Algirdas Jakutis. MODELLING OF ECONOMIC REGULATIONS. Vilnius: Technika
, 2007. 160 p. This publication is for those who study theory of economics.
VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
ALGIRDAS JAKUTIS
MODELLING OF ECONOMIC REGULATIONS
Vilnius Technika 2007
UDK 330.1(075.8)
Ja267 Algirdas Jakutis. MODELLING OF ECONOMIC REGULATIONS. Vilnius: Technika, 2007. 160 p. This publication is for those who study theory of economics. It supplements the textbook “Ekonomikos teorijos pagrindai” which was published by “Smaltija” few times. It is also recommended to Masters of Science and people maintaining a doctor’s thesis in Social Studies (Economics). Besides Lithuanian edition there are English and Russian editions prepared for press because it is an original theory of economic concepts. That is why business people might get interested also.
Reviewers:
Prof Dr Habil A. Kaklauskas, Prof Dr Habil A. Buračas,
Dr M. Sajdik
VGTU leidyklos „Technika“ 1348 mokslo literatūros knyga
ISBN 978-9955-28-086-6 © A. Jakutis, 2007 ©Vilnius Gediminas Technical University publishers „Technika“, 2007
Contents
2
Introduction 1. The sources of modelling the regulations of economics
5 14
1. 1. Language philosophy and economic language
15
1. 2. Philosophical problems of modelling economic regulations
22
1. 3. The philosophy of computer usage
31
1. 4. Linguistic aspects of modelling the rules of economics 36 2. The stepped system of economic categories 2. 1. Comparison of frequentative dictionaries
49 50
2. 2. The list of economic categories 51 2. 3. The determination of economic categories 52 2. 4. The establishment of category levels and the stepped system of economic categories 58 2. 5. Stability of the system
62
2. 6. Synonym estimation
63
2. 7. System evenness
64
2. 8. Estimation of repeated categories
70
2. 9. Analysis of zero-stage categories
70
3. Modelling of economic regulation 72 3. 1. Types of economic regulation
72
3. 2. Methods of modelling
73
3. 3. List of non-economic categories necessary for modelling 75
3. 4. Modelling run and results
77
3. 5. Identification of economic regulations
93
4. Possibilities of modelling economic regulations using a computer 93 4. 1. The number of calculation of economic categories
95
4. 2. Functions of a man and a computer while modelling economic regulations
97
4. 3. Computer modelling of economic laws 4. 3. 1. Text editors
99 99
4. 3. 2. Opportunity of using a computer 99 4. 3. 3. Editing
100
4. 3. 4. WinWord
102
1. Typing
102
2. Preservation of the text
102
3. Listing a the text
103
4. Editing of the text
103
4. 3. 5. Word for windows Caps lock
103
1. Typing
103
2. Preservation of text 104 3. Text call out of screen
104
4. Listing of the text
104
5. Editing 105 5. 1. The English text 105 5. 2. The Lithuanian text
105
4. 3. 6. Norton Commander 105 4. 3. 7. MS WORD 2000
105
4. 3. 8. Ways of editing the text
106
4. 3. 9. Algorithms and programs or economic regulations modelling 108 5. The practical use of economic regulations modelling 111 5. 1. The creation of an economic dictionary
112
5. 2. The creation of an economic text
113
5. 3. The reviewing of an economic text
113
5. 4. The optimisation of an economic text 118 5. 5. Practical use of a computer in a modelling process 124 5. 6. Modelling in a training process 125 5. 7. Modelling of non-economic laws
125
Conclusions 126 Suggestions
127
REFERENCES
128
ADDITIONS
142
Addition 1
137
1. Category system formation 142 Addition 2 172 1. Formation of an optimum system of categories in economics
177
Addition 3 191 1. Optimisation of an economic text 195
Introduction Subject topicality. Practical economic activity of people in history clashed with theoretical economic needs. There was a need to generalize separate facts, to formulate economic principles, laws, criteria, characteristics in order to use these rules in practical activities. A lot of economic texts appeared: from publications in newspapers to academic editions. The scale of the authors is wide: from a peasant to an academician, a Nobel Prize winner. It is not easy to make out in this stream of information: a lot of economic regulations are controversial to each other, there are such which, duplicate, many of them can not be found anywhere because they are not formulated yet. A systematic view of this information is needed, at the same time the extent rises every day. It is necessary to find out how economic rules appear, how to classify and to formulate them rightly. Object of exploration is a process of the preparation a rational economical text. The object of the experiment is economic dictionaries and economic texts of various authors. The main aim of the work is to prepare the methods of economic rules modelling. To reach this aim it is necessary to: • Analyze the philosophic sources of the creation of formal languages, • Prepare classification methods of economic categories, • Form the procedures of economic rules of modelling, • Analyze possibilities of computer use for economic rules modelling, • Show practical work results and further use possibilities. Methodology and Methods of the research. Theoretical background of the research is philosophical training laid out in the works of the researchers of phenomenology, analytical speech philosophy, neopositivism and structuralism. Traditional, formal and mathematical logics are used for modelling. The original stepped economic system created by the author of the monograph was offered for the classification of economic categories. Scientific novelty. This theme was not explored in economic science till this time. That is why the author could not lean on or analyze the work of colleagues as other monograph authors who chose the earlier analysed theme to do it. The author had to concentrate on a theoretical side of the question and to hope that he himself (later) or followers will continue the research into practical employment possibilities. On the other hand, a formal trend in
science and philosophy exists and is developing. The author leaned on the works of his teachers, contemporaries and disciples. Practical meaning of the work and approbation. The methodology of economic rules modelling enables to formulate various economic texts: articles, books, course work and diploma work, textbooks, economic laws and under legitimate act projects. The author of the monograph with his colleagues and students modulated the textbook “The foundation of economics theory”, which won the textbook competition of Science and studies fund. Modulated “Užsienio įmonių veiklos Lietuvoje analizė”, which was used for the preparation of Government resolution. According to the stepped economic category system it is possible to review texts of other authors or their associations. Economic part of the Lithuanian Republic constitution was evaluated like that compared with several Nobel Prize winners – texts. Monograph material is used for teaching. Students of VGTU, VU, Lithuanian Law University, Lithuanian military academy, private Akelan School, superior schools model economic rules. The result of economic rules modelling is principles, laws, characteristics, criteria, restrictions etc. In earlier stages of science development finding of a law or forming of a principle was big achievement. Nowadays, using methods of economic law modelling, principles, laws etc., can be modelled by students and pupils. These students are from VGTU faculties of business management, building, environment engineering and transport engineering; VU masters of science, students of Lithuanian Law and Military Academies, students of private Akelan school, students of Alytus higher technical school, Vilnius higher cooperation school and Buivydiskės higher agricultural science school. Modelling of economic laws is taught during lectures and it is studied during practical classes preparing homework, tests, course work and finishing graduation work. Masters of Science modulate economic laws. Persons maintaining a doctor’s thesis use this methods preparing their dissertations. The modelling of economic laws is used in preparation of study programs. It is connected with economic theories which were prepared in the department of Business and Economics, study programs of business and finance, building economics. Systems stability. When the determination of a given category is changed, the category number of level can change, that is its position in the stepped system of economic laws. So, the stability of the stepped system of economic laws is not absolute and in this way this system differs from the
system of figures where “five” is always between “four” and “six”. But maybe absolute non-stability exists? Perhaps given determination of a category by one author permits to ascribe it to the beginning of the system and the determination of the same category by another author permits to ascribe it to the end of the system? Achieving to find the answers to these questions, different determinations of the same categories were analysed and their level was ascertained. (Motiejūnaitė, 1994). Determining the number of a level in this way there are no leaps between levels, that is there are no blank spaces without a category to fill. Formed system consists of 9 levels. It is a positive point, since all blank spaces are filled, that is why the stepped economic system is comprehensive and consistent. It is achieved by successfully choosing criteria, according to which levels are counted, and in other words, the numbers of categories levels are determined based upon the principle of the biggest branch. It is established that categories of initial levels are the most stabile. Such categories are: product, labor, service, exchange, goods, production and other. These categories are the foundation of determining the numbers of levels of other categories. Categories of higher levels are not so stabile. Stability diminishes when the number of level increases. It means that stability diminishes when the occurrence of economics is concretized. Categories of initial levels are the most abstract and while going further through levels, the occurrence of economics is detailed. There are some bases that are approbated in the EU and where determinations of technical terms which are discussed accepted and approbated, could be found. So, standard determinations are valid. Determinations of economic categories must become standards. Their stability at a given period of time must be absolute. Of course, when it is necessary standards are changed. The origin of the monographs and associates. Professor K. Antanavičius wrote: “In the world that surrounds us every phenomenon is related to many others. Relations between some phenomena are stronger and between others they are weak. It is impossible to analyze all the relations and all the conditions. For example, we have a system which consists of 7 elements. There are direct and contrary (recurrent) relations between every element. So, the number of relations will be N =n (n – 1)=7 x 6=42. If we want to analyse all possible conditions of the system we will have to analyse how the system works, if there is one, two, etc. relations missing. Number of possible conditions will be K=242=4 x 1012. In reality systems consisting of thousands of elements are analysed. When preparing plant work programme we can choose from K possible variants:
n! ≈ n!e, r =1 ( n − r )! n
K =∑
where n – number of production processes r – number of processes which function at the same time ( r
