getting the booting software and overcoming the network limitations. The application models are presented in the literature review also been showcased upon how it can be developed to reduce energy consumption of applications through various application models. As the offloading occurs in the cloud and the first respondent also mentioned about the desktops that has a thin client of OS (operating system) in the system. All these evidences proves that MCC can be the future of the cloud and the OS can integrated into the cloud provided the world need to be processed in the network coverage all around. This concept will make a huge impact from the respondent’s answer that the processing is done small from the network. Which will give mobile phones a long lasting battery life with the uniform OS in every mobile device present in the market. All the network providers are planning for the cloud sourcing. 63
5.2.
Evolution of applications through proposed architecture
This is the most vital theme of the research, the literature review and the interviews has given various points of impacts of MCC. The important discussions in the interview was discussed about the business impacts and technological aspects. Three respondents have different approach with similar opinions. They have mentioned on how the business gets an advantage by through in various divisions in the E-commerce and also about the business transactions and trading. The technology also gets advanced because of it as offloading and high end processing occurs in the cloud and the OS can become a thin client if the proposed concept gets implemented. Already the data storage and finance are occurring in the cloud. The applications will be ease once the user will know how to use the application at ease. Also in the traditional method applications have a limited processing capabilities of the mobile. Enterprise applications will be show definite improvements with the increase in analytics and complex reporting. The application models are presented in the literature review also been showcased upon how it can be developed to reduce energy consumption of applications through various application models. As the offloading occurs in the cloud and the first respondent also mentioned about the desktops that has a thin client of OS (operating system) in the system. Through the literature review the researcher has already mentioned about the applications that can get a leverage through MCC such as low bandwidth, service availability, heterogeneity and computation offloading which was again answered by the third respondent. Mobile computing will initialise many opportunities in creating applications and maintaining the mobile clients and the competition is increased with generating customer centric services (Buyya & Rajkumar, 2014). In the secondary data the researcher has explained about the application and their various models that are applicable according to the requirement.
5.3
Changes in mobile devices through MCC
With an enormous growth in the mobile applications, MCC is a definite asset for the mobile devices. Due to energetic competition in between the mobile service providers, MCC provides
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service for the mobile service providers thus reducing the processing for them and reducing costs for it. If the proposed concept is implemented then the use will get a uniform experience from the interface where smart phones becomes affordable as the specifications for the phone will be decreased. High speed internet and Wi-Fi and Cloud services can be accessible as the technology from the mobile services should increase accordingly. Smartphones usage has increased massively offloading, virtual machines and infrastructure on rental basis in cloud will also reduce costs for both mobile and network service provider. Reliability and dynamic provisioning and scalability will be increased through the MCC. The respondents also mentioned about the limitations such as the network coverage should be available throughout the world to provide the services and the OS (Operating System) for the mobiles in present time have different interfaces and applications are developed according to it. From the secondary data all those possibilities are mentioned and the respondents also have a similar opinion about it. The researcher also mentioned about the applications which will be independent to the mobile as the development and processing occurs in the cloud. The researcher mentioned also about the MCC billing which should get transparent and appropriate and the security and privacy should be a high priority for mobile users provided by the network service providers. Through all those information and interviews of the respondents have given a positive feedback on the MCC concept to and mentioned that it will definitely be a future for the Cloud Computing.
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Chapter 6: Conclusion and Suggestions on Future research The literature review of this report provides information on the Mobile Cloud Computing, and it role as next big thing in the cloud computing. The literature reviews recognises the gaps on how the Mobile Cloud Computing a next generation in Cloud computing from the primary and explains the
detailed architecture of the Mobile Cloud Computing and the various types of architectures and the applications including their models in the secondary data. This research is conducted with an approach to answer the research question ‘what should be the mechanism offered by Mobile cloud computing via an architecture to foster a new generation of collaborative mobile applications?’
Through this question the researcher wanted to find an answer whether is the possibility for MCC to be integrated with an architecture so that the whole processing and computation including the Operating system is occurred inside the cloud computing. The response to this was to research on the individuals who have an expert knowledge on the Cloud Computing and Mobile Computing. Hence, the interview is conducted with Cloud Computing background. The interview process was prepared for the five respondents. As the idea of this research is new and most of the companies wanted to keep it confidential and lack of information from the people of this background have got a limited information on it the data collection and time has become a constraint from the Cloud Computing. The researcher has explained about the traditional architecture in the secondary data and wanted to know about the architecture for the proposed concept in business perspective. This idea will make a revolution in the Cloud Computing field as the mobility of the mobile devices is one advantage in it and the concept of integrating OS into the cloud will gives the mobile device to have a very less computation offloading and data processing and application processing in the cloud with the help of virtual machines that take care of high end processing and the applications which will be evolved as it gains superior power within the cloud and mobile devices. From the primary data it also been said that this concept is under working stage from the cloud service providers where the research is still going on it. All the mobile user and mobile service providers will be benefited with this proposed technology where the user can get the devices at minimal costs and the network providers effort and cost will cut as the high end data processing will be occurs in the cloud and they do 66
not need to maintain any huge servers to handle it. Mobile Cloud Computing will be an advantage in both business and technological advancement. Through this research the researcher suggested few benefits in business prospective. 1. The scalability of the MCC should be changed as the MCC needs the transmissions to be done with high end data processing and the computation offloading should take place so the network coverage and the network technologies should also be developed. Also the cloud services billing should get minimal for this according to the bandwidth capacity, latency and security. MCC will also saves the battery life as the major power consuming processing will done in the cloud and thus increases the memory storage of the device. As the data management occurs in the cloud, the mobile device performance is also increased.
2. The respondents who have a fine knowledge on the Cloud Computing have suggested that the network coverage should be present in the whole area not only in the urban areas but also in the remote areas so that the researcher’s proposed idea can work at all places. This is a benefit for the mobile user and also the cloud service provider but the network provider might have to bare costs for it. The present network coverage is very limited and do not facilitate the user or cloud service provider to access massive power that MCC can provide for the mobile devices.
3. On the observations from the data gathered through the interviews is that all the respondents has accepted that the MCC should be developed with the proposed idea of architecture and the application model that integrates the even the Operating System(OS) into the cloud and all the high end processing will takes place in it. This can really be a next phase In Cloud Computing as it will gain a lot of demand in the business as well as technological aspects. And the uniform OS in the cloud will definitely change the way the mobile devices are used and the applications have an equal experience because of the uniform operating system in the mobile device. The mobility of these devices will be a definite reason to get implemented as these devices can be used anywhere which is very convenient to the mobile user who is connected
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to the internet. All the high end processing applications can done from your hand irrespective of place and time. The mobile devices market is huge and increasing rapidly, that means most of the people has these devices and can get access to different sectors of applications such as business, E-commerce, healthcare and so on. Hence the proposed development of architecture will definitely takes the Mobile Cloud Computing into further as a significant technology for the mobile services and devices.
4. I will take this further to various companies and develop it and implement it into the market which will be beneficial to the companies as well as to the mobile users. As it definitely has a scope in the future of technology.
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Chapter 7: Self-Reflection on ‘own learning’ and performance 7.1 Rationale for undertaking MBA in Cloud Computing The MBA programme provided an opportunity to acquire a qualification that could help to make chances to move into more senior level of IT organisation. As I am having knowledge in the Computer science background in the under graduation, I understand the factual nature of the Cloud Computing industry and the value for the certification needed for the potential employers. As a future employee achieving the MBA degree in this specialisation will help me to understand the subject of IT but also the wide scope on the business management, I have a decent level of knowledge in technical subjects such as java, .NET, Computer networks, software engineering and artificial intelligence, web technologies, network programming and mobile computing. By undertaking into MBA qualification as a potential employer who is prepare to work in a management role with a technical background. Which is very relevant to this MBA programme. Dublin Business School is one of the institutions in Ireland that offers this course. So I travelled to Ireland from India to study this programme and achieve this MBA degree. I felt the perception of holding one of the very few Cloud Computing MBA qualifications in Ireland which would be an advantage to advance my career in Information Technology. While I comprehended that it would be vital to learn the subjects from the course modules, of equivalent significance would be the chance to work with other full-time MBA programme students and to network with people who are working in the management level who has the contacts in various associations. I also acknowledge the importance of the MBA dissertation is a strategic tour for my academic career to become a potential employer.
7.2. Development of skill sets through the MBA 7.2.1 Working in Teams The MBA course has enabled me to work with the people of different backgrounds which gives a leverage to learn new things from every individual of the team. For the assignments I had a team of four people from various backgrounds in their under graduations. Team work depends mainly on the understanding between every individual that is how I work with the people. I have worked with people who had similar experience like me and yet we all had an 69
agreement to share and divide the work in between us and discussed the work and progress among us. At first it was complex as some people had other priorities that delayed to get the data on time or some people are new to this background where they need to know from the scratch. Thanks to my lecturers, they have helped us in dealing with it. I have then learned to listen and understand other people point of views, their ideas and discuss with mine and the progress with given assignments. By knowing other people backgrounds I can analyse the strengths and weaknesses. Which is very useful for the teamwork as we can use my strength where my knowledge is strong on certain topic and weakness will be covered by other teammate and vice versa. We can’t find out the difficulties, achievements and the satisfaction that we get by working in a team until you participate in it. The team I was in had given me friends we even worked together in the second semester as well and we still socialise together. The true comprehension and real experience of team work is another and capable tool which will give an opportunity to advance in my career. 7.2.2 Self reflection What I achieved from my past education back in India was way much different to the present. What I accomplished in my education, successful examinations and so on. I never kept a track on how I have completed them. If somebody has given me to write about self-reflection before 18 months, it might very tough to write about it. Joining this course has given me to write about it in this report. Where it is very helpful for me to write about the self-reflection during the MBA course time which has changed my career life. Initially I had a problem with understanding the assignments as my way education in India is very theoretical with exams to be written. But after coming to Ireland it has changed as it had a practical approach to study and do self-research on the subjects and assignments. Later on I adopted this study approach by which my way of working has changed thus overcoming all these difficulties I improved my skillset which will enhance my career. Now I can discuss the problems openly and explore new ideas and work with teams smoothly. I have acquired the skill for priority though my MBA course, this is an added value from this course which will be very helpful in the future as the priority is very much important to complete a given task.
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7.2.3 Adaptability Coming to Ireland is a big thing as I have to adopt a new life style which also reflects on my career part. So I have to come out of comfort zone and interact new people overcome with new challenges. It was problematic in the beginning but later on I adapted quickly. Interacting with new people has helped me to know to know things and understand better about the people and their working styles and by compiling all these to achieve good results in a team. 7.2.4 Research skills Research skills is new to me as it goes along with the studies and researching both at once. Updating information, having current knowledge is very important for this MBA programme. Where we can also develop new concepts by giving a strong argument to it. During the dissertation I had some problems in research process I have contacted various MNCs and the employees who have an expertise knowledge for data collection by interviews which has become a problem as the this research topic is new in the market and most of the companies has put it confidential because it is still in development stage or the lack of knowledge on the subject. To solve this issue I have contacted the people who are satisfied with the topic and felt excited to discuss about provided their identity to be confidential. If I get this opportunity to solve this I will make a disclaimer upon the confidentiality and legal aspects to explained in detail by mentioning that it will be only for the research basis. Through this course I have developed writing documents, research notes, taking interviews, presentations and emails with. Qualitative analysis is new to me as I have never done that before in my career. The MBA dissertation has helped me to develop this analysis. Practising the qualitative method has given me to learn patterns and come up with new trends to collect data. Learning the qualitative analysis will help my career in future also as I have a practical knowledge on it.
7.3 Conclusion Self-reflection is an important skill for any kind of research and that will be most important in my personal skill development. Which I have learned from the MBA. Where I can keep track on my strengths and weakness of my career. MBA degree has facilitated to learn the management skills and to have practical approach along with the theoretical approach in it and to give an understanding about IT in business approach. In the future this research topic can be still be processed to get implemented. I am confident that by studying MBA in Cloud
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Computing I can understand both the business as well as IT management and wherever my future takes me to I can contribute wholly in both the sectors of a company.
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Appendix Interview Transcripts Respondent 1 My research question is: What should be the mechanism offered by Mobile cloud computing via a newly proposed Mobile cloud computing architecture in order to foster a new generation of collaborative mobile applications. Our conversation aims at answering to the following objectives as well:
Examination of the development models selected by the mobile industry in order to have greater accessibility to the cloud applications. Infestation of the methods that can develop changes in the data storage and data processing through mobile devices from mobile cloud. Analysis of the present mobile market and the compatibility issues with cloud services and a proposal to develop architecture to resolve any existing limitations.
Q1: Mobile Cloud computing – how do you think this paradigm is shifting from merely a concept to reality? Ans: With tremendous increase in the number of smart phones, better 3G/4G coverage at affordable prices, increased availability of Wi-Fi hotspots at home/work/restaurants/shopping malls, MCC is real and happening. You can access all your services like storage (OneDrive/ google drive etc.), Finance (stock management, bank accounts, budgeting) just with a touch of your finger.
Q2: Is there a lot of research going on in this area? There is lot of research going on in this area at various fronts like Network, Power management etc.
Q3: What is your perception of the awareness regarding Mobile Cloud computing? Are many of the end-users aware of it? Why or why not? Because smart phones tend to provide uniform experience across many apps (both local and cloud sourced), people don’t tend to realize that they are using mobile cloud computing. They are using it for sure, but just now aware of the term.
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Q4: What according to you lead the advent of Mobile cloud computing? As I mentioned earlier, many things contributed to Mobile cloud computing. Affordable smartphones, Affordable high speed mobile internet and Wi-Fi, affordable/free cloud services etc.
Q5: As an expert in Cloud solutions, can you brief up the probable business impacts of Mobile cloud computing? It would be a huge positive impact on businesses which grab this opportunity and make their business available via mobile. Most of the e-commerce website are providing lot of incentives to use their mobile applications. Once a person realizes how easy it is to browse a catalogue and order something through their mobile, they get hooked on to the comfort of it. Brick and mortal sales have gone down considerably after the advent of mobile shopping.
Q6: what are the present limitations with Mobile cloud computing? Even though smart phones are available widely at an affordable price, there are still some limitations to mobile cloud computing. One of the major drawbacks is the network coverage. Even the coverage and speed of the mobile networks increased in the cities, we often experience bad or no network once we cross town. The cost of the high speed data plans are yet to become affordable to middle income families. We have multiple major players in the mobile ecosystem like Android, IOS, Windows and blackberry etc. Each of them have their own interfaces and apps seldom give uniform experience across the platforms as they tend to optimize and design based on the OS guidelines.
Q7: What is your idea of an architecture that links mobile devices with cloud; without an Operating system as the intermediate software installed on the device (MCC as PaaS)? The OS is directly available on the Cloud: is this a possible? It is definitely possible, but not in the very near future. Especially for mobiles. We would need a highly available, low latency, high speed network with almost 100% coverage. If the network connections are flaky, then the device becomes unusable. If the latency is high, then there is a lot of lag in taking feedback from touch and taking the appropriate action, which makes a very bad user interaction. We also need coverage everywhere as no network practically makes the device unusable.
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Q8: Will it impact the providers of OS on Mobile phone and tablet like Android, Windows and iOS to move onto the cloud so that users can access it via the cloud itself? Is it feasible according to you? All the above mentioned providers are already working on cloud sourcing many tasks. Cloud sourcing the entire OS is already done for desktops where we have thin clients and the entire OS is on the server. But research is still going on to build all the prerequisites to cloud source the OS. This is definitely on the cards for all these providers.
Q9: What do you think will be the customer’s perception on this concept? Will the end-user be inclined to this architecture or will prefer the traditional method of an inbuilt OS? Frankly, the user will not know, and in-fact should not know the difference. The UI and interaction should be seamless. If the user is able to perceive a lag or feels that the device is unusable, this concept will receive lot of backlash and will not take off.
Q10: How can this concept of moving the OS to the cloud prove any better than what already exists according to you? Since most of the computation will be moving to the cloud, we can have smaller processors optimized for network in the mobiles. This will ensure a very long lasting battery life even when running computationally intensive tasks. Also managing and updating the OS would become quite easy as it not the device anymore. We can switch between devices seamlessly and get a uniform interface across mobile, tablet and desktop, all of them using the same OS, rather than having 3 individual OS and managing them independently. Restoring a new device after losing a device will be almost instant as everything is in the cloud.
Q11: as an expert in this area, what do you suggest on a whole? Mobile cloud computing is gaining lot of traction and businesses need to adopt as quickly as possible if they don’t want to lose relevance. There are still some limitations for cloud computing to become ubiquitous and there is serious going on these areas to overcome the challenges.
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Respondent 2 My research question is: What should be the mechanism offered by Mobile cloud computing via a newly proposed Mobile cloud computing architecture in order to foster a new generation of collaborative mobile applications. Our conversation aims at answering to the following objectives as well: ● Examination of the development models selected by the mobile industry in order to have greater accessibility to the cloud applications. ● Infestation of the methods that can develop changes in the data storage and data processing through mobile devices from mobile cloud. ● Analysis of the present mobile market and the compatibility issues with cloud services and a proposal to develop architecture to resolve any existing limitations. Q1: Mobile Cloud computing – how do you think this paradigm is shifting from merely a concept to reality? I think this is something pretty much needed at the moment. There’s a huge rise in mobile users all across the world and in the apps also. With this there are more and more expectations from the mobile devices and they are expected to do almost everything the desktops and powerful machines do at the moment.
Q2: Is there a lot of research going on in this area? There should be. My employer company Oracle is coming up with this service because it believes there should be a lot of opportunities in this space. Oracle is going to offer a platform using which they will be able to use these services.
Q3: What is your perception of the awareness regarding Mobile Cloud computing? Are many of the end-users aware of it? Why or why not? We have had few interactions with a few customers. At the moment not many seem to be aware of that but I wouldn’t be too much sure about the reality. This is certainly new and I’m aware of the fact that this is not common yet.
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Q4: What according to you lead the advent of Mobile cloud computing? There are various reasons here. Firstly, total number of smartphone users around the world has been rising since decades now. With that the phones capabilities has been on a fast rise also, which means higher expectations. And from the past few years they are expected to do all the heavy processing previously only done by desktops. Also, the fact that it’s mobile, people find it extremely useful to use the capabilities 24 hours a day, and in a very convenient fashion. At the same time, the use of virtual machines, infrastructure on rental basis in cloud computing has been on the rise, so there’s an interesting possibility given the fact that mobile devices are very tiny compared to desktops. Why not offload the heavy processing requirements of mobile be transferred to cloud providers and this must have led to mobile cloud computing.
Q5: As an expert in Cloud solutions, can you brief up the probable business impacts of Mobile cloud computing? If I imagine Oracle as the Mobile Cloud Computing provider, then the customers should definitely find this useful for their own business. Traditionally the applications were built taking the limited processing capabilities of the mobile in mind. However, now assuming we are getting this high end processing there are endless possibilities. Enterprise applications industry would be really interesting with mobiles showing never seen before functionalities. Example, complex reporting in Business Analytics would be very handy if it’s incorporated on mobile devices.
Q6: what are the present limitations with Mobile cloud computing? I would not be aware about the same as I have never worked with the same.
Q7: What is your idea of an architecture that links mobile devices with cloud; without an Operating system as the intermediate software installed on the device (MCC as PaaS)? The OS is directly available on the Cloud: is this a possible? It would always need internet on, so this is hard to imagine. But if it’s somehow made possible it will definitely be interesting as we are literally getting rid of a layer and the OS would enjoy all the advantages of the high-end layer. And if we imagine further, the user might also have an advantage of the scalability options and what not. I’m sure it will have a whole plethora of options that will be unfold. And of course the 3rd party applications guys will get a whole new set of creativity to explore. Everything was limited to the limited processing power and if gets 85
access to unlimited power there’s no end to it I think. You should be able to do everything a desktop does with the added advantage of having access to it everywhere.
Q8: Will it impact the providers of OS on Mobile phone and tablet like Android, Windows and iOS to move onto the cloud so that users can access it via the cloud itself? Is it feasible according to you? Tough, very tough to accomplish. But if it’s accomplished it will definitely be new and will impact the OS manufacturers.
Q9: What do you think will be the customer’s perception on this concept? Will the end-user be inclined to this architecture or will prefer the traditional method of an inbuilt OS? Like previously mentioned I don’t see how it always be maintaining a connection to the internet. Remember it’s a mobile devices and will be going in all the inaccessible places on earth. Traditional old school style always wins ;-)
Q10: How can this concept of moving the OS to the cloud prove any better than what already exists according to you? If we somehow solve this internet issue, I think it’s a super hit. It will be next generation with a huge leap, possibilities of which will extend beyond my imagination at the moment. Everything will happen in one touch. Very interesting.
Q11: as an expert in this area, what do you suggest on a whole? From the market perspective and to be realistic, I think this field is definitely growing and a huge market to cater to in case any company wants to sell and offer a platform for MCC. There are plenty of reasons why anyone would do that. I think Spotify, Dropbox are good example of apps using the cloud computing capabilities. They have been using the storage capabilities in the cloud and the fact that one copy of anything can be shared across all is great, and many different possibilities can always come out of this. Same with the other cloud capabilities.
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Respondent 3 My research question is: What should be the mechanism offered by Mobile cloud computing via a newly proposed Mobile cloud computing architecture in order to foster a new generation of collaborative mobile applications. Our conversation aims at answering to the following objectives as well:
Examination of the development models selected by the mobile industry in order to have greater accessibility to the cloud applications. Infestation of the methods that can develop changes in the data storage and data processing through mobile devices from mobile cloud. Analysis of the present mobile market and the compatibility issues with cloud services and a proposal to develop architecture to resolve any existing limitations.
Q1: Mobile Cloud computing – how do you think this paradigm is shifting from merely a concept to reality? Now a days mobile users using smart phones in their works the end users want many of the services this can be achieved by this new concept
Q2: Is there a lot of research going on in this area? There is a lot of research on security, QOS, BANDWIDTH, service convergence and single cloud is not enough to meet mobile users demand therefore a new scheme needed in which we need multiple clouds this can be done by sky MCC.
Q3: What is your perception of the awareness regarding Mobile Cloud computing? Are many of the end-users aware of it? Why or why not? Now many of the end users are aware of cloud computing by using the social Medias like Facebook, twitter.
Q4: What according to you lead the advent of Mobile cloud computing? MCC is improving the data storage and processing power, extending battery life, improving the reliability, dynamic provisioning and scalability.
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Q5: As an expert in Cloud solutions, can you brief up the probable business impacts of Mobile cloud computing? Business applications are Mobile commerce, mobile learning, and mobile healthcare, mobile gaming
Q6: what are the present limitations with Mobile cloud computing? Limitations are low bandwidth, service availability, heterogeneity, computing offloading
Q7: What is your idea of an architecture that links mobile devices with cloud; without an Operating system as the intermediate software installed on the device (MCC as PaaS)? The OS is directly available on the Cloud: is this a possible? I think it can be possible the intermediate software should be compatible with the os. Here the intermediate software is the mobile booting software and also it should be access the internet.
Q8: Will it impact the providers of OS on Mobile phone and tablet like Android, Windows and iOS to move onto the cloud so that users can access it via the cloud itself? Is it feasible according to you? Yes it can be feasible the users can easily upgrading new technologies and softwares. OS is moving to the cloud it can be flexible to the providers and cost will be reduced to the users. And there is no system failures.
Q9: What do you think will be the customer’s perception on this concept? Will the end-user be inclined to this architecture or will prefer the traditional method of an inbuilt OS? The end users having the many of the advantages using this MCC they can use the best services from the cloud service providers. In traditional method the end user use only network provider’s services. By using MCC the end user extended their services which are provided by the cloud
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Q10: How can this concept of moving the OS to the cloud prove any better than what already exists according to you? Ex ample oracle platform as a service increase agility by speed software development and deployment. This cloud will provide more security to our applications.
Q11: as an expert in this area, what do you suggest on a whole? MCC is an integration of cloud computing into the mobile environment. MCC is the powerful trend in development of IT technology as well as commerce and Industry field.
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